Department of Chemistry

General Chemistry 1
10231101

Chapter 3
Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya

Fall, 2023/2024
 Warning
This supplementary material should not be construed as a substitute for
the prescribed textbook or serve as a comprehensive course reference.
The primary and recommended reference for this course is:

.‫هذا المواد التكميلية ال تستبدل بأي شكل من األشكال الكتاب المقرر أو تمثل مرجعا لهذا المساق‬
:‫المرجع الرئيسي والمستحسن لهذه الدورة هو كتاب الكيمياء بالعنوان التالي‬

Title: Chemistry Authors: Jason Overby & Raymond Chang Edition: 12th
Edition

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 2

 outline
• 3. 1 Atomic Mass
• 3. 2 Avogadro’s Number and Molar Mass of an Element
• 3. 3 Molecular Mass
• 3. 4 The Mass Spectrometer
• 3. 5 Percent Composition of Compounds
• 3. 6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas
• 3. 7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
• 3. 8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
• 3. 9 Limiting Reagent Calculations
• 3.10 Reaction Yield

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 3

 3.1 Atomic mass
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu) or (u)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu or dalton

On this scale
1H = 1.008 u
16O = 16.00 u

Note that: (1 amu =1 dalton)

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 4
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 5

Average atomic mass (6.941)

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 6

 Average atomic mass of an Element =

(Weight of 1st isotope x %abundance of 1st isotope) +

(Weight of 2nd isotope x %abundance of 2nd isotope) + ….

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 7

Solution:

19.8 * 10.0129 + 80.20 * 11.0093

100 100
(0.1980) (10.0129 amu) + (0.8020) (11.0093 amu) = 10.8129 amu

Similar problems: 3.5, 3.6. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 8

Example: lithium occur in nature as, two isotopes
6Li (it weighs 6.015 u) it is % abundance is 7.42%
and 7Li find the atomic mass of 7Li .
Solution:
From periodic table Average atomic mass of lithium = 6.941 u
7Li %abundance = 100% - 7.42% = 92.58

7.42 * 6.015 + 92.58 * (X)

= 6.941 u
100
7
X= 7.016 u = atomic mass of LI

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 9

3.2 Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of an Element
The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles
Dozen = 12

Pair = 2
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA)

10
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 One Mole of:

C S

Hg

Cu Fe
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 11
Relation between g and amu : 6.022 x 1023 amu = 1g

1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g

x 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 12

 3.3 Molar Mass eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu or u

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 13

 For any element
atomic mass (amu) = Molar mass (grams)

Na atomic mass = 23 amu Molar mass = 23 g/mol

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = Molar mass (grams)
SO2 Molecular mass = 64.07 amu Molar mass = 64.07 g/mol
For any ionic compound
formula mass (amu) = Molar mass (grams)
NaCl Formula mass = 58.5 amu Molar mass = 58.5 g/mol

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 14

n = # mol m =mass in g M. s. = Molar mass

N = # atoms or molecules

NA = Avogadro’s number= 6.022 x 1023

n = m / M.s.

n = N / NA

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 15

Example 3.2:
Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low-temperature
research, deep-sea diving tanks, and balloons. How many moles of He
atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

Solution:
n = m / M.s
n = 6.46 g / 4.003 g mol-1 = 1.61 mol He

Similar problem: 3.15. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 16

Example 3.3:
Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used in making brass (with copper)
and in plating iron to prevent corrosion. How many grams of Zn are
in 0.356 mole of Zn?

Solution:

n = m / M.s
m = n x M.s = 0.356 mol x 65.39 g mol-1 = 23.3 gram

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 17

Example 3.4:
The C60 molecule is called
buckminsterfullerene because its shape
resembles the geodesic domes designed
by the visionary architect R.
Buckminster Fuller. What is the mass
(in grams) of one C60 molecule? Buckminsterfullerene (C60)
Solution: Or “buckyball.”
1 molecule C60= 60 C atom
n = N / NA = 60 / 6.022x1023 = 9.96x10 -24 mol

n = m/ M.s
-24
m = n x M.s = 9.96x10 x 12.01= 1.197x10-21 gram

Similar problems: 3.20, 3.21.

