HUMAN FOUNTAINS –

3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES

BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
/

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
CONTENTS

CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE #
GENERAL OVERVIEW 4
RECOMMENDED BOOKS 5
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS 6
1. TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 6
2. GENERAL GUIDELINES 6
3. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 8
4. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 9
5. AUTOCOIDS & NSAIDS 11
6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 11
7. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 12
8. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, DIURETICS & BLOOD 13
9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 15
10. CHEMOTHERAPY 16
11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 18
GENERAL PATHOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY 21
1. TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 21
2. GENERAL GUIDELINES 21
3. CELL INJURY 22
4. HEMODYNAMICS 24
5. GENETICS 25
6. INFLAMMATION 26
7. REPAIR 27
8. NEOPLASIA 28
9. IMMUNOLOGY 30
10. GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY 32
11. SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY 33
12. VIROLOGY 36
13. MYCOLOGY 37
14. PARASITOLOGY 39
FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 41
1. TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 41
2. GENERAL GUIDELINES 42
3. LAW, LEGAL PROCEDURES & FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY 43
4. AUTOPSY & EXHUMATION 45
5. THANATOLOGY 46
6. FORENSIC SEXOLOGY 48
7. PERSONAL IDENTITY 49
8. TRAUMATOLOGY 51
9. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY 53
10. SPECIAL TOXICOLOGY 54
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 57
1. TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 57
2. GENERAL GUIDELINES 57
3. SECTION A 58
4. SECTION B 59
5. SECTION C 59
6. SECTION D 60
7. SECTION E 61

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
GENERAL OVERVIEW

GENERAL OVERVIEW
3RD YEAR FINALLY! Congratulations 40% doctors!  Haha!! But, believe me,
you guys will realize now in true meanings that what actually doing MBBS is...
Don’t worry! Calm down. It’s just a game of better and guided approach towards
your goals and THATS ALL!

So, now you guys have completed BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES and are
entering into CLINICAL FIELD. It’s really a new era. Here you will come to know
about the medicine which your dear one is taking for diabetes or hypertension. G g
Dactar sb! From here onwards, you don’t need to GOOGLE the medicines while
explaining it to your neighbors. Here you will easily relate the physiology with
diseases. Yes, it’s Pathology!  And then with medicines. Pharmacology!

Basically, there are four subjects in 3rd Year. Two of them are majors
including PHARMACOLOGY & PATHOLOGY. Other two are minors i.e.
FORENSIC MEDICINE & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. Throughout the year, your
main focus will be on Pharma and Patho. For remaining two, believe me, just a
month is more than enough. I will try my best to make the things easy for you.
Keep this file with you while studying (best is to get a printed copy of this file).
From now onwards, you have to follow the guidelines for covering the syllabus as
you cannot do all the things at once and if you can, and then it will not be easy to
revise such BIG and GIANT syllabus at the end of the year.

Believe me in 3rd year, you have to cram almost the entire syllabus. But
there is no need to worry for the syllabus; and even not to do so if you are a bad
crammer. As someone said;

“PRACTICE MAKES A MAN PERFECT”

But guys, we don’t need perfection. We need to be good doctor. And the main
thing which differentiates between a good doctor and only doctor is just your
knowledge and its application while treating your patients. Don’t panic. Take

interest in the things and they will then become ‫ولحہ‬ for you. So let me tell you the
difficulty level (including syllabus) of subjects in descending order. It will be as
follow:

1. PHARMACOLOGY (literally it’ll make you cry  but believe me “‫)”وہاجےئاگ‬

2. GENERAL PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY (it’s easy but just lengthy syllabus)
3. FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY (rough and dry subject)
4. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (‫)رھگاکلیھکےہ‬

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
RECOMMENDED BOOKS

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
 PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

1. Katzung & Trevor’s Pharmacology, Examination & Board Review, 12th Ed.
(MINI KAZUNG)
2. Kaplan USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes: Pharmacology
3. Pharmacology Supplements by Ali Raza Chaudary

 GENERAL PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

1. Robbins Basic Pathology by Kumar, Abbas and Aster, 10th Ed. (MEDIUM
ROBBINS)
2. Medical Microbiology and Immunology by Levinson and Jawetz, 15th Ed., Mc
Graw-Hill
3. General Pathology & Microbiology Supplements by Ali Raza Chaudary

 FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY

1. G. Principles and Practice of Forensic Medicine, 2nd Ed., by Prof. Nasib R.

Awan.
2. Terse Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
3. Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Supplements by Ali Raza Chaudary

 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

1. A Handbook of Behavioral Sciences for Medical and Dental Students by

Mowadat H. Rana, Sohail Ali and Mansoor Mustafa, 2006, UHS, Lahore.

NOTE
Buy the MATT version of Books instead of buying Original Books. Do not
buy short books, they will only waste your time and will not cover the
entire syllabus

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

1. UHS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
THEORY
S. MCQS SEQS
Topic
No. (65 x 1) (10 x 7)
1 General Pharmacology 5 1
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous
2 5+1 1
System/ Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
3 Drugs acting on Central Nervous System 6 1
Autocoids/ NSAIDs/ Antigout Drugs/
4 6 1
Antirheumatoid Drugs
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System
5 Diuretics 10 1.5
Drugs acting on Blood
6 Drugs acting on Gastrointestinal Tract 3 0.5
7 Drugs acting on Respiratory System 2 0.5
Antimicrobial Drugs & Antibiotics of
8 10 1
General Use
Antimycobacterial drugs/ Antiprotozoal
9 6 1
Drugs/ Antihelmintics
Anti-Neoplastic/ Antiviral drugs/ Antifungal
10 5 0.5
Drugs/ Dermatological Drugs
11 Drugs Acting on Endocrine system 6 1
12 Internal Assessment (15 Marks)

PRACTICAL
S. No. Topic Marks
OSPE
1 72
(12 stations with 6 marks each and 5 minutes per station)
Observed Practical
2 20
4 stations of 5 marks each and 5 minutes per station)
Structured Viva Voice (Related to Curriculum) 40
3 External 20
Internal 20
4 Annual Work Book 3
5 Internal Assessment 15

2. GENERAL GUIDELINES
‫ وکاسھتاسھتںیہنڑپںیھےگوتآپوکاسل‬Pharma ‫ وکوپرےاسلبسےسزایدہوتقدراکرےہ۔نکیلارگآپ‬Patho ‫ اور‬Pharma
‫ وک ایدرکںی ےگاوروہ آوکپبت کتوھبںیل یگبج کت آپ‬Drugs ‫ےک آرخںیماکیف رپاشیینوہیگ۔۔ہیںیم آوکپ ےلہپیہاتبراہوہں ہکآپ ابرابر‬
‫ اک رپیپ ںیہن دے آت ۔ وت دپآ ںی آپ با ار رپاشیہ ںیہن وہ اجآ ۔ آپ ےےہ ھب ے ڑپ ڑپی ںیلہ ہی اید رپآ ں آوکپ آرخ ںیم روت وت انآ یہ‬Prof
‫ڑپےاگ۔اساتکریکاتیمہےکےیلاکییہہلمجانہکاکیفوہاگ؛‬
"‫ اکآ اتپوہ؟‬Drugs ‫"ایکوکیئڈارٹکااسیوہاتکسےہےسج‬

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
It’s totally up to you, whether you want to make this subject interesting for you or a
burden. If you ask me regarding this subject, I will say, “It’s the most interesting subject I
have ever found in MBBS yet.” Prof exam will be of 300 marks in total i.e. 150 marks of
written paper and 150 marks for OSPE/Viva.
METHODS OF STUDYING PHARMACOLOGY:
I am not a lecture person. So, at very first place, I am going to tell you my strategy
towards doing pharmacology. By doing so, believe me; it only took 1.5 days before prof
paper to revise the whole syllabus. While doing any topic, you must know the TOS for that
topic along with the important questions which are mostly repeated in prof exams.
I completed my syllabus in following pattern, as it will easily relate the drugs you have
studied in previous chapters and take less time:
1. ANS Pharmacology
2. Respiratory System Pharmacology
3. Gastrointestinal System Pharmacology
4. NSAIDs Pharmacology
5. Diuretics
6. Cardiovascular System Pharmacology
7. Blood Pharmacology
8. General Pharmacology
9. Chemotherapeutics
10. Endocrine Pharmacology
11. Central Nervous System Pharmacology
I am not a lecture person, so I used to make my concepts from the course books only.
a. At very first place, I have a general look over TABLE OF SPECIFICATION for
specific unit.
b. Then, I make the CLASSIFICATION CHART of the drug only using Mini Katzung.
(which you can find in my notes, I have shared below)
c. Then, I READ the chapter from MINI KATZUNG.
d. While reading the chapter, I add all important details in the SUMMARY TABLE at
the end of the chapter.
e. Then, I make my own MNEMONICS where necessary.
f. After that, I have a general look over the TOPICAL PAST PAPERS OF UHS from
that chapter.
g. Then, I made all the NECESSARY NOTES from past papers under the same
summary table (using Google or Kaplan Pharmacology Book) at the end of the
chapter to keep all the important things to revise, at one place.
h. At the end, I EVALUATE myself by solving the 10 MCQs present at the end of each
chapter in Mini Katzung.
By doing so, it took me hardly 2 to 3 hours for doing one chapter of Mini Katzung. So, let
me tell you, I have covered my Pharma’s first read in 60 days. That means, 1 day per
chapter. 2-3 hours per day is not a big deal. You can easily do that.
It’s up to you to take lectures. If you want to take them, I will suggest you to take KAPLAN
USMLE STEP 1 (LATEST) lectures only. Most of students in my class, took the lecture first
and then they give a read from their course book.
CRAMMING PHARMACOLOGY?
Don’t cram the things without making concepts. While learning any drugs, firstly you
should know its MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA). If you know its MOA, then it will be easy
for you to relate its CLINICAL EFFECTS. Clinical effects, if exaggerated, then they become

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
its ADVERSE/SIDE EFFECTS. So, look, it’s as simple as that. A very few drugs have
peculiar side effects. For them, just take a page and pen them down separately.
If you are cramming the drugs, then end of the day, there will be more than 1000 drugs
and you will not be able to recall the drugs. VERY BAD APPROACH!!!
WHY NOT BIG KATZUNG?
Our HOD said, “Beta! If you are going to do Big Katzung, then you will end up with
whether a distinction or a supply. And there are more chances of supply, if you are unable
to recall the subject at the end of the day.” So, I guess this is enough to sum up the
answer of this question.
WHAT’S MY SUGGESTION?
Follow Mini Katzung as major book. To clear the concepts, use Big Katzung accordingly. Or
you can use Kaplan lectures to… That’s all!!
MY PHARMACOLOGY NOTES (SUPPLEMENTS TO YOUR SYLLABUS)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BA3uROWAm-Kjuh2XmaIQyn8IbDi1RGgC/view?usp=sharing

3. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Mini Katzung/Lippincott/
5 1 12
My Notes

This is the only topic of Pharmacology, which is much scattered and even Kaplan + Mini
combo is not enough for it. What to do now? I will give you three different approaches;
choose the one which suits u better.
1. Mini Katzung Chapter 1-4 (complete) + Lippincott pg 1-12, 25-29, 33-34 = 99%
complete
2. Lippincott 1-2 (complete) = 95% complete
3. From my notes (shared above) = 99% complete Insha’Allah
It is the only chapter in pharmacology, where you will need Lippincott, otherwise in every
unit; Mini + Kaplan combo is perfect. So, instead of buying Lippincott, just get a print of
first two chapters of it.
Here I am sharing reference from my notes. Mark your topics accordingly if your are sing
any other source. Important questions are;
PHARMACOKINETICS
1. Routes of absorption with their examples (FILE pg. 6)
2. Factors affecting drugs absorption (FILE pg. 6)
3. Ionization & related scenarios (FILE pg. 6)
4. Bioavailability (F) & factors affecting it (FILE pg. 8-9)
5. First pass effect & factors affecting it (FILE pg. 8)
a. Examples of drugs showing high first pass effect = Propanolol, Morphine,
Lidocaine, Nitroglycerin, Ethanol (MNEMONIC: ‫ رشاریتیپےہ‬PMLN)
6. Volume of distribution (Vd), its significance & factors affecting it (FILE pg. 10-11)
7. Biotransformation & its phases (FILE pg. 11-12)
8. Enumerate general inducers & general inhibitors of P450 enzyme system (FILE pg.
13)
9. Difference between 1st & 2nd order kinetics (FILE pg. 15)
10. Drug clearance (FILE pg. 15)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
11. Plasma half life (t½) & factors affecting it (FILE pg. 15)
12. Therapeutic window & its significance (FILE pg. 16)
13. Maintenance dose, its formula & time required for steady state (FILE pg. 16)
14. Loading dose, its formula & relation to half life (FILE pg. 16)
PHARMACODYNAMICS
15. Types of receptors with examples (FILE pg. 18)
16. Types of signaling mechanism OR Targets of drug action (FILE pg. 19)
17. Difference between efficacy & potency (FILE pg. 19)
18. Spare receptors (FILE pg. 20)
19. Therapeutic index, its calculation (FILE pg. 20)
20. Types of pharmacodynamics interactions (FILE pg. 20)
21. Types of agonists with examples (FILE pg. 20-21)
22. How partial agonist act as antagonist? (FILE pg. 21)
23. Types of drug antagonism with examples (FILE pg. 21)
24. Difference between three types of tolerance (FILE pg. 22)

4. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
6 1 13 Mini Katzung + My Notes

This is the most conceptual topic of pharmacology. Highly interesting and applied in
various chapters of pharmacology like CVS, Autocoids etc. Kaplan lectures are highly
recommended in this chapter. In other chapters of pharmacology, you can easily prepare
without taking Kaplan lectures but in ANS, most of the students require lectures in order to
bridge their concepts. Frankly speaking, I almost prepared Pharmacology 5 to 6 times in
an year and each time I have to bridge my concepts because this topic is very deep in
terms of concepts. Secondly we most of the students, leave ANS physiology and anatomy
in first two years of MBBS, that’s why it took a way too long in order to prepare such short
chapters even one doing from Mini Katzung.
ANS has 2 portions according to prof.
i. Mini Katzung Chapter 6 to 10 – 5 MCQs
ii. Mini Katzung Chapter 27 – 1 MCQ
Usually SEQ in prof. appears from chapter 6-10 but sometimes from chapter 27 too.
So, starting with guidelines according to Mini Katzung edition 12 – in green colour:
INTRODUCTION pg. 47
This chapter is not important with respect to prof. But it is very important when one is
bridging his/her concepts. So, how to prepare this chapter? Whether you have taken
Kaplan lectures or not, you have to read this chapter once for better understanding. You
must have a deep focus on Fig. 6.1 and 6.2. Then you must have table 6.1 and 6.2 on
your fingertips throughout the year. From table 6.3, you must know the receptors and
actions of ANS on eye, blood vessels and sweat glands. Then solve the 10 MCQs at the
end.
PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS pg. 60
1. Classification (FILE pg. 28)
2. Therapeutic uses (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 67-68)
3. Muscarinic receptor (TABLE 7.2)
4. Toxicity and contraindication of cholinomimetics (pg. 62-63)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
5. Rationale of using muscarinic agonist is used in GIT problems and eye? (TABLE 7.3)
6. Edrophonium test in myasthenia and cholinergic crisis (pg. 64)
7. Why neostigmine is preferred to physostigmine in myasthenia gravis? (FILE pg. 28)
8. Drugs for myasthenia gravis (pg. 67)
9. How malathion differs from parathion? (FILE pg. 28)
10. Drugs for Alzheimer’s diseases (pg. 68)
PARASYMPATHOLYTICS pg. 69
1. Therapeutic classification (FILE pg. 29)
2. Therapeutic uses (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 75)
3. Atropine effects in order of increasing doses (FILE pg. 30)
4. Why atropine cause initial bradycardia? (pg. 70)
5. Features of atropine poisoning and treatment (pg. 71)
6. Why atropine is contraindicated in glaucoma and BPH? (pg. 71)
7. Treatment of organophosphate poisoning (FILE pg. 29)
SYMPATHOMIMETICS pg. 76
8. Classification (FILE pg. 31)
9. Therapeutic uses (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 84)
10. Dose dependent effects of dopamine (pg. 79)
11. Dose dependent effects of epinephrine OR Biphasic effect of epinephrine on blood
vessels (FILE pg. 31)
12. Mechanism of bradycardia by norepinephrine (FILE pg. 31)
13. Rationale of using clonidine in diabetic diarrhea (FILE pg. 32)
14. Cardiovascular actions (pg. 79)
15. Metabolic and hormonal effects (pg. 79)
16. Adverse effects and uses of epinephrine (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 84)
17. Why dopamine is used in shock? (pg. 80)
18. Why dopamine given IV? (FILE pg. 32)
SYMPATHOLYTICS pg. 85
19. Classification (FILE pg. 33)
20. Therapeutic uses (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 92)
21. Mechanism of reflex tachycardia in toxic amounts of non-selective alpha blockers
(pg. 86)
22. Mechanism of epinephrine reversal and orthostatic/postural hypotension (pg. 86)
23. Why prazosin cause less tachycardia than phentolamine? (pg. 86)
24. Why alpha blockers are used in BPH? (pg. 86)
25. Uses, side effects and contraindications of beta blockers (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 92)
26. Drugs used in glaucoma (TABLE 10.2)
SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS pg. 221
27. Classification (FILE pg. 85)
28. Therapeutic uses (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 228)
29. Hofmann elimination (pg. 221)
30. Comparison of depolarizing and non-depolarizing NMJ blockers (TABLE 27.1)
31. Toxicity of NMJ blockers (pg. 223)
32. Autonomic effects of NMJ blockers (TABLE 27.2)
33. MOA of centrally and direct acting spasmolytic drugs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 228)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

