GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

STANDARD SIX
TERM - I
VOLUME - 3

SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department Of School Education

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 Government of Tamil Nadu

First Edition - 2018

(Published under Uniform System

of School Education Scheme in
Trimester Pattern)

NOT FOR SALE

Content Creation

The wise
possess all

State Council of Educational

Research and Training
© SCERT 2018

Printing & Publishing

Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

Services Corporation
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in

II

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 STANDARD SIX
TERM - I
VOLUME - 3

SCIENCE

III

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 The Science textbook for standard six has been prepared following
the guidelines given in the National Curriculum Framework
2005. The book is designed to maintain the
paradigm shift from the primary General
PREFACE Science to branches as Physics, Chemistry,
Botany and Zoology.
The book enables the reader to read the
text, comprehend and perform the learning experiences with the
help of teacher. The Students explore the concepts through activities
and by the teacher’s demonstration. Thus the book is learner centric with
simple activities that can be performed by the students under the supervision of
teachers.

The first term science Book for has

seven units. HOW
Two units planned for every month TO USE
in addition computer science chapter THE BOOK
has been introduced.
Each unit comprises of simple activities and experiments
that can be done by the teacher as demonstration if
necessary student’s can perform these activities.
Colourful infographics and infobits enhances the visual learning.
Glossary has been introduced to learned scientific terms.
The “Do you know?” box can be used to enrich the knowledge of general
science around the world.
ICT Corner and QR code has been introduced in each unit for the first time
to enhance digital science skills.

Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ?

• Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/
Apple App Store into your smartphone
• Open the QR code scanner application
• Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then
bring it closer to the QR code in the text book.
• Once the camera detects the QR code, a URL appears in the screen.
Click the URL and go to the content page.

IV
IV

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 SCIENCE TERM - Ⅰ
Table of Contents

Unit 1 Measurements .............................................................. 1

Unit 2 Force and Motion...................................................... 18
Unit 3 Matter Around Us ..................................................... 39
Unit 4 The Living World of Plants ................................ 64
Unit 5 Living World of Animals ...................................... 79
Unit 6 Health and Hygiene ................................................ 91
Unit 7 Computer-An Introduction .............................. 108

E - book Assessment DIGI links

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 VI

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 Unit
1 Measurements

metre

Learning Objectives

• Able to understand the need for measurement in our life.

• Able to define length, mass, time and volume.
• Able to evaluate the values of some physical quantities in terms of their
units and sub units.
• Able to identify zero error and parallax error.
• Able to measure the volume of solids and liquids.
• Able to construct their own measuring tools (models)

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 Few Questions to start with: Introduction
& Your cousin asks you what your We have already heard about the words
height is. How will you measure like weight, kilogram, litres, millilitres,
and inform him? kilometre, length, distance etc. In this
& Your friends decide to play kabbadi. chapter let’s have a deeper look at
How will you measure and draw length, weight, volume and time and
the border lines? the necessity to measure them. To do
the tasks given above we need to know
& Your father gives you a bag and
about measurement. The comparison of
asks you to get potatoes. How will
unknown quantities with some known
you ask the shopkeeper? A bag full
quantities is known as measurement.
of potatoes or how will you ask?
Measurement of a quantity has two parts:
& Your mom daily gets milk from the a number and its unit.
milkman. How much does she get?
What are the measuring tools that you
A cup of milk or two tumblers of
know?
milk or how?
Which of these tools will you use to do
& How long will it take to reach your
the tasks listed above and the similar ones?
school from your house?
& How does the shopkeeper measure 1.1 Length
kerosene while selling it? What is length? The distance between
one end and the other desired end is
called as length. It may be the distance

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 Measuring Tools

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 between the edges of a book or a table or Measure the length of your pencil now.
the corners of a football ground or even For sure the lengths of all your pencils
from your home to school. are not the same.
The standard unit of length is 'Metre'. 1. Take the meter scale
It is represented by letter ‘m’. Very small 2. Check lines with marking 1,2,3,4 ...
lengths can be measured in mm and cm. till 15 (for smaller scales) or till 30
Still larger measures, say height of a (bigger scales). The distance between
building, a banner or a lamp post are all 1 and 2 is denotes a centimetre (it is
measured in metre. How to express still written as ‘cm’).
longer lengths? Say distance between 3. Notice, in between 1 and 2 there will
two cities or villages or distance between be smaller markings. If you count,
your school and home? It is expressed in
there will be 9 such lines. The distance
kilometre (km). between any two consecutive smaller
Know the unit of length markings within a ‘cm’ denotes a
1 km (kilometre) = 1000 m (metre) millimetre (written as ‘mm’).
1 m (metre) = 100 cm Let us now understand more about the
(centimetre) three important quantities – Length, Mass
1 cm (centimetre) = 10 mm and Time.
(millimetre) From the activity:1 you see that your
Think: Can you convert 1 km in terms measurement is different from that of
of cm? your friends. Also different measuring
units are used in different countries.

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 Multiples and sub multiples of
Activity 1
SI Units
Form a group of 5 Prefixes used in SI Units. (Always remember
members. Select one the base unit is metre, litre, kilogram)
person and others measure
1.1.1 Corrective Measures for
her/his height individually
Measurement
using your hand span
Measurement has to be accurate and the
and cubit. Compare your
approach has to be correct always. In our
answers with others.
day to day life approximation may not have
Do you find any differences? Why?
much impact. But it has a large impact in
Now you all stand in front of a wall
scientific calculations. For example, if the
and mark your height on the wall.
curvature of key (lock and key) is changed
Measure your height with a scale.
by even 1 mm, the lock would not open.
What differences do you infer?
Let us look at some common mistakes
Why do we need SI Units? that occur while using a scale.

The sake of uniformity, scientists all over To measure the length of a pin
the world have adopted a common set using a scale
of units to express measurements. This
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
system is called as the International cm

System of Units or SI Units.

• The head of the pin has to coincide
SI unit for length is Metre
with ‘0’ of the scale.
SI Unit for mass is Kilogram
• Count the number of centimetre and
SI Unit for time is Second
from there count the number of finer
Area of Surface = m2 divisions. The count of the division
Volume of Solid = m3 is ‘mm’
• In the above example the length of
pin is 2 cm and 6 mm.

Prefix Abbreviation Submultiple/ Multiple For Metre

Deci d Submultiple: 1/10 10 decimetre = 1 metre
Centi c Submultiple: 1/100 100 centimetre = 1 metre
Milli m Submultiple: 1/1000 1000 millimetre = 1 metre
Nano n Submultiple: 1000000000 nano metre
1/1000000000 = 1 metre
Kilo k Multiple: 1000 1000 metres = 1 Kilometre

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 In the given activity, measure the quantities using suitable measuring units and express
them with suitable multiple and submultiples.

Measuring Unit Multiple /

Picture Activity
m/kg/s Submultiple

Length of tip metre millimetre

of pencil.

Length of the
pen

Distance
between two
cities

Mass of dry
fruits in tablets

Mass of
jewellery

Time taken to
finish 100 m
race

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 • Take care to write the correct Methods of measuring Length of a
submultiple curved line:

Activity 2
• Always keep the object in parallel to
the scale Aim: To find the length of a curved
line using a string.
• Start the measurement from ‘0’ of the
scale. Materials needed: A meter scale,
a measuring tape, a string and
1.1.3 Parallax Error a sketch pen
Parallax is a displacement or difference Method:
in the apparent position of an object
• Draw a curved line AB on a piece
viewed along two different lines of
of paper
sight.
• Place a string along the curved
A B C line. Make sure that the string
covers every bit of the curved line.
• Mark the points where the curved
line begins and ends on the string.
• Now, stretch the string along
the length of a meter scale and
measure the distance between
the two markings of the string.
Note it.
Correct position of the eye is also • This will give you the length of a
important for taking measurement. curved line.
Your eye must be exactly in front of
vertically above the point where the
measurement has to be taken. In the
above representation, to avoid parallax
error, reading will be correct. From Find the length of a banana.
positions ‘A’ and ‘C’, the readings will be
different and erroneous.

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 other quantities. Using length, we can
Activity 3
find out other measurements like Area
Measuring the length of a curved line and Volume. Area is obtained by using two
using a divider lengths. So, Area = Length × Breadth.
Now, you can guess how to measure the
area of your text book, your classroom or
your playground.

Draw a curved line AB on a piece of Volume is also a derived quantity and

paper it can be measured from measuring
Separate the legs of the divider by lengths. Let us calculate volume of a
0.5 cm or 1 cm using a ruler. box. To know the volume of a box we
need to know the length (l), breadth (b)
Place it on the curved line starting
and height (h). With a measuring scale
from one end. Mark the position of
measure the three parameters in cm. The
the other end. Move it along the line
volume of the box = l × b × h. Unit of
again and again cutting the line into
volume would be obviously cm × cm ×
number of segments of equal lengths.
cm = cubic cm or cm3. What do you infer
The remaining parts of the line can
from this? Assume the volume of cubical
be measured using a scale.
box is 1000 cubic cm. It means 1000
Count the number of segments
cubes each with dimensions 1cm × 1cm
Therefore, the length of the line = × 1cm can be placed inside the box. Try
(number of segments × length of each to express this quantity in suitable unit.
segment) + length of the left over part.
1.2.2 Volume of Liquid
Measuring the volume of a liquid is
1.2 Volume
quite easy. Liquids take the shape of the
1.2.1 Volume of Solids
container in which they are kept. A liquid
Length is a fundamental quantity. That whose volume is to be found can simply
means, it connot be expressed in any
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 be poured into a graduated container. by an object. We can use this property
Graduated cylinders, beakers, pipettes to measure the volume of an object with
and burettes are available for measuring irregular shape, for example a stone.
exact volumes. The volume of liquid is Let us try to find volume of a small piece
usually measured in litres. of stone.

75 ml

Conical Flask

Irregular
Shaped
Object

Fill a graduated measuring cylinder

with water to certain level, say 50 ml.
Tie the stone with a piece of fine thread.
Immerse the stone completely into water.
As the stone is immersed, we can
observe that water level increases. Why?
We would have often heard the word litre
The stone displaces the water to occupy
in our daily life. For an example 1 litre
the space inside the measuring cylinder.
milk packet, 20 litres water can.
How much water would be displaced? It
Do you know the would be equal to the space taken up by
quantity of blood in a stone. So the amount of water displaced
human body? will be the volume of the stone. This
method is called as water displacement
method.
Measuring the volume of objects
Suppose initially the water level was
with irregular shape
50 ml. After you immerse a stone the
Suppose you want to measure the water level rises to 75 ml. What is the
volume of an object which has irregular volume water displaced? Volume of the
shape. How will you do this? There is water displaced is 75 ml – 50 ml = 25ml
no mathematical formula to measure
1ml = 1 cubic cm
this but there are many ways to do.
25ml = 25 cm3. the volume of
Remember, volume is the space occupied
stone = 25cm3

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 1.2.3 Volume of gas 1.3 Mass
We can also measure the volume of 1.3.1 Mass and Weight
gases. Gases expand to fill the container Mass is the measure of the amount of matter
into which they are placed. When you in an object. Weight is the gravitational pull
compress, a gas you can make the experienced by the mass.
same gas to occupy lesser space. (as Hold a sheet of paper in one hand and a book
in LPG gas cylinder). Therefore it is in another. Which hand feels the heavyness?
not easy to talk about the volume of The mass of the book is more than that of
gas in the same way as a volume of a single sheet of paper. Therefore the pull
a stone or a liquid. It is essential to on the book is more than that of the paper.
take into account the pressure at which Hence our hand has to give more force to
the gases are kept. We will learn about hold a book than a paper. This force is what
these later. we experience as ‘heaviness’.
SI unit for Volume of solid is cubic
metre. Liquids and gases are usually More to Know
measured in litres. But also can be The weight is directly proportional to
measured in m3 or cubic metre. Similar to the mass on earths surface. On moon
the length, where the gravitational force is lesser
1 m3 = 1 kilolitre (kl or kL) than earth, the weight will reduce
but the mass will remain same. The
1cm3 = 1 millilitre (ml or mL)
moon’s gravitational pull is one sixth
1mm3 = 1 microlitre (µl or µL)
of the earth’s pull. Thus objects weigh
six times lighter on the Moon than on
Activity 4
the Earth.
Take three vessels filled with water.
The SI unit of mass is kilogram. It is
By looking at the amount of water
represented by the ‘kg’.
guess which vessel has more volume
Now a question, what is your mass?
of water. How will you check this
If you measure it grams that would be a
experimentally?
huge number is it not? So it is expressed
How to measure the volume of
in kilogram. Bigger weights are measured
the given vessel?
in tonne or Metric Tonne.
1000 milligram = 1 gram
1000 gram = 1 kilogram
1000 kilogram = 1 tonne

1.3.2 Beam Balance

We use beam balances to measure mass.
A beam balance works by comparing the

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 mass of an object to that of known mass balances may also be used to weigh food,
(called a standard mass) other grocery items, as well as jewellery.

Activity 5

Construct your own beam balance

using two scrapped coconut shells, 1.4 Time
strings or twines thick cardboard as
Day changes into night and night in to
frame and a little sharpened pencil as
day. Seasons also change. We know time
index needle.
passes. How do we measure the passage
What can you achieve? of time? Clocks are used to measure
1. Find which object is heavier time. You know how to read a clock face
2. Find approximate weight of lighter and note the time. You can also use your
things (leaves, piece of papers, etc) pulse to measure ‘rough’ time. Count
the number of pulses. That can tell you
the time elapsed. In your normal speed
of speaking, say “one little second”;
“two little second” to count the passage
of time.

Activity 6

Ask four or five of your friends to run

a race from one end of the school to
1.3.3 Electronic Balance another. Mark the starting point and
An electronic balance is a device used to the ending point. Using your pulse (or
find accurate measurements of weight. It counting by saying ‘one little second’
is used very commonly in laboratories for etc) count the time taken for each
weighing chemicals to ensure a precise of them to complete the race. Check
measurement of those chemicals for who is faster?
use in various experiments. Electronic

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 In earlier days people Fast Facts
used sand clock and An odometer is a device used for
sundial to measure indicating distance travelled by an
the passage of time automobile.
during the day. The shadow cast The metric system or standard set of
by a stick can be used to estimate units was created by the French in
time. One can also use a vessel 1790.
with a small hole for computing A ruler or scale, used now a days to
time. Take a vessel or bottle with a measure length was invented by a
small hole in it and fill it with water. William Bedwell in 16th century.
The time taken for water to drain
A standard metre rod made of an alloy
can also be used as a measuring
of platinum and iridium is placed at
device.
the Bureau of weights and measures
These are rough methods for in Paris. National Physical Laboratory
counting passage of time. We can in Delhi has a copy of this metre rod.
use electronic clock, stopwatch and
One kilogram is equal to the mass of
other instruments to count even
a certain bar of platinum-iridium alloy
smaller durations of time.
that has been kept since 1889 at the
International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in Sèvres, France.

Numerical Problems
• Look at a meter scale carefully and
answer the following:
• How many mm are there in a cm?
• How many cm are there in a m?
• Complete the following:
¾ 7875 cm = m cm
¾ 1195 m = km m
¾ 15 cm 10 mm = mm
¾ 45 km 33 m = m.

A Quick Look
• The comparison of an unknown
Sand Clock quantity with some known quantity is
known as measurement.

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 • All physical quantities have standard • Give other options if it is not a big
units for the sake of uniformity. campus.
• Length, mass and time are some of • Is the distance in the sea also
the fundamental physical quantities. calculated in kilometres? How is it
• The SI units for possible to calculate the distance in
Length - metre sea water? Explore!

Mass - kilogram • We know that the distance between

celestial bodies is calculated in terms
Time - second
of light year. (Ah! Unit of distance in
Volume - litre (or) cm3 terms of year???) Yes, it’s the distance
• While using ruler, the accurate travelled by light in one year. Now
measurement can be arrived by without calculator find how many
avoiding three types of possible errors. kilometres light would have travelled
• Volume of solids, liquids and regular in a year. (No Calculator). Get the
objects is measured by direct speed of light from your class teacher.
measurement. • We see that the distances between
• Volume of irregular objects can be Chennai and Madurai is ‘462’ kms.
measured by water displacement But from which point to which point
method. is this distance calculated?. As we are
• Electronic balance is an instrument science students we need to know it
to provide accurate measurement of with the precision. Is it between the
mass correct up to milligram. two bus stands? Or between the two
railway stations? Discuss and figure
Some open ended questions it out. Check your answers with your
• The school authority planned to class teacher.
conduct a mini marathon race within • A person needs to drink two litres of
the school campus. They decided
water a day. Note down how much
that the running distance to be 2
water you drink each day? Make a
kilometres. Is it possible to have a rough calculation and check if you
school campus with circumference of are drinking the required amount
2km? Discuss with your friends of how
of water.
big the campus should be?

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 ICT CORNER
AREA & PERIMETER

Lets play with

Area N Perimeter

Steps:
• Access the application by typing Area N Perimeter or install with the
help of the link given below or the given QR code
• Open the Application and click START button.
• You can see the field whose area is to be measured. Drag and put the tiles
on field.
• Use the (+) and (-) to find out the area of the given field.
• Click the CHECK button to check your answer.
• You can view your whole results by clicking the RESULT button.

Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4

URL:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bodhaguru.
AreaNPerimeter

Pictures are indicative only

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 Evaluation 2. Length of one’s chest can be measured
by using metre scale.
3. Ten millimetres makes one centimetre.
4. A hand span is a reliable measure of
I. Choose the correct answer length.
1. The girth of a tree can be measured by 5. The SI system of units is accepted
everywhere in the world.
a) Metre scale c) plastic ruler
b) Metre rod d) measuring tape III. Fill up the blanks
1. SI Unit of length is symbolically
2. The conversion of 7 m into cm gives
represented as .
a) 70 cm c) 700 cm
2. 500 gm = kilogram
b) 7 cm d) 7000 cm 3. Distance between Delhi and Chennai
3. Quantity that can be measured is can be measured in .
called 4. 1 m = cm
a) Physical quantity c) unit 5. 5 km = m.

b) Measurement d) motion IV. Analogy

4. Choose the correct one 1. Sugar: Beam balance; Lime juice?

a) km > mm > cm > m 2. Height of a person: cm; length of your

sharpened pencil lead?
b) km> mm > cm > km
3. Milk: volume; vegetables?
c) km > m > cm > mm
V. Match the following
d) km > cm > m > mm
Column A Column B
5. While measuring length using a ruler,
the position of your eye should be 1. Length of the fore Metre
arm
a) Left side of the point.
2. SI unit of length Second
b) Vertically above the point where
3. Nano 103
the measurement is to be taken.
4. SI Unit of time 10–9
c) Right side of the point
5. Kilo Cubit
d) Any where according to one’s
VI. Complete the given table
convenience.
Volume Kg
II. True or False
Length of your little Km
1. 126 kg is the correct way of expressing finger
mass.

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 VII. Arrange in increasing order of 7. is a fundamental
unit quantity
1 Metre, 1 centimetre, 1 kilometre, and 8. shows the distance
1 millimetre. covered by an automobile
9. A tailor use to take
VIII. Find the answer for the
following questions within the grid measurements to stitch a cloth

1. 10-3 is one 10. Liquids are measured with this

physical quantity
2. SI Unit of time
3. Cross view of reading for a IX. Answer in a word or two.
measurement leads to 1. What is the full form of SI system?
2. Name any one instrument used for
4. is the one what a clock
reads measuring mass.
3. Find the odd one out
5. is the amount of
Kilogram, Millimetre, Centimetre,
substance present in an object
Nanometre
6. can be taken to get
4. What is the SI Unit of mass?
the final reading of the recordings
of different of students for a single 5. What are the two parts present in a
measurement. measurement

A P L R K
C O E O S
M K N R I
P R G R T
R H E S T E D L L I T R E D A
L T H D H P
O E O N K E
A M S O R V
V I E C T O
E L K E S S
R L I S T K H
A I T I V P
G M X M N U
E Z D E S K P G I W M F
Z T D K H O D O M E T E R

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 X. Answer in a sentence or two. XI. Solve the following
1. Define measurement. 1. The distance between your school and
2. Define mass. your house is 2250 m. Express this
3. The distance between two places distance in kilometre.
is 43.65 km. Convert it into metre 2. While measuring the length of a
and cm. sharpened pencil, reading of the scale
4. How will you measure the volume of at one end is 2.0 cm and at the other
irregular objects? end is 12.1 cm. What is the length of
5. What are the rules to be followed to the pencil?
make accurate measurement with
XII. Write in detail
scale?
1. Explain two methods those you can use
to measure the length of a curved line.
2. How will you measure the volume of
irregular objects?
3. Fill up the following chart.

Property Definition Basic Unit Instrument used

for measuring
Length
Mass
Volume
Time

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 Unit
2 Forces and Motion

Learning Out comes

• I dentify push or pull or both is involved when there is a motion

• Understand that some forces act on contact and some are non-contact
forces
• When a force is applied, it can make things move, change direction or
change its shape and size
• Distinguish rest and motion and understand that they are relative
• I nfer motion is caused by application of force
• Classify the different types of motion
• Deduce the definition of average speed
• Use and understand the unit of speed
• Distinguish uniform and non-uniform motion
• Compute time, distance and speed

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 I nt roduct ion 2 .1 Mot ion and Rest
We had studied in our earlier classes that
2 .1 .1 W hat is rest ? W hat is mot ion?
push or pull results in some motion of the
Suppose there is a book on your table
object. When we open the door, kick a
right in the middle. I s the book moving?
football, lift our school bag, all involve
You will say “ it is not moving; it is at
motion and there is some push or pull.
rest ”. I f you push the book to one side
of the table to clear space for keeping
your notebook, then you will say the book
is moving.

When the book

was at the same
place with respect
to the table, you
say the book was
at rest; but when
it was pushed
from one place
on the table to
another place, you say it was moving.

Act ivit y 1

Can you identify whether it is push or pull that results in motion in the following
cases?

Push / Pull Push / Pull Push / Pull

Push / Pull Push / Pull Push / Pull

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 When there is a change of position of an object with respect to time, then it is called
motion, if it remains stationary it is called rest.

2 .1 .2 I s Mohan in mot ion?

Observe the following pictures and say whether Mohan is in motion or at rest

Hey Babu! would

you say that Mohan
is in motion?

Yes,
of course.

Anitha and Babu are standing under a

tree at the bus stand waiting for a bus How can you say that?
to Madurai. Two more of their friends, I can see he’s just sitting
Reka and Mohan, get into a bus to go in the bus!
to Thanjavur. The bus starts.

Reka, do you think

mohan is moving?
Yes, but
the bus
is moving
isn’t it?

You never No, Mohan is not. He is

So what? believe me. just sitting in one place!
Ask Reka.

But I am also in the bus! To me it does

not look as if Mohan is moving. He isn’t
moving towards me or away from me.

Hi! Am I moving
or at rest
Can’t you see
Anitha tells this to that the bus has
Babu. He snatches moved away from
the phone from the tree? Mohan is
her and says in the bus hence
irritably to Reka, Mohan moving
along with the bus.

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 Discuss: W ho is correct ? I s Mohan Event 3 : Nisha
really in mot ion? is going to her
grandm ot her 's
house by bicycle.
The girl on
the bicycle is

with respect to the road.

She is
with respect to the bicycle.
Take the case of a book on a table at
rest. I s it really without any motion? We
We can readily observe that both Reka and
know that Earth is rotating on its axis;
Babu are correct. From the point of view
therefore the table along with the book
of Babu, Mohan along with the bus is in
must be rotating. I s it not? We are also
motion; but for Reka who is sitting beside
moving along with the earth. Therefore,
him, he is at one place; therefore stationary.
from the point of view of ground on which
So, according to Babu, Mohan is in motion;
we stand, the book is at ‘rest ’. Similarly,
Mohan is at rest from Reka's observation.
Can you think any other examples? while travelling in a speeding bus, we feel
that the poles and trees seem to move
Hi! Please answ er honey by observing
backwards, and the things inside the bus
t he sit uat ion in t he pict ure
are stationary.

Am I in rest
or in motion?

Event 1 : The man in the boat is moving

with respect to the bank of river. He is at
rest with respect to the boat.
Event 2 :
The girl on the An obj ect may appear t o be st at ionary
swing is for one observer and appear t o be
with respect to the moving for anot her. An obj ect is at rest
seat of the swing. in relat ion t o a cert ain set of obj ect s
She is with and moving in relat ion t o anot her set
respect to the of obj ect s. This im plies t hat rest and
garden. m ot ion are relat ive.

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 2 .1 .3 How t hings move?
Act ivit y 2
When we kick a ball it moves. When we
Moon or Cloud? push the book on the table, it moves.
Observe the moon on a windy night When a bullock pulls the cart moves.
with a fair bit of cloud cover in the sky. Motion occurs when the object is pulled
As a cloud passes in front of the moon or pushed by an agency.
you sometimes think it is the moon
which is moving behind the cloud. Why don’t we
What would you think if you were to try any inanimate
observe a tree at the same time? agency?

I n daily life, we pulled out water from

the well, with bucket or “ the animal pulls
a bullock cart ”. I t is a person or animal,
that is an animate agency that does the
pushing or pulling.
Som et im es w e see a t al l g r ass in t h e
m ead ow d an cin g in t h e w in d , a p iece
Aryabatt a, an ancient of w ood is m ov in g d ow n a st r eam .
I ndian ast ronomer, Wh at p u sh es or p u l ls t h em ? We k n ow
said t hat like t he t h at b low in g w in d an d f low in g w at er
banks of t he river is t h e cau se. Som et im es t h e p u sh
appear t o move or p u l l can b e d u e t o t h e in an im at e
back t o a person ag en cy.
in a boat float ing
gent ly in a river, Forces are push or pull by an animate
t he night sky or inanimate agency.
st udded wit h
st ars appear t o Cont act , Non- Cont act Forces
move from east I n all the above cases, the force is
t o west while Eart h rot at es from executed by touching the body. so, these
west t o east . Learn more by asking type of force is called Contact Force.
ot hers and reading up on your own.

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 Mysteriously ripen coconut falls to the
Animate I nanimate
ground. What pulls it to the ground? We Factors Factors
would have heard of the ‘force of gravity’
Agencies
of Earth. Gravity pulls the ripen coconut
from the tree to the ground.
Force

Types on the
basis of Contact
Contact Non-Contact
Forces Forces

Hey! who is
2 .1 .4 W hat happens w hen w e apply
pulling me?
a force on an obj ect ?
What happens when you apply a force
on an object? Say you push a book on
the table. The book moves. Application of
force in an object results in motion from
a state of rest.
What happens when a batsman hit a
Bring a magnet near t he small iron ball? The ball is already in motion, but with
nail. Suddenly t he nail j umps int o t he air the strike, the speed of
and st icks wit h t he magnet . Observe t hat the ball increases.
t he magnet and t he nail did not t ouch Moreover the direction
each ot her. St ill, t here was a pulling force of the ball changes.
t hat made t he nail t o j ump t owards t he Application of force on
magnet . I n t hese t wo examples, t he force object results in a
is applied wit hout t ouching t he obj ect . change in its speed and
Such forces are known as "non-cont act change in its direction.
forces" Crush a balloon,
Forces can be classified into two major apply force on roti
types; contact and non-contact forces. dough, pull a rubber
Wind is making a flag flutter, a cart band. In these
pulled by a bullock are contact forces. cases the shape of
Magnetism, gravity are some examples of the object change
non-contact forces. on application of
force. Application
of force in object results in expansion or
contraction.

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 break in a speeding bicycle.
I n a nutshell, the applied force is an
interaction of one object on another that
causes the second object to move from
rest, or speed up, slow down, stop the
motion, change the direction, compress
or expand.
Look at this picture. The person is
applying force to stop the cart from Forces can
moving. When the force is applied against 1. Change the states of body from
the direction of the motion, the speed can rest to motion or motion to rest.
be reduced, or even the motion stopped 2. Either change the speed or
completely. direction or both of the body.
Discuss what happens when you apply 3. Change the shape of the body.

Act ivit y 3

Fill in the empty spaces

move from rest

FORCE
can
compress or expand
Change the Speed

Can you give example for contact and non-contact forces?

FORCES

CONTACT FORCES NON-CONTACT FORCES

Examples Examples

Kick a football Magnet attracts nails

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 2 .1 .5 Types of mot ion
Act ivit y 4

Play w it h pencil
Please do what Shanthi did...
(i) Shanthi took a pencil and sharpened it with a sharpener. (ii) Then she drew a
circle using the pencil and a compass. (iii) Later she took her ruler (scale) and drew

a straight line in another paper. (iv) Then she kept the pencil between her finger
and moved it back and forth.
Now, look at the motion of the pencil in all these four cases. How was it?
(i) In the first case, the pencil rot at ed in it s axis.
(ii) I n the second case, it went in a circle.
(iii) I n the third case, the pencil travelled in a st raight line.
(iv) Fourth case, the pencil tip moved back and fort h, that is it oscillated like a
swing.

That is its motion was ‘rotational’ and 2.1.6 Periodic and non- periodic
then ‘circular’ ‘straight line or linear’ and mot ions
later ‘oscillatory’. A fly buzzing around the room is a
Throw paper aeroplanes or paper dart. combination of all these and flight path
Watch its flight path when you throw it at is zigzag.
an angle. The path curves i.e the paper
flight is moving ahead but direction is
changing while moving such paths are
called curvilinear.

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 You can classify the motion according f. Zigzag (irregular)- like the motion
to the path taken by the object. of a bee or people walking in a
a. Linear- moving in a straight crowded street.
line, like a person walking on a
straight path, free fall.
Oscillat ions at
b. Curvilinear - moving ahead
Great er Speed
but changing direction, like a
Ask your friend to
throwing ball.
hold t he t wo ends of
c. Circular -moving in a circle,
a st ret ched rubber band. St rike it in
swirling stone tied to the rope.
t he middle. Do you see it oscillat es
d. Rotatory -The movement of a
very very fast ? When t he oscillat ion
body about its own axis, like a
is very swift , it is called as vibrat ion.
rotating top.
e. Oscillatory -coming back to the Fast oscillations are referred to
same position after a fixed time as vibrations.
interval, like a pendulum.

Act ivit y 5

Hi! Friends! Tell me what type of motion.

I am watching the path of my motion.

Linear Motion

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 Act ivit y 6
Classify t he follow ing according t o t he pat h it t akes.
Linear ,Curvilinear, Circular,Rotatory,Oscillatory, Zigzag (irregular)
• A sprinter running a 100 m race
• A coconut falling from a tree
• striking a coin in a carom board game
• Motion of flies and mosquitoes
• Beating of heart
• Children playing in a swing
• The tip of hands of a clock
• Flapping of elephant ’s ears
• A stone thrown into the air at an angle
• Movement of people in a bazaar
• Athlete running around a track
• Revolution of the moon around the earth
• The movement of a ball kicked in a football match
• Motion of a spinning top
• Revolution of the earth around the sun
• Swinging of a pendulum
• Children skidding on a sliding board
• Skidding down a playground slide
• Wagging tail of a dog
• Flapping of a flag in wind
• A car driving around a curve
• Woodcutter cutting with a saw
• Motion of water wave
• Motion of piston inside a syringe
• Bouncing ball
[add five motions you observe to this list]

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 2 .1 .7 Speed Vs Slow ? Look at the tall tree. When the wind is
Take the case of the hour- gentle, its branches are dancing slowly;
hand of a clock. In one day but if the gentle wind becomes strong,
it makes two rounds. Look at the branches shake violently, and if the
a bouncing ball. I t bounces a speed increases further, the branch may
certain number of times for a even break and fall. That is the motion
given time interval or period. can be slow or fast.
Look at the water waves, in
Can we say a motion is slow or fast
a given period that is a time
without comparing anything?
interval; a fixed number of waves hit the
shore.
Motion repeated in equal intervals of
time is called as periodic motion.
Let us take the example of sabing
swing in wind. This motion is not in
uniform interval. Such Motions are called
Compared to walking, cycling is fast,
non-periodic motion.
but a bus is faster than a cycle.
Can you notice an interesting fact? The aeroplane is much faster than
Do you notice that all oscillatory a bus.
motions are periodic, but not all So, slow or fast is a relative concept
periodic are oscillatory? which depends upon the motions we are
comparing.
Revolution of the moon around the
Then how to we say a body moves in
earth is periodic but not oscillatory.
a particular Speed?
However, the children playing in a swing
is both periodic and oscillatory.

Average Speed.
I have travelled 160 km in
Two Hours.

I have travelled 200 km in Four Hours.

Taxi Driver
I have travelled 300 km in Five Hours.

Can you say who travelled with

highest speed? Bus Driver
Truck Driver

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 How do we say? Let us calculate how long bus takes three hours to cover this
they travelled in One Hour? distance of 180 kilometres. Then its
Distance travelled by the Car in average speed is
One Hour = 80 Km (160/ 2) Average speed (s)
Distance travelled by the Bus in = distance travelled (d) /
One Hour = Km time taken (t)
Distance travelled by the Truck in = 180 kilometre/ 3 hour
One Hour = Km = 60 kilometre / hour

Have you found out? say now. Please note that metre/ second or
kilometre/ hour comes next to our answer
Fastest , Slowest
for average speed. What is it?
Have you n ot iced t h at sayin g w h o
Observe the formula for average
is f ast an d slow ? is easy w h en w e
speed. I f we denote the distance in metre
calcu lat e t h e dist an ce t h ey t ravelled
and time by seconds then the unit of
in on e h ou r.
average speed is metre/ second.
The distance travelled by an object
in unit time is called average speed
of the object.
I f an object travelled a distance (d) in
time (t) then its
Average speed (s) is = distance
travelled / time taken = d/ t. I f we denote the distance in kilometre
and time in hour then the unit of average
I n other words, you divide the distance speed is kilometre/ hour.
travelled by the time taken to get the Some times we use units like
speed. centimetre/ second.
Suppose a car travels 300 km in one I n science we generally use SI units.
hour. Then we say the speed of the car is I n SI units the unit of distance is metre
‘300 kmph’ (we read it as ‘three hundred and the unit of time is second. So, the SI
kilometres per hour’). unit of average speed is metre/ second.
If an object travelled 10 metre in
Let us Calculat e
2 seconds, then
1. A cat travelled 150 metres in 10
Average speed (s)
seconds, what is its average speed?
= distance travelled (d) /
2. Priya ride her bicycle 40 km in two
time taken (t)
hours. what is her average speed?
= 10 metre/ 2 second
= 5 metre / second

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 Our Speed...
Let us play a small game. Go to the playground with your friends. Mark 100 metre
distance for a race. Conduct a friendly running race and calculate the time they taken to
complete the distance by stopwatch. Now fill up the following table.

average speed
Name of the Time taken average
S. No distance = distance travelled/
student (in seconds) speed (m/ s)
time taken
1 Murugesan 100 m 12 sec 100 metre / 12 sec 8.3 m/ s

2 100 m
3 100 m
4 100 m
5 100 m

I f a ship travelled at a speed of 50 kmph

and it sailed for five hours, how much
distance it had travelled.
s = 50 kmph; t = 5 therefore
s × t = 50 kmph × 5 h = 250 km
I f we know the speed and distance
travelled we can compute the time taken.
Usain Bolt crossed 100metre in 9.58 s = d/ t that is t = d/ s
seconds and made a world record. I f time taken = distance travelled / speed
you have the hope to run in a speed Suppose a bus travels at a speed of 50
above that speed. Then Olympic Gold kmph and has to cover a distance of 300
Medal is waiting for you. km. How much time will it take?
t = d/ s that is 300 km/ 50 kmph = 6 h.
I f you know the speed Comput e t he follow ing Numerical
and the time taken by Problems.
the object travelled,
1. I f you travel 10 kilometres in 2 hours,
then we can compute
your speed is km per hour.
how much distance it had travelled?
2. I f you travel 15 kilometres in 1/ 2 hour,

Speed = distance travelled / time taken you would travel km in one hour,

(s = d/ t) and your speed is km per hour.

s = d/ t or st = d 3. I f you run fast at 20 kilometres per hour

for 2 hours, you will cover km
therefore the distance travelled is
speed × time.

