DATABASE SYSTEMS

Dr. Noha Nagy

Lecture 7
 SQL
2

 DDL
 Create

 Alter

 Drop

 DML
 Insert

 Update

 Delete
Single Table
 Select
Multiple Tables
 DCL
 Compound Comparison Search Conditions
3

Customer Fname Lname ID City

Ahmed Fahmy 111 London
Ali Zidan 112 Paris
Mark Antony 113 London
Amr Moussa 114 Madrid

 List all Customer Details for customers who live in London

or Paris
Fname Lname ID City

SELECT * Ahmed
Ali
Fahmy
Zidan
111
112
London
Paris
FROM Customer Mark Antony 113 London

WHERE City = ‘London’ OR City = ‘Paris’

 Range Search Conditions
5

Product(PID, Product_name, Standard_Price)

 Select all Products with Standard Price between $100 and
$300
SELECT Product_name
From Product
Where Standard_Price Between 100 and 300
OR
SELECT Product_name
From Product
Where Standard_Price >= 100 and Standard_Price < = 300
Using specific values for an attribute
6

Customer (CID, Customer_Name,City,State)

 List all Customer names, cities, and States for all customers
who lives in the following states (Fl, Tx, Ca, Hi)
 Sort the results first by STATE, and within a state by
CUSTOMER_NAME

SELECT Customer_Name, City, State

FROM Customer
WHERE State In (‘Fl’, ‘Tx’, ‘Ca’, ‘Hi’)
ORDER BY State, Customer_Name
Note: the IN operator in this example allows you to include rows whose STATE
value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It is more efficient than separate OR conditions
 SQL SYNTAX
7

SELECT <Column list>

FROM <table names>
[WHERE <Condition>]
[GROUP BY <Column list>]
[HAVING <Condition>]
[ORDER BY <Column list>]
 Results by Categories
8

 Return all Order IDs and count of products in each order line.
orders OrderID ProductID Quantity
100 1 10
SELECT OrderID, Count(ProductID) as X 100 2 17

FROM Orders 102 2 2

100 5 9
GROUP BY OrderID 103 3 3
103 4 4
103 5 5
103 6 6

Order ID X

100 3
102 1
103 4
 Qualifying Results by Categories Using the HAVING Clause
9

 Return all Order IDs that include more than 3 products in their
OrderLines and their count. orders
OrderID ProductID Quantity
100 1 10
100 2 17
SELECT OrderID, Count(ProductID) 102 2 2

FROM Orders 100 5 9

103 3 3
GROUP BY OrderID 103 4 4

HAVING Count(productID) > 3; 103 5 5

103 6 6

Like a WHERE clause, but it operates on groups (categories), not on

individual rows. Here, only those groups with total numbers greater
than 3 will be included in final result. HAVING is considered a
SECOND WHERE.
 Qualifying Results by Categories Using the HAVING Clause
9

 Return all Order IDs that include more than 3 products in their
OrderLines. orders
OrderID ProductID Quantity
100 1 10
SELECT OrderID, Count(ProductID) as X 100 2 17
102 2 2
FROM Orders 100 5 9
GROUP BY OrderID 103 3 3
103 4 4
HAVING X > 3; 103 5 5
103 6 6

Order ID X

103 4
 Exercise
11

 Write a query to return number of students

(No_of_Students) whose names ends with “Smith” and
their age is Greater than 20.
 Exercise
12

 Write a query to return number of students

(No_of_Students) whose names ends with “Smith” and
their age is Greater than 20.

SELECT Count(*) as No_of_Students

FROM Student
WHERE Student_name Like ‘%Smith’ AND Age > 20
 Notes
13

 You can use group by with where in the same query

 You can group by more than one attribute separated by ,
 The group by list of columns must be listed in the select
statement.
 You should alias aggregate functions, so the column names
are meaningful
14

DML
Multiple Tables
 Schema
15

Customer
Customer_ID Customer_Name City State Postal_Code

Product
Product_ID Product_Name Product_Description Product_Finish Standard_Price

Order
Order_ID Order_Date Customer_ID

Order_Line
Order_ID Product_ID Ordered_Quantity
 SELECT from Multiple Tables
16

Student Grade Course

ID First Last ID Code Mark Code Title

S103 John Smith S103 DBS 72 DBS Database Systems
S103 John Smith S103 IAI 58 IAI Intro to AI
S104 Mary Jones S104 PR1 68 PR1 Programming 1
S104 Mary Jones S104 IAI 65 IAI Intro to AI
S106 Mark Jones S106 PR2 43 PR2 Programming 2
S107 John Brown S107 PR1 76 PR1 Programming 1
S107 John Brown S107 PR2 60 PR2 Programming 2
S107 John Brown S107 IAI 35 IAI Intro to AI

