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04-Endocrine Responses To Exercise

The document discusses how various hormones regulate substrate mobilization and metabolism during exercise including growth hormone, cortisol, the sympathetic system hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, insulin and glucagon, testosterone, and how these hormones work together to maintain blood glucose homeostasis and mobilize carbohydrates and fats as fuel sources during exercise of varying intensities.

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Sandi
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23 views

04-Endocrine Responses To Exercise

The document discusses how various hormones regulate substrate mobilization and metabolism during exercise including growth hormone, cortisol, the sympathetic system hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, insulin and glucagon, testosterone, and how these hormones work together to maintain blood glucose homeostasis and mobilize carbohydrates and fats as fuel sources during exercise of varying intensities.

Uploaded by

Sandi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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03/11/2022

Endocrine Responses to Exercise


The importance of the endocrine system on physical activity can be highlighted
by a list of the many different topics that are regulated by hormones, thus
involving the endocrine system
• Anabolic drug abuse in sports
• Insulin resistance and Metabolic Syndrome
• Diabetes
• Menopause and Andropause
• Muscle Hypertrophy

Growth Hormone (GH)


GH plays many different roles in the regulation of numerous physiological
processes, including tissue growth and metabolism.
GH estimulate Gluconeogenesis in
liver but avoid the uptake of glucose
by peripheral tissues, thus promoting
hyperglycemia

In addition, GH promote lypolisis in


adipose tissue, increasing plasma
levels of Free Fatty Acids

Both endurance and resistance


training increase GH secretion
during exercise, especially in high
intensity, long lasting exercises

GH promotes protein synthesis in


exercising muscles.

GH supplementation in athletes is
banned  many side effects
(e.g., diabetes and acromegaly)

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03/11/2022

Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise

Changes in Plasma Growth


Hormone During Exercise

Plasma GH level increases with the intensity and duration of exercise

Cortisol

 Maintenance of plasma glucose


- Promotes protein breakdown for
gluconeogenesis
- Stimulates FFA mobilization
- Stimulates glucose synthesis through
gluconeogenesis
- Blocks uptake of glucose into cells
- Promotes the use of FFA as fuel
Stimulated by:
- Stress, via ACTH
- Part of General Adaptation Syndrome
- Exercise

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03/11/2022

Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise

Changes in Plasma Cortisol During Exercise

Low-Intensity Exercise decreases cortisol secretion. In


contrast, high intensity exercise increases cortisol secretion
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Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise


The Sympathetic System: Epinephrine (E) and
Norepinephrine (NE)

 Fast-acting hormones
 Maintain blood glucose during exercise
- Muscle glycogen mobilization
- Increasing liver glucose mobilization
- Increasing FFA mobilization
- Interfere with glucose uptake by tissues
 Plasma E and NE increase during exercise
- Also related to increased heart rate and blood pressure during exercise
 Trained subjects show lower plasma levels of E and NE than untrained ones
during exercise

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03/11/2022

Pancreatic Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon

 Insulin
- Uptake and storage of glucose and
FFA in adipose tissue, muscle and
liver
- Plasma concentration decreases
during exercise because exercise
tends to hypoglycemia
 Glucagon
- Mobilization of FFA and glucose from
Adipose Tissue and Liver,
respectively
- Plasma concentration increases
during exercise
- Decreased response following
training
 Insulin and glucagon secretion
influenced by catecholamines
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Testosterone
• It is the most potent anabolic hormone in men
• Testosterone mediates the masculinization of the brain in early infancy,
influences the development of secondary sex characteristics of young boys,
and stimulates the development of muscle and bone mass, strength, and
libido in men.
Exercise Roles, Responses, and Adaptations
• Both acute aerobic and resistance exercise of sufficient intensity increase
testosterone concentrations in the blood in both men and women, although
with much more in men.
• In addition, exercising muscle fibers increase the synthesis of testosterone
receptors, which makes the muscle more sensitive to plasma testosterone.
• Since resistance exercise implies more motor units recruited, than
endurance one, Testosterone’s signal to increase protein synthesis will
be more evident, especially in Type II fibers, leading to greater
hypertrophy of the whole muscle when lifting heavy weights.
• Resistance training in men, increases resting testosterone value. In addition,
in trained men, the exercise-induced testosterone elevation in response to a
workout may be higher than that observed during pretraining , contributing to
a greater exercise capacity
• High volume endurance training may result in a decrease in resting
testosterone values in both men and women.
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03/11/2022

Summary of the Hormonal Responses to Exercise

 The hormones thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone act in a


permissive manner to support the actions of other hormones during
exercise.
 Growth hormone and cortisol also provide a “slow-acting” effect on
carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise.
• The fast effect mediated by catecholamines and glucagon
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Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise

Blood Glucose Homeostasis


During Exercise

• Plasma glucose must be maintained during exercise to meet the demands of


the Central Nervous System  Hypoglycemia can provoke coma and even
death
• Plasma glucose levels are maintained through four processes:
– Mobilization of glucose from liver glycogen stores
– Mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue
• Spares blood glucose
– Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol
– Blocking the entry of glucose into cells
• Forces use of FFA as a fuel
• Controlled by hormones
– Permissive or slow-acting (GH and Cortisol)
– Fast-acting (Catecholamines and Glucagon)

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