5. AUTOCOIDS & NSAIDS

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
7 1 14 Mini Katzung + My Notes

This topic is very much important in the sense that its syllabus is very short but it shares
an equal weightage to other topics like ANS, Endo. You have to do chapter 16, 18 and 36
from Mini Katzung for this portion. The important questions are:
HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN & ERGOT ALKALOID pg. 143
1. Classification of antihistamines (FILE pg. 35)
2. Enlist histamine & serotonin receptors with their signaling mechanism & location
(TABLE 16.1)
3. Difference between 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines (pg. 145)
4. Clinical Uses of antihistamines (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 151)
5. Drugs used in migraine headache (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 151)
PROSTAGLANDINS & EICOSANOID pg. 158
6. Clinical Uses of prostaglandins (pg. 160)
NSAIDS, ANTIRHEUMATOID DRUGS & ANTIGOUT DRUGS pg. 296
In this portion, this is most important chapter. Usually the whole 14 marks paper is from
this chapter. So prepare it thoroughly. Important questions are:
7. MOA of Aspirin & NSAIDS (pg. 287-298)
8. Pharmacological (dose dependent) effects of aspirin (FILE pg. 37)
9. Clinical Uses of aspirin & NSAIDS (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 305)
10. Toxicity of aspirin (pg. 299)
11. Management of aspirin toxicity (FILE pg. 37)
12. Enumerate selective COX2 inhibitors along with their advantages & disadvantages
(pg. 299)
13. MOA, uses & toxicity of acetaminophen (pg. 299)
14. Conditions in which acetaminophen is preferred over aspirin (FILE pg. 38)
15. Differences between Aspirin & other NSAIDS (pg. 298 + FILE pg. 38)
16. Differences between NSAIDS & selective COX2 inhibitors (FILE pg. 38)
17. Differences between acetaminophen & NSAIDS (FILE pg. 38)
18. Enumerate 6 classes of DMARDS with their MOA and major side effects (TABLE
36.2) – you only need to prepare some at this time. Because at the end of the
year, most of these drugs with be on your finger tips in different chapters.
19. Drugs used in acute & chronic gout (FILE pg. 37)
20. MOA, uses & side effects of antigout drugs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 305)
21. Why uricosuric agents and xanthine oxidase inhibitors are not used in acute gout?
(pg. 302)

6. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
2 0.5 5.5 Mini Katzung + My Notes

It’s again a very small topic as compared to giants of Pharmacology. There is only one
chapter in Mini Katzung i.e. Chapter 20. Prepare it well and work smartly. Most of the

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
drugs here you study, are already repeated from ANS, Autocoids or Endocrinology. So it
will be very easy to prepare. Important questions are:
DRUGS USED IN ASTHMA & COPD pg. 169
1. Classification of anti-asthma drugs (FILE pg. 40)
2. Drugs used for acute attack of asthma & prophylaxis along with their route and
MOA (Fig. 20.2 + SUMMARY TABLE pg. 176-177)
a. MOA, uses & adverse effects of B2 agonist
b. MOA, uses & adverse effects of muscarinic antagonists
c. MOA, uses & adverse effects of corticosteroids
d. MOA, uses & adverse effects of theophylline
e. MOA & uses of leukotriene antagonist
f. MOA & uses of mast cell stabilizers
3. Organ system effects of theophyline (pg. 172)
4. Management of asthma (FILE pg. 40)
5. Drugs for COPD (FILE pg. 40)

7. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
3 0.5 6.5 Mini Katzung + My Notes

It’s again a small topic as compared to giants of Pharmacology. There is only one chapter
in Mini Katzung i.e. Chapter 59. Prepare it well and work smartly. So, all the short topics
i.e. NSAIDs, Respiratory System and Gastrointestinal system makes 5 chapters in Mini
Katzung and collectively gives you 26 marks easily if you prepare them well. Some of the
drugs here you study, are also repeated from ANS and Autocoids Important questions are:
DRUGS USED IN GIT DISORDERS pg. 487
1. Enumerate drugs used for GERD/acid peptic disease (FILE pg. 41)
2. MOA, uses & adverse effects of H2 blockers (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 490)
 Why ranitidine is preferred over cimetidine? (ANS: Because it does not
cause P450 inhibition i.e. no drug interaction and it also does not cause
antiandrogenic effects)
3. MOA, uses & adverse effects of PPI (pg. 484 + SUMMARY TABLE pg. 490)
4. What drugs are used for NSAID induced ulcer? (ANS: PPI, H2 blockers, sucralfate)
5. Treatment regimens for H. pylori infection

Therapy Drugs Dose Dosing

 PPI Standard BID
Standard triple
 Amoxicillin OR 1g BID
therapy
Metronidazole 500 mg BID
(For 7-10-14 days)
 Clarithromycin 500 mg BID
FOR 1st 5 days
 PPI Standard BID
Sequential therapy  Amoxicillin 1g BID
(For 10 days) FOR 2nd 5 days
 Metronidazole/Tinidazole 500 mg BID
 Clarithromycin 500 mg BID
 PPI Standard BID
Bismuth quadruple
 Bismuth subcitrate 420 mg QID
therapy
 Metronidazole/Tinidazole 500 mg TID
(For 10-14 days)
 Tetracycline 500 mg QID

6. MOA & uses of metaclopramide & domperidone (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 490)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
7. Difference between metaclopramide & domperidone (pg. 486)
8. Classify laxatives (FILE pg. 41)
 Enumerate stimulants/anthraquinone laxatives with their MOA (ANS:
Increase tone of smooth muscles  Increased peristalsis  Increased
emptying)
9. Contraindications of anti-diarrheal drug which is used over-the-counter i.e.
loperamide (ANS: Bloody diarrhea, high fever, systemic toxicity)
10. Rationale of using opioid agonists for diarrhea (ANS: They stimulate u-receptors in
enteric nervous system which decrease GIT motility & increase tone of sphincters)
11. Enumerate antiemetics with their MOA (FILE pg. 38)
12. Enumerate different formulations of 5-ASA along with their sites of action (Fig.
59.2)

8. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, DIURETICS, BLOOD

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
10 1.5 20.5 Mini Katzung + My Notes

It is the easiest and lengthiest topic at the same time. But once you are done through it
with good concepts, it will be just like a YUMMY CAKE. So, method will be same as I have
shared in ‘General Guidelines’. It is up to you, whether you are taking Kaplan lectures or
not.
This chapter has two portions:
i. Mini Katzung Chapter 11 to 15  CVS & Diuretics
ii. Mini Katzung Chapter 33 to 35  Blood
I am sharing the guidelines from Mini Katzung.
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS pg. 93
1. Classification (FILE pg. 43)
2. Precaution before initiating treatment with ACE? (ANS: Contraindicated in
pregnancy, cough and renal failure)
3. Why losartan is preferred over captopril? (FILE pg. 43)
4. Rationale for using losartan in diabetic nephropathy and heart failure
5. Uses & adverse effects of ACE inhibitors (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 102)
6. MOA, Uses & adverse effects of calcium channel blockers (SUMMARY TABLE pg.
102)
7. Do calcium channel blockers affect skeletal muscles? (FILE pg. 43)
8. Combinations of antihypertensive drugs used in co-morbid diseases (FILE pg. 43)
9. Enumerate drugs used in hypertensive emergency along with their MOA, route of
administration & side effects
 Parenteral vasodilators: Nitroprusside, Diazoxide, Fenoldopam
 Ganglion Blockers
 Loop diuretics
 Beta blockers
10. Drugs used in mild to moderate hypertension along with their MOA & side effects
 ACEIs/ARBs
 CCBs
 Thiazide diuretics
 Alpha & Beta blockers

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
11. Uses & adverse affects of methyl dopa and clonidine (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 101)
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS pg. 103
12. Three group of drugs used in angina along with their MOA (FILE pg. 44)
13. MOA, clinical uses & adverse effects of nitrates (Fig. 12.3)
14. Monday disease (pg. 107)
15. Cyanide poisoning and its treatment (FILE pg. 44)
16. Which group is contraindicated in vasospastic angina & why? (ANS: Beta blockers.
Because they decrease the oxygen delivery i.e. further worsening the angina)
17. Advantage and side effects of beta blocker in angina of effort (pg. 108)
18. How beta blockers and nitrate combination increase effectiveness and decrease
adverse effects in angina of effort? (TABLE 12.1)
HEART FAILURE pg. 112
19. Enumerate drugs used in congestive heart failure (FILE pg. 45)
20. MOA, electrical and chemical effects, uses, toxicity, drug interaction of digoxin (pg.
114-117 + FILE pg. 46)
21. Rationale of using digoxin in atrial fibrillation (pg. 116)
22. Rationale of use of thiazide diuretics in heart failure (pg. 117)
23. Why thiazide diuretics cause lethargy and fatigue? (ANS: By causing electrolyte and
metabolic disturbances)
ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS pg. 121
24. Classification (FILE pg. 48)
25. Effect of hyperkalemia on toxicity of class I drugs and its management (pg. 125)
26. Drug of choice for ventricular tachycardia (ANS: Lidocaine), its MOA, uses and
adverse effects (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 130)
27. Drugs for supraventricular tachycardia (ANS: Beta blockers, CCBs, Adenosine)
28. Uses & adverse effects of class II drugs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 130)
29. Uses & adverse effects of amiodarone (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 131)
DIURETICS pg. 132
30. Classification (FILE pg. 50)
31. MOA, uses & side effects of CA inhibitors (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 141)
32. MOA, uses & side effects of loop diuretics (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 141)
33. MOA, uses & side effects of thiazide diuretics (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 141)
34. MOA, uses & side effects of K-sparing diuretics (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 141)
35. MOA, uses & side effects of osmotic diuretics (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 141)
36. Electrolyte changes produced by diuretics (TABLE 15.1) – add Ca++ and Mg++
changes from text
37. Rationale of using osmotic diuretics in acute glaucoma and space occupying lesions
(pg. 137)
38. Rationale of using furosemide in hypertension and pulmonary edema (pg. 135)
39. Rationale of using thiazide diuretics in hypertension (pg. 136)
40. Which diuretic acts on baso-lateral membranes in renal cells? (ANS: Aldosterone
antagonists)
DRUGS FOR ANEMIA pg. 267
This chapter is not much important. Only do summary table of this chapter.
41. Oral iron preparations (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 274)
42. Deferoxamine and deferasirox (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 275)
43. Folic acid pathway (Fig. 33.2)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
DRUGS USED IN COAGULATION DISORDERS pg. 276
44. Classification (FILE pg. 52) – make a correction i.e. Direct Factor X and Direct
Thrombin Inhibitors are reciprocated.
45. Difference between warfarin & heparin (TABLE 34.1)
46. Difference between LMW/ fractionated & HMW/unfractionated heparin (FILE pg. 52)
47. Drug interactions of warfarin (pg. 279)
48. MOA and complications of thrombolytic drugs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 285)
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMICS pg. 288
49. Classification (FILE pg. 53)
50. MOA, adverse effects and drug interactions of statins (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 295)
51. MOA, adverse effects and drug interactions of bile acid-binding resins (SUMMARY
TABLE pg. 295)
52. MOA, adverse effects and drug interactions of fibrates (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 295)
53. MOA, adverse effects and drug interactions of niacin (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 295)

9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
6 1 13 Mini Katzung + My Notes

It is the easy topic. But the names of drugs are difficult. First and last chapter of Mini
Katzung are not much important. So, you only have to do summary tables of these
chapters. Important questions are:
PITUITARY HORMONES pg. 307
This chapter is not much important. Only do summary table of this chapter.
1. Three basic steps of ovulation induction protocols (pg. 309)
2. Uses & adverse effects of GnRH agonists & antagonists (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 314)
3. Drugs used for esophageal varices (ANS: Octreotide, Lanreotide, Vasopressin)
4. Rationale of using Oxytocin in labor (pg. 314)
THYROID DRUGS pg. 316
5. Classify drugs used in thyroid disorders (FILE pg. 74)
6. MOA, uses & adverse effects of thioamides (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 321)
CORTICOSTEROIDS pg. 322
7. Classification (FILE pg. 75)
8. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of glucosteroids (pg. 322-323)
9. Clinical uses, adverse effects & contraindication of glucosteroids (pg. 325)
GONADAL HORMONES pg. 329
10. Classification (FILE pg. 76)
11. Uses & toxicity of synthetic estrogens & progestins (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 337)
12. MOA, uses & toxicity of hormonal contraceptives (pg. 331-332)
13. SERMs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 338)
14. Rationale of using clomiphene in anovulatory women (pg. 333)
15. Uses & toxicity of androgens & antiandrogens (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 339)
ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS pg. 340
16. Classify drugs used in diabetes (FILE pg. 77)
17. Classify insulin preparations with their uses (pg. 341-342)
18. MOA of insulin and its complications (pg. 341-342)
19. What is advantage of rapid acting insulin over short acting insulin? (pg. 341)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
20. MOA and adverse effects sulfonylurea drugs (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 348)
21. MOA, uses & adverse effects of biguanides (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 348)
22. MOA, uses & adverse effects thiazolidinediones (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 348)
BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS pg. 349
This chapter is not much important. Only do summary table of this chapter.
23. Classify drugs used in osteoporosis (FILE pg. 78)
24. MOA of bisphosphonates (SUMMARY TABLE pg. 357)

10. CHEMOTHERAPY
This topic is the most important topic of Pharmacology because in prof. 21 MCQs and 2.5
SEQs appear from this section. TOTAL CRAMMING!! There is not much concept in these
chapters. Even Kaplan lectures cannot help this thing out. The topic is further divided into
3 parts according to UHS TOS:
PART 1
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
10 1 17 Mini Katzung + My Notes

CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS pg. 360 (very important chapter)

1. Classify cell wall synthesis inhibitors (FILE pg. 65)
2. MOA, resistance mechanisms & adverse effects of penicillin (pg. 361-362)
3. Drug interaction of penicillin with probenecid (pg. 360) & clavulanic acid (pg. 364)
4. Spectrum of ampicillin (FILE pg. 65)
5. Clinical uses of third generation cephalosporins (pg. 363)
6. MOA of suitable drug for gram +ive cocci (ANS: 1st generation cephalosporins) (pg.
363)
7. MOA of drug for beta lactamase producing S. aureus (ANS: Methicillin, oxacillin)
8. MOA of drug for Methicillin resistant S. aureus (ANS: Vancomycin)
9. Drug for salmonella typhi (ANS: fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone,
ampicillin, cotrimoxazole)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS (very important chapter)
10. Spectrum of all drugs in this chapter (FILE pg. 69-70)
11. MOA & adverse effects of Chloramphenicol (pg. 371)
12. MOA & adverse effects of tetracycline (pg. 372-373)
13. MOA & adverse effects of macrolides (pg. 373)
14. Differentiate between azithromycin & erythromycin (pg. 373)
15. Which drug binds to same side on ribosome as macrolide? (ANS: Clindamycin)
AMINOGLYCOSIDES (very important chapter)
16. MOA & side effects of aminoglycosides (pg. 377-379)
17. Spectrum of aminoglycosides (FILE pg. 69)
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS (very important chapter)
18. Classification (FILE pg. 71)
19. MOA, uses & adverse effects of sulfonamides (pg. 383-384)
20. MOA & adverse effects of cotrimoxazole/TMP-SMZ (pg. 384)
21. Spectrum of cotrimoxazole/TMP-SMZ (FILE pg. 71)
22. MOA & adverse effects of fluoroquinolones (pg.384-385)
23. Which fluoroquinolones are used for anaerobic bacteria? (pg. 385)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS

PART 2
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
6 1 13 Mini Katzung + My Notes

ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL DRUGS pg. 389 (very important chapter)

24. Rationale of use of multidrug therapy for tuberculosis (pg. 389)
25. Classify the drugs for tuberculosis into 1st and 2nd line. (FILE pg. 61)
26. MOA, resistance mechanism & adverse effects of 1st line drugs for Tn
27. Rationale of using of pyridoxine with isoniazid (pg. 390)
28. Uses of rifaximin (pg. 390)
29. MOA of ethionamide (MCQ: pg. 391)
30. Treatment regimens for tuberculosis (pg. 391)
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS pg. 426 (only mentioned topics)
31. Classify antimalarial drugs (FILE pg. 59)
32. Drug regimen for falciparum malaria (FILE pg. 59)
33. MOA, mechanism of resistance, uses & adverse effects of chloroquine (pg. 426-
427)
34. Classify drugs used in amebiasis on basis of severity of disease (TABLE 52.2)
35. Rationale of use of diloxanide furoate with metronidazole in amebiasis (pg. 429)
36. MOA, uses & adverse effects of metronidazole (pg. 429)
37. Why metronidazole is contraindicated with ethanol? (pg. 429)
ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS pg. 434 (only mentioned topics)
38. Classify drugs used for helminthic infections (FILE pg. 60)
39. MOA of albendazole, diethylcabamzine, piperrazine, pyrantal pamoate, praziquantal
& niclosamide

PART 3
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
5 0.5 8.5 Mini Katzung + My Notes

ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS pg. 395 (very important chapter)

40. Classification (FILE pg. 55)
41. MOA of amphotericin B (pg. 395)
42. MOA & drug interactions of azoles (pg. 397)
43. Spectrum of azoles (FILE pg. 55)
44. MOA of echinocandins (pg. 397)
45. Enumerate topical & oral azoles for superficial candidiasis (pg. 398)
46. Enumerate drugs used in mucocutaneous candidiasis (ANS: terbinafine, AMB,
nystatin, miconazole, clotrimazole)
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS pg. 402 (only mentioned topics)
There is no need to do complete topic. Only mentioned questions are enough.
47. Classification (FILE pg. 56)
a. Enlist drugs used for herpes
b. Enlist drugs used for HIV infection
c. Enlist drugs used for influenza
d. Enlist drugs used for hepatitis B and C

