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Q3 Science 9 Module 2

Humanities and Social Science (Tagum City National High School)

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9
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
When Volcanoes Erupt

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Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 2: When Volcanoes Erupt
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero, EdD, CESO IV

Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Riza I. Calabite

Editor: Lyra D. Naraga
Reviewer: Dinah G. Oani, Genevaive M. Pepito, Rhiza T. Erbina, Joyce C. Unabia,
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Aris B. Juanillo, PhD
Faye Genevieve P. Pasamonte

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Telephone: (082) 227 4762
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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
When Volcanoes Erupt

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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Let Us Learn

• A wonderful day to you little scientist! In this module, you will learn to
explain the effect of temperature, chemical composition and amount of
dissolved gasses to the viscosity of magma. You shall relate the
volcano’s slope to its material emissions.

Specifically, you are expected to:

• Describe the effect of temperature, chemical composition and amount
of dissolved gasses to the viscosity of magma;
• Relate the volcano’s slope to its material emissions.

Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write this on a separate paper.

1. Which characteristic of magma mainly determines its explosiveness?

A. color C. temperature
B. amount D. silica content

2. What is the major ingredient of magma?

A. silica
B. magnesium
C. potassium
D. calcium

3. It is a compound that is made up of particles of the elements oxygen

and silicon.
A. silica
B. magnesium
C. potassium
D. calcium

4. It is a cloud ash, lava fragments carried through air and vapor that can
cause damages?
A. gasses C. pyroclast
B. magma D. lava

5. It determines the nature of eruption of a volcano EXCEPT one:

A. magma’s temperature C. age and location of volcano
B. chemical composition D. amount of dissolved gasses

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Let Us Study

Direction: Copy the crossword puzzle in your answer sheet. Find and circle
the word that is hidden. The words are the following:
volcanoes slope magma pyroclastic
temperature gasses lava
silica viscosity eruption

S U G A R I R E N B T R E S S
E S I L I C A S I O N V O L C
S T A Y W I T H Y U O C M E L
T A R T H E I S H U V M B M E
B R S I E R U P T I O N N I P
A E T S N U M B V E L I O S N
C P R O I T P V I S C O S S T
V M A C C A A Y O K A M E I T
N E I S E R M I S S N A K O A
E T G I V E A C H E O C T N E
L L A V E P G A S S E S S P S
M A A V A M M S I E S L O P S
N V T V L E A L L E E L L M E
T E M P A T A O L P S I L I C
O S P Y R O C L A S T I C S T

You’re amazing! You did it well! Let us use these words throughout this
module.

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Predicting a volcanic eruption is fascinating. After an explosive

eruption, a scenic cone-shaped structure may be produced or changes on its
slope can be observed. The emissions of volcano provide us with clues on what
materials are found inside the Earth. These materials can be used in studying
its composition and temperature. Some eruptions are very explosive, while
many others are not.

There are primary factors affecting volcanoes’ eruptive style; the

magmas’ temperature, its chemical composition, and the number of dissolved
gasses it contains. These factors can affect the magmas’ viscosity in different
ways. Viscosity is defined as the property of the materials’ resistance to flow.
It is an important property in determining the eruptive behavior of magmas.
It is also described as the liquids’ thickness, stickiness and is semi-fluid, due
to internal friction. The more viscous and the thicker the material is, the
greater is its resistance to flow. For example, syrup is more viscous than water
because syrup is less liquid.
Now, let us discuss on how each factor affects the viscosity of magma.
First, let us look into how temperature of magma affects its viscosity. The
viscosity of magma decreases with temperature. The hotter the temperature
of magma is, the lower its viscosity the more rapidly it flows. As lava flows, it
cools and begins to harden, its ability to flow decreases and eventually stops.
Next, let us look at how the chemical composition of magma affects
its viscosity. Magma’s resistance to flow is a function of its “internal friction”
derived from the generation of chemical bonds within the liquid. Chemical
bonds are created between negatively charged and positively charged ions.
Oxygen is anion while Silicon is an abundant cation. Thus, the silicon-oxygen
(Si-O) bond is the single most important factor in determining the degree of
magmas’ viscosity. Floating radicals formed when these two elements bond
together in the magma, while it is in a liquid state. Magmas with high silica

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content are more viscous than those with low silica content. The magma that
contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far before solidifying.
Lava with low amount of gas as it rises has high
viscosity that it piles up at a vent resulting in a dome

Lava with high silica content is too viscous to travel

far, and tends to break up as it flows.

