Department of Civil Engineering Reinforced Concrete Structures I

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Example 1: Design of singly reinforced rectangular beam sections

A simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam of 8𝑚 span carries 7𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 uniformly
distributed characteristic dead load from partition wall and slab in addition to self–weight and
7𝑘𝑁⁄ characteristic imposed load. The breadth 𝑏 = 250𝑚𝑚. Design the beam section for
𝑚
ultimate limit state of flexure and shear. Check also its serviceability limit state (deflection and
crack width). Use strength class 𝐶25/30 concrete and 𝑆 − 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for steel reinforcement.

Solution

Step 1: Preliminary member sizing

Determine depth of the beam from deflection requirement [Refer ES EN 1992: 2015 Clause 7.4.2
(2)]

 Provided that reinforced concrete beams or slabs in buildings are dimensioned so that
they comply with the limits of span to depth ratio.

 Their deflections may be considered as not exceeding the limits 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250 [Referring ES
EN 1992: 2015 Clause 7.4.1 (4&5)].

 The limiting span/depth ratio may be estimated from expressions and multiplying this by
correction factors to allow for the type of reinforcement used and other variables.

 No allowance has been made for any pre-camber in the derivation of these expressions.

3⁄
𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7.16𝑎
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

𝑙 𝜌0 𝜌′
= 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 √ ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 > 𝜌0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .7.16𝑏
𝑑 𝜌 − 𝜌′ 𝜌0

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Where:

𝐿
 is the 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑑

 𝐾 is the factor to take into account the different structural systems from Table
7.4N
 𝜌0 is the reference reinforcement ratio = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3
 𝜌 is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝜌′ is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the

moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)

 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is cylindrical compressive strength of concrete in MPa units

Table 7.4N: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ for reinforced concrete members without
axial compression

Assumption: Beam is under-reinforced section (concrete lightly stressed i.e. ρ = 0.5%) (Table
7.4N)

 𝐾 = 1.0 for simply supported beam (Table 7.4N)

 𝜌0 = √𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 10−3 = √25 ∗ 10−3 = 0.005 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎

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 ρ = 0.005 ≤ 𝜌0 = 0.005

3⁄
𝐿 𝜌0 𝜌0 2
∴ = 𝐾 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘 ( − 1) ] 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0
𝑑 𝜌 𝜌

Substitute the value in the above equation:

3⁄
𝐿 0.005 0.005 2
= 1.0 [11 + 1.5√25 + 3.2√25 ( − 1) ] = 18.5
𝑑 0.005 0.005

Modification should be needed if:

 Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 310⁄𝜎𝑠 . It will normally be conservative to assume that:

310 500 500

= = = 1.0
𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500
𝑓𝑘 (𝐴 )
𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜

𝜎𝑠 is the tensile steel stress at mid-span (at support for cantilevers) under the design load at SLS

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 is the area of steel provided at this section

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the area of steel required at this section for ultimate limit state

 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3,
the values of 𝑳/𝒅 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 𝟎. 𝟖. In our case
the section is rectangular cross-section. Hence not needed.

 For beams and slabs with spans exceeding 𝟕𝒎 which support partitions liable to be
damaged by excessive deflections, the values of 𝑳/𝒅 given by Expression (7.16) should
𝟕
be multiplied by (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠). The span of the given beam is greater than 7m.
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇

Hence it should be modified.

7 7
= = 0.875 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 8

𝑙
Thus, 𝑑 = 18.5 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 0.875 = 16.1875

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𝐿 8000
∴ 𝑑 = 16.1875 = 16.1875 = 494.21𝑚𝑚

Assume ϕ20𝑚𝑚 as longitudinal reinforcement with single row arrangement and ϕ8𝑚𝑚 as
shear reinforcement.

ϕ𝑙
𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑐 + ϕ𝑠 + 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2

Concrete cover according to ES EN 1992:2015 Section 4.4.1

 The nominal cover 𝑪𝒏𝒐𝒎 is defined as a minimum cover 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 plus an allowance in
design for deviation ∆𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒗:

𝑪𝒏𝒐𝒎 = 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 + ∆𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒗

Where 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 is the minimum concrete cover which shall be provided in order to ensure

 Safe transmission of bond forces

 Protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)

 Adequate fire resistance

The greater value for satisfying the requirements for both bond and environmental
conditions shall be used.

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒃
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 {𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 + ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝜸 − ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒔𝒕 − ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒂𝒅𝒅
𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

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Where 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒃 minimum cover due to bond requirement

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 Minimum cover due to environmental conditions

∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝜸 additive safety element

∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒔𝒕 reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel

∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒂𝒅𝒅 reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection

Determination of 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒃 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 4.4.1.2(3)]

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒃 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 20𝑚𝑚

Determination of 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 4.4.1.2(5)]

The recommended Structural class (design working life of 50 years) is S4. Related to different
criteria's such as concrete grade, member with slab geometry and quality control; structural
classes can be reduced or increase.

Exposure class depending on the environmental condition and concrete grade = XC2

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 = 25𝑚𝑚 from table 4.4N ES EN 1992:2015 by structural class (S4) and exposure class
(XC2). No reduction of structural class (S4) needed because we have 𝐶25/30.

