$554 Journal of Biomechanics 2006, Vol.

39 (Suppl 1) Poster Presentations

validated by means of mechanical tests on physical prototypes produced on is expressed in terms of Xcp, the equivalent reactance at 50 kHz, the subject
purpose. height H, and his weight W.
These methods were applied on a group of 52 children: 12 controls did not
7697 Mo-Tu, no. 47 (P61) practice exercise, 20 jogged intermittently and 20 jogged regularly for three
The study of a new designed table tennis racket for training strike months. Changes in all the physiologic parameters listed above during this
accuracy period as well as improvement in running speed for the three groups were
compared and will be reported.
C.-'~ Peng, J.-L. Chen, T.-'~ Shiang. Taipei Physical Education College,
With further development, this FFI prototype, which is easy to use and has
Taipei, Taiwan indefinitely reusable electrodes, can be particularly useful in training and sport
The major movement of table tennis is striking the ball on racket to create high centers.
rebound speed. Sweet spot striking can create high rebound speed and easier
References
control the ball as well as increase spin of the ball. But beginners can not know [1] Jaffrin MY, Kieffer R., Moreno M-V. Nutrition 2005; 21: 815424.
where on the racket they strike the ball even they can play the game well. In [2] Fenech M, Jaffrin MY, Dabaja Z. Arch. Phys. Biochem. 2003; 111 : 20.
order to train the beginners to strike the ball in sweet spot and distinguish
the impact accuracy, a new table tennis racket was designed using a common
blade with two parts on the racket face. The sweet spot area remained normal 5216 Mo-Tu, no. 50 (P61)
material and surrounding area used cushioning material to absorb the impact How long do insoles last: a simulation study?
energy to reduce the rebound speed. The character of the new racket design C. Birudavolu, G. Arnold, T. Drew, R. Abboud. Institute of Motion Analysis &
was when the ball strikes on the sweet spot, the ball can across the net. When Research (IMAR), University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
the ball doesn't strike on the sweet spot, the ball can't across the net. A subject Shock absorbing insoles have proved to be effective in the treatment of various
was asked to strike 90 balls for both forehand and backhand using this new foot pathologies. Many studies in the past have evaluated the efficacy of insoles
racket. Results showed that the successful rate of sweet spot striking could with considerable discrepancy in their outcomes with most conducted using
reach almost 95%, the successful rate of non sweet spot striking could only new insoles. Very few studies looked at the long-term performance of insoles
reach 4%. Especially when using backhand strike in the non sweet spot, the after prolonged usage.
successful rate could reach only 2%. As a conclusion that the new design This study aimed to assess the mechanical properties of commonly used insole
training racket can effectively provide the feedback message for users. And materials under normal simulated use. The objectives were to investigate the
the rackets can be used for training beginner or test the strike accuracy of rigidity/compliancy and shock absorbency of each material over a period of
player. 50,000 cycles of repeated compressions using a Universal Testing Machine.
Six insole materials [Astroshock, Plastazote, Poron, Professional Protec-
4741 Mo-Tu, no. 48 (P61) tive Technology, Evazote, Noene] were tested. The force/strain curves were
The new design of movable target dummy device for taekwondo recorded at various cycles up to 50,000 cycles of compression. This approx-
C.-J. Lee 1, W.-H. Ho 2, A.-B. Chen 3. 1Institute of Sports Equipment imately equates to 12 hours of continuous walking or 12 weeks of walking in
Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan, 2Institute a normal person. The compliance of the material was assessed by measuring
the gradient of the curve. By measuring the area underneath the force/strain
of Sports Technique, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan,
3Department of Technique Sports Science, Taipei Physical Education College, curve, the amount of shock absorbed by the insole material was calculated.
Astroshock was shown to be the best shock absorbing insole and Evazote
Taipei, Taiwan.
the least. Poron was the least rigid material. Plastazote and Evazote were the
The traditional Tae Kwon Do practicing device appears in the form of a fixed most rigid materials up to 10,000 cycles; Noene was the most rigid material
target dummy or a punching bag. However, both forms can not accurately at the end of 50,000 cycles (excluding Plastazote and Evazote).
