Phys 201 – Introductory Physics

Dr. Rashid Hamdan

Phoenicia University
Chapter 10:Fluids
States of Matter
• Matter can exist in three different states of matter:
• In solid state, the molecules are locked into place, thus the matter tends to retain its
shape.
• In liquid state, intermolecular forces keep the molecules close together, but they are free
to move, therefore liquids flow readily and assume the shape of its container.
• In gaseous state, molecules are far apart and interact only weakly. Gases flow and change
density to fill their containers.
Density
• A very important property of matter is density.
• Density is the mass per unit volume:
m

V
• The SI unit of density is Kg/m3.
• The intermolecular forces that determine the phase also affect the density.
• Solids phase are usually the densest, liquids a bit less dens and gas much less dens. Exception is ice and
water.
• the densities of solids and liquids do not change much. That’s why sometimes they are
grouped together as condensed matter.
• The density of gas vary with temp and pressure as the gas tend to fill its container.
• Density is a property of the material it does not depend on the amount. A piece of iron of
any size have the same density.
Fluid Pressure
F
• Pressure is defined as force per unit area. P
A
• It is usually more convenient to use pressure rather than force to describe the influences
upon fluid behavior.
N
• The SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa). 1Pa  1
m2
• A Fluid exerts pressure on all material it contacts,
such on the walls of its container or objects
floating in it.
• Pressure is a scalar quantity.
• For a static fluid, the pressure exerted is equal
in all directions.
• The force associate with the pressure exerted
by the liquid on the container wall is
perpendicular to the surface.
Example: Internal Fluid Pressure
• A Fluid exerts pressure on materials it contacts including adjacent fluid. What direction is
that force?

• The fluid exerts a force perpendicular to any surface it contacts, such as the arbitrary surface
shown om the container wall. Because the fluid force is perpendicular to any surface it
contacts. The fluid pressure exerts force in all direction.
Pressure with depth
• The Pressure inside a fluid increase with depth
• A column of liquid would a exert a force equal to its weight on the bottom of the container.
• This the pressure exerted at the bottom of the liquid column is:
F mg
P 
A A
• The mass of the liquid column is given in terms of the density:
m  V    Ah 
• This the pressure due to the liquid is:
P  gh
• If the container is open the total pressure a point at depth h is:

Patm is the atmospheric

P  Patm  gh pressure.
Pascal’s Principle

• Pascal’s principle is about increased pressure applied from outside the fluid.
• A common application of Pascal’s principle is in the hydraulic lift.
• The device has two pistons with different cross-sectional areas.
• Since F = PA, a small force applied to the smaller piston result in a large force on the larger
piston.
Pressure Gauges
• In a Static Fluid, all the points on the same horizontal level have the same pressure.
• The Pressure at any point in the fluid is the sum of pressures due everything above it.
• The pressure versus depth relationship is the principle behind the mercury barometer.
• The pressure outside the tube
on the surface is equal to the pressure
inside the tube.
Patm  P0  gh
But P0  0 because vacuum exerts no pressure

Patm  gh

The normal atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 760mm of Hg

or 101325 Pa
 Measuring atmospheric pressure with water
• What is the height of water column required to produce a pressure
equivalent to atmospheric pressure?
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101000𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

ℎ𝑤
If the fluid is statics points on the same level should have same pressure
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 B
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑤 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ ℎ𝑤 A
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
ℎ𝑤 = = 10𝑚
𝜌𝑤 𝑔
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ Principle
• The buoyant force acts as an upward force on any object immersed fully or partially in a
fluid.
• The buoyant force exerted by the fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.
• The fluid pressure exerts a force on all the surfaces of the immersed object.
• Since the pressure on the bottom is larger the upward force is larger than the downward
force.
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝐴 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐴 ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑝 − ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = ℎ

FB  wdisplayed fluid   liquid gV

V is volume of the displaced liquid or

the volume of the immersed object.
Measuring Density
• One way to measure the density of a solid is to measure its weight under water.
 