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
48. Site of action of various antiviral drugs with drug names (Fig. 49.1)
49. MOA, uses & adverse effects of acyclovir (pg. 402-403 + fig. 49.2)
50. Why acyclovir is less toxic to normal tissue? (ANS: As it needs enzymes for initial
phosphorylation so that it only accumulate in virus infected cells)
51. Enlist three acyclovir congeners (pg. 403)
52. What is HAART therapy? (ANS: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy = 2NRTIs +
1NNRTI/1 Protease inhibitor/1 Integrase inhibitor)
53. MOA of drug for virally infected persons with parkinsonism (ANS: Amantidine) (pg.
408)
54. MOA, uses & adverse effects of INF alpha (pg. 408)
ANTICANCER DRUGS pg. 440 (only and only mentioned topics)
Do following questions & leave the rest of the chapter
55. Classification of antineoplastic drugs (FILE pg. 57) – leave ‘Misc’ & ‘Hormonal drugs’
56. Enumerate cell cycle specific drugs (Fig. 54.1)
57. Resistance mechanism to anticancer drugs (pg. 441-442)
58. Cancer treatment modalities (pg. 442)
59. Principles of combination therapy (pg. 442)
60. Examples of rescue therapy (pg. 442)
61. General adverse effects of anticancer drugs
a. Acute: GIT issues (Nausea, Vomiting), Skin rashes, Hypotension
b. Chronic: Myelosuppression, Immunosuppression, Neurotoxicity,
Hemorrhagic cystitis, Alopecia, SIADH – MNEMONIC: MINHAS
62. MOA, uses & adverse effects of cyclophosphamide (pg. 442)
63. MOA, uses & adverse effects of platinum analoges (pg. 443)
64. Enlist 2 drugs causing hemorrhagic cystitis (ANS: cyclophosphamide, procarbazine)
65. MOA, uses & adverse effects of methotrexate (pg. 444)
66. Non-neoplastic uses of methotrexate (ANS: Ectopic pregnancy, Rheumatoid
arthritis, Psoriasis)
67. MOA, uses & adverse effects of vinca alkaloids (pg. 445)
68. MOA, uses & adverse effects of anthracyclines (pg. 446-447)

11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Kaplan Pharmacology 2020
6 1 13
+ My Notes

This topic is not as much important in prof. due to less weightage and extensive syllabus.
But as far as medical field is concerned, these are very important drugs. THEN WHAT TO
DO? Do the whole CNS from Kaplan which has only 25 pages. It will take much less time
to prepare them. Some of the important questions are in my notes. So, I will share them
accordingly. Important questions are:
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC-ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS pg. 129
1. Classification of sedative hypnotics (FILE pg. 80)
2. Dose related effects of benzodiazepines (pg. 129: Figure)
3. Diagram of GABA receptor & drugs acting on it (pg. 130)
4. MOA, uses & toxicity of benzodiazepines (pg. 130)
5. How benzodiazepines toxicity is controlled? (pg. 130: Clinical correlate)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
6. Uses of diazepam (TABLE pg. 130)
7. MOA, toxicity & contraindication of barbiturates (pg. 130-131)
8. Difference between benzodiazepines & barbiturates (FILE pg. 80)
9. Z drugs i.e. zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (pg. 131)
10. MOA, merits & demerits of buspirone i.e. drug of choice for generalized anxiety
disorder (pg. 131)
ALCOHOLS pg. 133
11. Treatment for overdose of methanol and ethanol (pg. 134)
DRUGS USED FOR DEPRESSION, BIPOLAR DISORDERS, AND ATTENTION DEFICIT
HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) pg. 135
12. Enumerate SSRIs. Give its uses, adverse effects & toxicity (pg. 135)
13. Why SSRIs preferred over other antidepressants? (ANS: because of selective
blockade)
14. Comparison of SSRIs & TCA? (pg. 135-136)
15. Adverse effects & toxicity of TCA (pg. 136)
16. Effect of combining TCA & MOA = Serotonin syndrome & Hypertensive crisis (pg.
136)
17. Enumerate drugs uses in bipolar disorder (FILE pg. 87)
18. MOA & adverse effects of lithium (pg. 137)
DRUGS USED IN PARKINSON DISEASE AND PSYCHOSIS pg. 139
19. Enumerate drugs used in parkinson disease along with their MOA (pg. 140 figure +
FILE pg. 86)
20. Rationale of use of carbidopa with levodopa (ANS: inhibit deopa decarboxylase
which then inhibits peripheral metabolism of levodopa into dopamine)
21. Enumerate antipsychotic drugs (FILE pg. 87)
22. Difference between typical & atypical antipsychotic drugs (FILE pg. 88)
23. Uses & adverse effects of typical antipsychotics (pg. 143)
24. Management of adverse effects of typical antipsychotics (pg. 143)
25. Adverse effects of clozapine (pg. 144)
26. Why clozapine level needs to be monitored weekly? (ANS: Because it can cause
agranulocytosis)
27. MOA of aripiprazole (pg. 144)
ANTICONVULSANTS pg. 145 (very important chapter)
28. Classification (pg. 145: TABLE)
29. MOA, uses & adverse effects of phenytoin (pg. 146)
30. Why phenytoin levels need to be monitored? (ANS: Because toxic effects even
appear with very small increment in doses)
31. MOA, uses & adverse effects of carbamazepine (pg. 146)
32. MOA, uses & adverse effects of valproic acid (pg. 147)
33. MOA, uses & adverse effects of ethosuximide (pg. 147)
34. Other uses of anticonvulsants (FILE pg. 82)
DRUGS USED IN ANESTHESIA pg. 149 (leave pg. 152 as it is already done in ANS)
35. Classification of general anesthetics (FILE pg. 83)
36. Stages of anesthesia (MINI KATZUNG pg. 208)
37. Factors affecting induction of anesthesia (MINI KATZUNG pg. 209)
38. Merits & demerits of halothane as anesthesia (FILE pg. 83)
39. Difference between halothane & NO (FILE pg. 83)
40. MAC & its significance (pg. 149)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
41. Dissociative anesthesia by ketamine (pg. 150)
42. Ambulatory anesthesia by propofol (pg. 150)
43. Classification of local anesthetics (FILE pg. 84)
44. MOA, uses & adverse effects of local anesthetics (pg. 151)
45. Pharmacological effect of local anesthesia on nerves (pg. 151)
46. Adverse effects of cocaine (pg. 151)
47. Rationale of use of local anesthetic with alpha 1 agonist / epinephrine (pg. 151)
OPIOID ANALGESICS pg. 153
48. Enumerate opioids receptors & their actions (pg. 153)
49. Enumerate strong opioids agonists (FILE pg. 90)
50. Enumerate Antitussives and Antidiarrhoeals opioid drugs (FILE pg. 90)
51. MOA of opioids (pg. 153)
52. Uses & adverse effects of opioids (FILE pg. 90)
53. Contraindication of opioids (pg. 153: Clinical Correlate)
54. Why morphine is contraindicated in head injury? (pg. 153: Clinical Correlate)
55. How morphine toxicity can be reversed? (pg. 154)

PAGE 20 OF 63
HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

1. UHS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
THEORY
S. MCQS SEQS
Topic
No. (65 x 1) (14 x 5)
1 Acute and Chronic Inflammation 6 1
Cellular Adaptations, Cellular Death & Cell
2 4 1
Injury
3 Inflammation and Repair 2 1
4 Disorders of Circulation 4 1
5 Genetic Disorders 2 1
6 Neoplasia 9 1
7 Immunology 5 1
General Bacteriology 4 1
8
Special Bacteriology 14 2
9 Bacteriology (Mycobacteria) - 1
10 Parasitology 5 1
11 Mycology 4 1
12 Virology 6 1
13 Internal Assessment (15 Marks)

PRACTICAL
S. No. Topic Marks
OSPE
1 64
(16 stations each of 4 marks and 4 minutes per station)
2 Observed Practical (MICROBIOLOGY) 16
Structured Viva Voice (Related to Curriculum) 50
3 External 25
Internal 25
4 Annual Work Book 5
5 Internal Assessment 15

2. GENERAL GUIDELINES
Let me first tell you the importance of this subject. A doctor from our college relates this
as;
"‫اےھچےسڑپیےتکسوہ۔‬MS ‫وہت ںیہ۔ارگآپاوکناےھچےسڑپوھوتآپ‬3P’s ‫"اٹیب! ڈیملکیںیمآ‬
Here, the P’s stands for (1) Physiology, (2) Pharmacology, (3) Pathology; M for Medicine
and S for Surgery.
DIVISIONS OF THE SUBJECT
The subject consists of two parts i.e. General Pathology and Microbiology. In prof exam,
both parts share almost equal parts i.e. 67 marks from GP and 68 marks from Micro and
total makes to 135 (+ 15 marks of internal assessment = 150 marks).

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
In GP, you only have to do 5 chapters from MEDIUM ROBBINS & for Micro and one
question of GP (i.e. Immunology), you have to do Levinson. Kindly buy the latest editions
of the book as some of the things are being added in new editions i.e.
1. Medium Robbins 10th Edition
2. Levinson 16th Edition (if not available in market get 15th edition)
HOW TO STUDY THE SUBJECT?
This is one of the easiest subject to do in MBBS. General Patho is just like Physiology and
in Micro there is little bit cramming but if you once understand the things, then believe me
this is the easiest subject, a person ever had. That’s the reason, it is very easy to score
maximum marks in this subject. And it’s also much easy to get a distinction in prof.
Let me tell you a thing, a person doing the whole book for SEQs in prof as compared to the
person doing the past papers only, the latter one will score more marks. So, from very
start, must do all the past papers at the end of the chapter.
HOW TO COVER THE SYLLABUS?
This book hardly needs your enough time throughout the year. The sequence of topics (in General
Pathology portion) for covering the syllabus should be as follow: (MUST CONSULT THE TOS WHILE
DOING TOPIC)
1. Cell Injury
2. Hemodynamics
3. Immunology
4. Inflammation
5. Repair
6. Genetics
7. Neoplasia
In Microbiology, it should be:
1. Mycology
2. General Bacteriology
3. Special Bacteriology
4. Parasitology
5. Virology
WHAT IS MY SUGGESTION?
You have to follow Medium Robbins and Levinson. For few topics, you have to use Kaplan.
I will guide you about Kaplan later in the respective chapters i.e. Genetics and Virology.
Some students also go for Sketchy lectures in Micro and Pathoma lectures in Patho. They
are also very good source to pass the prof, according to my seniors and class mates. But I
am not a lecture person !!!
MY GENERAL PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY NOTES (SUPPLEMENTS TO YOUR
SYLLABUS)
I have compiled the important difference tables and flowcharts in this file so get a print of
this file, and use it accordingly where I am going to mention in guidelines as “(FILE)”.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/16FSArpQu2ajdKThPWVWz4opB2LhkekjN/view?usp=sharing

3. CELL INJURY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Medium Robbins Chapter : 2
4 1 9
+ My Notes

This chapter is very very important in both prof written and OSPE exam. What’s the
strategy to do this chapter? You have to focus on the following topics and read the rest of

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
chapter for MCQs. Pen down the points on separate sheet of paper in order to revise the
things quickly.
CAUSES OF CELL INJURY pg. 32
1. Enumerate all the causes of cell injury with examples (pg. 32)
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN CELL INJURY AND CELL DEATH pg. 33
2. Morphology of reversible cell injury (GREEN BOX pg. 33)
3. Difference between necrosis & apoptosis (TABLE 2.1)/(FILE pg. 6)
4. Morphology of necrosis (GREEN BOX pg. 35)
5. Types of necrosis (GREEN BOX pg. 36-37)
6. Difference between coagulative and liquefactive necrosis (FILE pg. 6)
7. Difference between dry and wet gangrene (FILE pg. 6)
8. Apoptosis and causes (TABLE 2.2)
9. Mechanism of apoptosis (pg. 38-40)
10. Morphology of apoptosis (GREEN BOX pg. 40)
11. Define necroptosis and pyroptosis (pg. 40)
MECHANISMS OF CELL INJURY AND CELL DEATH pg. 41
12. Fig. 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19 (MUST to do)
13. Mechanism of hypoxia induced injury (pg. 42-43)
14. Ischemic reperfusion injury (pg. 43)
15. Oxidative stress and free radicals (very important pg. 43-44 + TABLE 2.3)
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS pg. 48
16. All 4 adaptations in detail (very important for prof scenario questions) – you have
to do definitions, causes, mechanisms, types and examples of each adaptation
a. Change in breast during lactation = Hypertrophy
b. Change in breast during pregnancy = Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia
c. Change in breast during puberty = Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia
17. Difference between hypertrophy & hyperplasia & metaplasia
18. Difference between metaplasia & dysplasia (FILE pg. 5)
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS pg. 51
19. Mechanism and aspects of Fatty liver (FILE pg. 10)
20. Russell’s bodies (pg. 52)
21. Hemosiderin (pg. 52)
22. Lipofuscin (pg. 52)
CALCIFICATION pg. 53
23. Difference between metastatic & dystrophic calcification (FILE pg. 7)
24. What are psammoma bodies?
(ANS: These are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic
calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They
have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen
on CT.)
25. When psammoma bodies are formed?
(ANS: papillary carcinoma of thyroid or ovary & meningioma)
CELLULAR AGING pg. 54 (not important)

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

4. HEMODYNAMICS
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Medium Robbins Chapter : 4
4 1 9
+ My Notes

In this chapter, pg. 101-106 (SUBTOPIC: Normal Hemostasis) is PHYSIOLOGY and not a
part of your syllabus, but you can read it once to make a better understanding of this
chapter. You only have to focus on the following topics and read the rest of chapter for
MCQs. Pen down the points on separate sheet of paper in order to revise the things
quickly.
HYPEREMIA AND CONGESTION pg. 97
1. Difference between hyperemia and congestion (FILE pg. 19)
2. Gross and microscopic findings in nutmeg liver (GREEN BOX pg. 98)
EDEMA pg. 98
3. Define edema & anasarca (pg. 98)
4. Causes of edema (TABLE 4.1)
5. Pathogenesis of edema (Fig. 4.3)
6. Classification of edema
a. On basic of location (generalized and localized)
b. On basis of pathophysiology (transudate and exudate)
c. Clinical classification (pitting and non pitting)
7. Difference between exudate and transudate (FILE pg. 19)
8. Contrasting features of cardiac and renal edema (FILE pg. 19)
HEMORRHAGE pg. 100 (not important)
HEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS pg. 101
9. Pathogenesis of thrombus formation/Virchow triad (Fig. 4.12)
10. Causes of hypercoaguable states (TABLE 4.2)
11. Difference between arterial and venous thrombi (FILE pg. 20)
12. Difference between antemortem and postmortem clots (FILE pg. 20)
13. Fate of thrombus (pg. 110)
EMBOLISM pg. 112
14. Define embolism and enumerate its types (pg. 112)
15. Saddle and paradoxical embolism (MCQs: pg. 112)
16. Fat embolism, its causes, clinical signs and symptoms & pathogenesis (pg. 112) –
most repeated question as scenario in prof
17. Decompression sickness (Pg. 113)
INFRACTION pg. 114
18. Define infarction (pg. 114). Classify infarcts on basis of colour and microbial
infection
19. Difference between red/hemorrhagic and white/anemic infracts (FILE pg. 20)
SHOCK pg. 115
20. Define and classify shocks into 5 types (pg. 115-116)
21. Three major types of shocks (TABLE 4.3)
22. Pathogenesis of septic shock (Fig. 4.19)
23. Stages of shock (pg. 118-119)
24. Diagnostic points
a. Cold + Dry skin (Pale) = Hypovolaemic shock

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
b. Cold + Wet skin (Sweaty) = Cardiogenic shock
c. Hot + Dry skin (Pale) = Anaphylactic shock
d. Hot + Wet skin (Sweaty) = Septic shock
25. Prof. scenarios:
a. Fever, lactic acidosis = Septic shock
b. Endo-toxin mediated death = Septic shock
c. Road traffic accident, infection, death after 2 days = Septic shock
d. Road traffic accident, on spot death = Hypovoleamic shock
e. Tachypnea, cold clammy skin, rapid pulse = Hypovoleamic shock

5. INFLAMMATION
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Medium Robbins Chapter : 3
6 1 11
+ My Notes

This is very very much important topic of 3rd year General Patho. In Robbins, this chapter
is very extensive and scattered. People usually take PATHOMA lectures and then study
from Robbins. But in my case, it took me 3 days to complete this topic as I am not a
LECTURE person. 
You have to only do this chapter from pg. 57-87 for ‘Inflammation’ and rest of chapter will
be under ‘Repair’ topic.
There is no need to prepare whole topic. As if I tell you about prof, General Patho and
Micro combined make the syllabus so much lengthy and it’s difficult to revise all the things
in prof. paper days. So, you have to follow the guidelines for this topic A to Z to make this
topic interesting for you. You have to do this chapter as follow and leave the rest of topics
(even no need to read them)
1. First, do pg. 57-70
2. Then, leave pg. 70-77 (only do table 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and fig. 3.9)
3. At last, do pg. 78-87
Now from these above mentioned pages, you only have to focus on the following topics
and read the rest of chapter for MCQs. Pen down the points on separate sheet of paper in
order to revise the things quickly.
OVERVIEW OF INFLAMMATION: DEFINITIONS & GENERAL FEATURES pg. 57
1. Cardinal signs of acute inflammation (pg. 58)
2. Difference between acute and chronic inflammation (TABLE 3.1 + FILE pg. 11)
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION pg. 59
3. Causes of inflammation (pg. 59)
RECOGNITION OF MICROBES AND DAMAGED CELLS pg. 59 (just give a read)
4. 5R’s of steps of inflammatory response (BLUE SUMMARY BOX pg. 60)
ACUTE INFLAMMATION pg. 60
5. Reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation (read whole topic from Robbins
pg. 60-61 + fig. 3.2 and then memorize flowchart 2.1 & 2.2 in FILE pg. 12)
a. Mechanisms of vascular changes (most repeated prof question)
b. Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability
c. Mechanism of exudate formation (fig. 3.2)