Determination of ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝜸 , ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒔𝒕 , ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒂𝒅𝒅 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 4.4.1.2(6, 7&8)]

The recommended value of ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝜸 = ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒔𝒕 = ∆𝑪𝒅𝒖𝒓,𝒂𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎

𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
∴ 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 {𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒅𝒖𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

Determination of allowance in design for deviation, ∆𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒗 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section

4.4.1.3]

The recommended value is ∆𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

Hence, 𝑪𝒏𝒐𝒎 = 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 + ∆𝑪𝒅𝒆𝒗 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓𝒎𝒎.

ϕ𝑙 20
𝑑′ = 𝑐𝑐 + ϕ𝑠 + = 35 + 8 + = 53𝑚𝑚
2 2
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Overall depth of the beam 𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑′ = 494.21 + 53 = 547.21𝑚𝑚

For standard formwork use 𝐷 = 550𝑚𝑚

Step 2: Determination of design load 𝑤

Self-weight of beam = 𝑏 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝛾𝑐 = 0.25𝑚 ∗ 0.55𝑚 ∗ 25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 = 3.4375𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Dead load on the beam from partition wall and slab = 7𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Total dead load 𝑔𝑘 = 3.4375 + 7 = 10.4375𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Live load 𝑞𝑘 = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Load combination

Design load 𝑤 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 10.4375 + 1.5 ∗ 5 = 21.59𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Step 3: Load analysis

𝑤𝐿 21.59∗8 𝑤𝐿2 21.59∗82

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 86.36𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 172.72𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2 8 8

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Step 4: Determine design constants

Material: 𝐶25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝛼𝑐𝑐 ∗𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾𝑐

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 3.1.6 (1)]

For persistent and transient design situation 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section
2.4.2.4(1)]

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

2⁄ 2⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 = 0.3 ∗ (25) 3 ≈ 2.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘0.05 = 0.7 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.7 ∗ 2.6 = 1.82𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05 0.85∗1.82
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.03𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel: 𝑆 − 500 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section
2.4.2.4(1)]

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 434.78𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

𝑓𝑦𝑑 434.78
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = 200,000 = 0.002174 = 2.174‰
𝐸𝑠

Ultimate limit state design of beam for flexure

Step 5: Check depth required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2

𝑑 𝑀 172.72𝑥106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ √0.295𝑥𝑏𝑥𝑓 = √0.295𝑥250𝑥14.167 = 406.585𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑑

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The overall depth D of the beam = 𝑑 + 𝑑 ′ = 406.585 + 53 = 459.585𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 550𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑′ = 550 − 53 = 497𝑚𝑚

Step 6: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

𝑀 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 𝑑 𝑧 = 2 (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) ≤ 0.95𝑑
𝑦𝑑

𝑀𝑑 172.72 ∗ 106
𝐾= = = 0.19743 < 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 250 ∗ 4972 ∗ 14.167

∴The beam section is singly reinforced section.

𝑑 497
𝑧= (1 + √1 − 2𝐾) = (1 + √1 − 2 ∗ 0.19743) = 441.81𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 497 = 472.15𝑚𝑚 … … 𝑂𝑘!
2 2

𝑀 172.72∗106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓 𝑑 = 441.81∗434.7826 = 899.156𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑦𝑑

Number of bars

𝐴 899.156
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ20𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(20)2
= 2.862 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 3ϕ20𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

Arrangement of bars

Arrangement of bars (assuming minimum spacing should not be less than bars diameter
or 20𝑚𝑚). If bars of different diameters are used, the minimum spacing is the diameter of the
larger bar.

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑠 = 𝜙𝑙 )

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜙𝑙

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𝑁𝑂 of ϕ20𝑚𝑚 bars which can be placed in a row, 𝑛

𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2𝜙𝑠 250 − 2 ∗ 35 − 2 ∗ 8

2𝑛 = +1= + 1 = 9.2
𝜙𝑙 20

𝑛 = 4.6 ≈ 4. This means, it is possible to put 4ϕ20𝑚𝑚 in a row. In our case, we have 3ϕ20𝑚𝑚 .
The space provided is sufficient and all three bars are arranged in single row.

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 3ϕ20𝑚𝑚 (𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 942.48𝑚𝑚2 )

Step 7: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑓
0.26 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 𝑏𝑡 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑦𝑘

0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑

Where 𝒃𝒕 denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in
compression only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of 𝑏𝑡 .

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 ( ) ∗ 250 ∗ 497 = 167.986𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 167.986𝑚𝑚2
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 250 ∗ 497 = 161.525𝑚𝑚2

Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside lap locations.

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥497 = 4970 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 167.986𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 942.48𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4970 𝑚𝑚2

Step 8: Check minimum spacing of longitudinal bars [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑛 = 3)

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𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + (3 − 1)𝑠

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + 2𝑠

𝑏−(2𝑐𝑐+2𝜙𝑠 +3𝜙𝑙 ) 250−(2∗35+2∗8+3∗20)

𝑠= = = 52𝑚𝑚
2 2

Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN 1992:2015 Section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or
horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 20 = 20𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚

Where 𝜙𝑔 is the maximum size of aggregate. The recommended values of 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are 1 and
5𝑚𝑚 respectively.

