FEBRUARY 12, 2021 / Subnet Cheat Sheet - 24 Subnet Mask, 30, 26, 27, 29, and other IP Address CIDR Network References <= Kris Koishigawa As a developer or network engineer, you may need to occasionally look up subnet mask values and figurelo make your lite easier, the treeLodeLamp community has made this simple cheat sheet. Just scroll or use Ctrl/Cmd + f to find the value you're looking for. Here are the charts, followed by some explanations of what they mean. CIDR SUBNET MASK WILDCARD MASK —# OF IPADDRESSES-# OF USABLE /32 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 1 1 7/31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1 2 an /30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 4 2 729 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7 8 6 728 — 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15 16 14 227 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 32 30 /26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 64 62 /25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 128 126 724 — 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 256 254 723 255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255 512 510 [22 255,255.252.0 0.0.3.255 1,024 1,022 721 255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255 2,048 2,046 720 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 4,096 4,094 119 255.255.224.0 0.031.255 8,192 8,190 118 — 255,255.192.0 0.0.63.255 16,384 16,382 M17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 32,768 32,7665 /M4 M3 M2 MM /10 /9 18 iT /6 Is Ms B 12 Al /9 255.254.0.0 255.252.0.0 255.248.0.0 255.240.0.0 255.224.0.0 255.192.0.0 255.128.0.0 255.0.0.0 254.0.0.0 252.0.0.0 248.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 128.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.1.255.255 0.3.255.255 0.7.255.255 0.15.255.255 0.31.255.255, 0.63.255.255 0.127.255.255 0.255.255.255 1.255.255.255, 3.255.255.255 7.255.255.255 15.255.255.255 331.255.255.255 63.255,255.255 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 131,072 262,144 524,288 1,048,576 2,097,152 4,194,304 8,388,608 16,777,216 33,554,432 67,108,864 134,217,728 268,435,456 536,870,912 1,073,741,824 2,147,483,648 4,294,967,296 131,070 262,142 524,286 1,048,574 2,097,150 4,194,302 8,388,606 16,777,214 33,554,430 67,108,862 134,217,72 268,435,45. 536,870,911 1,073,741,8 2,147,483, 4,294,967,2 */31is a special case detailed in RFC 3021 where networks with this type of subnet mask can assign two IP addresses as a point-to- point link. And here's a table of the decimal to binary conversions for subnet mask and wildcard octets:128 — 10000000 waz 01111111 192 11000000 6300111111 224 11100000 31 00011111 240 11110000 15 00001111 248 11111000 7 00000111 252 11111100 3 00000011 25411111110 1 00000001 25511111111 0 00000000 Note that the wildcard is just the inverse of the subnet mask. If you are new to network engineering, you can get a better idea of how computer networks work here. Finally, this cheat sheet and the rest of the article is focused on IPv4 addresses, not the newer IPvé6 protocol. If you'd like to learn more about IPv6, check out the article on computer networks above. How Do IP Address Blocks Work? IPv4 addresses like [email protected] are really just decimal representations of four binary blocks. Each block is 8 bits, and represents numbers from 0-255. Because the blocks are groups of 8 bits, each block is known as an octet. And since there are four blocks of 8 bits, every |Pv4 address is 32 bits.IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation 172.16 .254 .1 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ 10101100.00010000.11111110.00000001 LL 8 bits 32 bits (4 bytes) Source: IPv4 To convert an IP address between its decimal and binary forms, you can use this chart: The chart above represents one 8 bit octive. Now lets say you want to convert the IP address 168.210.225.206 . All you need to do is break the address into four blocks (168, 218 , 225 ,and 206 ), and convert each into binary using the chart above. Remember that in binary, 1 is the equivalent to "on" and O is "off". So to convert the first block, 168 , into binary, just start from theFor example: 128 + 32 + 8 = 168, which in binary is 19181080 . If you do this for the rest of the blocks, you'd get 10101000. 