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
6. Events in acute inflammation (read from Robbins pg. 60-70 and summarize it in
your own simplest words)
7. Mechanism of chemotaxis (FILE pg. 16 flowchart 2.3)
8. Phagocytosis (fig. 3.7)
9. Respiratory burst (pg. 68)
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION pg. 70
10. Enlist mediators of acute inflammation (TABLE 3.5)
11. Arachidonic acid pathway (fig. 3.9)
12. Role of mediators in different reactions of inflammation (TABLE 3.8)
MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION pg. 78
13. All morphological patterns (very important for prof. scenarios)
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION pg. 79
14. Outcomes of acute inflammation (fig. 3.16)
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION pg. 81
15. Definition, causes and morphological features (pg. 81)
16. Role of macrophages (pg. 82-83)
17. Classical and alternative pathway of macrophages activation (fig. 3.19)
18. Define granulomatous inflammation, give its characteristics, morphology and types
(pg. 85)
19. Examples of diseases associated with granulomatous inflammation (TABLE 3.9) –
classify these examples into caseating or non-caseating necrosis types
20. Draw tuberculous granuloma (GOOGLE it)
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION pg. 86
21. Mechanism of fever (FILE pg. 15 flowchart 2.12)

6. REPAIR
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Medium Robbins Chapter : 1 +
2 1 7 Medium Robbins Chapter : 3 +
My Notes

You only have to focus on the following topics and read the rest of chapter for MCQs. Pen
down the points on separate sheet of paper in order to revise the things quickly.
GROWTH FACTORS & RECEPTORS pg. 19 (no need to read text)
1. Growth factors involved in regeneration and repair (TABLE 1.1)
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX pg. 21 (give a general read)
2. Components of ECM (pg. 22-24)
MAINTAINING CELL POPULATION pg. 24 (no need to read remaining text)
3. Cell cycle landmarks (Fig. 1.17)
4. Role of cyclins, CDKs, CDK inhibitors in regulating the cell cycle (Fig. 1.18)
5. Types of stem cells (pg. 26-27)
TISSUE REPAIR pg. 87
6. Difference between regeneration and healing by scar formation on basis of extent
of damage and type of cells in damaged tissue (pg. 87-88)
7. Classify cells on basis of their proliferative potential (pg. 88)
8. Enumerate process of scar formation (pg. 89-90)

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
9. Difference between healing by first intention and second intention (FILE pg. 17)
a. Healing of large surface defects = 2 nd intention
b. Healing of surgical sutures = 1st intention
c. Ulcer by ill fitting shoe = 2nd intention
10. Mechanism of healing by first intention (FILE pg. 18 flowchart 3.5)
11. Steps involved in healing (not mentioned in Robbins, follow this to write answer.
Start from clot(scab) formation  inflammation  proliferation of cells 
angiogenesis  formation of granulation tissue  proliferation and migration of
fibroblast  scar formation  remodeling)
12. Mechanism of fibroblast proliferation and migration (pg. 91-92)
13. Granulation tissue, its morphology (GREEN BOX pg. 92)
14. Local and systemic factors affecting wound healing (pg. 93)
15. Process of wound contraction (pg. 94)
16. Complications of wound healing (very important for prof. scenarios)
a. Due to defective healing or scar formation
i. Ulcers
ii. Dehiscence/wound rupture
b. Due to excessive scarring
i. Hypertrophic scar
ii. Keloid
iii. Desmoids/aggressive fibromatoses
iv. Contractures

7. GENETICS
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Kaplan Pathology 2018
2 1 7
Chapter 6 + My Notes

This topic has not much weight-age in prof. but in Robbins it’s too much extensive. So,
save you time and work smartly. In Kaplan only there are 13 pages. And believe me
nothing in prof. appears out of these 13 pages. Why? Usually very general questions are
asked from this topic. You have to read the whole chapter in Kaplan. Get these 13 pages
printed or photocopied from any friend who is doing MLE. There is no need to buy whole
new book. Important questions are:
KAPLAN PATHOLOGY 2018 CHAPTER 6 pg. 35-47
1. Types of mutation with their examples (FILE pg. 38)
2. Enlist disorders involving extra chromosome (pg. 35)
3. Down syndrome, its findings, karyotypes and diagnosis (pg. 35)
4. Difference between Down, Edward and Patau syndrome (FILE pg. 37)
5. Disorders involving sex chromosomes (pg. 37)
6. Difference between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant diseases with
examples (pg. 39)
7. Niemann Pick disease type A, B and C (pg. 42)
8. Enlist X-linked dominant and recessive disorders (pg. 46)
9. Give characteristics of X-linked disorders
a. They develop chronically

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
b. They are diagnosed later in life i.e. not at birth
c. Greater the number of X chromosomes , greater will be mental retardation
irrespective of gender
10. Difference between Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome (pg. 47)

8. IMMUNOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Levinson Microbiology 15th
5 1 10 edition Chapter 57-68
+ My Notes

This topic is part of General Patho but you have to do it from Micro book i.e. Levinson .
This topic is among “adjustable” (you can do it selectively even in prof. if you don’t have
much time). The topic is much related to ‘Inflammation’, so it becomes much easy to
cover. Most of the time like >90% chances are always there that SEQ pop up in prof. from
Chapter 65: Hypersensitivity (Allergy). Rest of 11 chapters only share <10% chances.
HOW TO DO THIS TOPIC? Just do the topics I am mentioning. Leave the rest. Kindly get
15th or latest edition of book. Things are way too much different in previous editions.
Insha’Allah everything will be covered. Important questions are:
OVERVIEW OF IMMUNITY pg. 475
1. Important features of innate and acquired immunity (TABLE 57.1)
2. Major functions of T and B cells (TABLE 57.3)
3. Definition, types and examples of active and passive immunity (pg. 477-478)
4. Characteristics of active and passive immunity (TABLE 57.4)
5. Immunogens (complete topic pg. 478-479)
6. Major components of immune system (Fig. 57.1)
INNATE IMMUNITY pg. 482
7. Components of barrier (TABLE 58.1)
8. Origin of hematopoietic cells (Fig. 58.1)
9. Pattern recognition receptors (TABLE 58.2)
10. Features of natural killer cells (TABLE 58.4)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS pg. 494
11. Comparison of T and B cells (TABLE 59.1)
12. Structure of IgG (Fig. 59.2)
13. Schematic of T-cell receptor structure (Fig. 59.4)
14. Properties of lymphocytic antigen receptors (TABLE 59.2)
15. Thymic selection generate mature naïve T cells (Fig. 59.6)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: T-CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY pg. 505
16. Activation of helper T cells by superantigens (Fig. 60.8)
17. In-vivo tests for T-cells competence (pg. 516)
18. Subsets of helper T-cells (FILE pg. 25)
19. Differences between helper and suppressor T cells (FILE pg. 26)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: B CELLS & ANTIBODIES pg. 518
20. B-cell activation (Fig. 61.2)
21. Class switching & affinity maturation (only point 1, 2 & 3 on page 520-521)
22. Primary and secondary response (pg. 522-523 + fig. 61.5)
23. Important functions of immunoglobulins (TABLE 61.1)

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
24. Properties of human immunoglobulins (TABLE 61.2)
25. Isotypes and allotypes (pg. 524)
26. Structures of antibodies (Fig. 61.6)
27. Antibodies in the fetus (pg. 526)
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX & TRANSPLANTATION pg. 530
28. Comparison of class I and class II MHC proteins (TABLE 62.1)
29. Transplantation (pg. 531-534 + fig. 62.2)
COMPLEMENT pg. 537
30. Pathway of complement activation (fig. 63.1)
31. Biological effects of compliment (pg. 539)
32. Clinical aspects of compliment (pg. 539-540)
ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN THE LABORATORY pg. 541 (least important)
33. Rh status and hemolytic disease of the newborn (TABLE 64.4 + fig. 64.13)
HYPERSENSITIVITY (ALLERGY) pg. 552 (very very very important chapter)
Read each and every line of this chapter
34. Clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions (TABLE 65.2) – for making
diagnosis
35. Type I reaction
a. Mechanism (FILE pg. 27 flowchart 5.2)
b. Anaphylaxis (pg. 553)
c. Enumerate mediators (pg. 554)
d. Related scenarios
i. After half an hour intake of fish there is severe respiratory difficulty
ii. Shortness of breath, Occasional Urticaria
iii. Treatment with penicillin G leads to itching and respiratory difficulty
within minutes
iv. Bee sting
36. Type II reaction
a. Mechanism (FILE pg. 28 flowchart 5.4)
b. Mechanism of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity/ADCC (FILE pg. 28
flowchart 5.5)
c. Related scenarios
i. Rh incompatibility (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
ii. Progressive thyroid enlargement
37. Type III reaction
a. Mechanism (FILE pg. 29 flowcharts 5.6, 5.7)
38. Type IV reaction
a. Mechanisms (FILE pg. 30-31 flowcharts 5.8, 5.9
b. Tuberculin skin test (pg. 559)
c. Related scenarios
i. Patient suffering from TB + pathological lesions in lungs
TOLERANCE & AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE pg. 561
39. Difference between central and peripheral tolerance (FILE pg. 26)
40. Important autoimmune diseases (TABLE 66.1) – for MCQs
41. Mechanisms of autoimmunity (pg. 564-565)
TUMOR IMMUNITY pg. 571 (leave the chapter)
IMMUNODEFICIENCY pg. 573
42. Important congenital immunodeficiencies (TABLE 68.1)

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

9. NEOPLASIA
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Medium Robbins Chapter: 6
9 1 14
+ My Notes

The largest topic of General Patho! I used to say, it is even lengthier than Levinson’s
Immunology in terms of concepts and time consumption. But there is no need to do the
whole chapter. As far as prof. is concerned, there are only few areas which are usually
targeted in prof. You have to do this chapter as follow and leave the rest of topics (even
no need to read them)
1. First, do pg. 190-196 (very much important portion)
2. Then, leave pg. 197-200 (only do table 6.2, 6.3 + all summaries in these pages)
3. Then, do page 200-214 (again very much important portion)
4. Then, leave pg. 215-228 (only do fig. 6.23, 6.24, 6.25, 6.26, 6.27, 6.29, 6.30 + all
summaries in these pages)
5. Then, do page pg. 229-239 (very much important portion)
6. At last, leave pg. 240-241
Now from these above mentioned pages, you only have to focus on the following topics
and read the rest of chapter for MCQs. Pen down the points on separate sheet of paper in
order to revise the things quickly. Important questions are:
NOMENCLATURE pg. 190
1. Define neoplasia (pg. 190)
2. Nomenclature of tumours (TABLE 6.1) – very much important for MCQs & SEQs
3. Difference between carcinoma and sarcoma (pg. 190)
4. Hamartoma and Choristoma (pg. 191)
CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS pg. 190
5. Difference between benign and malignant tumours (FILE pg. 32)
6. Morphological features of anaplastic cell (pg. 193)
7. Various routes of spread of malignant tumours (pg. 196)
8. What is sentinal node? How it can be delineated? (pg. 196)
EPIDEMIOLOGY pg. 196
9. Occupational cancers (TABLE 6.2) – leave ‘typical use or occurrence’
10. Name the cancer caused by vinyl chloride. (TABLE 6.2)
11. Chronic inflammatory states and cancer (MCQs: TABLE 6.3)
CANCER GENES pg. 200
12. Define tumour suppressor genes. (pg. 200) Enlist them with their associated
tumours (TABLE 6.4)
GENETIC LESIONS IN CANCER pg. 200
13. Chronic myelogenous leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma (Fig. 6.14)
HALLMARKS OF CANCER pg. 204
14. Enumerate hall marks of tumour (pg. 205) – MNEMONIC: SEE SILIA
15. Model of action for RAS (Fig. 6.18)
16. How Rb act as governor of cell? (pg. 208-210 + FILE pg. 34 flowchart 6.3)
17. How p53 act as guardian of genome? (pg. 211-212 + fig. 6.21)
18. Steps involved in hematogenous spread of tumours (fig. 6.27 + FILE pg. 35
flowchart 6.6)
19. Important oncogenes with associated tumours

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

NAME FUNCTION MECHANISM ASSOCIATED TUMOUR

GROWTH FACTOR
Overexpression OR
PDGFB Platelet derived growth factor Astrocytoma
Autocrine loop
GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS
ERBB2 Epidermal growth factor receptor Amplification Subset of breast cancer
MEN2A, MEN2B & Sporadic
RET Neural growth factor receptor Point mutation
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
KIT Stem cell growth factor receptor Point mutation GIT stromal tumor
SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS
Carcinoma, Melanoma,
RAS gene family GTP-binding protein Point mutation
Lymphoma
Translocation -
ABL Tyrosine kinase CML & Some ALL
T(9,22) with BCR
NUCLEAR REGULATORS
T(8,14) involving
C-MYC Transcription factor Burkitt lymphoma
IgH
N-MYC Transcription factor Amplification Neuroblastoma
L-MYC Transcription factor Amplification Small cell lung carcinoma
CELL-CYCLE REGULATORS
T(11, 14) involving
CCND1 (cyclin D1) Cyclin Mantle cell carcinoma
IgH
CDK4 Cyclin dependent kinase Melanoma Melanoma

ETIOLOGY OF CANCER: CARCINOGENIC AGENTS pg. 228

20. Chemical carcinogens affecting lungs, skin, prostate, stomach & hematopoetic
system (pg. 229-230)
21. Classify chemical carcinogen with examples (TABLE 6.5)
22. Steps involved in chemical carcinogenesis (Fig. 6.32)
23. Enumerate 5 viruses involved in carcinogenesis & cancer caused by them (pg. 231)
24. Molecular basis of carcinogenesis caused by HPV (pg. 232-233 + fig. 6.33)
25. Molecular basis of carcinogenesis caused by H. pylori (pg. 235)
26. Cancer cachexia (pg. 236)
27. Define paraneoplasic syndromes, its importance (pg. 236) & any 5 examples
(TABLE 6.6) – leave ‘major forms of neoplasia’
28. Differentiate between grading & staging of cancer (pg. 236)
29. Grading of tumours
a. Grade I: Well-differentiated (less than 25% anaplastic cells).
b. Grade II: Moderately-differentiated (25-50% anaplastic cells).
c. Grade III: Moderately-differentiated (50-75% anaplastic cells).
d. Grade IV: Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic (> 75% anaplastic cells).
30. TNM staging of tumours
a. T0 to T4: In situ lesion to largest and most extensive primary tumour.
b. N0 to N3: No nodal involvement to widespread lymph node involvement.
c. M0 to M2: No metastasis to disseminated haematogenous metastases.
31. Tumours markers & associated tumours (very important for MCQs & SEQs)

MARKER CANCER
ONCOFOETAL ANTIGENS
Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) Hepatocellular carcinoma, non-seminomatous germ cell tumours of testis
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Cancer of bowel, pancreas, breast
ENZYMES
Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) Prostatic carcinoma
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) Neuroblastoma, oat cell carcinoma lung
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) Lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma
Contd’

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PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
Contd’
HORMONES
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Trophoblastic tumours, non-seminomatous germ cell tumours of testis
Calcitonin Medullary carcinoma thyroid
Catecholamines Neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma
Ectopic hormone production Paraneoplastic syndromes
CANCER ASSOCIATED PROTEINS
CA-125 Ovary
CA 15-3 Breast
CA 19-9 Colon, pancreas, breast
CD30 Hodgkin’s disease, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
CD25 Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), adult T cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL)
Monoclonal immunoglobulins Multiple myeloma, other gammopathies
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) Prostate carcinoma

10. GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Levinson’s Microbiology
4 1 9
Chapter 1-13

Well as far as whole bacteriology (general + special) is concerned, it is difficult to learn

general bacteriology before doing special bacteriology. Those who first cover special part;
can easily do all general part within a half day. Secondly, there is no need to cram all the
13 chapters of general bacteriology. It is to be done very much selectively. Here I am
sharing the detailed guidelines. What is the method to cover these 13 chapters easily?
While doing any chapter
1. Only do the mentioned topics from it in detail
2. Then do the PEARLS at the end of chapter
3. Leave the rest of the chapter
THAT’S ALL!!!
BACTERIA COMPARED WITH OTHER MICROORGANISMS pg. 1 (topics only)
1. Biologic relationships between pathogenic microorganims (TABLE 1.1)
2. Comparison of medically important microorganims (TABLE 1.2)
3. Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (TABLE 1.3)
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CELLS pg. 4 (topics + pearls)
4. Bacterial structures (TABLE 2.1)
5. Comparison of cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (TABLE 2.2)
6. Principle of gram staining and its reagents (pg. 8)
7. Medically important bacteria that cannot be seen in gram stain (TABLE 2.3)
8. Plasmids, its types & important structure encoded by plasmid along with their
functions (pg. 9-10)
9. Role of capsule, flagella, pili & glycocalyx in diseases (pg. 10-11)
10. Important features of spores and their medical importance (TABLE 2.4)
GROWTH pg. 15 (full chapter)
11. Growth cycle (pg. 15)
12. Iron metabolism (pg. 16)
GENETICS pg. 18 (only topics)
13. Mutation & its types (pg. 18)
14. Programmed rearrangements (Fig. 4.1)
15. Comparison of conjugation, transduction and transformation (TABLE 4.1 + fig. 4.2,
4.3, 4.4)

