Wireless Sensor Networks (CS 6115)

Lect #4
Spring 2023- 24

Prof. Suchismita Chinara

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
E-mail: [email protected]

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 Example: Hidden Terminal
Problem
• There are three stations labelled STA, STB,
and STC, where STA and STC are transmitting
while STB is receiving. The stations are in a
configuration such that the two transmitters
STA and STC are not in the radio range of
each other.

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 Example: Exposed terminal problem
• STB and STC are transmitters while STA and STD are receivers at
some slot of time. The stations are in a configuration such that
the two receivers STA and STD are out of radio range of each
other, but the two transmitters STB and STC are in radio range
of each other.

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Solution for Hidden Terminal &
Exposed Terminal (CSMA /CA)

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Solution for Hidden Terminal &
Exposed Terminal

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 NETWORK ARCHITECTURES FOR WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS

• Sensor Node Structure

• Network Architectures
– Flat Architecture.
– Hierarchical Architecture.

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 Sensor Node Structure

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 Network Architectures

Flat Architecture Hierarchical Architecture

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Single hop clustering
 Flat Architecture
• In a flat network, each node plays the same role in
performing a sensing task and all sensor nodes are
peers.
• It is not feasible to assign a global identifier to each
node in a sensor network when the size is large.
• Data gathering is usually accomplished by using
data - centric routing, where the sink transmits a
query to all nodes in the sensing region via flooding
and only the sensor nodes that have the data
matching the query will respond to the sink.
• Each sensor node communicates with the sink via a
multihop path and uses its peer nodes as relays.
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 Hierarchical Architecture
• In this, sensor nodes are organized into clusters,
where the cluster members send their data to the
cluster heads while the cluster heads serve as
relays for transmitting the data to the sink.
• A node with lower energy can be used to perform
the sensing task and send the sensed data to its
cluster head at short distance, while a node with
higher energy can be selected as a cluster head to
process the data from its cluster members and
transmit the data to the sink.
• This process can reduce the energy consumption,
and balance traffic load and improve scalability
when the network size grows.
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 Hierarchical Architecture
• Data aggregation can be performed at cluster
heads to reduce the amount of data transmitted
to the sink and improve the energy efficiency of
the network.
• The major problem with clustering is how to
select the cluster heads and how to organize the
clusters.
• According to the distance between the cluster
members and their cluster heads, a sensor
network can be organized into a single - hop
clustering architecture or a multihop clustering
architecture.

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 Multi Hop clustering architecture

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 Multitier clustering architectures.

According to the number of

tiers in the clustering
hierarchy, a sensor network
can be organized into a single -
tier clustering architecture or a
multitier clustering
architecture.

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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS
• Static and Mobile Network
• Deterministic and Nondeterministic Network
• Static - Sink and Mobile - Sink Network
• Single - Sink and Multi Sink Network
• Single - Hop and Multihop Network
• Self - Reconfigurable and Non - Self -
Configurable Network

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 Static and Mobile Network
• In a static sensor network, all sensor nodes are
static without movement, which is the case for
many applications.
• However, some sensor applications require
mobile nodes to accomplish a sensing task. A
wireless biosensor network is a typical example
of mobile sensor networks .
• Compared with static sensor networks, which is
simpler to control and easier to implement, the
design of mobile sensor networks must consider
the mobility effect, which increases the
complexity of implementation.

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 Deterministic and Nondeterministic
Network.
• According to the deployment of sensor nodes, a
sensor network can be deterministic or
nondeterministic.
• In a deterministic sensor network, the positions of
sensor nodes are preplanned and are fixed once
deployed.
• This type of network can only be used in some limited
situations, where the pre planned deployment is
possible.
• In most situations, however, it is difficult to deploy
sensor nodes in a preplanned manner because of the
harsh or hostile environments.
• Instead, sensor nodes are randomly deployed without
preplanning and engineering.
• Nondeterministic networks are more scalable and
flexible, but require Wireless
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 Static - Sink and Mobile - Sink
Network.
• A data sink in a sensor network can be static or
mobile.
• In a static - sink network, the sink(s) is static with a
fixed position located close to or inside a sensing
region.
• All sensor nodes send their sensed data to the sink(s).
• The amount of traffic that sensor nodes are required
to forward increases dramatically as the distance to
the data sink becomes smaller.
• As a result, sensor nodes closest to the data sink tend
to die early.
• In a mobile - sink network, the sink(s) moves around
in the sensing region to collect data from sensor
nodes, which can balance the traffic load of sensor
nodes and alleviate the hotspot effect in the network.
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 Single - Sink and Multi Sink Network
• A sensor network can have a single sink or
multiple sinks.
• In a single - sink network, there is only one sink
located close to or inside the sensing region.
• All sensor nodes send their sensed data to this
sink.
• In a multi sink network, there may be several
sinks located in different positions close to or
inside the sensing region.
• Sensor nodes can send their data to the closest
sink, which can effectively balance the traffic
load of sensor nodes and alleviate the hotspot
effect in the network.
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 Single - Hop and Multihop Network
• According to the number of hops between a sensor node and the
data sink, a sensor network can be classified into single - hop or
multihop.
• In a single - hop network, all sensor nodes transmit their sensed
data directly to the sink, which makes network control simpler to
implement.
• However, this requires long - range wireless communication,
which is costly in terms of both energy consumption and
hardware implementation.
• In a multihop network, sensor nodes transmit their sensed data to
the sink using short - range wireless communication via one or
more intermediate nodes.
• Each intermediate node must perform routing and forward the
data along a multihop path.
• Moreover, data aggregation can be performed at an intermediate
node to eliminate data redundancy, which can reduce the total
amount of traffic in the network and thus improve the energy
efficiency of the network.
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• Multihop networks have a wider range of applications at the cost
 Self - Reconfigurable and Non - Self -
Configurable Network
• According to the configurability of sensor nodes, a
sensor network can be self - configurable or non - self -
configurable.
• In a non - self - configurable network, sensor nodes
have no ability to organize themselves into a network.
• Instead, they have to rely on a central controller to
control each sensor node and collect information from
them.
• Therefore, this type of networks is only suitable for
small - scale networks.
• In most sensor networks, however, sensor nodes are
able to autonomously organize and maintain their
connectivity by themselves and collaboratively
accomplish a sensing task.
• A network with such self - configurability is suitable for
large - scale networks to perform complicated sensing
tasks.
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 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Network
• According to whether sensor nodes have the same
capabilities, a sensor network can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous .
• In a homogeneous network, all sensor nodes have the same
capabilities in terms of energy, computation, and storage.
• In contrast, a heterogeneous network has some
sophisticated sensor nodes that are equipped with more
processing and communicating capabilities than normal
sensor nodes.
• In this case, the network can assign more processing and
communication tasks to those sophisticated nodes in order
to improve its energy efficiency and thus prolong the
lifetime.
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