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The 1994 ENV-Eurocode 8 led to the:
2004 EN-Eurocode 8 Part 1
• For new concrete, steel, composite (steel-concrete), timber, or masonry buildings. • Force-based: ULS dimensioning of members for internal forces from linear analysis for 5%-damped elastic spectrum of “design earthquake” (10% / 50yrs), reduced by “q-factor”. • 3 Ductility Classes for buildings: prescribed “q-factors” with associated (prescriptive) member detailing rules for ductility. • In the upper two Ductility Classes: “Capacity design” across the board (of the foundation too). • Interstory drifts under 50% of design earthquake (still via “equal displacement rule”, but with 50% of uncracked section stiffness): • < 0.5% for brittle partitions, • < 0.75% for non-brittle ones, • < 1% for a bare structural system. Performance-based seismic design of new buildings per 2004 EN-Eurocode 8 Two-(and-a-half)tier design: – ULS design of the structure (for ductility) for Life Safety; for ordinary buildings, under a rare (475 years) earthquake. – SLS verification of partitions for Damage Limitation under a frequent (~100 years) earthquake. – (implicit Collapse Prevention under a very strong/rare, but unspecified, earthquake by enforcing Capacity Design across the board).
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains