Study Material on Basic

Electrical Engineering
CHAPTER -FIVE
CONVERSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
4.1Introduction
A d.c. machine is a device which
converts mechanical energy into electrical
generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. On the other handenergy. When the device acts as a
electrical energy is converted into mechanical when the device acts as a
converted into heat, which is lost and is not energy. However, during the conversion process a part of themotor, theis
generator or a motor. reversible. Thus an electrical machine can be made to energy
work either as a
A2 Main Parts of D.C. Machine
(1)Yoke or Magnetic frame (2) Pole Shoes and Pole
Core (3) Armature Corc (4)Field
(6)Commutator (7) Brushes and Bearings (8) Shaft (9) End Covers, (10)Feet.
Coils (5) Armature windings
FIELD POLES
YONE

BRUSHE^:
FIELO
tSHAFT WINDINGS
ANATRE
CONDUC TORS
COMMUTATOR

EET
4.3 Principle of operation of D.C. Generator
Fig. 4.1
When a conductor or conductors rotate in a
instaneous value of the induced emf is given magnetic
by
1icld, n emt. is induced in the
oonductor or conduotor The
e= Blv sin 0
where B=Maynetic flux density
l= length of the conductor
v= Velocity of the conductor
And 9=Angle between the magnetic field and direction of motion of the
conductor with respect tOmagng
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engtneering 44

Fig. 4.2
R

When shaft is rotated (by some prime mover) the rotor turns and a.c.is induced in the armature coil. The instantaneous
emf given carlier as
e=Blv sin
In the above figure the plane of the coil is in the direction of the magnetic field andthe induced emfis maximum. But as
the armature rotates through90o ,the induced emfreduces and becomes zero. During this period, the current direction
is shown in the figure where current flows from the bottom segment and brush into the top segment and brush.
As the armature rotates further from this position, the polarity of induced emf, is reversed and the current
at a maximum.,
direction is also reversed. As the armature rotates another 90° the emf. induced in the armatur is again
during
The current during this period flows out of the top segment. As the polarity of induced emf. has been reversed
this period current in the external circuit flows in the sarne direction. enter and
With continued rotation of the armature, the a.c. emf, induced in the armature conductors is made to
commutator and the coil
leave the brushes in the same direction into the external circuit at all times, The action of
results ina fluctuating d.c. output of afull wave rectifier.
A4 EMF Equation of Generator:
Let o= fu/pole in webber
Z=Total Number ofarmature conductors
=NoofSlots X No of Conductors/Slot
P=No ofgenerator poles
A=No ofParallel paths in armature
N=Amature rotation in revolutions per minute(RPM)
Generated EMF (Bg) =emfinuced in any one Parallel path in armature
Average emf. Generated /Conductor= volts
dt
Now flux / conductor in one revolution. dý =P wb
No ofrevolution/second = N
60
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engineering
60
Thercfore time for one revolution. Dt=
N
do P ¢PN volt
Hence
dt (60/N) 60
For wave-wound Generator
No of parallel path (A)=2
No. of conductors in one path=Z/2

EMF generated/path = PN Z_gPNZ Volt

60 2 120
For Lap wound generator
No ofParallel Paths =P
No of conductors in one path = ZP

EMF generated/path =
¢PN X Z ZN -volt
60 P 60

ZN
In general, generated EMF Eg= 60
Where A=2-for wave- winding
A=Pfor lap - winding armature are 509
4.5 Ex.Ashunt generator delivers 450 Aat 230V and the resistance of the shunt field and
and 0.030 respectively. Calculate the generated EMF
I=450 A
Ish

230 V. ovo
Fig.4.3

230 =4.6 A
Current through the field winding= 50
Load current I=450 A
Armature Current la =|+ I,
la =450 +t4.6 = 453.6 A
Amature volage drop (lalRa) =454.6x 0,03 =13.6 V
Eg.=teminal voltage +Amature drop
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engineering 46
Eg. =V+ la Ra = 230 + 13.6= 243.6 V.
4.6 Classification of D.C. Generator
D.C. Generator

(a) Separately Excited (b) Self Excited d.c.

d.c. generator Generator

Series would d.c. Compound wound

Shunt wound d.c.
generator d.c. generator
generator

Long shunt Short shunt

compound wound compound wound
d.c. Generator
d.c. genrator
4.7 Motor Equation
When the motor amature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence cut the flux. In accordance with the laws of
electromagnetic induction emf. is induced in them whose direction is found by Flemins' Right hand rule, is in opposi
tion to the applied voltage. Because of its opposing dircction, it is referred to as back emf. Eb.

Fig. 4.4

Current la = Net voltage

Resis tan ce
V- Eb
la =
Ra
’V-Eb =laRa
So V= Eb + laRa
Ey A220VD.C. machine has an amature resistance of0.5 .Ifthe full load armature current is 20A.
Eindtheinduced emf When.the machine acts as) Generatorfi) Motor
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engineering 4

20 A
254

220 V
(0-5n 220 V (6-sn)

GENERATOR MOTOR
Fig.4.5
(a) As Generator Eg=V+ IaRa
= 220 +(0.5x 20) = 220 +10 =230V
(b) As motor Eb =V- laRa= 220- (0.5x 20)
Eb = 220 -10 =210V

4.8 Classification of D.C. Motor

D.C.Motor

Shunt Motor Series Motor Compound Motor

Differential Compound Motor

Cumulative Compound Motor

4.9 Uses of D.C. Generators :

(1)Shunt Generator
(1) Lighting and Power Supply
(ii) Charging batteries.
(2) Series Generator
(i) Boosters.
(3) Compound Generator
i) Large range load
(i) Power Supply
Uses of D.C. Motors
(1) Shunt Motor (i) Constant speed drive machin.
(ii) Drilling machine, lathes, elevators, water pump, cutting
 udy Material on Basic
(2) Series Motor Electrical Engineering 48

(i) Electric Crancs

(in) Electic Trairs
(ui) Hoiss
(3)Compound Motor
(i) Heavy tool machines
(i) Printing machines
410Necessity ofa starter
As current drawn by a d.c. motor armature is given by the relation.
la = (V- Eb)
Ra ROTOM
when the motor is at rest, i.e. N-0, no back emf
across thestationary armature, then it willdraw a very developed in the armature. If now full supply
voltage is applied
large curTent as armature resistance is very small.
current will blow out the fuses and may damage the This excessive
To avoid this happening, a resístance is commutator and brushes etc.
introduced in series with the armature (for the duration of starting period
only i.e. 5 to 10 seconds) which limits the starting
as the motor gains spced and develops the back current to a safe value. The starting resistance is gradually cut out
emf. This starting resistance with some
as starter. protective devices is knowm
Thereare three types of starter
(1)3-point starter (2) 4- Point starter (3)
4.11 Principle of operation of singleDrum-controller
phase
A single-Phase induction motor consists ofInduction Motor:
a single phase winding mounted on the
starter and a cage
to the stator winding a pulsating magnetic field is winding
on the rotor. Whena single - phase supply is
connected
By pulsating field the field builds up in one direction falls to zero, produced.
these conditions, the rotor does not rotate due and then builds up in the opposite direction. Under
to intertia. Hence a single phase induction motor is
starting. initially not self
To make the motor self starting another winding is
phase inductíon motor. When supply is given a rotatingprovided magnetic
on the stator which temporarily converted to a two
heories have been suggested to analyze the performance of a singlefield is produced and rotor starts rotating. Two
phase induction motor.
1) Double Field Revolving Theory
(2)Cross Field Theory
4.12 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor
(1) Split phase motor
(2) Capacitor start motor
(3) Capacitor start -Capacitor run single phase Induction Motor.
(4)Shaded Pole Motor -
(epulsion Motor
Uses :
(1) Split phc motor :
() Smal Pumps
(ii) Grínders
(2)Capacitor start motor
(i) Compressor
(ii) Pumps
(3) Capacitor start capacítor Run Motor
(i) Cornpressor of Air-conditioner
(ii) Water Cooler
(4) Shadcd Pole Motor
(i) Srnall fans
5) Repulsion Motor
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engineering
(i) Mixing Machine
(i) BlowersS
4.13 Parts of Three-Phase Induction Motor

Induction Motor

Starter Rotor

Squirrel cage Slip ring

Rotor rotor.

Stator
winding
Al or Cu
bar

Winding
in slots
placed

Stator
Fig. 4.6
 50
Study Material on Basic Electrical Engineering
End ring

Ball bearing
Fins

Rotor shaft

-`kewed rotor slots

Squirrel cage Rotor

Fig. 4.7
Rotor winding Skewed rotor
Slips-rings slots
Sh¡tt

Slipring Rotor
Fig. 4.8
Motor :
4.14 Principle ofoperation of three phase Induction
Induction Motor:
When the three phase winding of the stator is connected to the three phase supply, then a rotating magnetic field
(Ns). This rotating flux passes through the air gap
is produced, which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed velocity between the rotating flux and stationary
and cuts the rotor conductors (which is stationary) .Due to relative is closed, so induced emnf. produces rotor
circuit
rotor. emf. induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor conductors
Current, rotor starts rotating.
Due to the interaction of stator flux and rotor flux a torque is produced as the rotor is free,
4.15 Types of3-Phase Induction Mötor types.
According to rotor construction 3-Phase Induction Motor divides into two
(1) Squirrel cage induction Motor.
(2) Slip ring Induction Motor.
Uses :
(1) Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
()Flour Mills
(ü) Big Pump
Motor
(2) Slip Ring Induction
(ii) Driving Shaft
() Hoists (ü) Lifts ...xxXXXXXXXXXX..