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 in an uniform speed? First, the train was
FACT FI LE stationary. When the train left the station,
the motion was slow and only after it left
some distance that it gathered speed.
A Cheetah is the fastest land animal
After that it slowed down while crossing
running with an average speed of
bridges and stop at intermediate stations
112 km/ h
for passengers. Finally, as the train
approached Madurai, again, it slowed and
2 .1 .8 Uniform and
finally came to a halt. That is the speed
non- uniform mot ion
was not same all through the journey time.
Suppose a train leaves Thiruchirapalli and That is the speed was non-uniform. This
arrives at Madurai. I s the train travelled motion is said to be non-uniform motion.

I n a nutshell, we can classify the motion in terms a) path b) if it is periodic or not

c) if the speed is uniform or not. However, in real life, the motions are combinations
many types.
MOTI ON

Based on Based on Based on

PATH DURATI ON SPEED

PERI ODI C UNI FORM

LI NEAR MOTI ON MOTI ON MOTI ON

NON UNI FORM

CURVI LI NEAR NON-PERIODIC
MOTI ON
MOTI ON MOTION

CI RCULAR
MOTI ON

ROTATORY
MOTI ON

OSCI LLATORY My machine has

MOTI ON many of the motions
in the above chart.
ZI GZAG Can you list them?
(I RREGULAR)
MOTI ON

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 How ever, in b et w een t h e j ou r n ey,
t h er e m ay h ave a st r et ch w h er e in Mult iple Mot ion in a Sew ing
t h e t r ain m ig h t h ave b een g oin g at a Machine
con st an t sp eed . Du r in g t h at in t er val
t he t r ain w as m ov in g at u n if or m
sp eed , t h at is u n if or m m ot ion .

I f an object covers uniform distances

in uniform intervals then the motion
of the object is called Uniform Motion.
Otherwise the Motion is called Non-
Uniform Motion. • Motion of the needle

Many motions we see in our day to day

•
life are non-uniform. We will learn more • Motion of the wheel
about uniform and non-uniform motion in •
later classes.
• Motion of footrest
Mult iple Mot ion •
Look at t he bicycle. What t ype of
m ot ion does t he w heel per f or m ? What 2 .2 Science Today - Robot
t ype of m ot ion does t he cycle in t ot al
per f or m ?
Rotational Motion

Linear Motion
A bipedal
The tyres rotate and make a rotatory humanoid robot.
motion, but the cycle as such moves
forward in a linear path. Robots are automatic machines. Some
robots can perform mechanical and
repetitive jobs faster, more accurately than
people. Robots can also handle dangerous

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 materials and explore distant planets. The Can Robot s Think?
term comes from a czech word, ‘robota’
meaning ‘forced labour’. Robotics is the
science and study of robots.
W hat Can Robot s Do?
Robots can sense and respond to their
surroundings. They can handle delicate
objects or apply great force-for example, Articulated welding robots
to perform eye operations guided by a (industrial)
human surgeon, or to assemble a car. With
artificial intelligence, robots will also be Robots can think. They can play complex
able to make decisions for themselves. games, such as chess, better than human
beings. But will a robot ever know that
How Do Robot s Sense?
it is thinking? Humans are conscious-we
know we are thinking-but we don’t know
how consciousness works. We don’t know
if Robots can ever be conscious.

Nanorobot ics

The quadrupedal
military robot

Electronic sensors are a robot’s eyes and

ears. Twin video cameras give the robot a
Future of Nanorobotics
3-D view of the world. Microphones detect
sounds. Pressure sensors give the robot a Nano-robots or nanobots are robots scaled
sense of touch, to judge how hard to grip down to microscopic size in order to put them
an egg. Heavy luggage built-in computers into very small spaces to perform a function.
send and receive information with radio Future nanobots could be placed in the blood
waves. stream to perform surgical procedures that
Artificial Intelligence are too delicate or too difficult for standard
surgery. I magine if a nanobot could target
Artificial intelligence attempts to create
cancer cells and destroy them without
computer programs that think like
touching healthy cells nearby.
human brains. Current research has not
achieved this, but some computers can be
programmed to recognize faces in a crowd.

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 Summary change in direction, and distortion of
the shape.
• Motion and rest are relative.
• Some forces act only in contact; there
• All things that are at rest can be seen
are some which can even effect at a
as in motion from a different point of
distance.
view, and all motion can be seen as
• Average speed = distance travelled /
rest from a different perspective.
time taken (s= d/ t)
• Application of forces is implemented by
• The motion can be classified according
a push or pull. Forces can be applied by
to the path, periodic or non-periodic as
animate as well as inanimate agency. well as if the speed is uniform or non-
• Application of forces result in motion uniform.
from rest, increase or decrease in speed, • Unit of speed is m/ s.

Act ivit y 7

Simple Spinner
Let us enjoy by making a simple spinner. Make it
by the following instruction.
Cut a 2cm long piece from an old ball-pen refill
and make a hole in its center with a divider point
(Fig 1).
Take a thin wire of length 9cm and fold it into a
U-shape (Fig 2).
Weave the refill spinner in the U-shaped wire (Fig 3).
Wrap the two ends of the wire on the plastic refill,
leaving enough clearance for the spinner to rotate
(Fig 4).
On blowing through the refill, the spinner rotates (Fig 5).
For obtaining maximum speed adjust the wires so that air is directed towards
the ends of the spinner.
Have you enjoyed with simple spinner. Do you observe the motions in the toy. Can
you answer the following question?
1. Motion of the air in tube is motion.
2. Motion of the refill stick motion.
3. The toy converts motion into motion.

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 Think You will enjoy this activity also. This
will let you to understand how steam
In simple spinner linear motion is
engine works.
converted in to rotatory motion. Can
you make a toy which converts rotatory
motion into linear motion.

ICT CORNER
Force and mot ion

Play with force

and motion.

Steps:
• Lets learn force and motion on PhET in Google browser. Download and install.
• Drag any one side and place him in the knot portion of the rope. Now click go.
• If placed on the right side then the load will move in that direction. The place of
the man and the number of man can be changed. The direction of force and the
unit of force will display on the screen.
• If we place equal number of men on both the sides the load will not move.
• By changing the number of men the strength of force can be changed.

Step1 Step2 Step3

URL:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/forces-and-motion-
basics

Pictures are indicative only

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 I I . Find w het her t he follow ing
Evaluat ion st at ement s are t rue or false.
- if false give the correct answ er
I . Choose t he correct answ er
1. To and fro motion is called oscill
1. Unit of speed is
tory motion.
a. m b. s c. kg d. m/ s
2. Oscillatory motion among the 2. Vibratory motion and rotatory

following is motion are periodic motions.

a. Rotation of the earth about 3. Vehicles moving with varying

its axis speeds are said to be in uniform

motion.
b. Revolution of the moon about the
earth 4. Robots will replace human in
future.
c. To and fro movement of a
vibrating string I I I . Fill in t he blanks
d. All of these. 1. A bike moving on a straight
3. The correct relation among the road is an example of
following is motion.
a. Speed = distance × time 2. Gravitational force is a force.
b. Speed = distance / time. 3. Motion of a potter’s wheel is an
c. Speed = time / distance example of motion.
d. Speed = 1 / (distance × time) 4. When an object covers equal
4. Gita rides with her father’s bike to her distances in equal interval of time,
uncle’s house which is 40 km away it is said to be in motion.
from her home. She takes 40 minutes I V. Mat ch t he follow ing
to reach there.
Statement 1 : She travels with a
speed of 1 km / minute. 1. a. Circular motion

Statement 2 : She travels with a

speed of 1 km/ hour
a. Statement 1 alone is correct.
2. b. oscillatory
b. Statement 2 alone is correct. motion
c. Both statement 1 and 2 are
correct.
d. Neither statement 1 nor
statement 2 is correct. 3. c. linear motion

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 VI I I Give one w ord for t he
follow ing st at ement s
4. d. rotatory motion 1. The force which acts on an object
without Physical contact with it.

2. A change in the position of an

5. e. linear and
object with time.
rotatory motion

3. The motion which repeats itself

V. Analogy after a fixed interval of time.

1. kicking a ball : contact force : :

falling of leaf : ? 4. The motion of an object travels
equal distances in equal intervals of
2. Distance : metre :: speed : ?
time.
3. circulatory motion :: a spinning top
5. A machine capable of carrying
:: oscillatory motion : ?
out a complex series of actions
VI Given below is t he dist ance- t rav- automatically.
elled by an elephant across a
I X Answ er t he follow ing in a sen-
forest w it h uniform speed. Com-
t ence or t w o
plet e t he dat a of t he t able given
below w it h t he idea of uniform 1. Define force.

speed. 2. Name different types of motion

based on the path.
Dist ance ( m) 0 4 12 20
3. I f you are sitting in a moving car,
Time ( s) 0 2 4 8 10 will you be at rest or motion with
respect ur friend sitting next to you?
VI I Complet e t he w eb chart 4. Rotation of the earth is a periodic
motion. Justify.
Non- periodic
5. Differentiate between rotational and
curvilinear motion
Movement repeated
after a fixed interval
of time

Movement around
own axis or a
fixed centre

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 X. Calculat e XI I . Fill w it h examples
1. A vehicle covers a distance of
Linear motion
400km in 5 hour. Calculate its
average speed. Curvilinear motion

XI . Answ er in det ail:

Motion of wheel
Self rotatory motion
1. What is motion? Classify different in a cart

types of motion with examples.

Circular motion

Oscillatory motion

Irregular motion

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 Unit
3 Matter Around Us

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson you will be able to

• Define matter and develop an understanding of the particulate nature of
matter
• Sort the objects on the basis of certain properties
• Differentiate between solids, liquids and gases based on the arrangement
of their particles.
• Differentiate between pure substances and mixtures
• Identify the need for separation of mixtures
• Suggest suitable methods for separating given samples of mixture
• Acquire an awareness on food adulteration and its harmful effects

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 Introduction standard microscope. A standard sheet
of paper is about millions atoms thick.
Matter is all around us. The air you are
Science has come up with a technology
breathing is also a matter. Matter is
to identify structure of atoms Scanning
defined as anything that has mass and
Electron Microscope (SEM) and Tunnelling
takes up space. Matter is found in three
Electron Microscope (TEM) which uses
major states; solid, liquid and gas. So
electricity to map atoms. There is more
what is matter made of? All matter is
about atoms in the later, but first let's
made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest
learn about the three states of matter.
particle of matter.
Silicon atoms on a surface via Scanning
They are so small that you cannot see
Tunneling Microscopy, (STM).
them with your eyes or even with a

Activity - 1
Take a few crystals of sugar. Observe them carefully with the help of a magnifying
lens.

A B C D E F
Which of the shapes given above resembles a sugar crystal?
A B C D E F
Now place a few sugar crystals in a teaspoon full of water.
What happens to the sugar crystals?
Like everything else a sugar crystal is also made up of molecules. When sugar
dissolves in water, the sugar crystals break down and the molecules of sugar get
distributed in the water. This makes the water taste sweet. The sugar molecules
are extremely small, that is why we are not able to see them. A small amount of
any matter will have many million molecules. (1 million = 1000000)

Besides solids, Liquid and gases there are two more states plasma
and Bose – Einstein condensates.
Plasma is not a common state of matter on Earth, but may be the
most common state of matter in the universe. For example, stars
including sun are covered in plasma.
Bose – Einstein condensate is a gas – like state of matter that exists at extremely
cold temperatures. It was predicted around 1925 and confirmed in 1995, This is
used in the field of cryogenics.

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 Physical Nature of Matter water is made up of tiny water particles.
These tiny particles present in all matter
Matter occupies space and has mass. But
are called as atoms or molecules.
what is its nature? Ancient philosophers
pondered over such questions. In India a The particles in matter are extremely
philosopher named Kanada and in Greece small and cannot be seen even with a
a philosopher named Democritus came to powerful microscope. What we can see is
somewhat similar idea. only group of particles.

Imagine you have a piece of thread.

You cut it into two with the same piece. Do you know? that a drop
Take again one of the piece and cut it of water contains about
again into two. Repeat the above process 1021 water particles? One
for many times. At some point piece of dot that you make with your pen has
the thread will be so small to see, or we more than two lakh molecules.
may not have sharp enough knife to cut
further. But this is imaginary ‘thought Characteristics of the particles of
experiment’. Therefore these are not matter
possible practically. Particles of matter have a lot of space
Imagine if you can cut as fine as in between them. In different forms of
possible and are able to see even the matter this spacing will be different.
very small things. Can we cut the rope Let us add a spoon full of sugar to a
into two without an end? glass of water.
Kanada and Democritus said, No; we Stir well. Sugar disappears completely.
cannot go on endlessly. There will be a Where has it gone? Will the glass of water
point at which we will not be able to cut be now sweet?
the thread further. That is the point when
we will reach molecules or atoms.
We will read more about molecules
and atoms later. Suffice to say that all
matter is made up of very small particles.
Gold is made up of tiny gold particles and

Atom Molecule Molecule

Atom structure
Neutron
Nucleus
Proton

Electron

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 1. Water particles have • A solid does not need a container; it
space between them and stays where it is because its particles are
sugar particles are now tightly packed into a definite shape that,
occupying those spaces. ordinarily, does not change. If you take
the stone from the ground place it on the
2. Particles of matter attract each other. It table or shelf its shape and volume do
is this attraction which keeps the particles not change.
together. This attractive force will be
different for different forms of matter.
Activity 2

Sit together in groups of three. Look

at the following objects. All these are
familiar to you. Are they all the same
or different? Can you pick out a few
which you think are similar and group
them? On what basis did you group
them? Is there only one way of doing
it or more ways? Discuss with your
group members and note it down.
You can group them according to
Grouping of Matter on the basis of their uses, the materials with which
Physical states they are made of or some other
properties and also as living and non-
You already know what grouping is all
living things.
about.
Matter can be grouped into Solids,
For example, pencil and books are used
Liquids and Gases based on the above
for studying, The bucket and the comb
characteristics. These are called the
are made of plastic while the table and
physical states of matter.
ladle are made of wood. The scrub brush
and broom are rough but the toy bear is
3.1 Mass, Shape and Volume
soft. Light can pass through the glass of
of Solids, Liquids and Gases water and the spectacles but not through
Let us first take any solid say a stone: the apple or iron box. The cow and the
Answer the following questions: bird are living things while the rest are
• Do you need a container to know the not. Water in the glass is a liquid but
shape of a stone ? Yes / No air in the balloon is a gas and the rest
• If you move the stone from the ground are solids. The feather and the paper
to a table or place it on the shelf does its cup can float but not the apple or the
shape change? Yes / No piece of stone. The rubber band can be

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 stretched but not the comb. Thus we can
MAT TER AROUND US
see similarities and differences between Anything which occupies space
LPG and has mass is called matter
things and group and sort them in many Air
different ways.

Try to fill in the following table

Oil
Things that float Things that sink
1. Iron
O IL
2.
3. Water

Try to make more such tables based

on the properties discussed above. Wood

How many tables could you make?

But one thing is common to all the
above. They are all MATTER.

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 3.2.Diffusion
Activity 3
Let us place a book on a table. Let it not
Work in a group of two. Malar was be disturbed. Observe for five minutes.
asked to group some items based on Now take a glass of water and add
their physical states. This was the table just a drop of ink carefully at the centre.
she made. Do you agree with her? Do not shake or stir.
Re do the table if you do not agree and
Now light an incense stick and keep in
submit it to your teacher.
one corner of the room.
Chalk piece Wind Steam
Let us answer the following questions.
Water Rain Lemon
Air in a Stone Lemon juice Did the book move?
balloon Did the ink particles move and spread
River Air Smoke itself in the water? How long did it take
Brick Table Door
for complete mixing?

How did you classify the items of the Did you get the smell of the incense
above list as solids , liquids and gases? stick from where you are standing?
You should have done it based on some How fast did you get the smell? How
properties- items like brick and door did the smell reach you?
which are hard comes under solids, things We may conclude that the particles
that flow comes under liquids and others of gases and liquids can move and that
which are very light and can flow more among gases more easily. We call this
freely comes under gases. Well, you are movement as diffusion. Diffusion is
right. Take a look at the figure given the tendency of particles to spread out in
below. What do you observe? order to occupy the available space.