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 18
Example: Compute the mass in grams of a sample of
Americium (Am) containing six atoms.
Solution:
Mass of one Am atom is 243 u
Mass of 6 atoms = 6*243 = 1.46x103 u

6.022x1023 u = 1 g
Mass of 6 Am atoms in g = 1.46x103 *(1/ 6.022x1023)
Mass of 6 Am atoms in g = 2.42x10-23 g
Another way of Solution:
(molar mass (M) of Am is 243 g/mol)
n = N / NA = 6/ 6.022x1023 = 1x10-23 mol Am
Mass = n*M.s = 1x10-23 *243 = 2.42x10-23 g

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 19

Example: Compute both the number of moles and the number
of atoms in a 10.0g sample of aluminum.
Solution:
Mole = m / M.s. = 10 / 27= 0.37 mol Al

N =n*NA = 0.37 * 6.022x1023 = 2.23x1023 atom

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 20

Example: A silicon chip has a mass of 5.68 mg. How many
silicon (Si) atoms are present in the chip?

Solution:
Mass Si = 5.68mg =5.68x10-3 g

Mole (n) = m /M.s = 5.68x10-3 / 28 = 2.02x10-4 mol Si

# of atom (N) = n* NA = 2.02x10-4 * 6.022x1023 = 1.2x1020 atom Si

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 21

Calculate both the number of moles in a sample of cobalt
containing 5.00 x1020 atoms and the mass of the sample.

Solution:
# of moles (n) = N / NA = 5x1020 / 6.022x1023 = 8.3x10-3 mol Co

Mass = n *M.s = 8.3x10-3 *58.9 = 4.89x10-2 g Co

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 22

Example 3.5:

Similar problems: 3.23, 3.24. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 23

Example 3.6:

Solution:
M.s of CH4 = 12 + 4*1= 16 g/mol

n = m / M.s = 6.07g / 16 g mol-1 = 0.38 mol

Similar problem: 3.26

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 24
Example 3.7:

Solution:
M.s of urea (NH2 ) 2 CO2 = 60 g/mol

n = m / M.s = 25.6g / 60 g mol-1 = 0.426 mol urea

# H atoms = 4 *n*NA = 4 *0.426*6.022x1023 = 1.03x1024 H atoms

Similar problems: 3.27, 3.28. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 25

 3.4 Mass Spectrometer:

Heavy
Setup used to determine the number

Light
and the % abundance of isotopes

Light

Heavy
Mass Spectrum of Ne

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 26

Question: How atomic and molecular
masses are determined?
Answer: The most direct and
most accurate method is mass
spectrometry

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 27

3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 28
Example 3.8:

Solution:
phosphoric acid H3PO4 Molar mass 97.9 g /mol

% H = (3x1.008 / 97.9) *100% = 3.00%

% P = (1x30.97 / 97.9) *100% = 31.63%

% O = (4x16.00 / 97.9) *100% = 65.37%

Similar problem: 3.40. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 29

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 30

 Example
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has the
following percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
Solution
24.75 g K 34.77 g Mn 40.51 g O

24.75 g K 34.77 g Mn 40.51 g O

39.10 g/mol 54.94 g /mol 16.00 g/mol

0.6330 mol K 0.6329 mol Mn 2.532 mol O

0.6330 ~ 0.6329 2.532 ~

K: ~ 1.0 Mn : = 1.0 O: ~ 4.0
0.6329 0.6329 0.6329

KMnO4 31
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 Example 3.9

Solution:
40.92 g C 4.58 g H 54.50 g O

40.92 g C 4.58 g H 54.50 g O

12.01 g/mol 1.008 g /mol 16.00 g/mol

3.407 mol C 4.544 mol H 3.406 mol O

3.407 ~ 4.544 3.406

C: ~1 H: = 1.33 O: =1
3.406 3.406 3.406
3 X1= 3 3 X 1.33 = 4 3 X1= 3
C 3H 4O 3
Similar problems: 3.49, 3.50. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
This can be done by a trial-and-error procedure:

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 33

Example 3.10

Solution:

Similar problem: 3.45 Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 34

 3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas

Remark: CuO is used as catalyst to insure

the combustion of C to CO2
Ex: When 11.5 g ethanol
(contains C, H and O) were Combusted,
22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O were Collected
What is the E.F of ethanol?

g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C

22g CO2 22/44=0.5 mol CO2 0.5 mol C 6g C

g H2O mol H2O mol H gH 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H

13.5g H2O 13.5/18=0.75 mol H2O 1.5 mol H 1.5g H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O
35
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 Determination of Molecular Formulas
Molecular Formula (M.F) = n * (E.F)
Where n is integer = 1 or 2 or 3 ….etc
Integer= molar mass compound /molar mass of E.F

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 36

Ex.

Cl C H
71.65% 24.27% 4.07%
71.65g 24.27g 4.07g
71.65/35.45= 2.021mol 24.27/12.01=2.021mol 4.07/1.008=4.04 mol
2.021/2.021= 1 2.021/2.021=1 4.04/2.021=2

ClCH2 Empirical formula (E.F)

Molecular Formula (M.F) = integer *E.F
Integer= molar mass compound /molar mass of E.F
Integer= 98.96 /49.5= 2
M.F is Cl2C2H4
37
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
Example 3.11
A sample of a compound contains 30.46 percent nitrogen and 69.54 percent oxygen
by mass, as determined by a mass spectrometer. In a separate experiment, the molar
mass of the compound is found to be between 90 g and 95 g. Determine the
molecular formula and the accurate molar mass of the compound.
Solution:
N O
30.46% 69.54%
30.46 g 69.54g
30.46 /14= 2.176 mol 69.54 /16= 4.346 mol
2.176 / 2.176 = 1 4.346 / 2.176 = 2
E.F is NO2
molar mass of E.F = 46 g/mol
Molecular Formula (M.F) = integer *E.F
Integer= molar mass compound /molar mass of E.F = 92 /46 = 2
M.F is N2O4
38
Similar problems: 3.52, 3.53, 3.54. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 3.7 Chemical Reactions and chemical equations
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

39
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 40

 Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane (C2H6) reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
41
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
 Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 42
 Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 43

 Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 44
Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion
reaction of methanol (CH3OH or CH4O)?

CH4O + O2 CO2 + H2O

2CH4O + 3O2 2 CO2 + 4 H2O

Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion

reaction of ethanol (CH3CH2OH or C2H6O)?
C2H6O + O2 CO2 + H2O

C2H6O + 3O2 2 CO2 + 3H2O

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 45

Solution:
unbalanced equation

balanced equation

Similar problems: 3.59, 3.60. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 46

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html
/balancing-chemical-
equations/latest/balancing-
chemical-equations_en.html

47
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
48
Solution: M.s. of C6H12O6 = 180g /mol and M.s. of CO2 = 44 g /mol

moles of C6H12O6 = m / M. s. = 856 g / 180 g mol-1 = 4.75 mol

From the balanced eqn.: 1 mol C6H12O6 give 6 mol CO2

4.75 mol C6H12O6 give X mol CO2
X= 6*4.75 /1 = 28.5 mol CO2 produced
Mass of CO2 produced =n*M = 28.5 *44 = 1.25x103 g
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 49
Similar problem: 3.72.
Practice Exercise
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
Solution:
209 g CH3OH mole CH3OH =m / M.s = 209 / 32 = 6.53 mol

2 mol CH3OH give 4 mol H2O

6.53 mol CH3OH give X mol H2O
X= 4*6.53 /2 =13.06 mol H2O produced
Mass of H2O produced =n*M.s. = 13.06 *18 = 235 g

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 50

3.9 Limiting Reagent (L.R.):

Reactant used up first in

the reaction.