Student.ID = Grade.ID Course.Code = Grade.Code

 Joins in SQL
17

 Connect two or more tables:

PName Price Category Manufacturer

Product
Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

Company Cname StockPrice Country

What is GizmoWorks 25 USA

the connection Canon 65 Japan
between
them ? Hitachi 15 Japan
 Joins
18

Product (pname, price, category, manufacturer)

Company (cname, stockPrice, country)

Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;

return their names and prices.

SELECT pname, price

FROM Product, Company
WHERE manufacturer=cname AND country=‘Japan’
AND price <= 200
Joins

Product (pname, price, category, manufacturer)

Company (cname, stockPrice, country)

Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;

return their names and prices.
Join
between Product
SELECT pname, price and Company
FROM Product, Company
WHERE manufacturer=cname AND country=‘Japan’
AND price <= 200
Joins

Product (pname, price, category, manufacturer)

Company (cname, stockPrice, country)

Find all products under $200 manufactured in Japan;

return their names and prices.
Join
between Product
SELECT pname, price and Company
FROM Product, Company
WHERE manufacturer=cname AND country=‘Japan’
AND price <= 200
 Joins in SQL
21

Product Company
PName Price Category Manufacturer Cname StockPrice Country
Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks GizmoWorks 25 USA
Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks Canon 65 Japan
SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon Hitachi 15 Japan
MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

SELECT pname, price

FROM Product, Company
WHERE manufacturer=cname AND country=‘Japan’
AND price <= 200

PName Price
SingleTouch $149.99
 Join Types
23

 There are Four types of Joins:

1. Inner Join
2. Left Outer Join
3. Right Outer Join
4. Full Outer Join
5. Cross Join
 To join tables, you use the cross join, inner join, left
join, or right join clause for the corresponding type of
join. The join clause is used in the SELECT statement
appeared after the FROM clause.
Neamat El Tazi
 INNER JOIN
24

 The inner JOIN is used to return rows from both tables

that satisfy the given condition.
 Suppose , you want to get list of members who have
rented movies together with titles of movies rented by
them. You can simply use an INNER JOIN for that,
which returns rows from both tables that satisfy the
given conditions.
 INNER JOIN
26

Student SELECT * FROM

ID Name Student, Enrolment
123 John Where Student.ID=
124 Mary Enrolment.ID
125 Mark
126 Jane ID Name ID Code

Enrolment 123 John 123 DBS

124 Mary 124 PRG
ID Code 124 Mary 124 DBS
123 DBS 126 Jane 126 PRG
124 PRG
124 DBS
126 PRG
 INNER JOIN
28

Product Purchase
name category prodName store

Gizmo gadget Gizmo Wiz

Camera Photo Camera Ritz

OneClick Photo Camera Wiz

name store
SELECT Product.name, Purchase.store
Gizmo Wiz
FROM Product
INNER JOIN Purchase Camera Ritz

ON Product.name = Purchase.prodName Camera Wiz

Note: another equivalent way to write an

INNER JOIN!
 Some Queries Cont. JOIN
29

SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research' AND
DNUMBER=DNO

Can be written as:

SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS
FROM (EMPLOYEE JOIN DEPARTMENT
ON DNUMBER=DNO)
WHERE DNAME='Research’
 Tuple Variables
30
Get the person names and the address of the company they works fo
Person(pname, address, worksfor)
Company(cname, address) Which
SELECT DISTINCT pname, address address ?
FROM Person, Company
WHERE worksfor = cname
SELECT DISTINCT Person.pname, Company.address
FROM Person, Company
WHERE Person.worksfor = Company.cname
SELECT DISTINCT x.pname, y.address
FROM Person AS x, Company AS y
WHERE x.worksfor = y.cname
 Exercise
32

Compute for each product, the total number of sales in ‘September’.