1𝑥20 = 20𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance 𝑠 = 52𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑𝑔 + 5 𝑚𝑚 } … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚

Ultimate limit state design of beam for shear

Step 9: Calculate design shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at 𝑑 distance from the face support

Shear @ the center of support: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 86.36𝑘𝑁

Shear @ the face of support 𝑉𝐸𝑓 :

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By using similarity of triangles:

0𝑚 86.36𝑘𝑁 0.15 − 0 𝑉𝐸𝑓 − 86.36

= → 𝑉𝐸𝑓 = 83.12𝑘𝑁
4 − 0.15 0 − 𝑉𝐸𝑓
0.15𝑚 𝑉𝐸𝑓

4𝑚 0𝑘𝑁

Or 𝑉𝐸𝑓 = 86.36 − 21.59 ∗ 0.15 = 83.12𝑘𝑁

Similarly, the design shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at 𝑑 distance from the face support

0𝑚 86.36𝑘𝑁 0.647 − 0 𝑉𝐸𝑑 − 86.36

= → 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 72.40𝑘𝑁
4 − 0.647 0 − 𝑉𝐸𝑑
0.647𝑚 𝑉𝐸𝑑

4𝑚 0𝑘𝑁

Or 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 86.36 − 21.59 ∗ 0.647 = 72.40𝑘𝑁

Step 11: Check whether shear links required

Design shear force at 𝑑 distance from the face support 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 67.733𝑘𝑁

Design shear resistance of concrete (𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ):

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.18 0.18
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑐 1.5

200 200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1 + √497 = 1.634 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘
𝑑

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:

𝜋(20)2
As1 3∗
4
ρ1 = b = = 0.0076 < 0.02 𝑂𝑘 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
wd 250∗497

𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/2 = 0.035(1.634)3/2 (25)1/2 = 0.366𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑

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1
= [0.12 𝑥 1.634(100 ∗ 0.0076 ∗ 25)3 ] 250 ∗ 497 ∗ 10−3

= 𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝒌𝑵 > (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.366 ∗ 250 ∗ 497 ∗ 10−3 = 45.475𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 65.02𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 67.733𝑘𝑁, ∴ Shear reinforcement must be provided.

Step 12: Design shear links

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 67.733∗103

= 0.78𝑓 = 0.78∗500∗497∗2.5 = 0.035𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃

𝜋∗82
Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 as shear links 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = = 50.26𝑚𝑚2 for one legs of the link.
4

𝜋∗82
Thus, for two legs of the link, 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2 ∗ = 101𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑠𝑤 𝐴 101
Spacing 𝑠 = 0.035 = 0.035 = 2891.734𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 (assuming the use of vertical links) [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 −
1 − 1: 2015 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 9.2.2]

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 497 = 372.75𝑚𝑚

→ 𝑠 = 2891.734𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 372.75𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 372.75𝑚𝑚.

For practical convenience, 𝑠 = 350𝑚𝑚

∴Provide 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 @350𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐

Step 13: Minimum shear reinforcement 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 )/𝑓𝑦𝑘 = (0.08√25)/500 = 0.0008

𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 /(𝑠𝑏𝑤 sin 𝛼) (assuming the use of vertical links)

𝐴𝑠𝑤
= 0.0008 ∗ 250 ∗ 1 = 0.2𝑚𝑚
𝑠

𝜋∗82
Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 as shear links 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = = 50.26𝑚𝑚2 for one legs of the link.
4

𝜋∗82
Thus, for two legs of the link, 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2 ∗ = 101𝑚𝑚2
4

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𝐴𝑠𝑤 101
Spacing 𝑠 = 0.26 = = 505𝑚𝑚
0.2

Maximum spacing of links 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (assuming the use of vertical links) [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 −
1 − 1: 2015 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 9.2.2]

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 497 = 372.75𝑚𝑚

𝑠 = 2891.734𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 372.75𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 372.75𝑚𝑚.

For practical convenience, 𝑠 = 350𝑚𝑚

∴Provide 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 @350𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐

Step 14: Calculate the shear resistance of minimum shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 101
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 ( ) = 0.78 ∗ 500 ∗ 497 ∗ 2.5 ( ) ∗ 10−3 = 139.8345𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑠 350
= 86.36𝑘𝑁

Step 15: Detailing of flexural and shear reinforcement

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Example 2: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

A simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam of 8𝑚 span carries 7𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 uniformly
distributed characteristic dead load from partition wall and slab in addition to self–weight and
5𝑘𝑁⁄ characteristic imposed load. Design the beam section. Use strength class 𝐶20/25
𝑚
concrete and 𝑆 − 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for steel reinforcement.