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA pg. 24 (only topics)
16. Classification of medically important bacteria (TABLE 5.1)
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME pg. 26 (topics + pearls)
17. Medically important members of the normal flora (TABLE 6.1) – leave ‘less
important organisms’
18. What is normal flora? Name natural flora of oropharynx. (PEARLS pg. 29)
19. What do you mean by colonial resistance” (PEARLS pg. 29)
PATHOGENESIS pg. 31 (topics + pearls)
20. Stages of bacterial pathogenesis (pg. 32)
21. Important modes of transmission (TABLE 7.1)
22. Surface virulence factors important for bacterial pathogenesis (TABLE 7.8)
23. Difference between exotoxin and endotoxin (TABLE 7.9)
24. Mode of action of diphtheria toxin (Fig. 7.1)
25. Important mechanisms of action of exotoxinds (TABLE 7.11)
26. Exotoxins that increase intracellular cyclic AMP (TABLE 7.12)
27. Mode of action of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera enterotoxins (Fig. 7.2)
28. Mode of action of endotoxin (Fig. 7.3)
29. Effects of endotoxin (TABLE 7.14)
30. Typical stages of an infective disease (pg. 46 + fig. 7.5)
31. Koch postulates (pg. 47)
HOST DEFENSES pg. 51 (topics + pearls)
32. Essential host-defense mechanisms against bacteria (TABLE 8.3)
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS pg. 59 (only topic)
33. How to diagnose an infection when culture is negative? (TABLE 9.3)
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: MECHANISM OF ACTION pg. 67 (will be done in pharma)
34. Define terms: bacteriostatic and bactericidal (pg. 68)
35. General mechanism of antibacterial drugs (TABLE 10.2)
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS: RESISTANCE pg. 84 (topics + pearls)
36. Mechanisms of drug resistance (TABLE 11.1)
37. Non-genetic basis of resistance (pg. 88)
BACTERIAL VACCINES pg. 93 (topics only)
38. Current bacterial vaccines (TABLE 12.1)
39. Vaccines recommended for children (TABLE 12.2)
STERILIZATION & DISINFECTION pg. 97 (very much important chapter)
Read each single word of this chapter. Both tables are very important for MCQs.
40. Principles of sterilization and disinfection (pg. 97)
41. Enumerate methods of sterilization (pg. 97)
42. Mechanism by which chemical agents act with examples (pg. 99)
43. Three methods by which heat can be applied (pg. 100)
44. Temperature and time for autoclave (pg. 100)
45. Pasteurization (pg. 100)

11. SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Levinson’s Microbiology
14 3 29
Chapter 14-26

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
This topic is most important and interesting topic of your 3rd year pathology in both written
and OSPE/Viva exams. It will be applied in ENT and EYE in 4 th year and other specialties in
later life. As concerned to prof. only 29/135 marks paper is just from SPECIAL
BACTERIOLOGY. Students mostly follow Levinson for doing Bacteriology and I myself will
also recommend you to follow the course book.
 HOW TO DO MICROORGANIMS?
Even at the end of the year, students are confused, that how question will be asked in
exam. So let me know you, mostly scenario based questions pop up in Prof. In question,
CLINICAL FINDINGS will be given, and you have to answer regarding PATHOGENESIS &
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS.
 WHAT TO DO?
So, now you have to prepare the microorganism under following headings from Levinson
chapters:
1. Generic name
2. Important related properties
3. Transmission (FROM PART X: Breif summaries of medically important organisms pg.
653) – they are not much important from Prof’s point of view
4. Pathogenesis
5. Clinical findings
6. Laboratory diagnosis
a. Microscopy
b. Culture Methods
c. Rapid tests
d. Molecular diagnostics
I am sharing here the sketched out ‘LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS’ of whole Microbiology from
my notes, which is written according to above 4 headings (using Levinson). In prof, you
have to right the laboratory diagnosis in same way.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HOlOOI7EqWyjESRRN0poT_0lCECqymtw/view?usp=sharing
 WHAT NOT TO DO?
There is really no need to do following headings/points in whole Microbiology:
1. Epidemiology
2. Treatment
3. Prevention
I am now sharing here the important bacteria from each chapter. Do them accordingly.
And one thing, you must know, that all the microorganims mentioned here, are not part of
your syllabus.
OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR PATHOGENS & INTRODUCTION TO ANAEROBIC
BACTERIA pg. 103 (only topics)
1. Optimal oxygen requirements of representative bacteria (TABLE 14.2)
2. Anaerobic bacteria of medical interest (TABLE 14.3)
GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI pg. 106 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
3. Enumerate diseases caused by all the bacteria
4. Differentiate between streptococci and staphylococci (pg. 106)
5. Classification of gram positive cocci (pg. 106)
6. Toxins and enzymes produced by staphylococci aureus (pg. 108-109)
7. Classify streptococci on basis of hemolysis (pg. 113)
8. Enzymes and toxins produced by group A streptococci (pg. 116)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
9. Acute glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever (mechanism in detail) (pg.
118)
10. Lab diagnosis of group A streptococci (pg. 118)
11. Properties, pathogens & lab diagnosis of streptococci pneumoniae (pg. 120-121)
GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI pg. 124 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
12. Classify and differentiate them on basis of sugar fermentation (pg. 124-125)
13. Transmission of gonnorhea and meningitis (pg. 125)
14. Disseminated gonococcal infection (pg. 128)
15. Ophthalmia neonatorum (pg. 128)
16. Laboratory diagnosis of both organisms (pg. 127+129)
GRAM-POSITIVE RODS pg. 131 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
17. Mode of action of anthrax toxin (pg. 132)
18. Eschar formation in anthrax (pg. 132)
19. Woolsorter's disease (pg. 132)
20. Bacillus cereus food poisoning due to rice (pg. 132-133)
21. Mediastinal widening (pg. 133)
22. Clostridium species i.e. pathogenesis, diseases names, transmission, clinical
findings (pg. 133-137)
23. Differentiate between botulism and tetanus (pg. 134)
24. Tennis racket like appearance OR Nail entering foot (C. tetani infection)
25. Botox (pg. 135)
26. Differentiate between spastic and flaccid paralysis (pg. 134-135)
27. How antibiotics cause pseudomembranous colitis? (pg. 137)
28. Mode of action of diphtheria toxin (pg. 138)
29. Laboratory diagnosis of C. diphtheria (volutin granules) (pg. 139)
30. Complications in infection by C. diphtheria (pg. 139)
31. Transmission of Listeria (cold enhancement, canned foods) (pg. 140)
GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS RELATED TO ENTERIC TRACT pg. 143 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
32. Diseases caused by each bacteria (TABLE 18.5, 18.10)
33. Which organisms causes bloody and non bloody diarrhea? (TABLE 18.3)
34. Lactose fermentation (pg. 146 + TABLE 18.6)
35. TSI (triple sugar iron) test (TABLE 18.7 + pg. 147)
36. Pathogenesis of E. coli (pg. 147-149 + TABLE 18.8)
37. Differentiate between Salmonella and Shigella (TABLE 18.9)
38. Typhoid (pg. 151)
39. Bacillary dysentery (pg. 152)
40. Cholera (pg. 154)
41. Lab diagnosis of C. jejuni (pg. 155)
42. Lab diagnosis of H. pylori (pg. 156)
43. Lab diagnosis of Proteus (pg. 158)
44. Pseudomonas (pg. 158-160)
GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS RELATED TO RESPIRATORY TRACT pg. 164 (only topics)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus except Acinetobacter. Important questions are:
45. Gram negative rods associated with the respiratory tract (TABLE 19.1)
46. Lab diagnosis of all organisms

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS RELATED TO ANIMAL SOURCES (ZOONOTIC ORGANISMS)
pg. 170 (only topics)
Only Yersinia pestis is part of syllabus. Once prepare TABLE 20.1 also.
MYCOBACTERIA pg. 176 (most important)
1 of 3 SEQs in special bacteriology appears in prof. from this chapter every year. So, you
cannot leave any of bacteria in this chapter.
ACTINOMYCETES pg. 187 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus.
47. Differences between A. israielii and nocardia (TABLE 22.1)
MYCOPLASMAS pg. 190 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus.
48. Properties of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
49. Extra pulmonary manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
50. Lab diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
SPIROCHETES pg. 192 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
51. Classification and names of diseases (TABLE 24.1)
52. Primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis (in detail) (pg. 193-194)
53. Congenital syphilis (pg. 194)
54. Lab diagnosis of Treponema pallidum (pg. 194-195)
55. Stages of lyme disease (pg. 197)
56. Transmission and pathogenesis of leptospira (pg. 198)
57. Lab diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans (pg. 199)
CHLAMYDIAE pg. 201 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
58. Elementary bodies (pg. 201)
59. Laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia (pg. 203)
60. Pathogenesis and clinical findings of Clamydia trachomatis (pg. 203)
RICKETTSIAE pg. 205 (full chapter)
All microorganisms are part of syllabus. Important questions are:
61. Diseases caused by each sub type (TABLE 26.1)
62. Which disease is not transmitted by arthopod bite? (pg. 205)
63. Which disease is not zoonotic? (pg. 20.5)
64. Rocky mountain spotted fever (pg. 206)
65. Weil-Felix test (pg. 207)

12. MYCOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Levinson’s Microbiology
4 1 9
Chapter 47-50

The smallest topic of 3rd Year Pathology but shares almost the same weightage as other
lengthy topics of Microbiology. Hardly 20 pages in Levinson! And 9 marks in your hands!
 HOW TO DO?
The whole method is same as described in ‘special bacteriology’ portion.
I am now sharing here the important questions:

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
BASIC MYCOLOGY pg. 383 (leave chapter from ‘antifungal therapy’ to end)
1. Comparison of fungi and bacteria (TABLE 47.1)
2. Laboratory diagnosis (pg. 385)
CUTANEOUS & SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES pg. 390
3. Classify fungi in four groups (TABLE 48.1)
4. Genera, diseases caused by it with location of disease & lab diagnosis in case of
Dermatophytoses (pg. 390-391)
5. Sporotrichosis or Rose gardener’s disease (pg. 391)
6. Scenarios:
a. Pruritic rash on chest with inflamed circular border = Dermatophytoses
b. Football player complains of itching between toes = Athlete’s foot
c. Slowly worsening pruritis of both toes = Athlete’s foot
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES pg. 394
7. Enumerate different types of systemic mycosis (pg. 394)
8. Lab diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulatum (pg. 397)
9. Scenarios:
a. Both microconidia & macroconidia spores + yeast cell within macrophages =
Histoplasmosis
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES pg. 401 (leave topic ‘fungi of minor importance’)
10. Properties, transmission, pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of Candida (pg. 401-403)
11. Germ tube test (pg. 403)
12. Transmission, pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of Cryptococcus (pg. 404-405)
13. Transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings & lab diagnosis of Aspergillus (pg.
405-406)
14. Rhino-cerebral mucormycosis (pg. 406)
15. Scenarios
b. Itching & copious vaginal discharge with antibiotics = Candidiasis (vaginal
thrush)
c. Whitish exudate on oral mucosa & palate = Oral candidiasis
d. Indian ink preparation shows yeast cell surrounded by unstained wide
capsule + headache + neck stiffness = Cryptococcal meningitis
e. V shaped branches + septate hyphae + radiating columns + haemoptysis +
acute pneumonia symptoms + purulent sputum streaked with blood &
fungal hyphae = Aspergillus infection

13. PARASITOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Levinson’s Microbiology
5 1 10
Chapter 51-56

Important and interesting topic! It will take a lot of time to revise it. So work smartly.
 HOW TO DO?
The whole method is same as described in ‘special bacteriology’ portion. But one thing you
have to add here is “LIFE CYCLES”. One simple thing, I am going to tell you here, the only
organisms whose life cycles are drawn in Levinson are part of your syllabus. Leave the rest
of the organisms.

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
I am now sharing here the important questions from the organisms present in your
syllabus:
INTESTINAL & UROGENITAL—PROTOZOA pg. 411
1. Pathogenesis, life cycle & lab diagnosis of Entamoeba (pg. 411-412 + fig. 51.1)
2. E. histolytica cyst with four nuclei (Fig. 51.2B)
3. G. lamblia cyst (Fig. 51.2E)
4. String test for Giardia lamblia (pg. 415)
5. Kinyoun acid fast stain for Cryptosporidium (pg. 417)
6. Properties and clinical findings of Trichomonas vaginalis (pg. 418)
7. Scenarios:
a. Greenish discharge from vagina = Trichomonas vaginalis
b. Hikers drinking stream water = Giardiasis
c. HIV and diarrhea = Crytosporidium infection
BLOOD & TISSUE PROTOZOA pg. 421
8. Five species, life cycle, clinical findings & lab diagnosis of Plasmodium (pg. 421-425
+ fig. 52.1)
9. Life cycle and lab diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii (pg. 426 + fig. 52.5)
10. Life cycles of Trypanosoma species (fig. 52.8, 52.11)
11. Life cycle, clinical findings & lab diagnosis of Leishmania species (pg. 433-435 + fig.
52.13)
MINOR PROTOZOAN PATHOGENS pg. 437 (leave the chapter)
CESTODES pg. 440 (leave topic ‘cestodes of minor importance’)
12. Features of Medically Important Cestodes (TABLE 54.1)
13. Life cycle of Taenia species (Fig. 54.1)
14. Differences between scolex and proglottids of Taenia species (pg. 441+442)
15. Cysticercosis (Fig. 54.5)
16. Longest tapeworm = Diphyllobothrium latum
17. Casoni's Test = Diagnostic test For hydatid disease cause by Echinococcus
TREMATODES pg. 449 (leave topic ‘trematodes of minor importance’)
18. Pathogenesis & properties of Schistosoma (pg. 450-451)
19. Spine positions of eggs of Schistosoma species (MCQs: TABLE 55.1)
20. Swimmer's itch (pg. 451)
NEMATODES pg. 456 (leave topic ‘nematodes whose larvae cause disease’)
21. Laboratory diagnosis of all intestinal nematodes
22. Life cycles of all intestinal nematodes
23. Scotch Tape Technique (pg. 458)
24. Properties, lab diagnosis & life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti (pg. 468-469 + fig.
56.16)
25. Enumerate all the anemia causing parasites with types of anemia.
26. Scenarios:
a. Perianal pruritis = Enterobius
b. Largest intestinal nematode = Ascaris
c. Worm infection on bare feet = Ancyclostoma and Necator
d. Elephantiasis = Wuchereria

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY

14. VIROLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
Kaplan Microbiology 2018
6 1 11
Chapter 4

It is too much extensive on Levinson, as compared to its weightage in prof. So, I prepared
this topic from Kaplan Microbiology Chapter 4 i.e. only 52 pages.
This topic has not much weight-age in prof. but in Levinson it’s too much extensive. So,
save you time and work smartly. In Kaplan only there are 52 pages. And believe me
nothing in prof. appears out of these 52 pages. You have to generally read the whole
chapter in Kaplan but the method of doing any microorganism remain same as described
in ‘special bacteriology’. Moreover, only a few viruses are included in your syllabus. Even
you can leave the other organisms from Kaplan i.e. only few viruses from 52
pages of Kaplan . Get these 52 pages printed or photocopied from any friend who is
doing MLE. There is no need to buy the whole new book.
The important questions & microorganims included in your syllabus are:
KAPLAN MICROBIOLOGY 2018 CHAPTER 4 pg. 279-330
1. Viral nucleocapsid symmetries (pg. 280)
2. Vertically transmitted viruses (ANS: B19, HBV, HCV, HDV, HHV8, HIV, Zika Virus)
3. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E viruses
a. Families, genomic features & lab diagnosis (pg. 287)
b. Dane particle (pg. 289)
c. Hepatitis B terminology and Markers (pg. 290)
d. Hepatitis B serology (pg. 290)
e. Scenario: Fever, anorexia, vomiting, upper right quadrant hepatic pain,
jaundice, dark urine, elevated liver enzymes
4. Human papilloma virus (HPV) (pg. 295-296)
5. Adenovirus (pg. 297)
6. Neonatal herpes (pg. 299)
7. Pathogenesis, diseases & lab diagnosis of all Herpes viruses (pg. 298-302 + TABLE
pg. 303)
8. Smallpox virus (pg. 304) – its difference from chickenpox virus w.r.t. rash
9. Moluscum contagiosum (pg. 304)
10. Norwalk virus (pg. 307)
11. Pathogenesis, clinical findings & lab diagnosis of polio virus (pg. 308)
12. Rhinovirus (pg. 308)
13. Dengue virus (pg. 309)
14. Mechanism of dengue shock syndrome (DSS): 1st dengue infection  Macrophages
 Acute inflammation  pyrogens and pain mediators released  breakbone fever
 2nd infection by other serotype  antibodies against 1st serotype increase 
cross-reactivity  formation of immune complexes  Hemorrhagic Shock (DSS)
15. Rubella virus and congenital rubella syndrome (pg. 310)
16. Corona virus (pg. 311) + Get a print of Chapter 45: Corona Virus from Levinson
Edition 16th. Learn it by heart 
17. HIV
a. Important genes and their functions (pg. 313-314)
b. Life cycle (pg. 315)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY
c. Associated conditions (pg. 316-317)
d. Lab diagnosis (pg. 319)
e. Three clinical stages during course of infection (LEVINSON pg. 371-372)
i. Early acute stage
ii. Middle latent stage
iii. Late immunodeficiency stage
18. Measles virus (pg. 322)
19. Mumps virus (pg. 322)
20. Parainfluenza & RSV (pg. 323)
21. Rabies virus (pg. 324)
22. Ebola disease (pg. 325)
23. Influenza virus
a. Types and reservoir (pg. 326)
b. Pathogenesis i.e. Difference between antigenic shift and drift (pg. 326-327)
c. Clinical presentation (pg. 327)
24. Rota virus (pg. 329)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY

FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY

1. UHS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
THEORY
S. MCQS SEQS
Topic
No. (45 x 1) (9 x 5)
a) Pakistan’s Legal System
1 b) Law In Relation To Medical Man 5 1
c) Forensic Psychiatry
2 THANATOLOGY 3 1
TRAUMATOLOGY
a) General Traumatology
b) Special Traumatology
c) Firearm Injuries,
3 d) Transportation Injuries 9 1
e) Thermal Injuries
f) Electrical Injuries
g) Violent Deaths Due Asphyxia
h) Drowning etc.
PERSONAL IDENTITY & EXAMINATION OF
4 5 1
BIOLOGICAL SPECIMEN (TRACE EVIDENCE)
AUTOPSY, EXHUMATION & FORENSIC
5 4 1
SCIENCES
FORENSIC SEXOLOGY
Sexual offenses, relevant section of law (Zina
6 and Hudood and named miscarriage / abortion, 4 1
Pregnancy, delivery, New born , Child Trauma
Etc.
TOXICOLOGY
a) GENERAL TOXICOLOGY 2 1
b) SPECIAL TOXICOLOGY 2
i) Alcohol 2
ii) Opiates, opioids and other narcotics 1
iii) Salicylates and paracetamol 1
iv) Hypnotics and sedatives 1
v) Stimulants (cocaine), cannabis 1
vi) Poisonous plants (aconite, belladonna,
hyoscyamus, stramonium, digitalis,
7
ergot, mushrooms, nux vomica,
oleander, tobacco) 1
vii) Venomous insects (snakes) 1
viii) Inorganic elements, antimony, arsenic,
lead, mercury, phosphorus 1
ix) Volatile poisons and corrosives (carbon
monoxide, hydro carbons, cyanides,
sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, carbolic acid
and alkalis) 1
x) Pesticides, herbicides and insecticides 1
8 Internal Assessment (10 Marks)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY

PRACTICAL
S. No. Topic Marks
OSPE
1 32
(8 stations with 4 marks each and 3.5 minutes per station)
Observed Stations
2 (2 stations of 4 marks each and 3.5 minutes per station) 8
(1 from Forensic Medicine and 1 from Toxicology)
Structured Viva Voice (Related to Curriculum) 40
3 External 20
Internal 20
4 Annual Work Book 10
5 Internal Assessment 10

2. GENERAL GUIDELINES
Forensic Medicine is the minor subject subject in front of two GIANTS i.e. Pharmacology &
Pathology. There is no need to study Forensic Medicine throughout the year. Why? Isn’t it
that important? No, it is also important as other subjects but the syllabus is very short and
much easy to cover.
WHY SYLLABUS IS EASY TO COVER?
Yes, FM’s syllabus is much easy to cover. Why? Because you can easy cover it either at
once or dividing the syllabus into three portions. It totally depends on you, how you
manage to cover it. But the syllabus it is so much scattered. 
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT BOOKS IN THE MARKET!
All the books in Market like Terse, Shahbaz, Shibli are short books by Pakistani authors but
no one is recommended by UHS. And in my opinion, no book is complete in terms of
syllabus.
NRA is written by Pakistani author and is recommended book by UHS but has too much
grammatical errors, poor layout and incomplete information! But you have to consult it for
few topics. Why? Because in prof there are MCQs from NRA tables and some values in text
are followed according to NRA.
Parikh is a book by Indian author and is also recommended by UHS. A very good but very
long book at a same time. It needs a lot of time. So with giants like Pharma and Patho, no
one recommends you to study from it. Usually some students do Toxicology from it.
Let me clear you, it has been 3 to 4 years, UHS FM’s prof paper is mostly difficult in terms
of database questions (mostly values are asked like age of wounds, distance of weapon
causing injury etc.) and in all the books I have mentioned above, the values are different.
And no one knows exactly which value is correct but UHS. Haha!
Well, there is no need to worry.
DIVISIONS OF SYLLABUS
The syllabus consists of following two parts
i. Forensic Medicine – 60 marks written (6 SEQs and 30 MCQs)
ii. Toxicology – 30 marks written (3 SEQs and 15 MCQs)
The written paper is of 90 marks + 10 marks for Internal Assessment. OSPE/Viva also has
same division i.e. 90 marks + 10 marks for Internal Assessment. Total Marks = 200

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
HOW TO COVER THE SYLLABUS?
This book hardly needs 15-20 days to complete the Syllabus even if you are giving 4 to 5
hours daily. It’s not difficult to cover Syllabus. So I will suggest you to start FM after
covering half the syllabus of your Pharmacology and Pathology!
The sequence of topics (in FM portion) for covering the syllabus should be as follow:
(MUST CONSULT THE TOS WHILE DOING TOPIC)
1. Law, Legal Procedures & Forensic Psychiatry – 2½-3 days
2. Autopsy & Exhumation – 1-1½ day
3. Thanatology – 1-2 day
4. Forensic Sexology – 2 days
5. Personal Identity – 2-3 days
6. Traumatology – 4-5 days
In case of Toxicology portion, you have to divide the poisons on daily basis. There are total
24 poisons which you need to do for UHS Prof Exam. Insha’Allah it will cover all the MCQs
and SEQs. So, while dividing the syllabus of toxicology, you should follow following pattern
with above FM portion.
7. General Toxicology – 1-1½ day
8. Special Toxicology (2 poisons daily) – 12 days (Max 18 days)
APPROACHES TO COVER THE SYLLABUS
There are following different combinations one can follow for completing the syllabus:
1. NRA + Terse (time consuming but will cover 95% syllabus Insha’Allah)
2. NRA + Shahbaz (too much time consuming but will cover 90% of your syllabus
Insha’Allah)
3. NRA + My notes (will not be time consuming and covers 95% of syllabus
Insha’Allah)
I will be guiding regarding the (3) combination. You can also cover the topics from (1) and
(2) accordingly.
MY FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY NOTES (SUPPLEMENTS TO YOUR
SYLLABUS)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zn3eHtzeBOdugdeHMqRcJU5G-Pt4PCVI/view?usp=sharing

3. LAW, LEGAL PROCEDURE & FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
5 1 10
Notes

This topic will be covered mainly from NRA. The topics to be done from my notes are
mentioned as ‘FILE’.
CHAPTER 2: LAW, COURT OF LAW AND EVIDENCE IN COURTS (NRA pg. 7)
You have to read the whole chapter. Tables are very very important, so you cannot leave
them at any cost. Important questions are:
1. Sources and types of Law (for MCQs from NRA pg. 7)
2. Three levels of courts (for MCQs from NRA pg. 7)
3. Powers and ways to call witness (NRA TABLE 2.1)
4. Evidence and it types as follow
a. Based on presentation (i.e. oral or written from NRA pg. 9)

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
b. Based on personality (i.e. direct, circumstantial or opinion of expert from
NRA pg. 9)
c. Others (i.e. Hearsay evidence from NRA pg. 10)
5. Stages of presentation of evidence (MAIN 3 ARE MENTIONED ON NRA pg. 10 BUT
WRITE AS FOLLOW IN PROF)
a. I: Oath taking
b. II: Examination in Chief (Direct Examination)
c. III: Cross Examination
d. IV: Re-examination
e. V: Questions by the Court
6. Difference between dying deposition and dying declaration (NRA TABLE 2.3)
7. Elements of criminal responsibility (NRA pg. 11)
a. Three presumptions
b. Three exceptions
8. Stipulations of McNaughton’s (NRA TABLE 2.4)
9. Durham’s Rule (NRA pg. 11)
10. Mens rea and actus rea (NRA pg. 12)
CHAPTER 3: LEGAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE (NRA pg. 13)
You have to read the whole chapter. There is no need to do the chapter before NRA table
3.1 and after Hippocratic Oath (not included). Important questions are:
11. Figure 3.1 and 3.2 (For MCQs)
12. Privileges and duties of RMPs and RDPs (NRA TABLE 3.2)
13. Professional misconduct (NRA pg. 16) + Examples (NRA TABLE 3.3)
14. Punishment(s) for contravention of Allopathic System (Prevention of Misuse) Act
1962 (NRA pg. 16)
15. Punishment(s) for contravention of Medical and Dental Degree Ordinance 1980
(NRA pg. 16)
16. Consent
a. Definition: Voluntary agreement/permission for specified act or purpose
b. Types (NRA pg. 17)
c. Age of consent: 18 years (For MCQs)
d. Mentally sick admission procedure and his authority to consent (NRA pg. 18-
19)
17. Medical negligence
a. Definition: If a physician does not exhibit reasonable carefulness towards his
patients then it may lead to negligence
b. Res Ipsa Loquitur (NRA pg. 21)
c. Types of negligence (NRA pg. 21-22 + fig. 3.6)
18. Privileged communication (NRA pg. 22 + fig. 3.7)
CHAPTER 4: MEDICAL ASPECTS OF LAW pg. 26
According to syllabus, only NRA pg. 26-31 is included in syllabus but for LAW portion, you
have to do NRA pg. 26-29 only. Important questions are:
19. Different Sections in Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) – Pen them down accordingly on
the book
a. Section 44 – Injury
b. Section 299 – Arsh, Daman, Diyat
c. Section 332 – Hurt
d. Section 333 – Itlaf-i-Udw

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
e. Section 335 – Itlaf-i-Salahiyyat-i-Udw
f. Section 336 – Shajjah and all its sections
g. Section 337b – Jurh
h. Section 337c – Jurh-Jaifah
i. Section 337e – Jurh-Ghayr-Jaifah
j. Section 300 – Qalt-i-amd
k. Section 315 – Qalt-shibh-i-amd
l. Section 318 – Qalt-i-khata
m. Section 321 – Qalt-bis-sabab
20. Arsh, Daman, Diyat (NRA TABLE 4.1)
21. Classification of hurt (NRA TABLE 4.2)
22. Period of gestation and authority to consent (NRA TABLE 4.3)
23. Degrees of suicide (NRA TABLE 4.4)
24. Types of killing and their description (NRA TABLE 4.5)
OTHERS
25. Delusion and its types (FILE pg. 6)

4. AUTOPSY & EXHUMATION

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
3 1 8
Notes

CHAPTER 11: FORENSIC AUTOPSY AND AUTOPSY SUITE (NRA pg. 113)
You have to only do selective topics from the chapter which I am mentioning below. Leave
the rest of the chapter. Tables are very very important, so you cannot leave them at any
cost. Important questions are:
1. Autopsy and its type (NRA pg. 113)
2. Objectives of medicolegal/forensic autopsy (FILE pg. 8)
3. Difference between forensic and medical autopsy (FILE pg. 8)
4. Autopsy as a dialogue with dead body (FILE pg. 8)
5. Autopsy room hazards endangering safety of worker (NRA TABLE 11.2)
6. Forensic autopsy procedure (NRA pg. 117-118) – Only headings till Table 11.4
7. Stages of autopsy examination (NRA TABLE 11.4)
8. Incisions for opening body cavities
a. Description (NRA pg. 119 + Fig 11.8)
b. Advantages and disadvantages (FILE pg. 9)
9. Negative autopsy and its causes (NRA pg. 126 + NRA TABLE 11.5)
10. Collection of samples in autopsy (for MCQs from FILE pg. 9)
11. Exhumation, its importance, authorization, procedure, precautions and limitations
(FILE pg. 9-10)
12. Prerequisites of autopsy
a. Request form
b. Injury statement
c. Inquest form
d. FIR

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
CHAPTER 12: DEATH AND RELATED ISSUES (NRA pg. 130)
You have to do only one topic from this chapter related to autopsy. Rest of chapter will be
discussed under “Thanatology”.
13. Postmortem artifacts, their classification and Resuscitation artifacts (NRA pg. 147 +
NRA TABLE 12.9)
IMPORTANT MCQs
 A minimum of 90 lumens of ordinary ice-blue fluorescent electric tubes at autopsy
table level is considered sufficient.
 Pre-autopsy temperature of freezer = should not be < +4 C
 Post-autopsy temperature of freezer = should be > -20 C
 Total three autopsy certificates are made, original stays in register, one copy is
handed over to investigating police officer and other copy is sent to statistical
section for compilation of data
 Autopsy rate = It is proportion of autopsies (whether any type) carried out on
deaths notified to the authorities
 Autopsy index = It is proportion of autopsies (only medicolegal) carried out on
deaths notified to the authorities

5. THANATOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
3 1 8
Notes

CHAPTER 12: DEATH AND RELATED ISSUES (NRA pg. 130)

You have to do this chapter from start till NRA pg. 140 Eye Changes (topic not included).
Tables are very very important, so you cannot leave them at any cost. Important
questions are:
1. Define thanatology (NRA pg. 130)
2. Define tripod of life (NRA pg. 130)
3. Define modes, causes, mechanisms and manner of dying (NRA TABLE 12.1 + FILE
pg. 34)
4. Difference between systemic and cellular death (FILE pg. 34)
5. Tissues viability period (NRA TABLE 12.2)
6. Suspended animation and examples (NRA pg. 130)
7. Define death by Shapiro and Muller (NRA pg. 130 for MCQs)
8. Three criteria for brain death (NRA pg. 131)
9. Clinical judgment criteria for certification of death and their significance (NRA
TABLE 12.3)
10. Classification of changes after death (FILE pg. 34)
11. Test for confirming immediate physical changes (FILE pg. 34)
12. Fall of body temperature/Algor Mortis (NRA pg. 132)
a. Humpry, Dowler, Sheard and Newton’s suggestions
b. Measurement method (Thermometer, sites etc)
c. Figure 12.3
13. Hypostasis
a. Other names: PM lividity, PM staining, Lucidity, Cogitation, Vibices,
Suggilation

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
b. Definition (NRA pg. 133)
c. Mechanism (FILE pg. 35)
d. Examples (NRA pg. 133)
e. Difference between hypostasis, bruise and congestion (FILE pg. 36)
14. Rigor Mortis/PM Rigidity
a. Definition (NRA pg. 134)
b. Factors affecting (NRA pg. 134)
c. Difference between rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm (NRA TABLE 12.4)
d. Development and interpretations (FILE pg. 36)
e. Difference between rigor mortis, heat stiffening and cold stiffening (FILE pg.
36)
f. Difference between primary and secondary muscle relaxation (FILE pg. 36)
15. Decomposition/Putrefaction
a. Factors affecting (NRA pg. 135 + 137)
b. Favourable temperature (NRA pg. 135)
c. Casper’s dictum/Dictum’s rule of thumb (NRA pg. 135)
d. Detailed mechanism with 6 stages (NRA pg. 136-137 + FILE pg. 37)
i. Stage I – Autolysis and bacterial action
ii. Stage II – Skin discoloration
iii. Stage III – Marbling
iv. Stage IV – Skin-slip
v. Stgae V – Bloating
vi. Stage VI – Bursting
e. Order of decomposition of internal organs (NRA TABLE 12.5)
f. Pink teeth phenomenon = In putrefacted bodies, within 1-2 weeks, teeth
sometimes bear pink gum line due to hemolysis of extravasated blood in
dentinal tubules. It is promoted in deaths due to drowning and cephalic
congestion.
16. Infestation by housefly/maggots
a. Life cycle (fig. 12.4)
b. Sample collection and preservation (NRA pg. 138)
17. Major four curves (fig. 12.8)
18. Maceration
a. Definition (NRA pg. 138)
b. Thomson’s gross and microscopic changes (NRA pg. 138-139)
19. Skeletonization (FILE pg. 37)
20. Mummification
a. Definition (NRA pg. 139)
b. Mechanism (FILE pg. 37)
c. Factors affecting (NRA pg. 139)
21. Adipocere formation/Saponification
a. Definition (NRA pg. 139)
b. Mechanism (FILE pg. 37)
c. Factors affecting (NRA pg. 139)
d. Mant, Furbank and Evans’ views (NRA pg. 139)
22. Time since death (FILE pg. 38)
23. Question of presumption of survivorship (FILE pg. 39) + add following points
a. Younger in age will survive the older

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
b. Male shall survive the female
c. Healthy shall survive the diseased

6. FORENSIC SEXOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
4 1 9
Notes

CHAPTER 4: MEDICAL ASPECTS OF LAW (NRA pg. 26)