Particles in a Solid Particles in a Liquid Particles in a Gas

In solid, the particles are Particles in liquids are The particles in the gases
tightly packed with very arranged in a random or are arranged far apart.
little space between them. irregular way and the space They move freely.
Eg. stone between the particles is Eg. Air
greater than that in solids
Eg. water
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 Fact file

1. Liquid atoms are packed more loosely

which allows things to be able to pass
through it
2. Liquid is effected by gravity more than
anything
3. Liquids are always moving due to gravity
around it

1. A gas atoms are spread out so far, you can

walk through it without any restriction
2. Gas is not affected by gravity
3. The gas's atoms never stop moving and it
never stays in place

Movement of particles is restricted in Test Yourself

solids and they do not diffuse like liquids Name an object which is brittle and
or gases. In fluids the particles are under transparent.
motion and hence can push ink or smoke Name an object which can be stretched.
particles here and there.
Name two objects which can be bent.
Activity 4

Lift an uninflated cycle tube. Inflate it

and lift it again. Is there a change in
the weight? Can we see that air has
mass?
So we can say that air is also matter
though we cannot see.
Let us try to know more about matter.
We saw that matter can have different
properties.

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 Activity 5
Think to learn
Let us take two sachets of juice. In Solid Liquid Gas
both the sachets, it is written 100ml. “Liquefaction of gases” is the process
Let us empty two sachets and pour by which substances in their gaseous
the juice into the following glasses. state are converted to the liquid state.
When pressure on a gas in increased, its
molecules comes closer together, and its
temperature is reduced, which removes
enough energy to make it change from
the gaseous to the liquid state.

Does its shape also change?

Yes / No
3.3. Compressible as compared
Does its volume change? when it
is poured into a big glass or a small
to liquids and solids
one? Yes / No
How will you find out whether the
volume has changed or not?
A liquid needs a container and
takes the shape of a container because
• Let us take three identical syringes.
the particles slide past one another
Close the nozzles tightly with a cork.
and keep moving. The amount of
juice is the same in both glasses. The • After removing the plunger first let us
volume of a liquid remains the same fill it with fine chalk powder. Now put the
whether it is kept in a large container plunger back and try to press it down.
or a small one but its shape changes. What do you observe?

Try to draw the shape of the liquid

containers alone in your note book.
What do you observe?

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 • Now let us fill the second one with
water. Try pressing the plunger down.
What do you observe?

• Let us now draw the piston back to

suck air into the third one. Press the
plunger down. What do we observe? Is it
easy or hard to press?

• Record your observations and share

among the group members.

• You would have observed that the

plunger moved freely when air was
present and in the case of water and
chalk powder it was difficult to press and
the piston hardly moved.

We conclude that gases are highly

compressible as compared to liquids and
solids.

To sum up...
S.no. Solid State Liquid state Gaseous state
1. Definite shape and No definite shape, liquids Gases have neither a
volume attain the shape of the vessel definite shape nor a
in which they are kept. definite volume.
2. Incompressible Compressible to a small Highly compressible
extent.
3. There is little These particles have a greater The space between gas
space between the space between them. particles is the greatest.
particles of solid
4. These particles The force of attraction The force of attraction is
attract the each between liquid particles is less least between gaseous
other very strongly than solid particles. particles.
5. Particles of solid These particles move freely. Gaseous particles are in
cannot move a continuous, random
freely. motion.

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 0DWWHU

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+RPRJHQRXV +HWHURJHQHRXV
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contain any cheap or harmful additives.

Are these really pure substances as they
claim to be?
For a Chemist the word ‘pure’ means
something else!
• A pure substance is made up of
only one kind of particles.
• Pure substances may be elements
or compounds.
• An atom is the smallest particle
3.4.Pure Substances And
that an element is made up of same kind
Mixtures of atoms. Molecule is the combination
In shops, we find products which are sold of two or more atom. Compound in
as 100% pure! For common people pure the substance formed by the chemical
means unadulterated- that which does not combination of two or more element.
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 Is matter around us pure?
Fast facts
Separating clear
supermatant without
disturbing sediment Separating
Settling down of
suspended, insoluble insoluble
heavy solid solid from
a liquid

ion

ion
at

Filtrat
ant
S
ed

c
im

De
en

Separating dissolved
ta

solid from a liquid To remove

tio

harmful
n

Separation of impurities
solid-liquid mixture
Ch
urn
ing

U RE CES To extract
P AN a component
B ST Why do from other
SU MIXTURES
we components
Separating distinctly separate
different solid
MA mixtures?
TT
g ER
in
d pick
Han To obtain a
component in
Separation
i ng highly pure
ev of solids form
Si
Separating
ing

solids of
n
ratio
g
ow

different
T h r e s h in

sizes
nn

pa
Wi

t ic se

Separating lighter Removing

n e

solids from heavier grains

Mag

ones from
stalks

Separating the
magnetic
substance
non-magnetic
substance

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 Explore
Purity of gold is
Can we always see the different
expressed in terms components of the mixture with our
of ‘carat’. 24 carat naked eyes?
gold is considered Let us see the two pictures given
to be gold in its purest form. below:
Fig:1

Let us consider the following examples:

Fig:2

We have had the snack. Can you

identify and mention a few things that
are present in snacks like - Mixture or
fruit mixture? You are able to identify the
In fig: we can see and physically
ingredients in them from their colours,
separate the components of vegetable
appearance or taste.
salad, where as in fig: we can neither see
We mix rice, dal salt, chillies, pepper, nor physically separate the components
ghee and other ingredients to make of an aerated drink- soda water.
Pongal. Pongal is also a mixture.
Try it yourself: Try to identify from
Why do we call these as mixtures- the list what you think may be classified
because they are made up of more two as mixture. Write yes if it is a mixture,
or more ingredients or components that then write No, if it is not a mixture. You
are physically separable? may also write “I do not know” and later
discuss with your teacher.

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 Mixture Yes / No carbon-di-oxide, water, sweetening and
Borewell water colouring agents,
Copper wire c) an element and compound.
Sugar cube Example : Tincture of iodine which is
Salt Solution composed of Iodine in alcohol.

Air is a mixture because it contains 3.5. Separation Of Mixtures

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, water
Are all mixtures used as they are? or is
vapour, noble gases etc.
there a need for separating components?
Milk is also a mixture of water, fat,
Materials we use in our day-to-day life
protein etc.
are got from different sources and are very
Lemon juice is a mixture. Some of
often combined with other substances.
us like it less sweet i.e. with less sugar;
Mixtures like coffee and ice cream
while some others like it very sweet
are taken as such. There is no need for
so they prefer to add more sugar.
separation in these cases. Metals occur in
But either way, it is still lemon juice-
the form of ores under the earth’s crust. But
prepared from lemon extract, water
if we want to use a pure metal, we need to
and sugar and is a mixture though the
adopt a laborious process of extraction to
amount of sugar added is different.
separate the useful metal from the ore.
Same way even if we add extra water
or lemons extract it will still be a So what is meant by separation ?
mixture. A mixture need not have a The process by which the components
fixed proportion of components. of mixture are isolated and removed from
each other to get pure substance is called
• A Mixture is an impure substance separation.
and contains more than one kind To get the original properties and uses
of particles. of substance we need separation
• In the mixture the components When and why do we need to separate
are mixed in any proportion. mixtures?
• when we need to remove impurities
When elements chemically combine or harmful components from the mixtures
they form compounds; whereas a mixture (eg: stones from rice)
can be a physical combination of
• when the useful component has
a) two or more elements. Example: to be separated from other components
22 carat gold which is composed of gold (eg: petrol from petroleum)
and copper / gold and cadmium,
• when a substance has to be
b) two or more compounds. Example: obtained in highly pure form (eg: gold
aerated drink which is composed of from gold mines)

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 Let us visit Selvi’s Family Let us explore the different separating
It is 7 am and Selvi’s family is busy. At methods involved in the above activities
home, in the kitchen, Selvi’s mother and also learn about a few other methods.
is making tea for the family and her The choice of method of separation
grandmother is separating butter from depends upon the properties of the
curds. Her father and uncle are out in the components of the mixture. The
fields collecting paddy after harvesting. separation method may be based on the
Selvi is helping her mother in preparing particle’s size, shape or physical state –
to cook rice and is separating stones they may be solids, liquids or gases.
from the rice. Selvi’s little brother Balu Selvi’s mother used a strainer to
is fascinated by a piece of magnet that remove the tea leaves to get the clear
he was given by his friend and is playing liquid. Larger sized particles of tea leaves
outside in the sand with it. will be retained by the strainer while
Can you list out in your note book, the the clear liquid will pass through. This is
different activities that Selvi’s family is called filtering.
engaged in? Will you discard the tea leaves after
straining? Can you suggest a good way of
using them?
A sieve is similar to a strainer.
Sieving is used when we have to
separate solid particles of different sizes.
Eg: bran from flour, sand from gravel etc.

Activity 6

Think and find out!: Is it a good idea

to separate bran from flour? Write
your answer in your notebook
Mixture

Separated

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 Threshing
We pluck flowers from a plant? When we
pluck flowers from plants, we are
separating the flowers from their stalks.
Can we do the same for food grains like
rice and wheat which also grow on plant
stalks? That would not be possible
because the grains are small in size and
also the quantity is very large. Farmers
separate grains from their stalks by
beating them so hard that the grains are
Wire mesh as a strainer sieve is used separated from their stalks. This is called
to separate gravel from sand at a Threshing.
construction site.
When very fine insoluble solids have
to be separated from a liquid as in butter
from curds, Churning is performed. The
mixture is churned vigorously when solid
butter will be collected on the sides of
the vessel. Both butter and buttermilk are
obtained after churning are useful and
can be consumed.

In washing
machines this Activity-7
principle is used to
Have you seen how some farmers
squeeze out dirt from
spread the dried grain stalks in the
clothes and the method is called
middle of the road? Heavy vehicles
centrifugation.
pass on them and the grains get
separated from the stalks. Write
down two merits and demerits of this
practice.

Winnowing
Rice, wheat and other food grains are
covered in husk which cannot be eaten by
us. Husk is very light and gets easily blown
away by a breeze or wind. This property

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 is made use of in winnowing. This is
done by dropping the mixture slowly from
a height in the presence of wind. Lighter
solids i.e. husks will be carried by wind and
will be collected in a separate heap while
heavier solids i.e. grains will fall closer and
form a separate heap.

Magnetic Separation
In a mixture containing iron, the magnetic
property of iron can be used to separate
it from non- magnetic substances
by using a magnet. Substances that
are attracted to a magnet are called
Winnowing magnetic. Separating solids using a
magnet is called magnetic separation.
Rice husks are
the hard protecting
coverings of grains
of rice. In addition to
protecting rice during the growing
season, husks can be used as building
material, fertilizer, insulation material
and fuel

If the rice that we cook has stones in

it we have to pick the stones out. Sedimentation
Handpicking Rice and pulses are often mixed with very
How do we identify a stone from a grain fine straw, husk or dust particles which
of rice? If the stones are visibly very have to be removed before cooking. Are
different from the grain, they can be easily you familiar with the way this is done at
picked and separated by hand. This is home? The rice or pulses are washed in
handpicking. But if the stones look very water. The lighter impurities float while
similar to the rice grains it is difficult to heavier rice grains sink to the bottom.
separate. This is called sedimentation. The water
with the impurities is carefully poured
away leaving clean rice at the bottom.
This is called decantation.

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 SEPARATING MUD FROM MUDDY completely free from fine soil particles.
WATER: (can be demonstrated by How can we remove this? By the process
the teacher) of filtration. Do you think a strainer or a
Muddy water is a mixture of very fine cloth can filter theses very fine particles?
particles of soil in water. What will happen Do it and see for yourself.
to a beaker of muddy water if it is left
undisturbed for some time? Mud being
heavy will settle down at the bottom of
the beaker and will form the sediment.
Water will form the top layer and is called Glass Rod
Sediment (sand)
the supernatant liquid.
The settling down of heavier
component of a mixture when allowed Water
Clear Water
to remain undisturbed for some time is Sand

called sedimentation.
Decantation : This process is done after
Filtration
sedimentation. The supernatant liquid
We will use filter papers to remove
is slowly poured out from the container
the finer impurities. A filter paper has
without disturbing the sediment. The
very fine pores much smaller than soil
part that has settled down is called
particles. Let us see how to use the filter
sediment. The water that is obtained
paper.
after decantation is called the decant
ate. Take a piece of filter paper. Fold it to
make a cone (see figure)
The process of removal of water above
the sediment is called decantation. But Slowly pour the muddy water over
even after decantation the water is not the filter paper. On filtration clear water

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 (filtrate) flows down the funnel and mud Activity 8
settles as residue on the filter paper.
The method of separating insoluble Group Activity – Students are divided
component (sand, mud etc.) from a mixture into 4 groups
using a filter paper is called filtration. Each group should suggest a method
The liquid which passes through the to separate mixtures and also give reasons
filter and comes down is called filtrate why they used a particular method and
and the insoluble component left behind what property of the components forms
on the filter is called residue. the basis for separation. Examples
should be drawn from day-to-day
More to know: life. After the group presents its method
Combination of methods are used to the rest of the class, the whole class
sometimes for complete separation. will discuss and analyse if the suggested
If the mixture of sand and salt in method will work and then make a note
water has to be separated several of it in the form given below:
steps will be involved: Sedimentation,
Separation Basis For
decantation, filtration, evaporation Example
Method Separation
and condensation.

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 3.7. Food Adulteration Activity 9
Sometimes, things that we buy in the
market are mixed with harmful and Collect and share information
unwanted substances. This process is on common adulterants and their
called adulteration. detection in food stuff in the class.
Watch the youtube video: 10 simple
In most houses people tricks to find adulterated food.
use commercial water https://www.youtube.com/watch?
filter to remove not v=_XLi WunnudY
only the impurities
but also to kill the harmful germs in
water using UV rays. KEYWORDS
RO – a process of removing impurities Matter Particles
from water to make it potable. Volume Mass
Compressibility Diffusion
Food can also get adulterated due to
carelessness or lack of proper handling. Fluids Mixture
Handpicking Threshing
Winnowing Sieving
Magnetic
separation Sedimentation
Decantation Filtration
Adulteration

FAST FACTS

We must be careful about the common • Matter is anything that has mass and
adulterants in our consumable goods occupies space.
especially in food. • All matter is made up of extremely
Consumption of any adulterated food small particles.
will be harmful and can be a health • Matter is classified into solids,
hazard. liquids and gases on the basis of two
An adulterated substance will not important factors .
indicate the true properties of the original a. The way the particles are arranged
substance. For example: Used tea leaves b. The way the particles attract each
are sometimes used as adulterants in tea. other.
Turmeric powder is adulterated with a • Difference between the properties
bright yellow chemical which is poisonous of solids, liquids and gases is due to
to our health.
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 the difference in the arrangement of • Winnowing – Adopted to separate
the particles and the nature of the lighter solids from heavier ones
attractive forces between them. • Magnetic separation – Used to
• A pure substance can be an element separate magnetic substance from
or a compound and is made up of only non-magnetic substance
one kind of particles. • Sedimentation – Settling down of
• A mixture is an impure substance suspended, insoluble and heavy solid
containing two or more components particles (used to separate solid –
physically mixed in any proportion. liquid mixtures)
• Separation of mixtures is done • Decantation- Process of pouring out
1) to remove harmful components the clear supernatant liquid without
2) to obtain the useful component disturbing the sediment
• Filtration –Process of separating
3) to obtain a substance in a highly pure
form insoluble solid particles (residue) from
a liquid (filtrate) by using a filter paper.
• Separation method to be adopted
depends on the properties of the • Adulteration – make impure by the
components. addition of a foreign or inferior
substance.
• Handpicking – For smaller quantities
containing particles reasonably large
in size to be recognised can be picked
by hand

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 ICT CORNER
Types of matter

Lets play with

Science kids

Steps:
• To learn more about the matter around us type Science Kids in the Google
browser and select games Go inside and select matter. Now the following
logo can you drag will appear on the screen. Then click ok.
• Three divided columns will appear on the screen. The first section is for
solid and the second section is for liquid and the third one is for gas. Now
when we press this symbol, at the bottom items will appear at the bottom.
We have to drag them to their respective column.