Solution

Step 1: Determination of design load 𝑤

Self-weight of beam = 𝑏 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝛾𝑐 = 0.23𝑚 ∗ 0.37𝑚 ∗ 25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 = 2.1275 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Dead load on the beam from partition wall and slab = 7 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Total dead load 𝑔𝑘 = 2.1275 + 7 = 9.1275 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Live load 𝑞𝑘 = 5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Load combination

Design load 𝑤 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 9.1275 + 1.5 ∗ 5 = 19.822 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

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Step 2: Load analysis

𝑤𝐿 19.822 ∗ 8
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 79.288𝑘𝑁
2 2

𝑤𝐿2 19.822(8)2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 158.576𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8

Step 3: Determine design constants

Material: 𝐶25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝛼𝑐𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝛾𝑐

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 3.1.6 (1)]

For persistent and transient design situation 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section
2.4.2.4(1)]

0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

2⁄ 2⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3 ∗ (𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 3 = 0.3 ∗ (20) 3 ≈ 2.2𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘0.05 = 0.7 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.7 ∗ 2.2 = 1.5473𝑀𝑃𝑎

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0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05 0.85∗1.5473
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 0.8768𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel: 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section
2.4.2.4(1)]

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 0.00174 = 1.74‰
𝐸𝑠 200,000

Step 4: Check depth required for flexure

Minimum effective depth to avoid any compression steel (singly reinforced) is given by:

𝑀𝑑
< 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2

𝑑 𝑀 158.576𝑥106
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ √0.295𝑥𝑏𝑥𝑓 = √0.295𝑥230𝑥11.33 = 454.114𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑑

Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 24 𝑚𝑚 in one layer with concrete cover 35𝑚𝑚 and 8𝑚𝑚
shear reinforcement diameter.

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 24
The overall depth D of the beam = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 + = 454.114 + 35 + 8 + =
2 2

509.114𝑚𝑚 > 𝐷𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 370𝑚𝑚

Now, we have no permission to increase depth of the beam. Therefore, the beam should be
design as a doubly reinforced beam. Thus, compression reinforcement is required.

Step 5: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

Moment carried by the concrete section, 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 24
Effective depth (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 − = 370 − 35 − 8 − = 315𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 230 ∗ 3152 ∗ 10−6 = 76.3𝑘𝑁𝑚

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Compression Reinforcement (𝐴′𝑠 )

Assume diameter of compression bars (𝜙 ′ ) = 16 𝑚𝑚.

𝜙′ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 16
Effective cover (𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 + = 35 + 8 + = 51𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝑀𝑑 − 0.295𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 (158.576 − 76.3) ∗ 106

𝐴′𝑠 = = = = 895.988𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐴′𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 347.83(315 − 51)

Check whether compression reinforcement yielding

d′ 51 51
= 0.45d = 0.45(315) = 0.36 < 0.38 → Compression steel yields
x

Number of bars

𝐴 895.988
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ16𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(16)2
= 4.45 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 5ϕ16𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒5ϕ16𝑚𝑚 (𝐴′𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 1005.31𝑚𝑚2 )

Tension Reinforcement (𝐴𝑠 )

𝑑 𝑑
𝑧= [1 + √1 − 2𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 ] = [1 + √1 − 2(0.295)] = 0.82𝑑 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2 2

0.295𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 76.3 ∗ 106

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 = + 895.988 = 1745.233𝑚𝑚2
𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.82𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.82(315)(347.83)

Number of bars

𝐴 1745.233
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ24𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(24)2
= 3.86 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 4ϕ24𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

Arrangement of bars

Arrangement of bars (assuming minimum spacing should not be less than bars diameter or
20mm). If bars of different diameters are used, the minimum spacing is the diameter of the
larger bar.

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑠 = 𝜙𝑙 )

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𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜙𝑙

𝑁𝑂 of ϕ24𝑚𝑚 bars which can be placed in a row, 𝑛

𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2𝜙𝑠 230 − 2 ∗ 35 − 2 ∗ 8

2𝑛 = +1= +1 =7
𝜙𝑙 24

𝑛 = 3.5 ≈ 3. This means, it is possible to put 3ϕ24𝑚𝑚 in a row. In our case, we have 4ϕ24𝑚𝑚 .

From construction practice and to create uniform cross-section, the minimum number of bars
which should be placed in a row should not be less than two. Therefore, provide 2ϕ24𝑚𝑚 on first
row and 2ϕ24𝑚𝑚 on the second row. (𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 1809.56𝑚𝑚2 )

Because of the assumption of single row arrangement of bars changed into two row arrangement
of bars, we should have to check the effective depth, d.

24
𝑑′1 = 35 + 8 + = 55𝑚𝑚
2

24
𝑑′2 = 35 + 8 + +24 + 24 + = 103𝑚𝑚
2

𝑛1 𝜙𝑏 𝑑′1 + 𝑛2 𝜙𝑏 𝑑′2
𝑑′ =
𝑁𝜙𝑏
2 ∗ 24 ∗ 55 + 2 ∗ 24 ∗ 103
=
4 ∗ 24
= 79𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 ′ = 370 − 79 = 291𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 315𝑚𝑚 … … . 𝑂𝑘!

Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘
0.26 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑

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Where bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in
compression only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of bt . fctk
should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.26 ( ) ∗ 230 ∗ 315 = 97.9524𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡 500 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 97.9524𝑚𝑚2
2
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 230 ∗ 315 = 94.185𝑚𝑚

Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside lap locations.