2NO + O2 2NO2

NO is the limiting reagent

O2 is the excess reagent

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 51

 3.10 Reaction Yield
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.(calculated yield)

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.(Experimental yield)

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 52

 Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 53
Similar problem: 3.86.
a) Find L. R. ? b) Mass of (NH2)2CO formed ?
637.2 g 1142 g 2 mol NH3 produce 1 mol (NH2)2CO
637.2 g 1142 g 37.48 mol NH3 produce X mol (NH2)2CO
17 g mol-1 44 g mol-1 X = 37.48x 1 ÷ 2 = 18.74 mol
37.48 mol 25.98 mol X = mol (NH2)2CO produced = 18.74
37.48 25.98 mass (NH2)2CO produced = n x M.s.
2 1 mass (NH2)2CO produced = 18.74 x 60 = 1124.4 g

18.74 25.98

L. R. is NH3

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 54

c) Amount of excess reagent remains

Mol of CO2 remain =n (initial) – n(needed) to react all L.R.

Mol of (CO2 remain =25.98 – 18.74 = 6.26 mol CO2

m= n x M.s = 6.26 x 44 = 275.44 g CO2 remains

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 55

 If 14 g nitrogen gas is mixed with 4 g of hydrogen
gas to Produce ammonia, according to the equation.
a) find L. R. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)

14/2*14= 4 /2*1=
14/28 = 0.5 mol N2 4/2 = 2 mol H2
0.5 /1 =0.5 2 /3 = 0.66

L. R is N2
b) Find the mass of ammonia produced
1mol N2 give 2 mol NH3
0.5 mol N2 give X mol NH3
X =2*0.5 /1= 1 mol ammonia produced
Mass =n*M= 1 *17 = 17 gram ammonia produced
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 56
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
a) find the theoretical yield of water?
b) find the % yield if a student obtained 180 g water ?
209 g CH3OH mole CH3OH =m/M 209/32=6.53 mol

2 mol CH3OH give 4 mol H2O

6.53 mol CH3OH give X mol H2O

X= 4*6.53 /2 =13.06 mol H2O produced

Mass of H2O produced =n*M = 13.06 *18= 235 g = theoretical yield
of water
Actual Yield
b) % Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 57
 Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

180
% Yield = x 100% = 76.59%
235

c) If the %yield of water was found to be 76.59%, what is the

mass of water produced?
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
Actual Yield
% 76.59 = x 100%
235
Actual Yield = mass of water produced = 180 g

58
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
Solution: M. s. CH3OH = 32 g/ mol M.s. of CH3Br = 98.9 g/ mol
M.s. of LiC4H9 = 64 g/ mol
We start with the knowledge that CH3OH and CH3Br are present in
stoichiometric amounts and that LiC4H9 is the excess reagent.
59
Similar problems: 3.137, 3.138. Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
10 g CH3OH
Mole CH3OH = m / M.s. = 10 / 32 = 0.3125 mol
1mol CH3OH 1 mol CH3Br
0.3125 mol CH3OH X mol CH3Br
X mol CH3Br = 1*0.3125 = 0.3125 mol
Mass CH3Br = 0.3125 * 98.9 = 29.6 g CH3Br

1mol CH3OH 2.5 mol LiC4H9

0.3125 mol CH3OH X mol LiC4H9

X mol LiC4H9= 2.5 *0.3125 = 0.78125 mol

Mass LiC4H9 = 0.78125 * 64= 50 g LiC4H9

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 60

 Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 61
Similar problems: 3.89, 3.90
 3.54x107 g 1.13x107 g a)Calculate the theoretical yield of Ti
in grams.
3.54x107 g 1.13x107 g
189.9 g. mol-1 24.3 g. mol-1 1 mol TiCl4 produce 1 mol Ti
1.87x105 mol TiCl4 produce X mol Ti
1.87x015 mol 4.65x105 mol
X = 1.87x10 5 mol
1.87x10 5
4.65x105
X = mol Ti produced =1.87x10 5 mol
1 2
1.87x105 5
mass Ti produced = n x M.s.
2.325x10
mass Ti produced = 1.87x105x 47.8
L. R. is TiCl4 mass Ti produced = 8.95x106 g
Theoretical yield of Ti = 8.95x106 g
note that: Theoretical yield of Ti is
the Mass of Ti formed if all L.R. reacted
62
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
b) Calculate % Yield if experimentally 7.91x106 g Ti actually
obtained?
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

7.91x106
% Yield = x 100%
8.89x106

% Yield = 88.4%

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 63

More examples
Practice Exercise

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 64

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 65
Practice Exercise
How many moles of magnesium (Mg) are there in 87.3 g of Mg?