Step1 Step2 Step3

URL:
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/gamesactivities/gases.html

Pictures are indicative only

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 c. liquid-liquid d. liquid-gas
Evaluation 7. From the following is not
a mixture
a. Coffee with milk
b. lemon juice
I. Choose the correct answer
c. water
1. is not made of matter
d. ice cream embedded with nuts.
a. gold ring b. iron nail
c. light ray d. oil drop II. State whether the following
statements are True or False. If
2. 200 ml of water is poured into a bowl
false give the correct statement
of 400ml capacity. The volume of
water now will be a. Air is not compressible.

a. 400 ml b. Liquids have no fixed volume but

b. 600 ml have fixed shape.

c. 200ml c. Particles in solids are free to move.

d. 800ml d. When pulses are washed with

water before cooking, the water is
3. Seeds from water-melon can be
separated from them by the pro-
removed by method.
cess of filtration
a. hand-picking
e. Strainer is a kind of sieve which is
b. filtration
used to separate a liquid from solid
c. magnetic separation
f. Grain and husk can be separated by
d. decantation
winnowing
4. Lighter impurities like dust when mixed
g. Air is a pure substance
with rice or pulses can be removed by
h. Butter from curds is separated by
sedimentation.
a. filtration
b. sedimentation III. a) Match the following
c. decantation Property Example
d. winnowing Breaks easily ( brittle) Metal pan
5. of is essential to perform
Bends readily Rubber band
winnowing activity
Can be stretched easily Cotton wool
a. Rain b. Soil
c. Water d. Air Gets compressed easily Mud pot

6. Filtration method is effective in Gets heated readily Plastic wire

separating mixture
a. solid-solid b. solid-liquid

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 b)
A B C
i Separation of visible undesirable water mixed with Magnetic Separation
components chalk powder
ii Separating of heavier and lighter sand and water Decantation
components
iii Separation of insoluble impurities iron impurities Filtration
iv Separation of magnetic component rice and stone Hand-picking
from non- magnetic components
v Separation of solids from liquids husk and paddy Winnowing

IV) Fill in the blanks 5. Murukku from hot oil: :

1. Matter is made up of coffee powder residue from decoction
2. In solids, the space between the 6. Iron – sulphur mixture : ____________:
particles is less than in , Mustard seeds from Urad-dhal: rolling

3. Grains can be separated from their VI. Very Short answer

stalks by
1. Define the term matter.
4. Chillies are removed from ‘upma’ by
2. How can husk or fine dust particles be
separated from rice before cooking?
method.
3. Why do we separate mixtures?
5. The method employed to separate
4. Give an example for mixture and
clay particles from water is
justify your answer with reason.
6. Among the following items: safety
5. Define Sedimentation.
pins, pencil and rubber band,
will get attracted to a magnet. 6. Give the main difference between a pure
substance and an impure substance.
7. Water obtained from tube wells is
usually water VII. Short answer
1. A rubber ball changes its shape on
V. Complete the given analogy
pressing. Can it be called a solid?
1. Solid: rigidity:: gas:
2. Why do gases not have fixed shape?
2. Large Inter-particle space: gas::
:solid 3. What method will you employ to
separate cheese (paneer) from milk?
3. Fluidity: Fixed volume:: :
Explain.
.
4. Look at the picture given below and
4. Husk-grains: winnowing:: Sawdust-
explain the method of separation
Chalk piece: _____________
illustrated.

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 Watch you tube video in the given
link
h tt p s : / / w w w. yo u t u b e . c o m / wa t c h ?
v=9Djc5ZVUyUw
h tt p s : / / w w w. yo u t u b e . c o m / wa t c h ?
v=DJGRJ4qL4-A

XI. Sequence Type:

Write the sequence of steps you would
use for making tea.
Use the words : mixture, dissolve,
5. How can you separate a mixture of
filtrate and residue.
a large quantity of tiny bits of paper
mixed with pulses / dal? XII. Topic enrichment –Project
6. What is meant by food adulteration? Make a fruit or vegetable salad. Give
7. Mr. Raghu returns home on a hot reasons why you think it is a mixture.
summer day and wants to have Connect with Environment
buttermilk. Mrs. Raghu has only curds. We learnt about different objects and their
What can she do to get buttermilk? properties. Can you tell why it is better to
Explain use plates made of paper or dry leaves
VIII. Answer in detail better than the ones made of plastics?
Discuss in small groups and share with
1. Distinguish between properties of Solid,
the class.
liquid, gas. Draw suitable diagram
Connect with Biology
2. Using suitable apparatus from your
laboratory separate the mixture of Blood constitutes about 7-8% of human
chalk powder, mustard oil, water and body weight. Blood has the important
coins. Draw a flow chart to show the function of transporting oxygen and
separation process. nutrients to our cells and getting rid of
carbon dioxide, ammonia, and other
IX. Life Skills-Debate waste products, in immunity and also in
Debate on “Food adulteration and regulating our body temperature. Blood
detection” is composed of
more than 4,000
X. Field Trip
different kinds
Visit a nearby paddy field and rice mill
of components.
and note down the different separating
Four of the most
techniques used there. Is technology
important ones are
replacing some traditional practices?
red cells, white
OR cells, platelets, and

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 plasma. Plasma is the liquid in which the HOTS
red cells, white cells and platelets are
1. Malar’s mother was preparing to
present.
cook dinner. She accidentally mixed
Blood is not a pure substance but a ground nuts with urad-dhal. Suggest
mixture. a suitable method to separate the two
Find out details of separating its substances so that Malar can have
components. ground nuts to eat.
Connect with sports 2. In a glass containing some water,
Air is not a pure substance. It helps us tamarind juice and sugar is added and
in many ways from breathing to playing. stirred well. Is this a mixture- can you
Balloon sports are a very popular sport. tell why? Will this solution be sweet? or
The basis of how the balloon works is sour? or both sweet and sour?
that, hot air is lighter than cool air. which 3. Justify your answer.
makes balloon rise up Find out more Arrangement of particles in three different
about Hot Air balloons. phases of matter is shown above.
a) Which state is represented by fig. I?
b) In which will be the inter particle
attraction maximum?
c) Which one of them cannot be
contained in an open vessel?
d) Which one can take the shape of
its container?

FIG 1 FIG 2 FIG 3

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 Unit
4 The Living World of Plants

Learning Obj ect ives

• To know there are many varieties of plant.

• To know all parts of the plants and their functions.
• To know the different forms of leaves.
• To understand the food manufactured by plants is consumed by animals and
human.
• To know the different types of habitats.
• To understand, plants exhibit adaptations and modifications based on the
habitat
• To know life forms depend on each other.

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 I nt roduct ion
Time to Learn
Biology is a natural science concerned
Rani and Ravi went to vegetable
with the study of life and living organisms,
market with their mother. They saw
including their structure and functions.
variety of fresh green vegetables in
The living world comprises of plants and
attractive colours. Mother bought
animals. Plants can prepare food itself,
cauliflower, cabbage and raddish.
grow in size, and reproduce. Various parts
Ravi asked his mother “Mom, do all
of the plants are used as food, medicine,
the vegetables grow under the soil?”
wood, and shelter.
Mother answered, n o Ravi, we get
some vegetable, from stem, some
4 .1 Plant forms and functions:
from roots. Even some flowers are
used for cooking. Rani and Ravi were
Our body is made up of many organs.
surprised to know that vegetables
Similarly the plant body is also made up
are from different parts of a plant.
of several organs such as root, st em
After returning home they sorted
leaves and flow ers. Plants are of many
out all vegetable, from the bag and
forms and many colours, yet they are
discussed which vegetable is f r o m
alike in some manner. That is, they all
stem, root and flower. Mother collected
have stems and leaves above the ground
keezhanelli, curry leaves, coriander
which we can see easily and roots below
leaves from the garden and said that
the ground.
the purpose for using these leaves in
cooking is to add medicinal value and As shown in the picture, a flowering
aroma. Discuss plant consists of two main parts. They are,
the picture of 1. Root system.
vegetables are 2. Shoot system
given below with
Let us learn about these in detail.
your teacher.

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 1 .Root syst em
Root
The underground part of the main axis of
a plant is known as root . I t lies below the
surface of the soil. Root has no nodes and
internodes. I t has a root cap at the tip. A
Fibrous Root of Grass
tuft of root hairs is found just above the root
tip. Roots are positively geotropic in nature. • Stores food in some plants like
Plants root system is classified into two types. Carrot and beet root.

1 . Tap root syst em Think it

2. Fibrous root system
Ginger
1 . Tap root syst em

I s it a Root or st em?

Act ivit y 1
It consists of a single root, called taproot ,
W at er absorpt ion by Root
which grows straight down into the ground.
Aim:- To observe absorption of water
Smaller roots, called lateral roots arise from
by root
the taproot. They are seen in dicot yledonous
plants. W hat you need? A carrot, a glass of
water and blue ink.
Example: Bean, Mango, Neem.
W hat t o do? Place a carrot in a glass
2 . Fibrous root syst em
of water with a few drops of blue
I t consists of a cluster of roots arising from ink. Leave the carrot in water for two
the base of the stem. They are thin and to three days. Then cut the carrot
uniform in size. into half length wise and observe.
I t is generally seen in monocotyledonous W hat do you learn? Blue colour
plants. Example: Grass, Paddy, Maize. appears in carrot which indicates
Funct ions of t he Root water moves up wards in the carrot
• Fixes the plant to the soil. showing that root conducts water.
• Absorbs water and minerals from
the soil.

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 2 . Shoot syst em • transports water and minerals from
roots to upper aerial plant parts.
St em
• transports the prepared food from
The aerial part of the plant body above the
leaves to other parts through stem.
ground is known as the shoot system . Main
axis of the shoot system is called the stem . • stores food as in the case of

The shoot system consists of stem, leaves, sugarcane.

flowers and fruits. Stem grows above the soil,

and it grows towards the sunlight. It has nodes St ruct ure of a leaf
and internodes. Nodes are the parts of stem,
The leaf is a green, flat expanded structure
where leaf arises. The part of the stem between
borne on the stem at the node.
two successive nodes is called internode.
The bud at the
tip of the stem is
known as apical
or terminal bud,
and the buds at
the axils of the
leaves are called A leaf has a stalk called pet iole . The
auxiliary buds. flat portion of the leaf is called leaf lamina
or leaf blade. On the lamina, there is a
Act ivit y 2 main vein called midrib . Other veins are
branchout from mid rib. The portion of the
Conduction of w ater leaf connected in the nodal region of the
Aim:- To observe conduction of water stem is known as the leaf base . Leaves
by stem. of some plants possess a pair of lateral
What you need? A small twig of outgrowth on the base, on either side of
balsam plant, a glass of water and a auxiliary bud. These are called st ipules.
few drops of red ink The green colour of the leaf is due to
What to do? Place the small twig in the presence of green coloured pigment
the water with red ink. called chlorophyll. On the lower side of the
What do you see? The stem be- leaf there are tiny pores or openings known
comes reddish. as stomata.
What do you learn? This is because
red coloured water is being taken by Funct ions of t he leaf
the stem upwards. The green leaves
• Prepare food by the process of
photosynthesis.
Funct ions of t he st em
• Helps in respiration.
The stem,
• Carry out transpiration.
• supports the branches, leaves,
flowers and fruits.
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 Victoria amazonica, Act ivit y 3
the leaves of this plant
The teacher will divide students into
grow up to 3 metres
four groups. Each group leader will
across. A mature
pull a plant part from a “ hat” (roots,
Victoria leaf can support an evenly
stems, leaves, and flower). The
distributed Load of 45 Kilograms or
teacher will take students around
apparently young person.
campus to search for their assigned
plant parts. They have to locate
different types of plants discussed in
the class room. The learner will return
to the class, follow a process sheet
given to create a poster with their
group and identify correctly each
type of root, stem, or leaf observed.
The flower group will create a poster
4 .2 . Habit at by identifying correctly each part
of the flower. Each group will share
Think to learn their posters within the class.

How do w e classify t he plant s?

1. Based on flower: Plants can be Act ivit y 4
classified into two main groups.
Flowering plants and Non-flowering Read t he follow ing st ory along
plants. w it h your friend
Once, I was a happy monkey. I
lived in a beautiful thick forest with
my mother and two brothers. We
ran and played in the lush grass. On
Sun Flower - Riccia-Non- one hot day, I fell fast asleep in the
Flowering plant flowering plant cool shade of a tree. Suddenly the
2. Based on position of sead: Plants bright sun woke me up. I opened
can be divided into two groups. my eyes and could not believe what
Angiosperms. and Gymnosperms I saw everything has changed.
Everything had been destroyed. I stood

Mango-Angiosperm Cycas-Gymnosperm

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 and looked at the stumps that used to
be trees. Nothing was left apart from
hard dry ground and only streets and
building
I saw a deer that looked very sad,
“where have all the trees gone and
where are all the other animals?” I
asked her. She explained how humans
had chopped down all the trees, but
had not planted new ones to replace
them. After a while, I said good bye
to deer. My home had gone. I didn’t
know where my family was, and I was
starting to feel hungry and thirsty, day
and night. I walked in search for water,
food and safe place to sleep. Whenever
I stopped, to rest humans drove me
away with sticks and angry voices. I
could feel my body getting weak and
tired. One day when I had almost given
all the hope, I came across a cool and 4 .2 .1 Types of Habit at
dark forest. As I walked through it, I Let us study the two major types of
found plenty of food and water. The habitat with the help of following:
forest felt safe for me. There were no
signs of human visiting it.
• Why did the monkey feel sad?
• Who chopped the trees?
• Which is the safest place for
monkey to live?
• What is a habitat?

Each and every organism needs a place

to live and reproduce. Such a dwelling I . Aquat ic habit at :- When we visit a
place is called habitat. From the depths pond, we see some plants appear to
of the ocean to the top of the highest float on water. One of the common
mountain, habitats are places where plants plants is the lotus plant. I ts leaves
and animals live. float on the water. There is a small
frog sitting on a leaf. I t is ready to

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 Types of habitat

Areas permanantly
covered by water

Desert

Marine

Fresh water
Rivers
Driest places on earth
Grasslands

Lakes

Areas where vegetation

is dominated by grasses
Mountains Pools Ponds

Large land form that

stretches above the s
urrounding land

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 catch the insects flying/ fluttering
Air spaces in stems
around the flowers. The stem of the
and petioles of lotus
plant is seen to be inside (submerged)
are useful for floating
the water. I ts roots are found within
in water
the muddy floor of the pond. As this
plant grows in water, shall we call it
an aquat ic plant ?
Aquatic habitat includes areas
that are permanently covered by
water and surrounding areas that are
occasionally covered by water. There
are two types namely Fresh water
habitat and Marine water habitat. b. Marine w at er habit at :- From outer
space earth looks like an awesome blue
• Nile is the longest marble, That’s because most of earth’s
river in the world. I t surface, more than 70% is covered by
is 6650 Km long. The oceans. Oceans also support the growth
Longest river in I ndia of plants. Marine plants perform about
is Ganges River. I t is 40% of all photosynthesis that occurs on
2525 Km long. the planet.
Example: Marine Algae, Sea grasses,
I . a. Fresh w at er Habit at :- Marsh grass, Phytoplanktons.

I I . Terrest rial habit at : T e r r e s t r i a l

Rivers, lakes, ponds and pools are the
habitats are the ones that are found
fresh water habitat. Water hyacinth, water
on land like forest, grassland and
lily and lotus are seen in the fresh water
desert. I t also includes man-made
habitat. I n these plants roots are very much
habitats like farms, towns and cities.
reduced in size. Stem and leaves have air
They can be as big as a continent or
chambers that allow aquatic plants to float
as small as an island. They make up
in water.
about 28% of the entire world habitat.

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 Types: (i) Hot dry deserts, (ii) Semi
arid deserts, (iii) Coastal deserts,
(iv) Cold deserts. Example: Cactus,
Agave, Aloe, Bryophyllum

Fact file
Thar Desert, also called Great I ndian
Example : Rubber tree, teak tree and Desert, is an arid region of rolling
Neem tree. sand hills on the I ndian subcontinent.
I t is located partly in Rajasthan state,
The first land plants
north-western I ndia, and partly in
appeared around 470
Punjab and Sindh ( Sind) provinces,
million years ago.
eastern Pakistan .
They were mosses
and liverworts.
b. Grassland habitat
The Amazon Rain Forest in South
Grassland is an area where the
America produces half of the world’s
Vegetation is dominated by grasses.
oxygen supply.
Grasses ranges from short to tall. eg.
Savanna Grassland
Terrestrial habitat is classified into three
types such as
a. Desert b. Grassland c. Forest
a. Desert habitat
A habitat without much water is called
deserts. Deserts are the driest place
on earth, They get fewer than 25cm of
rainfall annually. Deserts cover atleast
20% of the earth. The plants which c. Forest habitat
grows in this habitat have thick leaves Forest is a large area dominated by trees.
that store water and minerals. The plants There are three types of forests and
like cactus store water in their stem and are:- tropical forests, temperate forests
the leaves are reduced to spines. They and mountain forest. Annual rain fall ranges
have long roots that go very deep in the from 25-200 cm.
soil in the search of water.

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 Act ivit y 5

Visit a nearby nursery. Choose any

ten varieties of plants and place them
under the appropriate habitats.

World habitat day

Lathyrus
is observed on 1st
Monday of October. Bamboo is one of
the fast growing
plants, during active
4 .2 .2 . Plant Adapt at ions and
growth phase.
Modificat ions.
Adaptations are special feat ures in
plants which help them to survive in the
habitats they live in over a long period.
Plants in a specific environm ent have
developed special features which help
them to grow and live in that particular
habitat. I n this chapt er, Let us study
some adaptations like tendril, twiners
2. Tw iners:- Some plants have weak
and thorns. These adaptations are seen
stems. They cannot stand straight on
in plants w hich live in terrestrial and
their own. They must climb on any
desert habitat.
support to survive.
1. Tendril Climber:- Tendril is a
Example: Clitoria and Jasmine
twining climbing organ of some weak
stemmed plants like peas and bitter
gourd. Tendril coils round a support
and help the plant to climb. Example:
1. Sweet Peas Leaflets are
modified into
tendrils.
2. Bitter Gourd Axillary buds
are modified
into tendril Clitoria
which helps
the plant to
climb.

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 3. Thorns:- Leaves of some plants
HOTS
become wholly or partially modified into
sharp pointed structures called “thorns Cactus plant is green in colour and
or spines” for defensive purpose. performs photosynthesis. Which part
of the plant does photosynthesis?
Example:
1. Agave - the leaf apex and margins
are modified into thorns
2. Opuntia - the leaves are modified
KEYW ORDS
into spines. • Tap root: A primary root that
3. bougainvillea – the stem has sharp grows vertically downward and

thorns. gives off small lateral roots.