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥230𝑥315 = 2898 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 97.9524𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 1809.56𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2898𝑚𝑚2 … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Step 7: Check minimum spacing of bars [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]

Spacing between bars in the horizontal direction

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑛 = 2)

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 2𝜙𝑙 + (2 − 1)𝑠

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 2𝜙𝑙 + 𝑠

𝑠 = 𝑏 − (2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 2𝜙𝑙 ) = 230 − (2 ∗ 35 + 2 ∗ 8 + 2 ∗ 24) = 96𝑚𝑚

Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or
horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 24 = 24𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚

Where 𝜙𝑔 is the maximum size of aggregate. The recommended values of 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are 1 and 5
mm respectively.

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1𝑥24 = 24𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance 𝑠 = 96𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑𝑔 + 5 𝑚𝑚 } … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚

Spacing between bars in the vertical direction = 𝜙𝑏 = 24𝑚𝑚

Ultimate limit state design of beam for shear

Step 8: Calculate design shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at 𝑑 distance from the face support

Shear @ the center of support: 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 79.288𝑘𝑁

Shear @ the face of support 𝑉𝐸𝑓 :

By using similarity of triangles:

0𝑚 79.288𝑘𝑁 0.15 − 0 𝑉𝐸𝑓 − 79.288

= → 𝑉𝐸𝑓 = 76.315𝑘𝑁
4 − 0.15 0 − 𝑉𝐸𝑓
0.15𝑚 𝑉𝐸𝑓

4𝑚 0𝑘𝑁

Similarly, the design shear force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 at 𝑑 distance from the face support

0𝑚 79.288𝑘𝑁 0.465 − 0 𝑉𝐸𝑑 − 79.288

= → 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 70.07𝑘𝑁
4 − 0.465 0 − 𝑉𝐸𝑑
0.465𝑚 𝑉𝐸𝑑

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4𝑚 0𝑘𝑁

Step 9: Check whether shear links required

Design shear force at 𝑑 distance from the face support 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 70.07𝑘𝑁

Design shear resistance of concrete (𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 ):

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.18 0.18
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0.12 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑐 1.5

200 200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1 + √315 = 1.80 < 2.0 𝑂𝑘
𝑑

Assuming all the tension reinforcement is taken onto supports and anchored:

𝜋(24)2
As1 4∗
4
ρ1 = b = = 0.025 < 0.02 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜌1 = 0.02 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0
wd 230∗315

𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/2 = 0.035(1.8)3/2 (20)1/2 = 0.378𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

1
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘(100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑

1
= [0.12 𝑥 1.8(100 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 20)3 ] 230 ∗ 315 ∗ 10−3

= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝒌𝑵 > (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.378 ∗ 230 ∗ 315 ∗ 10−3 = 27.4𝑘𝑁

Since 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 53.52𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 70.07𝑘𝑁, ∴ Shear reinforcement must be provided.

Step 12: Design shear links

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝑑 70.07∗103

= 0.78𝑓 = 0.78∗400∗315∗2.5 = 0.285𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃

𝜋∗82
Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 as shear links 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = = 50.26𝑚𝑚2 for one legs of the link.
4

𝜋∗82
Thus, for two legs of the link, 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2 ∗ = 101𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑠𝑤 𝐴 101
Spacing 𝑠 = 0.285 = 0.285 = 354.156𝑚𝑚

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Maximum spacing 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 (assuming the use of vertical links) [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 −
1 − 1: 2015 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 9.2.2]

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 315 = 236.25𝑚𝑚

→ 𝑠 = 354.156𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 236.25𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 236.25𝑚𝑚.

For practical convenience, 𝑠 = 225𝑚𝑚

∴Provide 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 @225𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐

Step 10: Minimum shear reinforcement 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 )/𝑓𝑦𝑘 = (0.08√20)/400 = 0.00089

𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 /(𝑠𝑏𝑤 sin 𝛼) (assuming the use of vertical links)

𝐴𝑠𝑤
= 0.00089 ∗ 230 ∗ 1 = 0.206𝑚𝑚
𝑠

𝜋∗82
Use 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 as shear links 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = = 50.26𝑚𝑚2 for one legs of the link.
4

𝜋∗82
Thus, for two legs of the link, 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2 ∗ = 101𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴
𝑠𝑤 101
Spacing 𝑠 = 0.206 = 0.206 = 490.963𝑚𝑚

Maximum spacing of links 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 (assuming the use of vertical links) [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 −
1 − 1: 2015 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 9.2.2]

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 = 0.75 ∗ 315 = 236.25𝑚𝑚

𝑠 = 490.963𝑚𝑚 > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 236.25𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 236.25𝑚𝑚.

For practical convenience, 𝑠 = 225𝑚𝑚

∴Provide 𝜙8𝑚𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 @225𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐

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Step 11: Calculate the shear resistance of minimum shear reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑤 101
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑 cot 𝜃 ( ) = 0.78 ∗ 400 ∗ 315 ∗ 2.5 ( ) ∗ 10−3 = 101.3𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑠 225
= 70.07𝑘𝑁

Step 12: Detailing of flexural and shear reinforcement

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Example 3: Design of Continuous Beam

A 450 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝 × 300 𝑚𝑚 wide rectangular beam is required to support office loads of 𝑔𝑘 =
30.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 and 𝑞𝑘 = 11.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 including its self-weight over 2 𝑛𝑜. 6 𝑚 spans. Design the
beam using 𝐶30/37, 𝑆 − 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Assume 300 𝑚𝑚 wide supports.