11010010.11100001.11001118. What is Subnetting? If you look at the table above, it can seem like the number of IP addresses is practically unlimited. After all, there are almost 4.2 billion possible IPv4 addresses available. But if you think about how much the internet has grown, and how many more devices are connected these days, it might not surprise you to hear that there's already a shortage of IPv4 addresses. Because the shortage was recognized years ago, developers came up with a way to split up an IP address into smaller networks called subnets. This process, called subnetting, uses the host section of the IP address to break it down into those smaller networks or subnets. Generally, an IP address is made up of network bits and host bits:asszsszesieg VUEVLTIY TUVATIAT MATT MA) OUOVOE Subnet Network part Host part Source: What is IPv4 So generally, subnetting does two things: it gives us a way to break up networks into subnets, and allows devices to determine whether another device/IP address is on the same local network or not. A good way to think about subnetting is to picture your wireless network at home. Without subnetting, every internet connected device would need its own unique IP address. But since you have a wireless router, you just need one IP address for your router. This public or external IP address is usually handled automatically, and is assigned by your internet service provider (ISP). Then every device connected to that router has its own private or internal IP address:SB asin 192.168.1.102 Internal IP ™~ 200.144.5533. Router 192.168.1.103, Source: What Is My IP Address? Now if your device with the internal IP address 192.168.1.101 wants to communicate with another device, it'll use the |P address of the other device and the subnet mask. The combination of the IP addresses and subnet mask allows the device at 192.168.1.101 to figure out if the other device is on the same network (like the device at 192.168.1.103 ),orona completely different network somewhere else online. Interestingly, the external IP address assigned to your router by your ISP is probably part of a subnet, which might include many other IP addresses for nearby homes or businesses. And just like internal IP addresses, it also needs a subnet mask to work. How Subnet Masks Work Subnet masks function as a sort of filter for an IP address. With a subnet mask, devices can look at an IP address, and figure out which parts are the network bits and which are the host bits.If you've poked around the network settings on your router or computer, you've likely seen this number: 255.255.255.0. If so, you've seen a very common subnet mask for simple home networks. Like IPv4 addresses, subnet masks are 32 bits. And just like converting an IP address into binary, you can do the same thing with a subnet mask. For example, here's our chart from earlier: Pretty simple, right? So any octet that's 255 is just 11111111 in binary. This means that 255.255.255.@ is really 19911191.11111111..11111111 08000008 in binary. Now let's look at a subnet mask and IP address together and calculate which parts of the IP address are the network bits and host bits. Here are the two in both decimal and binary:IP address 192.168.0101 11000000.10101000.00000000.01100101 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 With the two laid out like this, it's easy to separate 192.168.0.101 into network bits and host bits. Whenever a bit in a binary subnet mask is 1, then the same bit ina binary IP address is part of the network, not the host. Since the octet 255 is 11111111 in binary, that whole octet in the IP address is part of the network. So the first three octets, 192.168.0, is the network portion of the IP address, and 1@1 is the host portion. In other words, if the device at 192.168.8.181 wants to communicate with another device, using the subnet mask it knows that anything with the IP address 192.168.8.xxx ison the same local network. Another way to express this is with a network ID, which i: network portion of the IP address. So the network ID of the address 192.168.8.181 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 is 192.168.0.0. And it's the same for the other devices on the local network (192.168.8.182, 192.168.8.183 ,and soon). What Does CIDR Mean and What is CIDR Notation?Forum Donate Learn to code — free 3,000-hour curriculum |00001010.00001010.00000001.001/00000 27 bits 110.10.1.44 matches 10.10.1.32/27 (00001010.00001010.00000001.00 lbut 10.10.1.90 does not ! 00001010.00001010.00000001.01011010 Source: Classless Inter-Domain Routing CIDR was introduced in 1993 as a way to slow the usage of IPv4 addresses, which were quickly being exhausted under the older Classful IP addressing system that the internet was first built on. CIDR encompasses a couple of major concepts. The first is Variable Length Submasking (VLSM), which basically allowed network engineers to create subnets within subnets. AndThe second major concept CIDR introduced is CIDR notation. CIDR notation is really just shorthand for the subnet mask, and represents the number of bits available to the IP address. For instance, the /24 in [email protected]/24 is equivalent to the IP address 192.168.8.181 and the subnet mask 255.255.255.0. How to Calculate CIDR Noation To figure out the CIDR notation for