• Fibrous root: Cluster of roots.
• Habitat – The area where a
particular organism actually
lives.
• Aquatic – Plants whose natural
habitat is water.
1 . Agave • Terrestrial – Plants whose
natural habitat is land.
• Adapt at ion – Changes in t he
st ruct ure or behaviour of an
organism t hat helps t he plant s
to survive in a part icular
habit at .
2 . Opunt ia • Modification – a change

Act ivit y 6 in organism caused by

environmental factors.
Field I nvest igat ion • Tendril climber: A slender organ
Name of the student of a modification of stem

Date • Twiner: Plants which climb up

trees and other objects.
Location
• Thorn: A sharp and stiff part of
Plant types to be observed
a modification of stem
1. A tendril climber
2. A twiner
3. A plant with thorn
Tabulate the modification that you
have observed in these plants

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 Point s t o Remember • The surroundings where plant live is
called their habitat
• The plant body of flowering plant
• The two major habitats.
consists of two main parts. They are
1. Aquatic habitat
1. Root system
2. Terrestrial habitat
2. Shoot system
• Adaptations are special features in
• Root fix the plants to the soil. Roots
plants which help them to survive in
absorb water and minerals from the soil
their habitat.
• Stem is the ascending part of the plant
• Tendril is a climbing organ of some
axis. I t has nodes and internodes. weak stemmed plants
• Leaves perform three major functions • Twiner have weak stem and they can’t
such as stand straight on their own

1. Photosynthesis.

2. Respiration.

3. Transpiration

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 ICT CORNER
Life cycle of plants

Lets learn parts of the flower.

Steps:
• To learn more about the parts of the flower type science kids in the google /
browser and select games. Then select life cycle of plants in the screen a flower
with its part appear drag one of the flower’s stamen into labelled box. Now drag
the part of the flower and place it in the labelled box. It’s a trial
• Instructions will appear on the screen. When click ok next step will appear. Then
we have to drag each and every part of the flower into the relevant box.
• When we click the magnifying glass symbol, uses of the floral parts will
appear. Then click ok button. Next an image of flower with its parts appears. It’s an
evolutionary exercise.

Step1 Step2 Step3

URL:
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/gamesactivities/lifecycles.html

Pictures are indicative only

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 2. The driest places on earth
Evaluat ion are .
3. Fixation and absorption are the
main functions of .
4. Primary organs of photosynthesis
I . Mult iple Choice Quest ions are .
1. Pond is an example of . 5. Tap root system present in
a) Marine b) Freshwater plants.
Habitat habitat I V.Mat ch t he follow ing
c) Deserts d) Mountain 1. Mountain - Monocot

2. The important function of stomata is 2. Desert - Branches

. 3. Stem - Dry place

a) Conduction b) Transpiration 4. Photosynthesis - Himalayas

5. Fibrous Root - Leaves
c) Photosynthesis d) Absorption
V. Arrange in correct sequence
3. Organs of absorption
1. Leaf – Stem – Root – Flower
a) Root b) Stem
2. Transpiration – Conduction -
c) Leaf d) Flower Absorption – Fixation
4. The habitat of water hyacinth
VI . Very short answ er
a) Aquatic b) Terrestrial 1. Classify the plants on the basis of
c) Desert d) Mountain their habitat.
2. I dentify the desert plants from the
I I . True or False – I f False give t he
following - Cactus, Hydrilla, Mango
correct answ er
and Rose.
1. Plants can live without water. 3. Define the term habitat.
2. All plants have chlorophyll. 4. Relate the terms leaves and
3. Plants have three parts: the root, photosynthesis.
the stem and leaves. VI I . Short Answ er
4. Mountain is an example for 1. Why do you call jasmine plants,
freshwater habitat. a twiner ?

5. Root is modified into spines. 2. Compare the tap root and fibrous
root systems.
6. Green plants need sunlight.
3. Distinguish between terrestrial and
III. Fill in t he Blanks aquatic habitats.

1. Earth's surface is covered by 4. List out the plants present in your

% of water. school garden.

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 VI I I . Answ er in det ail
1. Make a list of the functions of root and stem.
2. Study the given concept map. Connect them correcting by drawing arrow
marks. Complete the map by filling in the blanks.

Habit at

Aquat ic Terrest rial

Fresh W at er Marine Grass land

River

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 Unit
5 Living W orld of Animals

Learning Obj ect ives

• To know there are many kinds of animals.

• Diversity is seen both in animals and plants.
• Living organisms may be unicellular and multicellular.
• Based on the habitat where they live there are variations in forms.
• Based on the habitat animals exhibit adaptations.
• Life form depends on each other.

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 Animals Bio Diversity
Multi
Cellular
Paramecium Amoeba

Tiger
Uni
Cellular

Euglena
Man

CAMEL
Long Eyelashes Hump
Monkey
Thick skin
Does not sweat
Can store large amount of water

Flat padded feet

LIZARD BIRDS
Scaly skin
Wings Eartworm
and Snail

Adaptations

Strong chest muscles

Movable Eyelids Hollow light bones

Frog
FISH

Streamlined Body

Fins Gills

Fish and
pigeon

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 I nt roduct ion living creatures, including humans, form
a community interacting with one another
The Nat ional School, Nallur, organised
and with other animals, plants, air, water
a field t rip t o a nearby village called
and soil around them. The living things
Anaikkadu. The St udent s were so happy
form biotic community and non-living
t o see a village wit h ponds, st reams,
things form abiotic community.
green fields and coconut t rees. Wit h
t he help of t he t eacher st udent s were 5 .1 .1 Habit at
allowed t o go around. One of t hem saw Fishes and crabs grow only in water while
t wo birds building a nest . Where do t he many animals like elephants, tigers and
birds build a nest and why? camels live on land. The geographical
Children saw a number of butterflies features and environmental conditions
fluttering near the flowers. The air on earth differ from one place to another.
was so fresh, so calm, so quiet and so Though camel can live anywhere it is able
relaxing. They came across a pond in the
distance. I t had some water. Floating on Act ivit y 1
the water were dark green lotus leaves.
Collect the pictures of various
A green frog was leaping from one lotus
ecosystems like lake, pond, forest,
leaf to another making a croaking sound.
desert, mountains, and Polar regions
A girl spotted a rabbit with a short tail.
and prepare a chart of animals in
Can you make a list of the animals seen
these places.
by the children? Were they all similar? I n
what way they were similar?
to live in deserts more comfortably. Polar
5 .1 Biodiversit y Bear and Penguins dwell in cold regions.
Living in such harsh conditions requires
I n the living world, a lot of diversity is
special features in these animals which
seen both in animals and plants. Every
help these organisms to live, breed and
plant and animal is unique. The term
excel well in that particular place. Living
biodiversity refers to the totality of
or dwelling place of an organism is known
species, populations, communities and
as habitat .
ecosystems, both wild and domestic. I t
may also be defined as the variety and
variability among living organisms and
the habitats in which they live.
Biodiversity includes a variety of
ecosystems such as those that occur in
deserts, forests, mountains, lakes, rivers
and agricultural fields. I n each ecosystem,

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 Some organisms are made up of a single
Act ivit y 2
cell and these are called unicellular
Look at the below picture and organisms, whereas, the organisms
prepare a chart for the following that are made of many cells are called
interpretation. mult icellular organisms.
¾ How does the climate differ Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena
in these habitats? are unicellular while, fish, frog, lizard,

¾ Name some animals that bird and man are multicellular.

exist in these habitats. Unicellular organism

¾ Can an animal survive if it is Unicellular organisms are small, usually
shifted from one habitat to microscopic, cannot be seen with naked
another contrasting habitat? eye. They are aquatic, simplest and most
primitive of all animals. They perform all
I n Jurong Birds Park, their physiological activities by the special
Singapore, Penguins structures present inside the body called
are kept in a big glass organelles.
case wit h ice bergs We know Amoeba is an unicellular
and t emperat ure is maint ained at organism I t does all the activities like
0° C and below. digestion, locomotion, respiration and
reproduction.
I t swallows food from the water and
the food is digested in the food vacuole.
Contractile vacuoles help in excretion.
Respiration is by simple diffusion through
the body surface. They have finger-like
structures called Pseudopodia, (false foot)
which help in movement or locomotion.

Amoeba
Penguin

5 .2 Unicellular and
Mult icellular Organisms
Living things are made of small units called
cells. All the functions and processes in
the body of living things are brought about
with the help of these microscopic cells.

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 Paramecium is also a unicellular organism Euglena
which lives in water and move with the
help of cilia.

Paramecium

Mult icellular organisms:

Majority of organisms we see around us,
including animals are multicellular. I n
such organisms, different functions are
Euglena is an unicellular animal which
moves with a flagellum.

Table 2 .2 The Differences bet w een Unicellular and Mult icellular Organisms.

Unicellular Organisms Mult icellular Organisms

• They are made up of single cell. • They are organisms are made up of
• The single cell of the organism can many cells.
perform all the functions of life. • Division of labour exists among cells.
• These organisms are generally very Different cells are specialized to
small (microscopic) in size. perform different functions.

• They lack tissues, organs and organ • They are mostly large in size.
systems. • They are composed of tissues, organs
• Growth occurs by an increase in the and organ systems.
size of the cell. • Growth occurs by an increase in the
eg. Amoeba, Paramecium and number of cells by cell division.
Euglena. eg. Earthworms, Fish, Frogs, Lizard
and human beings.

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 carried out by different groups of cells or Fish
organs in their body. E.g. Jelly fish, Earth 1. The head, trunk and tail of a fish
worm, snails, fish, frog, snakes, pigeon, merge to form a streamlined shape.
tiger, monkey and man. The streamlined body shape helps the
fish to move through the water easily.
2. The fish has special organs called
“ Gills” which is a respiratory organ
helps to absorb oxygen dissolved in
water for breathing. I t is adapted
to breathe in water.
3. Most of the fishes have slippery
scales all over the body which
protect the body.
4. The fish has fins for swimming.
5. The fish has strong tail which acts
as rudder to change direction and
keep its body balance in water.

5 .3 Adat pt at ion in Animals

Animals vary in size, shape and

behaviour
A Living thing can survive in a particular Lizard
habitat if its body is adapted to the 1. Lizards are scaly-skinned rept iles t hat
conditions of that habitat. Plants and are usually dist inguished from snakes
animals develop special characteristics or by t he possession of legs, movable
features in their body in order to survive eyelids, and ext ernal ear openings.
in their habitat (the surroundings). The
2. They mostly inhabit warm regions.
presence of specific body features for
Most lizards are quadripedal (walk with
certain habits which enable a plant or an
four legs) and have a powerful limb.
animal to live in a particular habitat is
3. Some lizards have t he capacity t o
called adaptation.
rot at e t he head around t he head j oint .
The fish lives in either freshwater or
4. They breat he t hrough lungs. Some
marine water. Let us analyse the adaptations
lizards are able to run bipedally with
seen in a fish for its aquatic life.
two legs. I n this the tail is held out

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 backward and upward and acts as a 8. They have st rong chest m uscles
counterweight. w hich help t hem w it hst and t he
5 Most lizards eat a variety of insects pressure of t he air w hile f lapping
like mosquitoes and Cockroaches with t heir w ings during f light .
sharp, tricuspid, teeth adapted for
9. At a t im e, birds can see one obj ect
grabbing and holding
w it h one eye and anot her obj ect w it h
6 Some lizards (Dinosaurs) have web in
t he ot her eye. ( Binocular vision)
the toes, and few lizards are able to
glide or parachute the air and make soft
landings.

When an animal moves

its location as the
Birds season changes it is

1. They have st ream lined body covered said to be Migration.

I n Tamil Nadu Bird Sanctuaries are
w it h feat hers.

2 This body shape provides m inim um

resist ance t o air.

3 They have beak inst ead of m out h.

4. They breat he t hrough lungs. They

have a pair of w ings t hat are m odif ied
forelim bs.

5. They have hollow and light bones. located at Vedanthangal, Kodiyakkarai

6. Usually w e see birds f ly, how ever and Koondhankulam. There are
t hey can also hop, m ove, run, et c., many birds from foreign countries
like Siberia and Russia migrate to
on t he ground and t hey perch w ell
our Vedanthaangal. Likewise during
on t he branches of t ree w it h t he
summer and drought conditions birds
help of a pair of claw ed feet .
from our country migrate to foreign
7. The t ail of t he bird helps it t o cont rol countries. These birds are called
t he direct ion of t he m ovem ent s. Migratory Birds.

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 Adapt at ion in Camel:
Camel lives in hot desert where water
is scarce. The body structure of a camel
helps it to survive in desert because of its
following special features which are listed
below:
1. The camel has long legs which help
it to keep its body away from the
hot sand in the desert.
2. A camel can drink large amount
of water (when it is available) and
store it in the body. can break down stored fat for
nourshment.
3. A camel’s body is adapted to save
water in the dry desert as follows: 5. A camel has large and flat padded
A Camel passes small amount of feet which help it to walk easily on
urine; its dung is dry and it does soft sand. Thus it is called “The ship
not sweat. Since a camel loses of the desert”.
very little water from its body, it 6. Camel has long eye lashes and
can live for many days without hairs to protect its eyes and ears
drinking water. from the blowing dust.
4. A camel’s hump has fat stored in 7. I t can keep its nostrils closed to
it. I n case of emergency a camel avoid dust.

I nfo Bit s

) Spending winters in a dormant condition is called Hibernat ion . eg. Turtle

) On the other hand, spending the hot and dry period in an inactive state is known
as Aest ivat ion . eg. Snail

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 Kangaroo rat does not
drink water at all.
Whatever food it eats
and oxygen it gets from
air combine together to form water
inside the body.

Table: 2 Adapt ive Feat ures of Animals from different Habit at s

Sl.No. Name of t he Animal Habit at Adapt ive feat ures

1. Polar Bear Polar region Thick skin for protection, white fur
2. Penguin Polar region Paddle to swim, walk with two legs
3. Mountain Goat Mountains Strong hooves for running, long hair
to protect from cold
4. Lion Forest Strong and fast runner has sharp
claws to catch prey.

Polar Bear Mount ain Goat

Lion Penguins

The mountain goat namely Nilgri Tahr can find small spaces on rock
to climb with ease and keep its balance as it feeds.

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 ICT CORNER
Bio diversity

Lets play animal quiz

Steps:
• Go to Google / browser and type “animal quiz” to know more about the types of
animals and their habitation.
• When you get the app, press install button for installing. Then click open and
start your game.
• Many options will be displayed on the screen. From that, you select the option
of your choice.
• When the choice is selected and the game is started for each animal four options
will come. When the correct answer is given it will automatically go to next
animal. When the whole episode is over you can go to the starting phase and
start the next play.

URL:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.asmolgam.
animals

Pictures are indicative only

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 6. Choose the set that represents
Evaluat ion only biotic components of a habitat
a. Tiger, Deer, Grass, Soil
I Choose t he correct answ ers b. Rocks, Soil, Plants, Air
1. The study of living things or c. Sand, Turtle, Crab, Rocks
organisms is called
d. Aquatic plant, Fish, Frog, I nsects
a. Psychology
7. Which of the following cannot be
b. Biology
called as a habitat?
c. Zoology
a. A desert with camels
d. Botany
b. A pond with fish and snails
2. Which of the following are
c. Cultivated land with grazing
characteristics of living beings? cattle
(i) Respiration d. A jungle with wild animals
(ii) Reproduction
8. Birds fly in the air with the help of
(iii) Adaptation
a. heavy and strong Bones
(iv) Excretion
b. Soft and thick Bones
Choose the correct sequence c. Hollow and light Bones
a. (i), (ii), and iv only d. Flat and thick Bones
b. (i), (ii) only
9. Paramecium moves from one place
c. (ii) and (iv)only to other with the help of
d. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) a. Pseudopodia
3. Lizards breathe through their b. Flagella
a. Skin b. Gills c. Foot
c. Lungs d. Trachea d. Cilia

4. All animals need 10. Kangaroo rat lives in

a. Food and water only a. Aquatic habitat
b. Water only b. Desert habitat

c. Air, food and water c. Grass land habitat

d. Food only d. Mountain habitat

5. Which animal has the special I I . Mult iple choice quest ions
organs of breathing called gills
Complete the following with
a. Earthworm b. Fox appropriate word(s).
c. Fish d. frog 1. Aquatic, deserts, mountains are
called .

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 2. Based on the number of cells 2. Where can we see Camels in
present animals are classified into I ndia?
and 3. Name the locomotory organ of
an Amoeba.
3. Tail of a bird acts as a rudder which 4. What are the body parts of a
helps to . snake?
4. Amoeba moves with the help of 5. Which structure helps the bird to
. change its direction while flying

I I I . True or False, I f False give t he in air?

correct answ er . VI . Short answ er t ype quest ions.

1. Habitat is a living or dwelling place 1. Differentiate between Unicellular
of organism. and Multicellular organisms.
2. The geographical features and 2. Write the adaptive features of
environmental conditions on earth Polar bear and Penguin.
remain same from one place to
3. Mention the feature that help a
other.
bird to fly is the air?
3. Amoeba is a unicellular organism
4. What are the different types of
and moves with pseudopodia.
invertebrates?
4. Birds can see only one object at a
VI I . Answ er in det ail
time.
1. Describe the various features
5. Paramoecium is a multicelluar
which help Camel dwell well in
organism.
the desert.
I V. Complet e t he follow ing
1. Tropical rain forests, grasslands
and desserts are known as
.
2. Some living things are made
of a single cell, they are called
organism.
3. The breathing organ of a fish is
known as
4. The lizard on the ground
with its claw on its feet.
5. Camel stores in its hump.