Get all the products
Product(pid,name, price, categoryid)
Category(Cid,Cname)
Purchase(pid,
SELECT month, store)
Product.name, count(*) as Total_sales
FROM Product, Purchase
WHERE Product.pid = Purchase.pid
and Purchase.month = ‘September’
GROUP BY Product.name

What’s wrong ?
33
Product Purchase
name category prodName store

Gizmo gadget Gizmo Wiz

Camera Photo Camera Ritz

OneClick Photo Camera Wiz

SELECT Product.name, count(*) as total_sales

name C
FROM Product, Purchase
Gizmo 1
WHERE Product.pid = Purchase.pid
and Purchase.month = ‘September’ Camera 2

GROUP BY Product.name
34
Product Purchase
name category prodName store

Gizmo gadget Gizmo Wiz

Camera Photo Camera Ritz

OneClick Photo Camera Wiz

name C

Gizmo 1

Camera 2

OneClick 0
 Solution
35

Compute, for each product, the total number of sales in ‘September’

Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, month, store)

SELECT Product.name, count(*)

FROM Product LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase ON
Product.pid = Purchase.pid
and Purchase.month = ‘September’
GROUP BY Product.name

Now we also get the products who sold in 0 quantity

 Types of Joins
36

Outer joins
 return all matching rows, plus nonmatching rows
from one or both tables
 can be performed on only two tables at a time.

Left Full Right

 Outer Joins
37

 Left outer join:

 Include the left tuple even if there’s no match
 Right outer join:
 Include the right tuple even if there’s no match
 Full outer join:
 Include the both left and right tuples even if there’s no match
 Left Join
38

Table One Table Two

X A X B
1 a 2 x
4 d 3 y
2 b 5 v

select *
from one left join two
on one.x = two.x;

X A X B
1 a .
2 b 2 x
4 d .
s105d07
 Right Join
39
Table Two Table One
X B X A
2 x 1 a
3 y 4 d
5 v 2 b

select *
from two right join one
on one.x = two.x;

X B X A
. 1 a
2 x 2 b
. 4 d
 Full Join
40

Table One Table Two

X A X B
1 a 2 x
4 d 3 y
2 b 5 v

select *
from one full join two
on one.x = two.x;
X A X B
1 a .
2 b 2 x
. 3 y
4 d .
. 5 v
 LEFT OUTER JOIN
41

Product Purchase
name category prodName store

Gizmo gadget Gizmo Wiz

Camera Photo Camera Ritz

OneClick Photo Camera Wiz

name store

SELECT Product.name, Purchase.store Gizmo Wiz

FROM Product Camera Ritz

LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase Camera Wiz
ON Product.name = Purchase.prodName
OneClick NULL
 Right Outer Join
42
List all the employees and any orders they might have placed
Employee Name ID Salary Orders OID CID EID Odate

Nancy 1 1000 10308 1024 1 18/9/2016

Mark 2 1500 10857 1055 2 3/5/2017

Ali 3 2000 10698 1022 1 5/1/2017

OID Name
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.Name Ali
FROM Orders RIGHT JOIN Employees
10308 Nancy
ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID
ORDER BY Orders.OrderID; 10698 Nancy

10857 Mark
 Full Outer Join
43
List all the employees and any orders they might have placed
Employee Name ID Salary Orders OID CID EID Odate

Nancy 1 1000 10308 1024 1 18/9/2016

Mark 2 1500 10857 1055 2 3/5/2017

Ali 3 2000 10698 1022 8 5/1/2017

OID Name
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Employees.Name
FROM Orders Full Outer JOIN Employees 10308 Nancy
ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID 10857 Mark
ORDER BY Orders.OrderID;
10698

Ali
 CROSS JOIN
44

Attributes n+m
Student Cardinality n*m SELECT * FROM
ID Name Student CROSS JOIN
123 John Enrolment
124 Mary
125 Mark ID Name ID Code
126 Jane 123 John 123 DBS
124 Mary 123 DBS
Enrolment 125 Mark 123 DBS
ID Code 126 Jane 123 DBS
123 John 124 PRG
123 DBS 124 Mary 124 PRG
124 PRG 125 Mark 124 PRG
124 DBS 126 Jane 124 PRG
126 PRG 123 John 124 DBS
124 Mary 124 DBS
 Solution
45

Compute, for each product, the total number of sales in ‘September’

Product(name, category)
Purchase(prodName, month, store)

SELECT Product.name, count(*)

FROM Product LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase ON
Product.pid = Purchase.pid
and Purchase.month = ‘September’
GROUP BY Product.name

Now we also get the products who sold in 0 quantity