react to active attacks or continuous passive attacks from a real opponent All the materials tested showed deterioration of shock absorbency and com-
in a match. Accordingly, the research intends to develop a movable target pliancy with repeated compressions, with marked variations in between. Ac-
dummy with motor-driven steel wires to simulate the forward or backward celerated degradation of properties was found in the first 5000 cycles of
movement of an adversary. This fighting art device is adjustable in height to compression, with more gradual deterioration thereafter. The compliance of
suit the different heights of athletes, and is equipped with force sensors that the insoles was not uniform throughout the loading cycle. Insoles were more
will collect team members' kicking force. This research divided 8 A-grade male compliant in the early phase of the loading cycle and more rigid in the
Tae Kwon Do members into 2 groups - superior and general - for kick testing latter part. Astroshock was found to be the most promising shock absorbing
of the reciprocating action performances. At a speed of 2 m/s, while the other insole, even after 50,000 cycles of compression. Evazote was the least shock
group kicked 7.2±0.69 and 5.47±2.29 number times. These testing results absorbing material amongst all tested. Poron was the least rigid material.
successfully meet our purpose in providing immediate feedback to coaches
about athletes' performance. The research aims to develop a movable Tae 4767 Mo-Tu, no. 51 (P61)
Kwon Do target dummy that can replicate the fighting mode in contest, and The evaluation of the impact-absorption properties of rubber tiles for
to upgrade the present contest training machine in order to provide Tae Kwon the playground
Do players with effective training and evaluating equipment.
L.-T. Changa, T.-J. Huangb. 1Department of Childhood Education and
Nursery, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan,
4838 Mo-Tu, no. 49 (P61) 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University,
Development of a foot-to-foot impedancemeter for measuring body Tainan, Taiwan
composition during exercise
Rubber tiles are popular in playgrounds as protective surfacing to reduce
M.-V. Moreno 1, H. Mehalebi 1, G. Baquet 2, D. Thevenet 3, EX. Gamelin 2,
the incidence of head injuries caused by children falling from equipment.
S. Berthoin 2, M.'~ Jaffrin 1. 1Dept of BioL Engineering, UMR-CNRS 6600,
However, Taiwan has not yet established a test code for assessment of the
Tech. University of Compiegne, France, 2Laboratory of human motricity (EA
shock-absorption properties of such surfacing. For this study, an experimental
n°3608), Dept. of sport science, University of Lille 2, France, 3Laboratory
model was established to evaluate the behavior of various rubber tiles. A
of Motricity, Interactions, Performance (JE n°2438), UFR STAPS of Nantes,
hemispherical headform was dropped from a set height to strike the center
France
of the specimen tile. The peak acceleration and Head Injury Criterion (HIC)
Foot-to-foot impedancemeters (FFI) are cheaper, simpler and quicker to use were measured to assess the impact absorption of and critical height for a
than medical type impedancemeters. The purpose of this work was to increase given rubber tile. The results show that utilization of the HIC index provides
the functions of a prototype FFI derived from a commercially available FFI a more conservative assessment of the shock absorption and, ultimately,
(Tefal Bodymaster Vision,Rumilly, France)with performing electronics, in order protection from head injuries than peak acceleration. The maximum critical
to obtain extracellular (ECW), total body water (TBW) volumes, body cell mass heights of the rubber tiles used in this study for tile thicknesses of 45, 60
(BCM) and muscle mass in addition to weight and fat-free mass. A modification and 80 mm were 1.6, 2.0 and 2.2 m, respectively. Two-part rubber tiles with
of the FFI permitted also to use it with hand and feet reusable electrodes. a base structure consisting of a box-like core offer superior protection from
ECW and TBW measurements with the FFI were achieved by comparison with head injuries relative to analogous cylindrical, square pillar and solid structures.
measurements made using a multifrequency medical impedancemeter Hydra The maximum differences in peak-acceleration and HIC values comparing the
4200 (Xitron Tech, San Diego) and Dual X ray absorptiometry and appropriate box-like core and solid structures at a thickness of 45 mm were 21% and 44%,
modifications of the bioimpedance spectroscopic (BIS) method (1, 2). respectively. The results of this study suggest a minimum of rubber thickness of
For BCM and muscle mass, we used Kotler's and Wang's methods re- 60 mm, based on probable maximum fall heights of more than 1.6 m. Moreover,
spectively to relate them to the total body potassium concentration TBK as incorporation of an appropriate cushioning structure in the base of the rubber
BCM =0.0083TBK, Muscle mass = 0 . 0 0 9 3 T B K + 0 . 0 2 4 A g e - 3 . 2 1 , where TBK tile could further improve protection.