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Ultrasonic Sensor

The document discusses ultrasonic sensors which use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect ultrasonic waves to measure distance. An ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter that converts electrical signals to ultrasound and a receiver that converts ultrasound to electrical signals. Ultrasonic sensors can accurately measure distance from 2cm to 5 meters.

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16 views2 pages

Ultrasonic Sensor

The document discusses ultrasonic sensors which use piezoelectric materials to generate and detect ultrasonic waves to measure distance. An ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter that converts electrical signals to ultrasound and a receiver that converts ultrasound to electrical signals. Ultrasonic sensors can accurately measure distance from 2cm to 5 meters.

Uploaded by

darshandarshana711
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation to


measure distance from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal
mechanical waves which travel as a sequence of compressions and rarefactions along the
direction of wave propagation through the medium. Apart from distance measurement, they are
also used in ultrasonic material testing (to detect cracks, air bubbles, and other flaws in the
products), Object detection, position detection, ultrasonic mouse, etc. These sensors are
categorized in two types according to their working phenomenon – piezoelectric sensors and
electrostatic sensors. Here we are discussing the ultrasonic sensor using the piezoelectric
principle. Piezoelectric ultrasonic sensors use a piezoelectric material to generate the ultrasonic
waves.
Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress. The word Piezoelectric is derived from the Greek piezein,
which means to squeeze or press, and piezo, which is Greek for “push”. One of the unique
characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting
the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the
converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of stress when an electric field is applied).
An ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as separate
units or embedded together as single unit. The below image shows the ultrasonic transmitter and
receiver.

An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts AC into ultrasound, as well as the


reverse, sound into AC. In ultrasonics, the term typically refers to piezoelectric transducers or
capacitive transducers. Piezoelectric crystals change size and shape when a voltage is applied;
AC voltage makes them oscillate at the same frequency and produce ultrasonic sound. Capacitive
transducers use electrostatic fields between a conductive diaphragm and a backing plate. The
beam pattern of a transducer can be determined by the active transducer area and shape, the
ultrasound wavelength, and the sound velocity of the propagation medium. The diagrams show
the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic transducer in water, plainly at
differing energy levels. Since piezoelectric materials generate a voltage when force is applied to
them, they can also work as ultrasonic detectors. Some systems use separate transmitters and
receivers, while others combine both functions into a single piezoelectric transceiver.
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides range from very short (2 Centimeters) to long-range
(5 Meters) for applications in detection and ranging. The sensor provides precise and stable
noncontact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters with very high accuracy. The
ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to microcontrollers where the triggering and
measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an ultrasonic wave and
produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the
sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target can easily be calculated. This
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform
measurements between moving or stationary objects.
Specifications
 Power supply :5V DC
 Quiescent current: <2mA
 Effectual angle: <15°
 Ranging distance: 2cm – 500 cm
 Resolution: 0.3 cm
Features
 Accurate and Stable range data
 Data loss in Error zone eliminated
 Modulation at 40 KHz
 Triggered externally by supplying a pulse to the TRIG pin
 5V DC Supply voltage and Current - <20mA
 Can communicate with 5 V TTL or 3.3V CMOS microcontrollers

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