Step 1: Determination of design load 𝑤

Total dead load 𝑔𝑘 = 30.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Live load 𝑞𝑘 = 11.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Load combination

Design load 𝑤 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 30.2 + 1.5 ∗ 11.5 = 58.02 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

Step 2: Load analysis

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Shear Force 𝑉 (𝑘𝑁)

Design moment 𝑀𝑑 (𝑘𝑁𝑚)

Step 3: Determine design constants

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑥30
For 𝐶30/37 concrete: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

→ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 = 0.3(30)2/3 = 2.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
For 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 4: Calculate flexural reinforcement As

Flexural reinforcement @ span

Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 26 𝑚𝑚 in one layer with concrete cover 35𝑚𝑚 and 8𝑚𝑚
shear reinforcement diameter.

𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 26
Effective depth (𝑑) = 𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝜙𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 − = 450 − 35 − 8 − = 394 𝑚𝑚
2 2

Flexure @ span: 𝑀𝑑 = 146.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 = 0.295𝑥17𝑥300𝑥3942 = 233.55 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Since 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝑀𝑑 = 146.9 𝑘𝑁𝑚 design as singly reinforced beam.

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𝑀 146.9𝑥106
𝐾= 2 = = 0.1855
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 300𝑥3942 𝑥17

𝑑 394
𝑧= [1 + √1 − 2𝐾] = [1 + √(1 − 2(0.1855))] = 353.23 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 394
2 2
= 374.3𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑘!

𝑀 146.9 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 974.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 434.78 𝑥 353.23

Number of bars

𝐴𝑠 974.1
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = = 𝜋(26)2
= 1.835 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

Flexural reinforcement @ support

Flexure @ support: 𝑀𝑑 = 261 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Since 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝑀𝑑 = 261 𝑘𝑁𝑚 design as doubly reinforced beam.

Compression reinforcement area (𝐴′𝑠 ):

Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 16 𝑚𝑚 for compression reinforcement in one layer with
concrete cover 35𝑚𝑚 and 8𝑚𝑚 shear reinforcement diameter.

16
𝑑′ = 35 + 8 + = 51𝑚𝑚
2

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 (261 − 233.55)𝑥106

𝐴′𝑠 = = = 184.067 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) 434.78(394 − 51)

Number of bars

𝐴 184.067
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ16𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(16)2
= 0.915 ≈ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 2ϕ16𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔 @ 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

Tension reinforcement area (𝐴𝑠 ):

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𝑑
𝑧= [1 + √1 − 2𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 ] = 0.82𝑑 = 0.82(394) = 323.08𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.95𝑑 = 374.3𝑚𝑚
2

𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 233.55𝑥106
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 = + 184.067 = 1846.705 𝑚𝑚2
𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑑 323.08(434.78)

Number of bars

𝐴 1846.705
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(26)2
= 3.48 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 4ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

Arrangement of bars

Arrangement of bars (assuming minimum spacing should not be less than bars diameter or
20mm). If bars of different diameters are used, the minimum spacing is the diameter of the larger
bar.

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑠 = 𝜙𝑙 )

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜙𝑙

𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 bars which can be placed in a row, 𝑛

𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2𝜙𝑠 300 − 2 ∗ 35 − 2 ∗ 8

2𝑛 = +1= + 1 = 9.23
𝜙𝑙 26

𝑛 = 4.6154 ≈ 4. This means, it is possible to put 4ϕ26𝑚𝑚 in a row. In our case, we have also
4ϕ26𝑚𝑚 . The space provided is sufficient and all three bars are arranged in single row.

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟒𝝓𝟐𝟔 @ 𝒕𝒐𝒑 (𝐴𝑠 = 2123.72 𝑚𝑚2 )

Step 5: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 { 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝒃𝒕 𝒅

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Where bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in
compression only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of bt . fctk
should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.9
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26𝑥 𝑥300𝑥394 = 178.2456𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013𝑥300𝑥394 = 153.66𝑚𝑚
= 178.2456𝑚𝑚2

Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside lap locations.

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥300𝑥394 = 4728𝑚𝑚2

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.

Step 6: Check minimum spacing of bars [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]

Spacing between bars in the horizontal direction for 𝟒𝝓𝟐𝟔 at the support

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑛 = 4)

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 4𝜙𝑙 + (4 − 1)𝑠

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 4𝜙𝑙 + 3𝑠

𝑏 − (2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 4𝜙𝑙 ) 300 − (2 ∗ 35 + 2 ∗ 8 + 4 ∗ 26)

𝑠= = = 36.67𝑚𝑚
3 3

Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or
horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 26 = 24𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚

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Where 𝜙𝑔 is the maximum size of aggregate. The recommended values of 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are 1 and 5
mm respectively.

The provided clear distance 𝑠 = 36.67𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =

1𝑥26 = 26𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑𝑔 + 5 𝑚𝑚 } … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚

Spacing between bars in the vertical direction = 𝜙𝑏 = 26𝑚𝑚

Step 7: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

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Example 4: Design of Flanged Beams

A continuous slab 100𝑚𝑚 thick is carried on T-beams at 2𝑚 centers. The overall depth of the
beam is 350𝑚𝑚 and the breadth 𝑏𝑤 of the web is 250𝑚𝑚. The 6𝑚 span beams are simply
supported. The characteristic dead load including self–weight and finishes of the slab is 7.4 𝑘𝑁/
𝑚2 and the characteristic imposed load on the slab is 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 . Design the beam using the
simplified stress block. The material strengths are 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓𝑦𝑘 =
500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 reinforcement.

