CHAPTER

1. Natural numbers: The numbers which are used for counting are called Natural numbers and
represented with letter N
N={1,2,3,4,5,……}
2. Whole numbers: If ‘0’ is added to Natural numbers then they are called Whole numbers. And is
denoted by ‘W’
W={0,1,2,3,4,5,……}
3. Integers: Combination of positive and negative numbers Including 0 are called Integers and
represented by ‘Z’ or ‘I’.
Z={… … − 4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4, … … … }
4. Integers number line

Negative integers Positive integers

−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5. Addition of integers:
(i) When two positive integers are added, we get a positive integer.
e.g. (+5) + (+6) = +11
(ii) When two negative integers are added, we get a negative integer.
e.g. (−5) + (−6) = −11
(iii) When one positive and one negative integer are added we subtract them as whole numbers by
considering the numbers without their sign and then put the sign of the bigger number with the
subtraction obtained.
e.g. (+8) + (−5) = 3 , (−8) + (+5) = −3 , −7 + 5 = −2
6. Multiplication of integers:
(i) If the signs of two integers are same then the product is positive integer.
e.g. (+3) × (+5) = 15, (−4) × (−3) = 12
(ii) If the signs of two integers are different then the product is negative integer.
e.g. (+3) × (−5) = −15, (−3) × (+5) = −15, (−4) × (+3) = −12, (+4) × (−3) = −12
7. Division of integers:
(i) If the signs are same then the quotient is positive.
e. g. 12 ÷ 3 = 4, (−12) ÷ (−3) = 4
(ii) If the signs are different then the quotient is negative.
e. g. (−12) ÷ 3 = −4, 12 ÷ (−3) = −4

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8. Division by zero is not defined
1 3 −51 −8
, , , , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0 0 0 0
9. 0 ∈ W (0 belongs to whole numbers)
10. 0 ∉N (0 does not belong to natural numbers)
11. –3 ∈Z (–3 belongs to integers)
12. Rational numbers:
𝑝
A number which can be written in the form 𝑞 , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a

rational number.
2 6 9
Example: − 3 , 7 , −5 are all rational numbers. Since the numbers 0, –2, 4 can be written in the form
𝑝
, they are also rational numbers.
𝑞

Rational numbers (Q)

1 8 3 2 25 9
, , ,− ,− ,− ,
2 7 5 5 58 13

Integers (Z or I)
Whole Numbers (W)

Natural Numbers (N)

….,-3,-2,-1 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,……………
1. Rational numbers are closed under addition i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
3 −5
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 =
,𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
8 7
3 −5 3 × 7 + (−5 × 8) 21 + (−40) −19
𝑎+𝑏 = +( )= = = is a rational number
8 7 56 56 56
2. Rational numbers are closed under subtraction i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
3 −8
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 =
,𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
7 5
3 −8 3 8 3 × 5 + 7 × 8 15 + 56 71
𝑎−𝑏 = −( )= + = = = is a rational number
7 5 7 5 35 35 35
3. Rational numbers are closed under multiplication i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
4 −6
𝑒. 𝑔. 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.
5 11
4 −6 (−4) × (−6) 24
𝑎 × 𝑏 = (− ) × ( ) = = is a rational number
5 11 5 × 11 55

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 𝑎
4. For any rational number 𝑎, 𝑎 ÷ 0 = is not defined
0
5. Exclude zero then the collection of, all other rational numbers is closed under division
𝑎
i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏(≠ 0) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 ÷ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅
−3 −9
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = are two rational numbers
8 2
−3 −9 −3 −2 (−3) × (−2) 1
𝑎÷𝑏 = ÷ =( )×( )= = is a rational number.
8 2 8 9 8×9 12
6. Addition is commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎
−6 −8
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 =,𝑏 =
5 3
−6 −8 −8 −6
𝑎+𝑏 =( )+( ) 𝑏+𝑎 =( )+( )
5 3 3 5
(−6 × 3) + (−8 × 5) (−8 × 5) + (−6 × 3)
= =
15 15
(−18) + (−40) (−40) + (−18)
= =
15 15
−58 −58
= =
15 15
∴𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎

7. Subtraction will not be commutative for rational numbers .i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ 𝑏 − 𝑎

2 5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 =
,𝑏 =
3 4
2 5 5 2
𝑎−𝑏 = − 𝑏−𝑎 = −
3 4 4 3
2×4−5×3 5×3−2×4
= =
12 12
8 − 15 15 − 8
= =
12 12
−7 7
= =
12 12
𝑎−𝑏 ≠𝑏−𝑎
8. Multiplication is commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑎
−8 −4
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 =
9 7
−8 −4 −4 −8
𝑎×𝑏 =( )×( ) 𝑏×𝑎 =( )×( )
9 7 7 9
(−8) × (−4) 32 (−4) × (−8) 32
= = = =
(9) × (7) 63 (7) × (9) 63