T  wa
  
wa  mg  FB
wa  mg   liquidVg

mg  wa
V Immersed volume
 liquid g

m

V
• When a solid object is fully immersed inside a liquid and left with no other external force.
There are 2 force acting on the object: 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝐵
• If the density of the object is equal to density of the liquid the object will have no acceleration.
• If the density of the object is greater than density of the liquid the object will have a downward
acceleration.
• If the density of the object is less than density of the liquid the object will have an upward acceleration.

𝑤 + 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚a
Project on y axis
y
−𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑠 ∗ 𝑉𝑡 = 𝜌𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑚
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑙 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑚 𝐹𝐵
−𝜌𝑠 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑔 + 𝜌𝑙 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑠 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑎𝑦
𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑠
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑔 ∗
𝜌𝑠
𝑤

When the object is floating it means its at equilibrium with a part of it outside the liquid
Fluid Motion
Ideal Fluid
• We define an Ideal Fluid as having the following properties:
• The fluid is incompressible.
• The flow is steady: the velocity at each point in the fluid doesn’t change with time.
• The fluid is irrotational.
• The fluid is inviscid: no viscosity or fluid friction that affect the flow.
• The steady flow does not mean that at every point the velocity is the same.
• However it means that the fluid follows continuous lines called streamlines
Continuity Equation
• The Volume of an incompressible liquid does not change.
• In a steady flow the volume of a liquid passing each point in a certain time is
the same.
• The volume flow rate Q is the volume of liquid that passes a certain time per
unit time.

V Ax
Q   Av
t t
• A is the cross sectional area.
• v is the velocity of the flow.

• For an incompressible liquid Q is constant

Bernoulli’s Equation
• How does the pressure and velocity of the flow change with elevation?
• If an external force pushes a fluid in a pipe, the work done by the external force cause a
change in the kinetic and potential energy.
Wext  E  K  U
• A certain column of fluid is pushed forward from behind by the flow (force F1) and a
backward from the fluid in front of it (F2).

Wext  F1x1  F2 x2  P1 A1x1  P2 A2 x2

U  mgy2  mgy1  Vg ( y2  y1 )
K  12 mv22  12 mv12  12 V (v22  v12 )
V  A1x1  A2 x2

P2  12 v22  gy2  P1  12 v12  gy1

Bernoulli’s Principle
• If the two points in the fluid are at the same point. Then:
P2  12 v22  P1  12 v12

• This show that there is a trade off between pressure and flow speed: Increase the flow
speed v and pressure P drops, and vice vesa.
• Bernoulli’s principle explains a lot of phenomena related to fluids dynamics like how air
planes fly.
Example: Fire on the third floor
• A fire hose with inside diameter 12.7 cm delivers water at 340 liter/min. what is the speed of the water in the
hose? An as it exits a 1.91 cm nozzle?

• The hose is attached to a street level hydrant, where the water pressure is 75 psi (515 kPa). The fire fighters
have taken the hose 7.8 m above street level. The hydrant delivers water at 340 liter/min, find the flow speed
though the nozzle and the pressure at the nozzle.

𝑣1
𝑄 = 𝐴2 ∗ 𝑣2 = 𝐴1 ∗ 𝑣1
𝑣2 2
𝐴1 𝑑12 12.7
𝑣2 = ∗ 𝑣1 = 2 ∗ 𝑣1 = ∗ v1 = 6.652 ∗ v1
𝐴2 𝑑2 1.91

𝑣2
𝑄 = 340𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣2 still the same since Q is the same
𝑦2 = 7.8𝑚
𝑣 =? 𝑃2 =?
𝑄 = 𝐴1 ∗ 𝑣1 𝑃1 = 515𝑘𝑃𝑎 P2  12 v22  gy2  P1  12 v12  gy1
2
𝜋𝑑12 𝑣1
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟1 = 𝑃2 < 𝑃1
4 𝑦1 = 0