Solution

Step 1: Determination of design load 𝑤

Since the beams are spaced at 2𝑚 centers, the loads on the intermediate beam are:

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.4 × 2 = 14.8𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 2 = 10𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design load = (1.35 × 14.8) + (1.5 × 10) = 35.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The loads on the edge beam are:

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.4 × 1 = 7.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design load = (1.35 × 7.4) + (1.5 × 5) 𝑤 = 17.49𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Step 2: Load analysis

For intermediate beams

35.0 × 62
Ultimate moment at mid-span = = 157.5 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
8

Shear Force 𝑉 at support:

𝑤𝑙 35𝑥6
𝑉= = = 105 𝑘𝑁
2 2

For edge beams

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17.49 × 62
Ultimate moment at mid-span = = 78.705𝑘𝑁𝑚
8

Shear Force 𝑉 at support:

𝑤𝑙 17.49𝑥6
𝑉= = = 52.47𝑘𝑁
2 2

Step 3: Compute effective flange width, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 for a T-beam or L-beam may be derived as:

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

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Where

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖

For intermediate beams

𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚

2000 − 250
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = = 875 𝑚𝑚
2

𝑙𝑜 = Span of simply supported beam = 6000 mm

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 0.2(875) + 0.1(6000) = 775 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.2(6000) = 1200 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 0.2𝑏2 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 0.2(875) + 0.1(6000) = 775 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.2(6000) = 1200 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 775 ≤ (𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 875)

Therefore, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 775 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 + 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 + 𝑏𝑤 = 775 + 775 + 250 = 1800 ≤ (𝑏 = 2000 𝑚𝑚)

Effective width of flange 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1800 𝑚𝑚

For edge beams

𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚

2000 − 250
𝑏1 = = 875 𝑚𝑚
2

𝑙𝑜 = Span of simply supported beam = 6000 mm

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𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 ≤ 0.2𝑙𝑜

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 0.2(875) + 0.1(6000) = 775 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 0.2(6000) = 1200 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 775𝑚𝑚 ≤ (𝑏1 = 875𝑚𝑚)

Therefore, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 775 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 + 𝑏𝑤 = 775 + 250 = 1025𝑚𝑚 ≤ (𝑏 = 2000 𝑚𝑚)

Effective width of flange 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1025 𝑚𝑚

Step 4: Determine design constants

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑥25
For C25 concrete: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

→ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 = 0.3(25)2/3 = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
For 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 5: Check the position of the neutral axis

For intermediate beams

Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the depth of compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 =
ℎ
100 𝑚𝑚. Then, 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − 2𝑓)

Assuming a nominal cover on the links is 35𝑚𝑚 and if the links are 𝜙8 bars and the main bars
are 𝜙26, then
𝑑 = 350 – 35 – 8 – 26/2 = 294𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑓 100
𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 14.167 𝑥 1800 𝑥 100 𝑥 (294 − ) = 622.215 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

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The design moment that the concrete flange (𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) can resist is greater than the design
moment (= 157.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚). Therefore, the beam can be designed as a rectangular beam of
size 1800 × 294.
For edge beams

Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the depth of compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 =
ℎ𝑓
100 𝑚𝑚. Then, 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2

Assuming a nominal cover on the links is 35𝑚𝑚 and if the links are 𝜙8 bars and the main bars
are 𝜙26, then

𝑑 = 350 – 35 – 8 – 26/2 = 294𝑚𝑚

ℎ𝑓 100
𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 14.167 𝑥 1025 𝑥 100 𝑥 (294 − ) = 354.317𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

The design moment that the concrete flange (𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ) can resist is greater than the design
moment (= 78.705𝑘𝑁𝑚). Therefore, the beam can be designed as a rectangular beam of
size 1025 × 294.

Step 6: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

For intermediate beams

𝑀 157.5 𝑥 106
𝐾= = = 0.07145
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1800 𝑥 2942 𝑥 14.167

𝑑 294
𝑧= [1 + √1 − 2𝐾] = [1 + √(1 − 2(0.067))] = 283.0913 𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 279.3𝑚𝑚
2 2

∴Take 𝑧 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

𝑀 157.5 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1296.99𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 279.3𝑚𝑚

Number of bars

𝐴 1296.99
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(26)2
= 2.443 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

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⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

For edge beams

𝑀 78.705 𝑥 106
𝐾= = = 0.0627
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1025 𝑥 2942 𝑥 14.167

𝑑 294
𝑧= [1 + √1 − 2𝐾] = [1 + √(1 − 2(0.0627))] = 284.4736𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 279.3𝑚𝑚
2 2

∴Take 𝑧 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

𝑀 78.705 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 648.126𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 279.3𝑚𝑚

Number of bars

𝐴 1296.99
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(26)2
= 1.22 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟒 (𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

Step 7: Check minimum spacing of bars [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]

Spacing between bars in the horizontal direction for intermediate beams

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑛 = 3)

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + (3 − 1)𝑠

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + 2𝑠

𝑏 − (2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 ) 250 − (2 ∗ 35 + 2 ∗ 8 + 3 ∗ 26)

𝑠= = = 69𝑚𝑚
2 2

Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or
horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 26 = 26𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚

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Where 𝜙𝑔 is the maximum size of aggregate. The recommended values of 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are 1 and 5
mm respectively.