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 66

Practice Exercise
Calculate the number of grams of lead (Pb) in 12.4 moles of
lead.

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 67

Practice Exercise
Gold atoms form small clusters containing a fixed number of atoms.
What is the mass (in grams) of one Au31 cluster

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 68

Review of Concepts
Referring to the periodic table , determine which of the following
contains the largest number of atoms:
(a) 7.68 g of He, (b) 112 g of Fe, and (c) 389 g of Hg

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 69

Practice Exercise
Calculate the number of moles of chloroform (CHCl3) in 198 g of
chloroform.

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 70

Practice Exercise
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of
isopropanol (rubbing alcohol), C3H8O ?

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 71

Practice Exercise
Find Percent composition of each element in chloric acid

Practice Exercise
Find Percent composition of each element in sulfuric acid

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 72

Practice Exercise
Calculate the number of grams of Al in 371 g of Al2O3
.

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 73

Practice Exercise
A sample of a compound containing boron (B) and hydrogen (H)
contains 6.444 g of B and 1.803 g of H. The molar mass of the
compound is about 30 g. What is its molecular formula?

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 74

Example:
Cumene is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen that is
used in the production of acetone and phenol in the chemical industry.
Combustion of 47.6 g cumene produces some CO2 and 42.8 g water. The
molar mass of cumene is between 115 and 125 g/mol. Determine the
empirical and molecular formulas.

75
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 76
 −6
Bees release about 1μg = 1x10 g of isopentyl acetate
C7H14O2 when they sting. How many molecules of isopentyl
acetate are released in a typical bee sting? How many
atoms of carbon are present?
Solution:

Molar mass of C7H14O2 = 7x12+14x1+2x16 = 130 g/mol

n = m/M = 1x10-6 / 130= 8x10-9 mol C7H14O2

N =n*NA = 8x10-9 * 6.022x1023 = 5x1015 molecule C7H14O2

# atoms of carbon (N) = 7 xnx NA = 35x1015 atom C

How many atoms of oxygen are present?
# atoms of oxygen (O) = 2 xnx NA = 10x1015 atom O

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 77

 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, a) find
the theoretical yield of CO2? b) find the % yield if 260 g CO2
were obtained ?
209 g CH3OH mole CH3OH =m/M 209/32=6.53 mol

2 mol CH3OH give 2 mol CO2

6.53 mol CH3OH give X mol CO2

X= 2*6.53 /2 =6.53 mol CO2 produced

Mass of CO2 produced =n*M = 6.53 *44= 287.32g = theoretical
yield of CO2

Actual Yield
b) % Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 78
 260
% Yield = x 100%
287.32

% Yield = 90.49 % is the percent yield of CO2

c) If the %yield of CO2 was 80%, what is the mass of CO2

produced?
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
Actual Yield
% 80 = x 100%
287.32

The mass of CO2 produced =Actual Yield =287.32*0.8= 229.9g

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 79

 If 400 molecule of nitrogen were mixed with 700
molecule of hydrogen to give ammonia
a) What is L.R

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)

400 molecule 700 molecule
n= N/NA n= N/NA
23
n= 400/6.022x1023 n= 700/6.022x10
= 1.16x10-21 mol
-22
= 6.6x10 mol
6.6x10-22/ 1 1.16x10-21/ 3

6.6x10-22 0.39 x10-21

3.9 x10-22

Hydrogen is L. R 80
 b) Find the number of molecules remains unreacted
from the excess reagent?
H2 is L. R
the excess reagent is N2
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
1mol N2 needs 3 mol H2
X mol N2 needs 1.16x10-21 mol H2

X mol N2 = (1x1.16x10-21 ) / 3
= 3.9x10-22 mol N2 are needed to react all H2
Mol N2 remain =n (initial) – n(needed) to react all L.R.
Mol N2 remain = 6.6x10-22 - 3.9x10-22 =2.7 x10-22 mol N2 remains
Molecules N2 remain = nxNA =2.7x10-22 x6.022x1023
= 162.5 molecule N2 remains unreacted
81
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?