You have to do only below mentioned topics from this chapter for Forensic Sexology.
Important questions are:
1. Infanticide
a. Definition: Killing of infant i.e. child <1 year old
b. Legal aspects (NRA pg. 28)
c. Battered baby syndrome (FILE pg. 30)
d. Sudden infant death syndrome/Crib death/Cot death (FILE pg. 30-31)
2. Abortion Act 1976 (NRA pg. 28)
3. Types of miscarriages and their punishments
a. Isqat-e-Hamal
i. Definition (NRA TABLE 4.5)
ii. Punishment:
 With women consent = 3 years imprisonment
 Without women consent = 10 years imprisonment
b. Isqat-e-Janin
i. Definition (NRA TABLE 4.5)
ii. Punishment:
 Still birth = ½ of Diyat
 Live birth = Full of Diyat
 Death of live birth due to offender = 7 years imprisonment
 >1 child = Separate punishments for each
4. Difference between zina and zina-bin-jabar (NRA TABLE 4.6)
5. Classification of sexual practices (fig. 4.4)
6. Sexual perversions with definitions (NRA TABLE 4.7)
7. Hadood ordinance 1971 and related sections (FILE pg. 31-32)
8. Rape
a. Section = 375 PPC
b. Explanations (FILE pg. 32)
9. Fornication/Adultery (FILE pg. 32)
10. Difference between rape and adultery (FILE pg. 32)
11. Incest (FILE pg. 32)
CHAPTER 9: SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, RELATED ISSUES (NRA pg. 94)
You have to do complete chapter except TABLE 9.8 and pg. 101-104
12. Definitions of potency, impotence, sterility, fertility (NRA pg. 94)
13. Physical causes of impotence (NRA TABLE 9.1)
14. Pregnancy
a. Definition: Condition of having embryo(s) or fetus(es) in body after union of
sperm and ovum

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
b. Age of conception (NRA pg. 95)
c. Chronological indications of pregnancy (NRA TABLE 9.2) + add following
points
i. Darkening of vaginal mucosa i.e. turn blusih = Chadwick’s sign
ii. Gradual softening of cervix = Hegar’s sign
d. Differential diagnosis of pregnancy (NRA TABLE 9.3)
e. Duration of gestation (NRA pg. 95)
f. Twin pregnancies i.e. superfetation and superfecundation (FILE pg. 25)
g. Relationship of uterine size to stage of pregnancy (NRA TABLE 9.4) + add
following points
i. External Os returns to normal size = by 2 weeks
ii. Uterus returns to normal size = by 6 weeks
15. Abortion
a. Definition: Termination of pregnancy by any means before fetus is
sufficiently developed to survive
b. Types (FILE pg. 25)
c. Causes (FILE pg. 25)
d. Methods (FILE pg. 25) + add following point
i. Higginson’s syringe is used in syringing i.e. syringe loaded with
disinfectant like dettol or even concentrated soap water in poisonous
concentration
e. Stages of criminal termination of pregnancy (NRA TABLE 9.5)
f. Abortifacients drugs (NRA TABLE 9.6)
g. Difference between natural and criminal abortion (FILE pg. 26)
h. Autopsy findings in abortion (NRA pg. 97-98)
i. Causative organisms responsible for septicemia (NRA TABLE 9.7)
16. Newborn baby
a. Difference between breathed lung/live birth and unbreathed lung/still birth
(NRA TABLE 9.9) – make correction here i.e. edges are sharp in unbreathed
lung while rounded in breathed lung
b. Vagitus uterinus (NRA pg. 100)
17. Sexual offences
a. Examination of victim of rape/zina-bil-jabar (FILE pg. 26-28 + NRA TABLE
9.11)
b. Examination of accused of rape/zina-bil-jabar (FILE pg. 29)
c. Sodomy, its agents and examination (FILE pg. 29) – make correction here
i.e. specimen collection in examination of active agent is only around the
penis.

7. PERSONAL IDENTITY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
5 1 10
Notes

This topic is a bit lengthy one and need a lot of cramming. So, it is best to do it after all
short topics of prof.

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: PERSONAL IDENTITY (NRA pg. 36)
This chapter is very short if you leave all the figures. So, you have to do only below
mentioned topics from this chapter and remaining from file. Leave table 5.3. Important
questions are:
1. Personal identity parameters (NRA TABLE 37)
2. Anthropometry (NRA pg. 36)
3. Surest methods to determine identity
a. DNA profiling
b. Dactylography (NRA pg. 36-37)
i. Types of finger prints (FILE pg. 12)
ii. Methods to record fingerprints (NRA pg. 37)
iii. Preservation or recording of finger prints in death bodies (NRA pg.
37)
4. Three methods of compilation of personal identity data (NRA pg. 38)
5. Hess’s rule for length of fetus (NRA pg. 38 + NRA TABLE 5.2)
6. Krogman’s criteria for age estimation (NRA pg. 45)
7. Difference between deciduous and permanent teeth (FILE pg. 12)
8. Age of eruption and calcification of deciduous and permanent teeth (NRA TABLE 5.4
+ 5.5)
9. Gustafson, Miles, Boyd and Stack criteria for wear-tear of teeth (NRA pg. 47 + NRA
TABLE 5.6)
10. Sex determination
a. Three types of sexual evidences (FILE pg. 12)
b. Methods (FILE pg. 12-13)
c. Percentage accuracy of bones for sex determination (NRA TABLE 5.7)
d. Morphological sex differences of skull (NRA TABLE 5.8)
e. Morphological sex differences of pelvis (NRA TABLE 5.9)
f. Morphological sex differences of mandible (FILE pg. 12)
g. Morphological age related changes in mandible (FILE pg. 12)
h. Davidson’s and Barr’s body (NRA pg. 51)
i. Transvestite and transsexual persons (NRA pg. 51)
j. Information obtained from skeletal remains (very important w.r.t. prof) –
this topic is not written anywhere as a whole, follow the following headings
while writing the answer in prof. Each heading will be covered at the end of
this chapter accordingly.
i. Source of origin i.e. whether human or animal
ii. Age i.e. by cranial suture or epiphysis unions
iii. Sex
iv. Race
v. Time since death i.e. skeletonisation from “Thanatology”
vi. Cause of death i.e. injury or fracture
vii. Disease i.e. any pathological condition
11. Race determination (FILE pg. 14-15)
12. Tattoos, scars and occupational marks (just give a read from FILE pg. 16-17)
13. Trace evidence, types, Locard’s exchange principle (FILE pg. 17)
14. Give a read to all the rest of pages (FILE pg. 18-23) in file as they are important for
MCQs. They important SEQs from these pages are:
a. Catalytic colour test for blood sample screening (FILE pg. 18)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
b. Crystal tests for blood sample confirmation (FILE pg. 19)
c. Microscopic examination for blood sample species identification (FILE pg. 19)
d. Chemical and other tests for semen sample screening (FILE pg. 21)
e. Microscopic examination for semen sample confirmation (FILE pg. 21)
f. Difference between animal and human hair (FILE pg. 22)

8. TRAUMATOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
NRA 2nd Edition + My
9 1 14
Notes

This topic is the lengthiest one of your syllabus. It will need your a lot of time. This chapter
is called TRAUMATOLOGY and it will really give you a lot of trauma while doing it. But
always do this topic at the end of your syllabus. The whole thing is not mentioned in NRA.
I will mostly share the things here according to my notes and a very few topics from NRA.
As, in NRA, the things are not up to mark regarding syllabus. The chapter is further
divided in sub-headings (HAVE A LOOK OVER TOS). I am making headings according to
TOS here.
GENERAL & SPECIAL TRAUMATOLOGY
1. Factors controlling the shape of injury (NRA pg. 53-54 + NRA TABLE 6.1) + add
following points
a. Stationary head injury is also called compression concussion
b. Moving head injury is also called acceleration concussion i.e. coup &
counter-coup injuries
2. Classification of injuries (FILE pg. 41)
3. Definitions of injuries
a. Abrasion: Closed wound restricted to external surface of body when hard
and rough object with pressure is moved against body surface.
b. Bruise: Closed wound caused by strike of blunt weapon due to sudden tissue
indentation followed by recoil. This injury is limited to subcutaneous or deep
tissues without uncovering the skin.
c. Laceration: Open wound caused by blunt weapon showing breach of skin or
covering of internal organ along with underlying tissue
d. Incised wound: Open wound caused by sharp weapon showing breach of
skin or covering of internal organ along with underlying tissue
e. Stab wound: Open wound (with or without wound of exit) caused by sharp
weapon with pointed end showing breach of skin or covering of internal
organ along with underlying tissue
4. Abrasion, its classification, age & ML importance (FILE pg. 42)
5. Bruise (FILE pg. 43)
a. Classification, age and ML importance
b. Difference between AM and PM bruises
c. Difference between true and false bruises
d. Factors affecting appearance and severity of bruise (NRA pg. 56)
e. Battering: Type of patterned bruise caused by repeated strikes to body parts
at same points, which breaks body tissues and interferes with normal

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
process of oxygenation/enzymatic action accelerating the colour changes.
E.g. police during investigation
6. Classification, age and ML importance of lacerations (FILE pg. 44)
7. Classification, age and ML importance of incised wounds (FILE pg. 45)
8. Difference between incised and lacerated wounds (NRA TABLE 6.4)
9. Difference between homicidal and suicidal cut throat (FILE pg. 45)
10. Classification, shapes and ML importance of stab wounds (FILE pg. 46)
11. Classification of fractures (FILE pg. 46)
12. Medico-legal classification of injuries (FILE pg. 50)
13. Contrasting features of self inflicted and incised wound with those of assault (NRA
TABLE 7.4)
14. Eying’s postulates (NRA TABLE 7.8)
FIREARM INJURIES
15. Interior ballistics
a. Parts of firearm (NRA pg. 68 + FILE pg. 47)
b. Classification of firearms on basis of barrels (FILE pg. 47)
c. Difference between smooth bore and rifled weapons (FILE pg. 47-48)
d. Chain of events (NRA pg. 68)
e. Types of bullets
i. Lead bullets
ii. Hardened lead bullets
iii. Incendiary (phosphorous) bullets
iv. Tandem bullets: Move out of the rusted weapons i.e. two bullets are
fired at once
v. Tracer (barium) bullets: produce light on striking the target
vi. Dum dum bullets: Expand into secondary missiles and cause high
destruction
vii. Jacket conical bullets: Jacket of copper or nickel
16. Exterior ballistics (NRA pg. 69)
a. Ricocheting: A projectile (bullet) that bounces off another surface is said to
ricochet. It has following types:
i. Yaw: deflection to any angle from normal path
ii. Tumble: end to end deflection from normal path i.e. at 180
iii. Tobble: tail wag effect i.e. bullet’s tail circles around normal path for
some distance from the muzzle end of firearm
17. Wound-complex ballistics (NRA pg. 69-73)
18. Difference between wound of entry and exit (FILE pg. 49)
19. Difference between wounding by bullet and shot charge (NRA TABLE 7.3)
20. Wound of entry for different shots of rifled and smooth bore weapons (FILE pg. 49)
TRANSPORTATION INJURIES
21. Vehicular injuries
a. Classification (FILE pg. 55)
b. Road traffic injuries causation (NRA TABLE 8.2)
c. Types of road-traffic accidents (NRA TABLE 8.3)
d. Clasp-knife injury: Hyperflexion of cervical spine leading to damage at C5-
C6
e. Dicing/Bird-foot injury (FILE pg. 55)
f. Fender/Bumper fracture (FILE pg. 55)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
g. Whiplash injury (FILE pg. 56)
22. Railway injuries (FILE pg. 56)
23. Aircraft injuries (FILE pg. 56)
THERMAL INJURIES
24. Classifications, differences, ages & ML importance of burns (FILE pg. 50-52)
25. Postmortem diagnostic points for burnt bodies:
a. Curling ulcers of duodenum
b. Cherry red hypostasis
c. Pugilistic attitude (specific boxer attitude) due to heat coagulation and
shortening of flexor muscles’ proteins
26. Wallace rule of nine (NRA TABLE 6.5)
27. Generalized effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia (FILE pg. 52-53)
ELECTRICAL INJURIES
28. Electrical voltage and electrical considerations (NRA pg. 65)
29. Types of electrical lesions (FILE pg. 53)
30. Postmortem findings of lightening (FILE pg. 54)
31. Fernlike/Filigree burns (MCQs from FILE pg. 54)
ASPHYXIA
32. Anoxia and its classification (FILE pg. 57)
33. Pathophysiology of asphyxia (FILE pg. 57)
34. Physiology of fatal asphyxia (NRA pg. 149)
35. Types of asphyxia and further classification of mechanical asphyxia (FILE pg. 57)
36. Subtypes, postmortem findings & ML importance of each type of asphyxia (FILE pg.
58-60)
37. Difference between hanging & suffocation (FILE pg. 61)
DROWNING
38. Classification (FILE pg. 61)
39. Mechanism of death in each type (FILE pg. 61-62)
40. Mechanism of froth formation in AM drowning (FILE pg. 63)
41. Difference between fresh and sea water drowning (FILE pg. 63)
42. Postmortem findings in drowning (FILE pg. 64)
43. Surest sign of AM drowning = Diatom test (Prof SEQ Diagnosis)

9. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY
MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
3 1 8 My Notes

Whole toxicology is to be covered from my notes. If you are following any other book, then
mark the topics accordingly.
GENERAL TOXICOLOGY (FILE pg. 66)
Important questions are:
1. Define forensic toxicology (FILE pg. 67)
2. Classification of poisons on basis of mode of action and Keith Simpson’s
classification (FILE pg. 67-68)
3. Factors modifying action of poisons (FILE pg. 68)
4. Dose toxicity rate/scale (MCQs from FILE pg. 69)
5. Medical and legal duties of medical practitioner in case of poisoning (FILE pg. 68)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
6. General treatment of case of poisoning (FILE pg. 69 flowchart)
7. Reed’s classification of comatose patient (MCQs from FILE pg. 70)
8. Glasgow coma scale (MCQs from FILE pg. 70)
9. Gastric lavage, its indications, contraindications & procedure (FILE pg. 71)
10. Agents used for emesis (FILE pg. 71)
11. Rationale of use of activated charcoal in case of poisoning, its mechanism of action
and dosage (FILE pg. 71)
12. Types of antitodes (FILE pg. 72-73) + add following point
a. Dispositional antitode = It makes alterations in pharmacokinetics of toxic
material hence reduces the amount of poisons available to tissue e.g.
overdose of acetaminophen (paracetamol) is treated with N-acetyl-cysteine
antitode
13. Chelating agents (FILE pg. 73)

10. SPECIAL TOXICOLOGY

MCQs SEQs Total Marks Books
12 2 22 My Notes

Whole toxicology is to be covered from my notes. If you are following any other book, then
mark the topics accordingly. I have shared the different approaches in very start of FM
guidelines to cover the special toxicology. These are the most important poisons which are
frequently asked in UHS. I will share some important MCQs points at the end too.
CORROSIVES (FILE pg. 75-80) & ASPHYXIANTS (FILE pg. 81)
Important questions are:
1. Classify corrosives (FILE pg. 67)
2. Postmortem findings of sulphuric acid poisoning (FILE pg. 77)
3. Vitriolage (FILE pg. 78)
4. Nature of hurt of vitriolage according to Qisas & Diyat Act, 1991 = Section 335
(Itlaf-i-Salahiyyat-i-Udw)
5. MOA, fatal dose, fatal period, symptoms, autopsy findings, treatment & specimen of
choice for oxalic acid poisoning (FILE pg. 79)
6. Christison’s saying (FILE pg. 79)
7. MOA, symptoms, treatment, postmortem findings and treatment of choice for CO
poisoning (FILE pg. 81)
8. What level of COHb is lethal? (FILE pg. 81)
9. Symptoms relevant to various concentrations of COHb? (FILE pg. 81)
10. Diagnostic points for MCQs:
a. Chalky white brittle teeth + blackening of mucosa = Sulphuric acid
b. Xanthoproteic reaction + yellowing of mucosa = Nitric acid
c. Coffee ground colored vomiting + Accoucher’s hand = Oxalic acid
d. Grayish white skin sloughing + Leathery stomach = Carbolic Acid
e. Smell of bitter almonds + Pink colored hypostasis = HCN
f. Cherry red colored hypostasis + Fine froth = CO
CARDIAC POISONS (FILE pg 82-85)
Important questions are:
11. Why aconite is ideal homicidal poison? (FILE pg. 82)
12. Signs and symptoms of digitalis toxicity (FILE pg. 83)

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
13. Major cause of death in white and yellow oleander poisoning (FILE pg. 84)
14. Medico-legal significance of nicotine (FILE pg. 85)
15. Diagnostic points for MCQs:
a. Hippus + Bitter sweet taste = Aconite
b. Dark coloured blood + Brownish froth = Nicotine
IRRITANTS (FILE pg 86-98)
16. Signs and symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning/Hydrargyrism (FILE pg. 86)
17. Signs and symptoms of chronic lead poisoning/Plumbism (FILE pg. 89)
18. Laboratory diagnosis of chronic lead poisoning/Plumbism (FILE pg. 89)
19. Signs and symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning (FILE pg. 90)
20. Skin/dermatological findings of chronic arsenic poisoning/Arsenicosis (FILE pg. 90)
21. Postmortem findings of arsenic poisoning (FILE pg. 91)
22. Advantages and disadvantages of using arsenic as homicidal poison (FILE pg. 91)
23. Phossy/Lucifer’s jaw (FILE pg. 92)
24. Classify snakes (FILE pg. 94)
25. Difference between poisonous and non-poisonous snake on basis of bite mark (FILE
pg. 94 + 97)
26. Active principle/constituents of snake venom (FILE pg. 95)
27. Management of snake bite (FILE pg. 96-97)
28. Administration of anti-venom in step down manner (FILE pg. 97 flowchart)
29. Diagnostic points for MCQs:
a. Grayish white corrosion + Metallic taste = Mercury (acute)
b. Brownish deposits in lens capsule + Tremors of fingers = Mercury (chronic)
c. Wrist drop + Foot drop + Burtonian line = Lead (chronic)
d. Burning pain in GIT + Bloody diarrhea + Rice water stools = Arsenic (acute)
e. Mee’s line + dew drop pigmentation + Bowen’s disease = Arsenic (chronic)
f. Garlicky taste/breath + Luminous stools = Phosphorous (acute)
g. Phossy/Lucifer’s jaw = Phosphorous (chronic)
h. Plants as irritants (usually MCQs appear from this topic but for SEQs it is not
important)
i. Active principle of Ricinus communis (Castor Oil Seeds, Arandi) =
Ricin (toxalbumin) cause hemolysis
ii. Active principle of Croton tiglium (Jamal gota, Nepala) = Crotin
(toxalbumin) cause vesication & irritation
iii. Active principle of Abrus precatorius (Ratti, Indian liquorice) = Abrin
(toxalbumin) like viperine snake
iv. Active principle of Claviceps purpurea (Ergot, Mother of rye) =
Ergotoxin, Ergotamine, Ergonovine
v. Active principle of Capsicum (chillies) = Capsaicin (acrid, volatile)
vi. Active principle of Semecarpus anacardium (Marking nut) =
Semecarpol, Bhilawanol
vii. Active principle of Calotropis gigantea (Madar, Akdo) = Calotropin,
Calotoxin, Uscharin (acrid)
viii. Active principle of Conium maculatum (hemlock) = Coniine (NMJ
Blocker) mousy odor
ix. Suis is combination of abrus seeds + dhatura + opium + onion which
is then mixed with spirit and water to make thick paste. From this
paste needles or suis are made by dring in sun. It is then