V. Very short answ er quest ions.

1. How do the birds catch their prey?

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 Unit
6 Healt h and Hygiene

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 Learning Obj ect ives
• To Classify the different components of Food.
• To Evaluate the importance of nutrients present in our food.
• To Enrich the knowledge about Balanced diet.
• To List out the deficiency diseases.
• To Describe on personal hygiene.
• To Differentiate the diseases caused by Bacteria and Virus.

I nt roduct ion Deepa’s family w as preparing t heir

The word "health" refers to a state of mont hly provision list
complete emotional and physical well- When Deepa saw the list, she had some
being. Healthcare exists to help people questions to ask her parents, Why do
maintain this optimal state of health.
As defined by World Health Provision List
Organization (WHO), it is a "State of
Raw rice ..............................25 Kg
complete physical, mental, and social
Wheat .................................. 5 Kg
well being, and not merely the absence of
pigeon pea ............................ 2 Kg
disease or infirmity." Health is a dynamic
Green gram ........................... 1 Kg
condition resulting from a body's constant
Black gram ............................ 2 Kg
adjustment and adaptation in response to
Cooking oil .............................. 2 lt
stresses and changes in the environment
for maintaining an inner equilibrium Ghee ................................ 500 gm

called homeostasis.
we eat, comparatively more amount of
Hygiene is a science of the
rice and wheat? Why do we consume
establishment and maintenance of health
less amount of oil and ghee? Discuss the
conditions or practices (as of cleanliness)
given list with your teacher.
conducive to health has poor personal
hygiene. Brushing your teeth regularly is
an important part of good oral hygiene.
Hygiene is the practice of keeping yourself
and your surroundings clean, especially
in order to prevent illness or the spread
of diseases.

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 Act ivit y 1
Read the following food items and Classify the following table

Brinj al Chocolat e Lady’s finger French fries

Grains Orange Guava Spinach

Moringa Leaves Goose berry Burger Pearl millet

Food w hich I like t o Food w hich I don’t like t o Food w hich I have never
eat eat seen before
1.
2.
1. Do your favorite foods make you healthy?
2. Do you choose your food by taste or by its nutritive value?

6 .1 .1 . Carbohydrat es
6.1. Components of Food
Carbohydrat es are energy giving
The Chemical constituents of food which component of the food.
give us energy, help to build our body
Table 1
and protect us from diseases are called
S.No. Form of Sources
Nutrients.
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrate 2. Proteins 1 Sugar Fruits, Honey,
3. Fats 4. Vitamins Cane Sugar,
5. Minerals 6. Water. Sugar Beet
2 Starch Rice, Wheat,
Maize, Potato,
Act ivit y 2 etc.
3 Dietary fibre Whole grain,
Collect as many food items as you nuts,etc.
can and classify them according
We can obtain carbohydrates in the form
to the major nutrient content in it.
of Sugar, starch and dietary fibres

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 NUTRIENTS
Chicken

Soya Beans
Nuts,
Grams

Fruits Drinking
Juices
water
Vegetables

Grains Meat PROTEINS

VITAMINS WATER

MINERALS FATS

Spinach Fish
Egg yolk
CARBO-
Egg
g Fruits
Milk HYDRATES Ghee
Milk
Meat
Fish

Maize Lentils
ils
Nuts

F it
Fruits Rice

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 WHOLE GRAI NS

Act ivit y 3
Aim:
To test the presence of Carbohydrate
as Starch in the given food item.
W hat do you need?
Boiled potato, dropper and dilute
I odine solution
How to do:
Smash the boiled potato. Act ivit y 4
Add two or three drops of dilute Aim:
I odine solution on the Sample To test the presence of Fat in the
W hat do you see? given food item.

The potato turns blue-black in colour. W hat do you need?

W hat do you learn? Coconut Oil, groundnut oil, and any

I odine reacts with Starch to form Paper.

Starch-I odine complex which is blue- How t o do:

black in colour. Thus, the appearance Pour few drops of oil onto the paper
of blue-black colour confirms the and rub it gently with your finger.
presence of Starch in the food item I n case of ground nut, crush the
groundnut and place it on a paper
6 .1 .2 . Fat s
Now rub the groundnut on the paper
Fat is also an energy-giving food and
W hat do you see?
provides more energy than Carbohydrates.
Some important sources of fats are The paper turns translucent and
butter, ghee, milk, cheese, paneer, nuts, becomes greasy .
meat, fish, egg yolk etc. Apart from W hat do you learn?
giving energy, they insulate our body and The given food sample contains fat
protect the cells.
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 6 .1 .3 . PROTEI N
Act ivit y 5
Body Building Foods
Proteins are necessary for our growth and Aim:
repair, as well as for regulating various To test the presence of Protein in
body functions such as digestion. The the given food item.
sources of proteins are pulses, eggs, fish, What do you need?
milk, chicken, soya bean, nut, grams etc, egg white, Copper sulphate solution,
Proteins are body building foods.
Sodium hydroxide , Test tube and
Bunsen burner.
How t o do:
Take a small amount of the food
sample (egg white) and put in the
test tube.
Add some water to the test tube and
shake it.
Next, heat the test tube for about
one minute. After the test tube has
cooled down, and two drops each of
Copper sulphate solution and Sodium
hydroxide to it.
W hat do you see?
The food sample turns purple or
violet.
W hat do you learn?
Change in colour of the given food
sample turns purple or violet confirms
the presence of Protein.

6 .1 .4 . Vit amins
Vitamins are required for carrying out
various biochemical reactions in our body.
Fruits, vegetables, grains, meat products
are good sources of vitamins. Vitamins
Soyabean is the are called as protective food. There are six
highly rich source of major vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Vitamins
protein. B and Vitamins C are water soluble, Vitamins
A, D, E and K are fat soluble.

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 VITAMINS
Types, Functions and deficiency diseases

Vitamin
Vitamin
A K
Vitamin Vitamin
Healthy
vision and
B Vitamin Vitamin E Clotting of
blood
skin
C D Found
Found Healthy abundantly in
abundantly in nervous
Fertility green
system
Fish oil vegetables
formation
of RBC Protects Calcium
gums helps absorbtion
Found immune and strong Found
egg , milk, system bones abundantly in
abundantly in
Vegetable oil,
Whole grain Found Found Whole wheat tomato
abundantly in abundantly in
ghee, carrot,
Oranges Fish oil
Unpolished
rice cabbage
corn,
yellow fruits, egg , milk,

green
milk, fish gooseberry
vegetables,
greens eggs
greens
It is also made
in our skin
peas, lentils using sunlight
green chilli,
Disesase we tomato apple, mango milk products
get if deficiency
in this
green vegetables

Disesase we
get if deficiency
in this Disesase we
Night Disesase we get if deficiency
Disesase we Disesase we get if deficiency in this
blindness in this
get if deficiency get if deficiency
in this in this
nervous
weakness, weakness
Rickets dimming of of the bones,
Beri Beri Scurvy eyesight teeth etc.

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 Table 2
Vit amin Found abundant ly in Disease w e get if Sympt oms
deficient in t his
Vitamin A Fish oil, egg, milk, ghee, Night blindness Poor vision, difficulty
carrot, corn, yellow fruits, in seeing in dim light
greens
Vitamin B Whole grain, unpolished rice, Beriberi Nervous weakness,
milk, fish, meat, peas, lentils fatigue.
Green vegetables
Vitamin C Oranges, Gooseberry, Scurvy Bleeding gums
Greenchilly, Tomato
Vitamin D Fish oil, milk and eggs. I t is Rickets Weak, flexible bones
also made in our skin using
sunlight
Vitamin E Vegetable oils, Green Nervous weakness, Childlessness, lack of
vegetables, whole wheat, dimming of eyesight resistance power to
Mango, apple, greens illnesses
Vitamin K Green vegetables, Tomato, Weakness of the Even a small cut
cabbage, eggs, milk products. bones, teeth etc. bleeds profusely.

Just Think Act ivit y 6

A medical camp was conducted in
Make your food lit t le healt hier.
School. Most of the children were
W hat do you need?
healthy. Some of the students had
A small cup of green gram seeds,
some health issues
Water and thin cloth.
Priya had bleeding gums.
How t o do:
Raja could not see clearly in dim light.
Soak the green gram seeds in water over.
Arun had bent legs .
Takeout the seeds and strain the water.
Can you guess what could be the
Wrap the seeds in wet thin cloth.
reasons?
Keep it for a day or two.
Sprinkle some water whenever it is dry.

Fact File W hat do you see?

Sun screen lotion reduces your skin's You can see white sprouts coming

ability to produce Vitamin D by up to out of the seeds.

95% which may lead to Vitamin D W hat do you learn?

deficiency. green gram sprouts are low in
calories, have fibre and Vitamin B.
I t has comparatively high amount of
vitamin C and vitamin K

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 Gooseberries Fact File
contains nearly 20 Moringa leaves are rich in
times the vitamin
Vitamin A,
C than Orange.
Vitamin C,

6 .1 .5 Minerals Potassium,

Minerals are required for growth as Calcium,

well as for the regulation of normal body I ron and
function.Green leafy vegetables like Protein.
spinach, pulses, eggs, milk, fish and fruits
I t also contains
are important sources of minerals in our
Powerful anti oxidants
diet. Minerals are also a protective foods.

Table 3
Minerals Functions
Calcium Strong bones and teeth,
clotting of blood
Phosphorus Strong bones and teeth
I odine Synthesis of thyroid hor-
mone
I ron Formation of haemoglobin 6 .1 .6 . W at er
and brain development
Our body needs an adequate supply of
water is order to maintain good health. Any
80% of the world
human being should take minimum eight
production of Moringa
tumblers ( 2 Litres) of water every day.
Leaves is in I ndia. The
Major countries which
import Moringa Leaves are China, US,
Germany, Canada, South Korea and
European countries.

Complet e t he follow ing Table 4

S.No. Nut rient s Sources Funct ions
1 Carbohydrates Rice,Wheat,Potato
2 Fats Give us energy
3 Proteins
4 Vitamins Fruits, Vegetables, Grains,
Meat and dairy products
5 Minerals Regulation of growth and normal
body function

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 6 .2 . Healt h and Nut rient s
Look at t he pict ures Given below
Mark  for healthy persons and mark  for unhealthy persons.

6 .2 .1 . Healt h • An increased capacity to work

Health is a state of complete physical, • Good physical and mental health
mental and social well-being and not merely • I ncreased capacity to resist diseases.
absence of diseases. Eating a healthy diet
• Help in proper growth of the body.
keeps you physically and mentally fit.
When you are physically healthy, you feel A balanced diet contains sufficient
confident you are more outgoing and have amount of various nutrients to ensure
a greater capacity for enjoying life. good health. Food should also provide
Unhealthy food choices lead to the appropriate amount of energy and
obesity and illness, preventing you from adequate amount of water.
socializing with friends and family. So
choose your diet carefully. Act ivit y 7
6 .2 .2 Balanced Diet W HY DO W E NEED A BALANCED
A diet should contain adequate amount DI ET ?
of all the necessary nutrients required for Prepare a diet chart to provide
healthy growth and activity. balanced diet to a 12 year old child.
The diet chart should include food
item which are not expensive and are
commonly available in your area.

6 .2 .3 . Malnut rit ion

When your diet is not a balanced, what
would be the consequences?
Observe the below picture carefully
Do these children look normal?
Guess what would be the reason?
Food Pyramid

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 Act ivit y 8

Visit a nearby Anganwadi centre and

find the steps taken by the government
to overcome malnutrition and ensure
health in the age group 0-5 years

Table 5 Prot ein And Mineral

Deficiency Diseases
Prot ein Sympt oms
Diseases
Kwashiorkar Stunted growth,
Swelling of face and
limbs, Diarrhoea.
Marasmus Skinny appearance,
Slow body growth.
Mineral Deficiency Disease
Calcium Rickets.
The children are in this condition due Phosphorus Osteomalatia
to malnut rit ion . I odine Cretinism (in Child)
Malnut rit ion: Malnutrition occurs when Goitre (in adult)
all the nutrients that the body needs are I ron Anaemia
not obtained in the proper proportions 6 .2 .4 . Physical Exercise and Rest
from the diet. The word malnutrition
refers to the condition that results when Playing Exercise
a person does not take a balanced diet. games
Malnutrition leads to deficiency disease.
The diseases that are caused due to Physical
Sport Act ivit y Dance
lack of Nutrients in the diet are called
Deficiency Diseases.
Active
Yoga Living
I ndia has the second Physical exercise is any bodily activity
highest number of that enhances or maintains physical
obese children in the fitness and overall health and wellness. I t
world after China, is performed for various reasons, including
according to a study that has found
• increase in growth and development,
that 14.4 million children in the
• strengthening muscles and the
country have excess weight.
cardiovascular system,
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 • developing athletic skills, weight loss Personal hygiene involves those
or maintenance, and enjoyment. practices performed by an individual
Physical exercise may help to decrease to care for one’s bodily health and well
some of the effects of childhood and being, through cleanliness. I t includes
adult obesity. such personal habit choices as how
frequently to bathe, wash hands, trim
Deep sleep seems to fingernails, and change clothing. I t also
be one of the most includes attention to keep surfaces in the
critical time for body home and workplace, including bathroom
repair. facilities, clean and pathogen-free.

REST
Proper amount of rest is essential for
physical and mental health. Rest is as
important as nutrition and physical Act ivit y 9
activity for growth and development and
One day Rahim, a class six boy
good health.
vomited three times. He was looking
tired and dehydrated. His mother who
was a nurse prepared a solution and
gave it to him drink. He felt better
after sometime and asked his mother
what the solution was. His mother
said it was Oral Rehydration Solution
– ORS. Shall we see what an ORS is?
Vomiting or loose motions result
Discuss w it h Friends in loss of water and cause salt
“ Early to bed and early to rise make imbalance in the body. Loss of water
(dehydration) can lead to serious
a man healthy, wealthy and wise”
problems. This can be prevented by
Benjamin Franklin consuming ORS at short intervals.
Follow the steps to make ORS at
6 .2 .5 . Personal Cleanliness home:
Hygiene is a set of practices performed • Take a litre of boiled water. Cool
to preserve health. According to the World it.
Health Organization • Add half a teaspoon of salt and
(WHO), “ Hygiene refers to six teaspoons of sugar to it.
conditions and practices • You can also add a few drops of
lemon juice to it. Stir it and give it to
that help to maintain
the person suffering from vomiting,
health and prevent the
loose motions or dehydration.
spread of diseases.”

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 Table 6
Components Recommended frequency of cleaning
Eye hygiene Daily every morning and whenever the face is dirty
Hair hygiene weekly twice preferably once every other day
Body hygiene Once or twice a day
Oral hygiene Brushing twice a day; rinsing after each meal
Feet hygiene Every day
Hand hygiene Every time after touching contaminated surfaces; every time
before eating and touching clean surfaces
Clothes hygiene Once or twice a day

6 .3 . I nt roduct ion of Microbes • Bacteria

When you neglect personal hygiene, you • Virus

are increasing the risk of falling sick. • Protozoa
Let us name some of the diseases or • fungi
conditions caused by microorganism due
6 .3 .1 .Bact eria
to the negligence of personal hygiene.
Bacteria are very small prokaryotic
1. Diarrhoea
microorganisms.
2. Tooth decay
Bacterial cells do not have nucleus
3. Athlete’s foot( Madurai’s foot) and do not usually have membrane bound
4. Dandruff. organelles.
Do you believe that there are some • Bacteria can exist either as independent
organisms which you cannot see with organisms or as parasites
your naked eye? • They invade tissues
Yes. microbes can not be seen without • They produce pus or harmful wastes
the help of a microscope.
Most of the microbes belong to four
major groups:

Table 7 Bact erial Diseases

Bact erial
S.No Mode of t ransmission
diseases
1 Cholera contaminated water
2 Pneumonia inhalation of airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough.
3 Tetanus contamination of wounds with the bacteria
4 Tuberculosis inhalation of airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough.
5 Typhoid contaminated food or water

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 Disease Microscopes help
Disease is a definite to study the
pathological process structure of the
having a characteristic microorganisms
set of signs and symptoms.
Disorder
Disorder is a derangement or
abnormality of function.
Point s t o remember
6 .3 .2 . Virus • There are six major nutrients

Virus is an acellular agent that replicates only – Carbohydrate

inside the cells of other living organisms. – Fats
Virus can infect all types of life forms – Protein
plant, animals and microorganisms. They
– Vitamins
invade living normal cells and use their cell
– Minerals
machinery to multiply. They can kill damage
or change the cells and make you sick. – Water
• Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are
protein deficiency diseases.
• Night blindness, scurvy, Rickets
and Beriberi are vitamin deficiency
diseases.
• Bacteria is a Prokaryotic
microorganism.
• Cholera, Typhoid and Pneumonia
are bacterial diseases
Diseases Caused By Virus
• I nfluenza, common cold and
1. Common cold 2. I nfluenza
chicken pox are viral diseases.
3. Hepatitis 4. Polio
5. Smallpox 6. Chicken pox
7. Measles
Suggest ed proj ect
Get a Vaccination schedule from a
nearby doctor or a hospital. From the
Discuss in your class room list, identify the bacterial diseases
“ I s virus a living thing or non living and the viral diseases for which
thing?” vaccination is given

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 ICT CORNER
Balanced food

Play with pyramid game

Steps:
• To learn and know more about balanced food, Go to google or browser
and type ninindia nutrition games
• When the homepage opens click pyramid game
• drag and drop the each foodmitem in the pyramid.