1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2

3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 82

An element X has four isotopes:
50X (it weighs 49.946 amu and it is 4.35% abundance)
52X (it weighs 51.940 amu and it is 83.79% abundance)
53X (it weighs 52.940 amu and it is 9.50% abundance)
54X (it weighs 53.938 amu and it is 2.36% abundance).
The Element is:
a) Cr b) V c) Fe d) Sr

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 83

How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

Solution:

# Atoms = n * NA = (m /M ) * NA = (0.551/ 39) * 6.022x1023

= 8.49 x 1021 atoms K

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 84

When a sample of natural copper is vaporized and injected
into a mass spectrometer, the results shown in Fig. 3.3
are obtained. Use these data to compute the average
mass of natural copper.
(The mass for 63Cu and 65Cu are 62.93 u and 64.93 u, respectively.)

Solution:
(69.09 * 62.93 + 30.91*64.93) / 100 = 63.55 u

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 85

 Example: Consider 72.5 g of C3H8O :
a) How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

Moles (n) of C3H8O = m/M= 72.5 /60 = 1.2 mol C3H8O

# H atoms = 8 *n*NA = 8 *1.2*6.022x1023 = 5.7x1024 H atoms

b) How many C atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
# C atoms = 3 *n*NA = 3 *1.2*6.022x1023 = 2.1x1024 C atoms
c) How many O atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
# O atoms = 1 *n*NA = 1 *1.2*6.022x1023 = 7.2x1023 O atoms
d) How many C3H8O molecules are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
# C3H8O molecules (N) = n* NA = 7.2x1023 molecule C3H8O
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 86
A certain sample of calcium carbonate contains 4.86
moles. What is the mass in grams of this sample? What
−2
is the mass of the CO3 ions present?
Solution:
Molar mass= M.s
calcium carbonate CaCO3
=40+12+3x16=100 g/mol

M.s of CaCO3 = n*M.s = 4.86*100= 486 g

M.s of CO3−2 = 12+3x16= 60 g/mol

mass of CO3−2 = n*M.s

= 4.86* 60 = 291.6 g

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 87

 Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 88
Similar problem: 3.66.
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 89
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 90
Practice Exercise
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
a) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
124 g 601 g
124 /27 = 4.59 601 /160 =
mol Al 3.6 mol Fe2O3
4.59/ 2= 3.6 /1=
2.295 3.6
L. R is Al
2 mol Al give 1 mol Al2O3
4.59 mol Al give X mol Al2O3
X= 1*4.59/ 2 = 2.295 mol Al2O3 produced
mass Al2O3 produced = n *M = 2.295 * 102 = 234.09 g
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 91
 b) What is the L.R and how many grams remain from
the excess reagent?
L.R is Al as we have seen in part a
the excess reagent is Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
2 mole Al needs 1mol Fe2O3
4.59molAl needs X mol Fe2O3

X= 4.59*1/ 2 = 2.295 mol Fe2O3 are needed to react all Al

# mol remain from excess reagent = n (initial) – n (needed)

# mol remain from excess reagent = 3.6 – 2.295 =1.305 mol Fe2O3
Mass remain from excess reagent = n*M=1.305*160=208.8 g
Fe2O3 remains unreacted 92
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya
c) When Hamza make the reaction the amount of Al2O3
produced was 200g, find %yield of Al2O3 ?

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

200g
% Yield = x 100%
234.09g

%Yield = 85.4%

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 93

Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 94
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 95
Dr. M. Suleiman Shtaya 96
Extra Practice on % Yield
Q1. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 20.7 grams of
CaCO3 (100.09 g/mol) produces 6.81 grams of CaO (56.08g/mol), what is the
percent yield? CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Q2. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 91.3 grams of
C3H6 (42.08 g/mol) produces a 81.3% yield, how many grams of CO2 (44.01
g/mol) would be produced? 2C3H6 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Q3. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 0.112 grams of
H2 produces 0.745 grams of H2O, what is the percent yield?
Fe3O4+4H2 → 3Fe + 4H2O

97