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
administered by slapping the person with these needles in hand to
get them penetrated into flesh.
ANALGESICS (FILE pg 99-100)
30. Treatment of paracetamol poisoning (FILE pg. 100)
31. Diagnostic points for MCQs:
a. Toxic dose of commonly available analgesic + nausea + malaise + anorexia
+ jaundice = Paracetamol
NEUROTICS (FILE pg 101-119)
32. Active principles (with any 4 examples) of opium (FILE pg. 101)
33. Receptors on which opium acts (FILE pg. 101)
34. Signs and symptoms of acute opium poisoning (FILE pg. 101)
35. Autopsy findings of opium poisoning (FILE pg. 102)
36. Specimen of choice for chemical analysis in opium poisoning (FILE pg. 102)
37. Name antidotes for opium poisoning along with their dosage (FILE pg. 102)
38. Steps for treatment of opium poisoning (FILE pg. 102)
39. Management of opium withdrawal syndrome
a. Methadone – for withdrawal symptoms
b. Antispasmodics – for GIT muscles
c. Tranquilizers or sedatives at bed time
40. Various/seven stages of acute alcohol poisoning (FILE pg. 105)
41. Macewan’s sign (FILE pg. 105)
42. Withdrawal symptoms of chronic alcoholics with their management (FILE pg. 107) –
most important of them are:
a. Delirium tremens
b. Korsakoff psychosis
43. Brief account of kerosene poisoning (FILE pg. 108)
44. Classification, MOA, differential diagnosis & treatment of organophosphates
poisoning (FILE pg. 109-111)
45. SLUD/SLUDGE syndrome (FILE pg. 110)
46. How atropine is administered in organophosphates poisoning? (FILE pg. 110)
47. Signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis & treatment of dhatura poisoning (FILE
pg. 112-113)
48. Chemical tests for dhatura poisnoning: Vitale’s test, Mydriatic test, Microscopic test,
chromatography, electrophorasis etc.
49. Fatal dose and clinical manifestations of cocaine poisoning (FILE pg. 114-115)
50. Magnan’s syndrome/cocaine bugs (FILE pg. 115)
51. Body packer and stuffer syndrome (FILE pg. 115)
52. Preparations (percentage of active principle) of cannabis (FILE pg. 116)
53. Run amok/Hashish insanity (FILE pg. 116)
54. Signs and symptoms, ferential diagnosis & treatment of dhatura poisoning (FILE
pg. 118-119)
55. Diagnostic points for MCQs:
a. Constricted pin-point pupil + Deeply cyanosis + Raw fish like smell = Opium
b. Constricted pin-point pupil + Voiding urine & stool in clothes + Weak
thready pulse + Hyperlacrimation = Organophosphates
c. Railroad poison = Dhatura
d. Conscious patient + Starry look + Convulsions every 15 minutes =
Strychnine

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HUMAN FOUNTAINS –
3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
1. UHS TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS
S. No. Topic Total Division
1 MCQS 45 1 of Each
2 SEQS 9 5 of Each
Observed Stations
3 5 stations 9 of each
(5 stations of 9 marks each)
Psychosocial Experiment with
4 1 45
Structured Viva Voice (20 min)
5 Internal Assessment (20 Marks)

2. GENERAL GUIDELINES
Behavioral Sciences (BS) is also the minor subject subject in front of two GIANTS i.e.
Pharmacology & Pathology. Again, there is not much need to study BS throughout the
year. It is the easiest subject of 3rd year in front of all the other subjects. It is very much
easy to get distinction in this subject.
IS SYLLABUS IS EASY TO COVER?
Yes, it’s too much easy to cover the syllabus. As, both written and practical is totally based
on your 2 to 3 times read in a year.
Past papers are repeated even in MCQs. Let me know you, in our prof there were 44/45
MCQs from past papers, even the statements and options were same. So you must have
to prepare that MCQs. And these are hardly 300 to 350 in number.
So, what I said, “IT IS VERY MUCH EASY TO SECURE A DISTINCTION IN PROF”
BOOK TO FOLLOW!
There are not much books for this in market and please don’t search for any short books.
Already your course book (i.e. BS by Mowadat H Rana) only and only comprises of 229
short sized pages. Even from these 229 pages you have to prepare almost 75% of them.
So you have to follow these books smartly
i. BS by Mowadat H Rana 3rd edition (for theory + practical exam)
ii. BS by Mubashar Iqbal i.e. Friends (only and only MCQs) – there is no need to
buy it, get a PDF copy from any senior/friend
DIVISIONS OF SYLLABUS
There are no proper divisions of the subject. There is no proper TOS too i.e. not for either
theory or practical paper. There will be 5 SEQs in Prof of 9 marks each. And there are five
sections (numbering A to E) in your course book. But but but it never mean that there will
be one SEQ from each section. Most of the times there are 3 or 4 SEQs from one chapter
and remaining from others. Like in our prof exam there were 2 SEQs from Section E and
remaining from A to C.
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO COVER THE SYLLABUS
For distinction, you have to give almost 2 reads in a year just like an ENGLISH NOVEL. And
your last and final read will be during Prof paper break. So, let me tell you how to prepare
it.
1. First of all, you have to prepare the important topics, I am going to mention in
detailed guidelines. (LINE TO LINE CRAMMING IS REQUIRED)

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
2. Then, read the rest of the chapter and pen down important MCQs points on
separate sheet of paper.
3. Solve all the important MCQs (IT WILL BE BEST IF YOU GET A PRINT OUT OF THAT
IMPORTANT MCQs PDFs)
4. Repeat the same method for 2nd and 3rd time preparation
For normal students, who just want to pass it with good marks, just follow the above
method, but there is not much need to cram the things and penning down the important
stuff separately.
For both students, CRAM THE HEADINGS OF EACH TOPIC AS YOU HAVE DONE IN FSc
PAKISTAN STUDIES OR ISLAMIAT. Beech mein to khud likh lein ge ap log, MashaAllah
qaabil bachey hain. 

3. SECTION A
1. Difference between holistic and traditional medicine (pg. 2)
2. BPS Model
a. Three principles (pg. 3)
b. Clinical applications (pg. 4)
3. Integrated Model
a. Difference between homeostasis and allostasis (pg. 5-6)
b. Clinical application (pg. 6-8) – definitions of all the headings
c. Stress performance (Yerkes-Dodson’s) curve (pg. 7)
4. Communication skills
a. Definitions + Details of all the skills (pg. 11-14)
b. Factors to improve and obstruct communication (TABLE pg. 12)
5. Counseling
a. Definition (pg. 14)
b. Aims of counseling (pg. 14-15)
c. Traits of good counseller (pg. 15)
d. Do’s and misconceptions of counseling (TABLE pg. 16)
6. Informational Care
a. Definition (pg. 17)
b. Seven essential questions in IC (TABLE pg. 17)
c. Seven questions a patient needs answered in an IC session (TABLE pg. 18)
7. Breaking bad news
a. Steps of BPS Model i.e. SPIKES-P with details (pg. 20-22)
b. Advantages and disadvantages of individual disclosure model (pg. 23)
c. Advantages and disadvantages of full disclosure model (pg. 23)
d. Why paternalistic model is not recommended? (pg. 23)
e. Advantages and disadvantages of non disclosure model (pg. 23-24)
f. Common reactions of patients and health professionals on breaking bad news
(pg. 24)
8. Major challenge in Non-pharmacological interventions = LACK OF TIME (MCQ)
9. Crisis Intervention
a. Definition and origin of word (MCQ: pg. 27)
b. Robert’s seven stage model of crisis intervention (pg. 27)
c. Communication strategies in crisis intervention (pg. 28)
d. Enumerate three phases of disaster management (MCQ: pg. 28)

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BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
10. Conflict resolution
a. Definition (pg. 29)
b. Causes (pg. 29)
c. Methods (pg. 30-31)
d. Do’s and dont’s of crisis intervention (pg. 31)
11. How can medical students learn empathy in their relationships? (PRACTICAL pg. 32)
12. SAMPLE MCQ FOR SECTION A (pg. 33-34)

4. SECTION B
1. Two branches of medical ethics (pg. 38)
2. Four pillars of medical ethics (pg. 28)
3. Prima facie (MCQ: pg. 28)
4. Define informed consent (pg. 39)
5. Age of consent = 16 years according to BS but 18 years according to NRA Forensic
Medicine (MCQ: pg. 39)
6. Exceptions to the rule of informed consent (pg. 39)
7. Questions of informed consent i.e. BRAINS (pg. 40)
8. Conditions in which confidentiality can be breached (pg. 40)
9. Accepting gifts from patients (pg. 44)
10. Relationship with pharmaceutical industry (pg. 44-45)
11. Models of Doctor–Patient relationship (pg. 48)
12. Rights and responsibilities of patients (pg. 49-50)
13. Psychological reactions in Doctor–Patient relationship (SCENARIO IN PROF)
a. Definitions of transference, counter transference, resistance, burn-out
b. Types of transference or counter transference
c. Early signs and management of burn out in physicians
14. Professionalism in health care (pg. 57-60) – complete each and every point
15. SAMPLE MCQ FOR SECTION B (pg. 61-62)

5. SECTION C
1. Operant/instrumental learning (very important for MCQs)
a. Definition (pg. 66)
b. Types (pg. 66 flowchart)
c. Examples (TABLE pg. 67)
d. Theories derived from it i.e. shaping and modeling (pg. 68)
e. Use to remove bad habits (pg. 69-70) – only do headings
2. Classical learning (very important for MCQs)
a. Definition (pg. 68)
b. Conditioned response and stimulus (pg. 68)
c. Unconditioned response and stimulus (pg. 68)
d. Pavlov experiment and its results (pg. 69)
e. Use in clinical setting (pg. 71-72)
f. Treatment of phobias i.e systemic desensitization (pg. 71)
3. Difference between operant/instrumental and classical learning (TABLE pg. 68)
4. Metacognitive strategies for medical students (TABLE pg. 72)
5. Enumerate 3 megacognitive phases in learning (pg. 73)
6. Memory (Complete very important)

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
7. Stages in memory (pg. 74)
8. Types of memory with examples (MCQs: pg 75-76)
9. Types of rehearsal (MCQs: pg. 76)
10. Motivated forgetting and repression (MCQs: pg. 77)
11. Enumerate methods to improve memory (pg. 78-80)
12. Binocular and monocular cues (pg. 84)
13. Abnormalities of perception i.e. illusions and hallucinations (pg. 84-85)
14. Extrasensory perceptions (MCQs: pg. 85)
15. Algorithms and Heuristics (MCQs: pg. 87)
16. Enumerate 5 obstacles and aids to problem solving (MCQs: pg. 87)
17. Enumerate 7 stages of decision making process (MCQs: pg. 90)
18. Enumerate 5 stages of creative thinking (MCQs: pg. 91)
19. Enumerate the barriers of creative thinking (MCQs: pg. 91)
20. Origin of word ‘emotion’ (MCQs: pg. 92)
21. Types of emotions i.e. primary/innate and secondary/mixed with examples (MCQs:
pg. 92)
22. Alexithymia (MCQs: pg. 93)
23. Enumerate 4 types of motivation (MCQs: pg. 94)
24. Machiavellianism (MCQs: pg. 94)
25. Draw Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (pg. 96)
26. Name person responsible for providing with each tier of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(MCQs: pg. 96)
27. WAISR and WISC-III (MCQs: pg. 97)
28. Formula of IQ, its different extremes and Savant syndrome (MCQs: pg. 97)
29. Enumerate components of emotional intelligence (MCQs: pg. 98)
30. Difference between EQ and IQ (TABLE pg. 99)
31. Enumerate 6 different ways to improve EQ (MCQs: pg. 100)
32. Origin of word personality (MCQs: pg. 101)
33. Paiget's theory, Freud’s theory & Erikson’s theory (All stages with timeline and
important features pg. 101-105) – very important for scenario based questions in
prof.
34. Difference between type A and B personalities (pg. 107)
35. Personality Disorders (TABLE pg. 108) – very important for scenario based questions
in prof.
36. Progression of our understanding of human behavior (MCQs: pg. 112 only figure)
37. Sleep (very much important for SEQs & MCQs)
a. Stages of sleep (pg. 119)
b. Difference between REM and NREM sleep cycle (pg. 119)
c. Sleep disorders (TABLE pg. 120)
d. Sleep hygiene (pg. 120-121)
e. Sleep induction (PRACTICAL pg. 121)
38. SAMPLE MCQ FOR SECTION C (pg. 123-124)

6. SECTION D
1. Difference between primary & secondary group (pg. 129)
2. Types of parenting (MCQs: pg. 131)
3. Stigma (pg. 132)

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3rd Year MBBS GUIDELINES
BY ALI RAZA CHAUDARY
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
4. Sick Role (pg. 133)
5. Impact of social factors on treatment adherence
a. Define non-compliance (pg. 133)
b. Enumerate elements required to improve compliance (pg. 134)
6. Define culture and subcultures (MCQs: pg. 135)
7. Define beliefs, values, norms, folkways, mores & laws with examples (MCQs: pg.
136-137)
8. SAMPLE MCQ FOR SECTION D (pg. 141-142)

7. SECTION E
This section is very lengthy, only do the following questions. Leave chapter 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 &
10 as whole (THERE IS EVEN NO NEED TO READ THEM FOR MCQs)
1. Enumerate 8 parameters of health and normality (MCQs: pg. 143)
2. Defense Mechanisms (very much important for SEQs & MCQs)
a. Characteristics (MCQs: pg. 145)
b. Definitions + Examples (TABLE pg. 146)
c. Enuemrate 7 stage of grief (MCQs: pg. 148)
3. Enumerate stresses due to illness (MCQs; pg. 149)
4. Enumerate stress due to hospitalization (MCQs: pg. 150-151)
5. Mental state exam (PRACTICAL pg. 154-155)
6. Psychological issues during puerperium (MCQs: pg. 162)
7. Psychological aspects of parenting a child with disability (pg. 164)
8. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis & management of: (pg. 177-183 + pg. 189-190)
a. Mixed anxiety and depression
b. Panic disorder
c. Unexplained somatic complaints
d. Dissociative and possessive states
e. Delirium
For making diagnosis, use following table:

Disorder Presenting complaints & Diagnostic Features

Mixed anxiety & Low or sad mood, loss of pleasure, inability to perform daily work,
depression physical symptoms such as pain & fatigue
3-4 attack of anxiety per day, dizziness, feeling of shortness of
Panic disorder breath & chest pain, fear of having heart attack, palpitation and
feeling of unreality
Atypical & unusual complaint includes feeling of ‘gas’ or ‘gola’ and
Unexplained somatic
pain without definite site. Physical symptoms without medical
complaints
explanation. Overly concerned patient about his illness
Patient is brought by family or friend on account of violent and
Dissociative & unmanageable behavior due to possessed (influenced) by ‘jin’ or evil
possessive state spirit. Reduced awareness of self and surrounding, disturbed
memory, wandering away from home
Bipolar affective
Alternative episodes of excitement (mania) & depression
disorder
Psychotic disorder Hallucinations + Delusions
Confusion, agitation, poor memory, illusions, loss of orientation +
Delirium
visual hallucinations**

9. Protective factors and risk factors for suicide (TABLES pg. 189)
10. Difference between gender and sexual identity (pg. 192-193)
11. Enumerate neurotransmitters & hormones affecting sexual function (MCQs: pg. 194)

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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
12. Three type of sexual disorders (very much important for SEQs & MCQs)
a. Sexual dysfunction (pg. 196)
b. Paraphilias (pg. 198)
c. Gender dysphoria/DSM V or Gender identity disorder/ICD 10 (pg. 198: very
much repeated as scenario in prof)
13. Management of gender and sexuality issues (pg. 199)
14. Common reactions to trauma (TABLE pg. 212)
15. Techniques to manage trauma (TABLE pg. 213)
16. Reactions commonly seen in survivors of a terrorist attack (TABLE pg. 215)
17. Characteristic behavior patterns seen amongst terrorists planning to go on a mission
(TABLE pg. 216)
18. Enumerate key areas to manage of consequences of terrorist acts (pg. 217-219)
19. Types of stress (MCQs: pg. 220)
20. Stress management (pg. 225-226)
21. Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PRACTICAL: TABLE pg. 226)
22. Non-pharmacological interventions for reducing stress (TABLE pg. 227)
23. SAMPLE MCQ FOR SECTION E (pg. 228-229)

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