a given subnet mask, all you need to do is convert the subnet mask into binary, then count the number of ones or "on" digits. For example: TYPE DECIMAL BINARY Subnet mask 255.255.2550 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Because there's three octets of ones, there are 24 "on" bits meaning that the CIDR notationis /24. You can write it either way, but I'm sure you'll agree that /24 isa whole lot easier to write than 255.255.255.0. This is usually done with an IP address, so let's take a look at the same subnet mask with an IP address: TYPE DECIMAL BINARY IPaddress 192.168.0101 11000000.10101000.00000000.01100101 Subnet mask 255.255.2550 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000Let's take a look at the last forth octet in a bit more detail: TYPE DECIMAL BINARY IP address 101 01100101 Subnet mask 0 00000000 In this case, because all the bits for this octet in the subnet mask are “off", we can be certain that all of the corresponding bits for this octet in the IP address are part of the host. When you write CIDR notation it's usually done with the network ID. So the CIDR notation of the IP address 192.168.0.101 witha subnet mask of 255.255.255. is 192.168.0.0/24. To see more examples of how to calculate the CIDR notation and network ID for a given IP address and subnet mask, check out this video:Forum Donate Learn to code — free 3,000-hour curriculum Classful IP Addressing Now that we've gone over some basic examples of subnetting and CIDR, let's zoom out and look at what's known as Classful IP addressing. Back before subnetting was developed, all IP addresses fell into a particular class: oat oxet ose oat one ae me me ie one ee ae me oe one se ee et me Source: Subnetting for dummiesClassful IP addresses gave network engineers a way to provide different organizations with a range of valid IP addresses. There were a lot of issues with this approach that eventually lead to subnetting. But before we get into those, let's take a closer look at the different classes. Class A IP Addresses For Class AIP addresses, the first octet (8 bits / 1 byte) represent the network ID, and the remaining three octets (24 bits / 3 bytes) are the host ID. Class AIP addresses range from 1.6.8.8 to 127.255.255.255 , with a default mask of 255... (or /8 in CIDR). This means that Class A addressing can have a total of 128 (27) networks and 16,777,214 (274-2) usable addresses per network. Also, note that the range 127.8.6.@ to 127.255.255.255 within the Class A range is reserved for host loopback address (see RFC5735). Class B IP Addresses For Class B IP addresses, the first two octets (16 bits / 2 bytes) represent the network ID and the remaining two octets (16 bits /2 bytes) are the host ID. Class B IP addresses range from 128.0.0.8 to 191.255.255.255, with a default subnet mask of 255.255.0. (or /16 in CIDR).Class C IP Addresses For Class C IP addresses, the first three octets (24 bits / 3 bytes) represent the network ID and the last octet (8 bits / 1 bytes) is the host ID. Class C IP Addresses range from 192.8.8.8 to 223.255.255.255, with a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.8 (or /24 inCIDR). Class C translates to 2,097,152 (224) networks and 254 (28-2) usable addresses per network. Class D and Class E IP Addresses The last two classes are Class D and Class E. Class D IP addresses are reserved for multicasts. They occupy the range from 224.6.0.8 through 239.255.255.255. Class E |P addresses are experimental, and are anything over 240.0.0.0. The Issue with Classful IP Addresses The main issue with classful IP addresses is that it wasn't efficient, and could lead to a lot of wasted IP addresses. For example, imagine that you're part of a large organization back then. Your company has 1,000 employees, meaning that it would fall into class B.devices with a unique address. And there was no way your organization could fall back to class C - there just wouldn't be enough usable IP addresses. So while classful IP addresses were used around the time IPv4 addresses became widespread, it quickly became clear that a better system would be necessary to ensure we wouldn't use up all of the ~4.2 billion usable addresses. Classful IP addresses haven't been used since they were replaced by CIDR in 1993, and are mostly studied to understand early internet architecture, and why subnetting is important. | hope this cheat sheet has been a helpful reference for you If you found this helpful, please share it with your friends so more people can benefit from it. Also, feel free to reach out on Twitter and let me know what you think. edie Kris Koishigawa Read more posts.Learn to code for free. freeCodeCamp's open source curriculum has helped more than 40,000 people get jobs as developers. 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