BALABHADRA SURESH,AMALAPURAM,9866845885 Page 3

 ∴ 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
9. Division is not commutative for rational numbers. i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑎
−5 3
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 =
4 7
−5 3 3 −5
𝑎÷𝑏 =( )÷ 𝑏÷𝑎 = ÷( )
4 7 7 4
−5 7 3 −4
=( )× = ×( )
4 3 7 5
(−5) × 7 −35 3 × (−4) −12
= = = =
4×3 12 7×5 35
∴𝑎÷𝑏 ≠𝑏÷𝑎
10. Additive is associative for rational numbers i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
−2 3 −5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 5 6
−2 3 −5 −2 3 −5
𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = + [ + ( )] (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = [ + ]+( )
3 5 6 3 5 6

−2 3 × 6 + (−5 × 5) −2 × 5 + 3 × 3 −5
= +[ ] =[ ]+( )
3 30 15 6

−2 18 − 25 −10 + 9 −5
= +[ ] =[ ]+( )
3 30 15 6

−2 −7 −1 −5
= +( ) =( )+( )
3 30 15 6

(−2 × 10) + (−7) (−1 × 2) + (−5 × 5)

= =
30 30

(−20) + (−7) −27 (−2) + (−25) −27

= = = =
30 30 30 30

∴ 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

11. Subtraction is not associative for rational numbers

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐
−2 −4 1
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 5 2
−2 −4 1 −2 −8 − 5
𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) = −[ − ] = −[ ]
3 5 2 3 10

−2 −4 × 2 − 1 × 5 −2 −13 −2 13
= −[ ] = −( )= +
3 10 3 10 3 10

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 −2 × 10 + 13 × 3 −2 × 5 + 4 × 3 1
= =[ ]−
30 15 2
−20 + 39 19 −10 + 12 1
= = =[ ]−
30 30 15 2
−2 −4 1 2 1 2 × 2 − 1 × 15
(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐 = [ − ( )] − = − =
3 5 2 15 2 30
−2 4 1 4 − 15 −11
=[ + ]− = =
3 5 2 30 30

𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐

12. Multiplication is associative for rational numbers

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
−7 5 2
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
3 4 9
−7 5 2 −7 5 2
𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = ×[ × ] (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = [ × ]×
3 4 9 3 4 9
−7 10 −7 × 10 −35 2 −35 × 2
= × = =( )× =
3 36 3 × 36 12 9 12 × 9
−7 × 5 −35 −35 × 1 −35
= = = =
3 × 18 54 6×9 54
∴ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
13. Division is not associative for rational numbers
i.e. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
1 −1 2
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
2 3 5
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) = ÷ [ ÷ ] (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐 = [ ÷ ( ) ] ÷
2 3 5 2 3 5

1 −1 5 1 −3 2
= ÷[ × ] =[ × ]÷
2 3 2 2 1 5

1 −5 −3 2
= ÷( ) = ÷
2 6 2 5

1 −6 −3 −3 5 −15
= ×( )= = × =
2 5 5 2 2 4

𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐) ≠ (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
14. Zero is called the identity for the addition of rational numbers.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎
15. 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.

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 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑎
16. For a rational number 𝑏 , we have,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
+ (− ) = (− ) + = 0
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
We say that (− 𝑏) is the additive inverse of 𝑏 and 𝑏 is the additive inverse of (− 𝑏)
𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
17. 𝐼𝑓 × 𝑑 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 the reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of
𝑏 𝑏

18. Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction.

For all rational numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐

−3 2 −5
𝑒. 𝑔: 𝑎 = ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
4 3 6
−3 2 −5 −3 2 −3 −5
𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = × [ + ( )] 𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐 = ( × )+( × )
4 3 6 4 3 4 6

−3 2 × 2 + (−5 × 1) −1 5
= ×[ ] = +
4 6 2 8

−3 4 + (−5) (−1 × 4) + 5
= ×( ) =
4 6 8

−4 + 5 1
−3 −1 3 1 = =
= ×( )= = 8 8
4 6 24 8
∴ 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐
Properties of Rational numbers
Property Name Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝑄 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are non-zero
rationale
Closure 𝑎+𝑏 ∈𝑄 𝑎−𝑏 ∈𝑄 𝑎×𝑏∈𝑄 𝑎÷𝑏 ∈𝑄
Property
Commutative 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 ≠𝑏−𝑎 𝑎×𝑏=𝑏×𝑎 𝑎÷𝑏 ≠𝑏÷𝑎
law =𝑏+𝑎
Associative (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 (𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐 (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏) ÷ 𝑐
Law = 𝑎 + (𝑏 ≠ 𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) ≠ 𝑎 ÷ (𝑏 ÷ 𝑐)
+ 𝑐)
Identity 𝑎+0=𝑎 Not 𝑎×1=𝑎 Not applicable
Property 0+𝑎 =𝑎 applicable 1×𝑎 = 𝑎
Inverse 𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 1
𝑎 × = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ×𝑎 =1
Property (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0 𝑎 𝑎
1
𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎
(−𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (−𝑎) 1
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑎

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 Distributive 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐

𝟑 −𝟔 −𝟖 𝟓
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 +( )+( )+( )
𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐
3 −6 −8 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: + ( 11 ) + ( 21 ) + (22) 7 7,11,21,22
7

3 × 66 + (−6) × 42 + (−8) × 22 + 5 × 21 11 1, 11, 3, 22

= 1,1,3, 2
462
198 − 252 − 176 + 105 L. C. M 𝑜𝑓7,11,21,22 = 7 × 11 × 3 × 2
= =462
462
303 − 428 −125
= =
462 462
−𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟒
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 × × ×( )
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟔 𝟗
−4 3 15 −14
Sol: × × ×( )
5 7 16 9
−4 15 3 −14
=( × )×[ ×( )]
5 16 7 9
−3 −2 1
=(4)×(3)= 2

The role of zero (0)

Where 𝑎 is a rational number then
(𝑖) 𝑎 + 0 = 0 + 𝑎 = 𝑎
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × 0 = 0 × 𝑎 = 0
‘Zero’ is called the identity for the addition of rational numbers.
The role of ‘1’
Where ‘𝑎’ is a rational number then
(𝑖) 𝑎 × 1 = 1 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers

Find using distributivity

For all rational numbers 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
(𝑖) 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 × (𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 − 𝑎 × 𝑐
7 −3 7 5
(𝑖) { × ( )} + { × }
5 12 5 12
7 −3 7 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: { × ( )} + { × }
5 12 5 12

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 7 −3 5
= ×( + ) (𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐))
5 12 12
7 2 7×1 7
= × = =
5 12 5 × 6 30
9 4 9 −3
(𝑖𝑖) { × } + { × }
16 12 16 9
9 4 9 −3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: { × } + { × }
16 12 16 9
9 4 −3
= ×( + ) (𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 + 𝑐))
16 12 9
9 1 1 9
= ×( − )= ×0=0
16 3 3 16

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 × − − ×
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟕 𝟓
2 −3 1 3 3
Sol: × − − ×
5 7 14 7 5
−3 2 3 3 1
= × + (− ) × − (𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
7 5 7 5 14
−3 2 3 1
= ( + )−
7 5 5 14
−3 5 1
= ×( )−
7 5 14
−3 1
= −
7 14
−3 × 2 − 1 −6 − 1 −7 −1
= = = =
14 14 14 2

5. Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following.

−4 −4 −4
(𝑖) ×1=1× = → Multiplicative identity
5 5 5
13 −2 −2 13
(𝑖𝑖) − × = ×− → commutative under multiplication
17 7 7 17
−19 29
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) × = 1 → Multiplicative inverse
29 −19
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝟕. 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 × (𝟔 × ) 𝒂𝒔 ( × 𝟔) ×
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Sol: 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
11. The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number

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 Bits
𝑝
1. A number can be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is called a rational
𝑞

number.
2. The rational number 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers.
3. The rational number 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers.
𝑎 −𝑎
4. The additive inverse of the rational number 𝑏 is and vice-versa.
𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
5. The reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of the rational number 𝑏 is 𝑎.

6. Distributivity of rational numbers : For all rational numbers a, b and c

𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎(𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐
7. The reciprocal of a positive rational number is positive.
8. The reciprocal of a negative rational number is negative.
9. Zero has no reciprocal.
10. The numbers 1 and −1 are their own reciprocal.
11. The negative of a negative rational number is always a positive rational number.
12. The set of numbers which do not have any additive identity – Natural numbers(N)
13. The rational number that does not have any reciprocal is 0.
14. Commutative under addition:𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎
15. Commutative under multiplication: 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑎
16. Associative property under addition:𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
17. Associative property under multiplication:𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐
18. Division by zero is not defined
1 3 −51 −8
, , , , 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
0 0 0 0
19. 0 ∈ W (0 belongs to whole numbers)
20. 0 ∉N (0 does not belong to natural numbers)
21. –3 ∈Z (–3 belongs to integers)
22. A rational number and its additive inverse are opposite in their sign.
23. The multiplicative inverse of a rational number is its reciprocal.
24. Neither a positive nor a negative rational number is 0.
5 45
25. The equivalent of 7 , whose numerator is 45 is 63
7 35
26. The equivalent rational number of 9 , whose denominator is 45 is45

BALABHADRA SURESH,AMALAPURAM,9866845885 Page 9