URL:
http://ninindia.org/Amulya%20Nutrition%20Games/index.html

Pictures are indicative only

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 9. I ron helps in the formation of
Evaluat ion haemoglobin.
10. Virus can grow and multiply outside
host.
I I I Fill in t he Blanks
I Choose t he correct answ er 11. Malnutrition leads to _________
1. Our body needs ______ for muscle- 12. I odine deficiency leads to ______ in
building adults.
a) carbohydrate b) fat 13. Vitamin D deficiency causes _______.
c) Protein d) Water 14. Typhoid is transmitted due to
2. Scurvy is caused due to the deficiency contamination of _____ and water.
of________. 15. I nfluenza is a ___________ disease.
a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin B I V. Complet e t he Analogy
c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D 16. Rice: Carbohydrate : : Pulses: _____.
3. Calcium is an example of a 17. Vitamin D : Rickets : : Vitamin C:
a) carbohydrate b) fat _____.
c) Protein d) minerals 18. I odine: Goitre : : I ron: _____.
4. We should include fruits and vegetables 19. Cholera: Bacteria : : Smallpox: _____
in our diet, because_______. V Mat ch t he Follow ing
a) They are the best source of 20. Vitamin A Rickets
Carbohydrates
21. Vitamin B Night blindness
b) They are the best source of Proteins
22. Vitamin C Sterility
c) They are rich in minerals and
23. Vitamin D Beri beri
Vitamins
24. Vitamin E Scurvy
d) They have high water content
VI Complet e t he Diagram
5. Bacteria are very small _______
Carbohydrat e Prot ein
microorganism.
a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic Nut rient s
c) Protozoa d) Acellular W at er

I I True or False Vit amin

6. There are three main nutrients VI I . W rit e Short Answ er

present in food.
25. Write two examples for each of the
7. Fats are used as an energy store by following .
our body
a) Food items rich in fat.
8. All bacteria have flagella.
b) Vitamin deficiency diseases.

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 26. Differentiate between carbohydrate
and protein
27. Define the term “ Balanced diet” .
28. Why should the fruits and vegetables
not to be washed after cutting?
29. Write any two viral diseases
30. What is the main feature of a
microorganism?
VI I I . Long Answ er
31. Tabulate the vitamins and their
corresponding deficiency diseases.

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 Unit
7 Comput er- An I nt roduct ion

Learning Out comes

• To know about the computer.

• To know the history of computer.
• To understand the growth and development of computer.
• To understand the generations of computer.
• To understand the types of computer.
• To apply the knowledge of computer in various fields in our day today life.

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 ( Boys and girls of st andard VI w ere Salim: Nancy,
playing in t he playground) . we usually think
Siva: Hey Salim, I saw your dad coming that computer
with a big parcel yesterday. I guess you should be like
could have bought a new television, Am a big TV and
I right? a box attached
with it, But computers are available in
Salim: I t ’s not a TV Siva. We bought a
new computer.
different shapes. The works which are done
with a computer can also be done using a
Malar: Oh, I see. computer! I had seen
smart phone. There may be difference in
it in Textile shop used for billing.
their speed, but their operations remain the
same. The big computers are shrunk into
small smart phones nowadays because of
the technological development. Most of us
think that smart phones are only to make
calls because of its’ handy look But it isn’t
so.
Selvi: What about laptops and tablets?
Are they same like the computers we
usually think of ?
Salim: Yes, They are all the same. These
Selvi: Malar, not only in textile shops, are different types of computers. But
their performance vary according to their
but also it ’s used in Railway stations,
capacity.
Banks, ATM’s and in many places. I t is
used even in our local post offices. Siva: That ’s ok Salim, why do you need
a computer in your home? What will you
Nancy: Hey! I had seen it in my school.
do in that?
Salim: I s it only in your school? Nancy,
Salim: I can use it to draw, paint, play
I think your father is also having a
games and I can learn and develop my
computer.
general knowledge.
Nancy: I s my father having a computer?!
Selvi: Salim, you know more about
Without my knowledge? I ’m sure that my
computers!
father doesn’t have computer. He has
Salim: I know very less about computers.
only a mobile phone.
As my dad uses computer in his office, he
Salim: That ’s what I say your father’s
knows much about it. I shared very little
mobile phone is also like a computer.
of what I have learnt from my dad.
Nancy: Oh no Salim? What do you mean?
( All t he children st ood up w hen t he
How can a mobile phone compared with
t eacher came and st ood near t hem)
a computer?

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 Teacher: What is going on? Later, they started using a device called
Children: We are discussing about the calculator for calculation.
computer sir. Selvi: Wow ! I t ’s really int erest ing sir,
Teacher: Oh, I see, that ’s nice. I will t hen w hen did com put ers com e int o use
explain you in detail. Firstly I will explain Sir?
you about what is a computer? Computer Teacher: Good question Selvi. Computer
is an electronic device that process the didn’t come directly from abacus. The
data and I nformation according to our computers that we use today belongs to
needs. We can save the data and convert fifth generation.
it into information. Computers are used in Nancy: Oh! was there four more
many ways. generations previous to this?
Malar: We are eager to know who has Teacher: Yes, Nancy you are correct.
invented the computer?
Siva: Sir! Can you explain us about the
Teacher: I n the beginning of 19 century, five generations?
th

Charles Babbage, a professor in Mathematics

Teacher: I n First generation computers,
has designed an analogue computer. He is
they used Vacuum tube
known as the father of computer.

The basic structure designed by him is being I n Second generation computer, they
used in all computers. Similarly, Augusta Ada used Transistor
Lovelace is admired as the first programmer I n Third generation computer, they used
as she developed essential commands for I ntegrated Circuit
the mathematical operations. I n Fourth generation computer, they used
Nancy: Sir, can you tell us which device Micro processor
was used before the invention of I n Fifth generation computer - Now they
computer? use Artificial Intelligence
Teacher: I n the early Selvi: Sir, we are eager to know more
stage, there was no about the present computers which we
computer. I nitially the use sir?
people used a tool called Teacher: Data and information are the
abacus for calculations. two important elements in computers.

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 Malar: Sir, What is meant by data? Siva: Then, what is application software?
Generations of Computer

1 2 3
4 5
1940-1956 Vacuum tubes 1956-1963 Transistor 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit 1971-2k cial
Micro Processor Intelligence

Teacher: Data is the information that Teacher: Application software is a

has to be processed. I t cannot be used software that is used to run a particular
directly by us. Generally, they are in the program. For example, the software used
form of numbers, alphabet and images. for painting, playing games in computer.
Siva: Sir… then what is information? Nancy: Oh! I have learnt much
information about computers today sir!.
ENI AC (Electronic Malar: Ok Sir, then what is hardware?
Numerical I ntegrator Teacher: The parts that are available in
and Computer) was the computer that helps the software to
the first Computer works is a hardware.
introduced in the year 1946. This is
Salim: Sir, please tell us more about it
the first General purpose computer.
Teacher: Yes, sure I will. Whatever
we want to send to a computer is sent
Teacher: I nformation is a form of
through a device called input device. For
processed data.
example, the keyboard, mouse and other
Siva: What is software and hardware, Sir?
input devices.
Teacher: The commands or programs The data or information that has been
that are used in computer are called
sent to the computer are displayed out or
Software. This software can be divided
reproduced through some devices these
into two types.
are called as output devices. For example,
1. Operating software printer, monitor and so on.

2. Application software.
Nancy: Ok Sir, then what is CPU?
Teacher: I t is the central processing
Nancy: What is Operating Software?
unit. You will learn and understand more
Teacher: Software that is used to
about CPU in your higher classes.
operate the computer is called operating
All Children together: Thank you so
software. I think you are familiar with
much, Sir. Today we have learnt and
Windows and Linux
understood more information about

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 computers.

1. Abacus ( அபாகஸ்) - மணிச் சட்டம்

2. Computer ( கம்ப்யூட்டர்) - கணினி

3. Architecture - கட்டமமப்பு, வடிவமமப்பு

4. Command - கட்டமை

5. Calculator - கணிப்பான், கணக்கிடும் கருவி

Cell Phone, Mobile
6. - மக்பசி, அமை்பசி
( சசல்பான்)

7. Tablet ( ்்டப்ைட) - மகக்கணினி, வமைப்படடிமக

8. Data - தைவு, முமைப்படுததப்ட ்வண்டிய விவைஙகள்

9. I nformation - தகவல, முமைப்படுததப்பட்ட விவைஙகள்

மின்்னணுஇயந்திைம், மின்சாைததால
10. Electronic Machine -
இயஙகும் இயந்திைம்

Analog Computer குறியீடடுஎண்கமைப் பயன்படுததி

11. -
( அ்னைாக் கம்ப்யூட்டர்) கணக்கிடும் கருவி

12. Smart Phone ( ஸ்மார்ட ்பான்) - திைன் ்பசி

13. Post Office - தபால நிமையம்

Automated Teller Machine
14. - தானியஙகி பண எந்திைம்
(ATM)

15. keyboard - விமசப்பைமக

16. Software - சமன்சபாருள்

17. Hardware - வன்சபாருள்

18. Printer - அச்சுப் சபாறி

19. Mouse - சுடடி

20. Program - நிைல

21. Programmer - நிைைர்

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 3. I nformation is data.
Evaluat ion 4. Fifth generation computer has
intelligence
I . Choose t he Correct answ er: 5. is the device that
1. Who is the father of computer? uses I ndex number.

a. Martin Luther King I I I . St at e True or False:

b. Graham Bell 1. Computer is an Electronic device.
c. Charlie Chaplin 2. Sir I saac Newton invented Computer.
d. Charles Babbage 3. Computer can do calculations fast.
2. Which of the following is another form
I V. Mat ch t he follow ing:
of computer?
First generation Artificial
a. Blackboard b. Mobile -
Computer I ntelligence
c. Radio d. Book Second generation I ntegrated
-
3. When was the first computer Computer Circuit
introduced? Third generation
- Vacuum tubes
a. 1980 b. 1947 c. 1946 d. 1985 Computer
Fourth generation
4. Who is the computer’s first - Transistor
Computer
programmer?
Fifth generation
a. Lady Wellington - Micro processor
computer
b. Augusta ado Lovelace
V. Answ er t he follow ing:
c. Mary Curie
1. What is a Computer?
d. Mary Comb
2. Who are the pioneers/ forerunners of
5. Pick out the odd one.
computer?
a. Calculator b. Abacus
3. Write a short note on Data.
c. Flash card d. Laptop
4. Name any four input devices.
I I . Fill in t he blanks: 5. Differentiate Hardware and Software.
1. Data is information.
VI . Answ er in det ail:
2. World’s first general purpose computer
1. Explain in detail the Applications of
is
computer.

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 Scientific Terms

Measuring Tape - அளவு நாடா Strainer - வடிகட்டி

Stop clock - நிறுத்துக் கடிகாரம் Churning - கழட�ல்
Measuring Jar - அளவுசாடி Threshing - கதிரடித்�ல்
Unit - அலகு Winnowing - தூறறு�ல்
Parallax Error - இடமாறு Sedimentation - ்டியழவத்�ல்
த�ாற்றப்பிழை
Decantation - த�ளியழவத்து
Mass - நிழ்ற இறுத்�ல்
Weight - எழட Filtrate - வடிநீர
Animate Factors - உயிருளள காரணி Reaction - மீள விழன
I nanimate Factors - உயிரற்ற காரணி Non-Reaction - மீளா விழன
Contact Forces - த�ாடு விழசகள Dissolution - கழரத்�ல்
Non-Contact Forces - த�ாடா விழசகள Sublimation - ்�ஙகமா�ல்
Linear Motion - தநரதகாட்டு இயக்கம் Melting - உருகு�ல்
Curvilinear Motion - வழளவுப்்ாழ� Vaporization - ஆவியாக்கு�ல்
இயக்கம்
Condensation - ஆவி சுருஙகல்
Circular Motion - வட்டப்்ாழ� இயக்கம்
Freezing - உழ்ற�ல்
Rotatory Motion - சுைறசி இயக்கம்
Terminal bud - நுனி தமாட்டு
Oscillatory Motion - அழலவு இயக்கம்
Auxiliary buds - தகா்ண தமாட்டு
Zigzag (I rregular)
Nodes - இழலக் கணு
Motion - ஒழுஙகற்ற இயக்கம்
Tendril - தகாடிகளின�ளிரிழை,
Average Speed - சராசரி தவகம் ்றறுக்கம்பி
Periodic Motion - கால ஒழுஙகு இயக்கம் Twiners - �ழுவுதகாடி
Non-Periodic Motion - கால ஒழுஙகற்ற Thorns - முள
இயக்கம்
Adaptation - �கவழமப்பு
Uniform Motion - சீரான இயக்கம்
Bio diversity - ்ல்லுயிரழம
Non-Uniform Motion - சீரற்ற இயக்கம்
Eco system - சூழியல் மணடலம்
Artificial Intelligence - தசயறழக
Migration - இடப்த்யரவு
நுண்ணறிவு
Abiotic community - உயிருளள சமூகம்
Nano robotics - நாதனாஎந்திரனியல்
Biotic community - உயிழரச்
Diffusion - விரவு�ல், ்ரவு�ல்
சாரந்�சமூகம்
Liquefaction - நீரம்மாக்கல்
Malnutrition - ஊட்டச்சத்து குழ்றவு
Compressible - அழுத்�ப்்டக்கூடிய
Deficiency diseases - குழ்றப்்ாட்டு
Unadulterated - கலப்்டம் அற்ற தநாயகள
Components - ்குதிப்த்ாருட்கள Hygiene - சுகா�ாரம்
Proportion - விகி�ம் Personal Hygiene - �ன சுத்�ம்
Extraction - பிரித்த�டுத்�ல்

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 SCIENCE – Class VI
List of Authors and Reviewers
Advisory Committee Authors
Dr. T.V. Venkateswaran M.N. Thanuja
Scientist, DST, Vigyanaprasar, New Delhi. BT Asst. GHSS, Devarsholai, The Nilgiris.
Reviewers R. Raman
BT Asst, GHS, vaiyavoor, Kanchipuram.
P .N. Sundari
Prinicipal, Kola Saraswathy Vaishnav Sr. Sec. School, D. Perumal Raj
Kilpauk, Chennai. BT .Asst, PUMS, Manickamangalam, Thiruvarur.
N. Kaveri Padmanabhan G. Vasantha Mary
Principal, VanavaniMHSS, IIT Campus, Chennai. BT Asst, AVRMV, GGHSS, Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli.
Dr. N. Radhakrishnan K.A. Sharmila
Professor , Centre for advanced studies in Botany, BT Asst, Lady Sivaswami Ayyar, GHSS, Mylapore, Chennai-4.
University of Madras, Chennai.
N. Balusamy
Dr. S. Dinakar HM (Retd), Corporation Hr. Sec. School, Peelamedu, Coimbatore.
Associate Professor, Madura College of Arts and Science
College, Madurai. M. Ananthkumar
PGT, GHSS,Agaram, Krishnagiri.
Domain Experts
M. Ananthan
Dr.Vanitha Danial
BT Asst, GHS, Servaikaranpatti, Dindigul.
Deputy Director SCERT, Chennai.
P. Kalaiselvan
D.Prabakaran
Thiruvalluvar HSS, Gudiyatam, Vellore.
Assistant Professor, SCERT, Chennai.
Dr. Vidhyageetha
S.Rajesh
Lecturer - DIET, Aduthurai, Thanjavur.
B.T. Asst. GHSS, Vanganoor, Thiruvallur.
DR.A. Selvaraj
Content Readers HM, CSI Andrew’s HSS, Manaparai, Trichy.
N. Thamaraikannan
PGT Physics, Jaigopal Garodia National Hr.Sec.School, Dr.N. Sathyamoorthy
Tambaram, Chennai. AHM, PGT, ERHSS, Trichy.

Dr. S. Ravi Kasi Venkataraman N. Tamilarasi

PGT Physics, Govt.Hr.Sec. School, Semmancherry, Chennai. PGT (Retd), St. Joseph GHSS, VadugarpetLalgudi, Trichy.

T. Subbiah S. Arasu
PGT Physics, Govt. (Girls) Hr.Sec.School, PGT-Chemistry, ST. Patrick Anglo Indian HSS, Chennai.
Acharapakkam, Kanchipuram. R. Ramyadevi
K. Ramesh BT Asst, GHSS, Medavakkam, Kanchipuram.
B.T Asst. (Science), Govt.High School, Esur, Kanchipuram. N. Manikandan
BT Asst, GHS, Rasingapuram, Theni.
Mrs. Helen Edward
Lecturer, DIET, Kumulur, Trichy.
S. Mohan Babu
BT Asst, GHSS, Veerapandi, Salem.

Art and Design Team Domain Experts (ICT)

Chief Co-ordinator Dr. R. Asir Julius
and Creative Head Assistant Professor, SCERT, Chennai.
SrinivasanNatarajan G. Dhavamani Maheshwari
Senior Lecturer, DIET, Tiruvallur.
Illustration
Gopu Rasuvel, Dharma, Madhavan, ICT Coordinator
Prabha and Gowtham P.Ruby Packiam
V. Srinivasan B.T.Asst.PUMS, K.K.Nagar, Tiruttani.
Artist, Valasaravakkam,Chennai.
Art Teachers, Government of Tamil Nadu.
Students, Government College of Fine Arts,
Chennai & Kumbakonam.
In House QC
QC - Karthik Kalaiarasu
- Ragu
Co-ordination
Ramesh Munisamy
Typing
M. Sathya

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