1𝑥26 = 26𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance 𝑠 = 69𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚 } … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚

Step 8: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 { 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝒃𝒕 𝒅

Where bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in
compression only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of bt . fctk
should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 ( ) ∗ 250 ∗ 294 = 99.372𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.372𝑚𝑚2
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 250 ∗ 294 = 95.55𝑚𝑚2

Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside lap locations.

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥294 = 2940𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.372𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2940𝑚𝑚2 … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.

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Step 9: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

Example 5: Design of Flanged Beams

Determine the area of reinforcement required for the simply supported T-beam shown in Fig.
below. The dimensions of the beam are 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 600 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚,
𝑑 = 340 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑′ = 51𝑚𝑚, ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚. The beam is subjected to an ultimate moment
of 305 𝑘𝑁𝑚. The material strengths are 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎
reinforcement.

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Solution

Step 1: Determine design constants

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑥25
For C25 concrete: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

→ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 = 0.3(25)2/3 = 2.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
For 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 434.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠

Step 2: Check the position of the neutral axis

Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the depth of compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 =
100 𝑚𝑚.

ℎ𝑓 100
Then, 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 14.167 𝑥 600 𝑥 100 𝑥 (340 − ) = 246.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2

The design moment of 305𝑘𝑁𝑚 is greater than 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 . Therefore the stress block extends into
the web. The beam is treated as T-beam.

Step 3: Check if compression steel is required.

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2

100
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥250𝑥3402 + 14.167(600 − 250)(100)(340 − ) = 264.58 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

(𝑀 = 305𝑘𝑁𝑚) > (𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 264.58𝑘𝑁𝑚) ∴Compression steel is required.

Step 4: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 and compression reinforcement 𝐴′𝑠

Area of compression steel (𝐴′𝑠 ):

𝑀 − 𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 (305 − 264.58)𝑥 106

𝐴′𝑠 = = = 321.7 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) 434.783 𝑥 (340 − 51)

Number of bars

𝐴 321.7
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ16𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(16)2
= 1.6 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2ϕ16𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

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⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟔

Area of tension steel (𝐴𝑠 ):

0.36𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑡𝑠 (𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 )

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
𝑓𝑦𝑑

(0.36𝑥340𝑥14.167𝑥250) + 14.167𝑥100(600 − 250)

𝐴𝑠 = + 321.7 = 2459.2 𝑚𝑚2
434.783

Number of bars

𝐴 2459.2
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋(26)2
= 4.63 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 5ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟓𝝓𝟐𝟔

Arrangement of bars

Arrangement of bars (assuming minimum spacing should not be less than bars diameter or
20mm). If bars of different diameters are used, the minimum spacing is the diameter of the larger
bar. Assume diameter of main bar (𝜙) = 26 𝑚𝑚 in one layer with concrete cover 35𝑚𝑚 and
8𝑚𝑚 shear reinforcement diameter.

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑠 = 𝜙𝑙 )

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜙𝑙

𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 bars which can be placed in a row, 𝑛

𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2𝜙𝑠 250 − 2 ∗ 35 − 2 ∗ 8

2𝑛 = +1= + 1 = 7.3
𝜙𝑙 26

𝑛 = 3.65 ≈ 3. This means, it is possible to put 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚 in a row. In our case, we have 5ϕ26𝑚𝑚 .
Therefore, provide 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚 on first row and 2ϕ26𝑚𝑚 on the second row. (𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 =
2654.6458𝑚𝑚2 ).

Step 5: Check minimum spacing of bars [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]

Spacing between bars in the horizontal and vertical direction

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𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑠 (𝑛 = 3)

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + (3 − 1)𝑠

𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + 2𝑠

𝑏 − (2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 ) 250 − (2 ∗ 35 + 2 ∗ 8 + 3 ∗ 26)

𝑠= = = 69𝑚𝑚
2 2

Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN1992:2015 Section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or
horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 26 = 26𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚

Where 𝜙𝑔 is the maximum size of aggregate. The recommended values of 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are 1 and 5
mm respectively.

1𝑥26 = 26𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance 𝑠 = 69𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚 } … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚

Spacing between bars in the vertical direction = 𝜙𝑏 = 26𝑚𝑚

Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒃𝒅
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 { 𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝒃𝒕 𝒅

Where bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone; for a T-beam with the flange in
compression only the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value of bt . fctk
should be determined with respect to the relevant strength class

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𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 ( ) ∗ 250 ∗ 340 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500 ∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 250 ∗ 340 = 110.5𝑚𝑚2

Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
outside lap locations.

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥340 = 3400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 2654.6458𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3400𝑚𝑚2 … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.

Step 7: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

RC Beam design by Wendimu T. Page 42