Lastly, the amount of gasses contained in the magma affects its

viscosity but in a more mysterious way than temperature and silica content.
Nearly all magmas contain gasses that give their explosive character the gas
will increase as pressure reduces. When gasses begin to escape from the
magma, the effect of gas bubbles on the bulk viscosity is unpredictable. The
viscosity of the residual liquid will increase as gas escapes. The overall bulk
viscosity of the bubble-liquid mixture depends on both size and distribution
of the bubbles. Therefore, in near-surface environments, the loss of gasses
makes magma more viscous, forming a dome or a columnar.

Lava with low amount of gas and high silica content

is very viscous and does not flow out at all as it rises
forming, a columnar plug in a vent

Lava with low amount of gas as it rises has high

viscosity that it piles up at a vent resulting in a
dome

Volcanoes Materials Emission

A volcanic eruption is caused by magma, a mixture of liquid rock,

crystals, and dissolved gasses is thrown out into the Earth's surface. When
magma flows onto Earth’s surface, it is called lava. Like solid rock, magma
is a mixture of minerals. It also contains small amounts of dissolved gases
such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur. The high temperature and
pressure under Earth’s crust keep magma in its fluid state. There are three
basic types of magma: First, Mafic or Basaltic Magma is not viscous and

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will flow easily to the surface. It is high in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and
calcium (Ca) but low in potassium (K) and sodium (Na) with silicon dioxide
(SiO2) of 45-55 wt%. Its temperature ranges from about 1000oC to 1200oC
(1832oF to 2192oF). Second, Intermediate or Andesitic Magma it is
moderate in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and
potassium (K) with silicon dioxide (SiO2) of 55-65 wt%, temperature ranges
from about 800oC to 1000oC (1472oF to 1832oF) and the third one is Felsic
or Rhyolitic Magma is viscous and does not flow easily it is high in
potassium (K) and sodium (Na) but low in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and
calcium (Ca) with silicon dioxide (SiO2) of 65-75 wt%. It occurs in the
temperature ranges of about 650oC to 800oC (1202oF to 1472oF).

Higher silicon dioxide (SiO2) content in magmas has higher viscosity

than lower silicon dioxide (SiO2) content in magmas. Felsic magmas usually
have higher gas contents than mafic magmas. Basaltic magma has low
viscosity, but their viscosity is still 10,000 to 100,000 times more viscous than
water. Rhyolitic magmas tend to have a higher viscosity, ranging between 1
million and 100 million times more viscous than water.

The viscosity of magma depends upon its silica content and

temperature. The major ingredient of magma is silica, a compound made up
of particles of the elements oxygen and silicon. Magma that is high in silica
produces light-colored lava that is too sticky to flow very far.

Pyroclastic Material

Pyroclastic material is cloud ash, lava fragments carried through the

air and, vapor. The hot broken fragment is called pyroclasts while the loose
assemblage of pyroclasts is called tephra. Such flow is very hot and moves
rapidly due to buoyancy provided by the vapors. If the magma has high gas
content and high viscosity, the gas will expand in an explosive fashion and
break the liquid into clots that fly through the air and cool along their path
through the atmosphere. Alternatively, it blasted out solid pieces of rock that
once formed the volcanic structure. Damages from pyroclastic flows can occur
by the impact of rock fragments moving at high speeds.

Volcano’s Slope

Volcanic eruption undergoes a natural geological process each form

depends on the types of materials made of prior to the eruptive behavior of
the volcano. Let us relate the volcano’s slope to its materials emitted.

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Shield Volcanoes

Shield volcano
It is characterized by gentle upper slopes (about 5o) and somewhat
steeper lower slopes (about 10o). It is composed almost entirely of relatively
thin lava flows built up over a central vent. Most shields were formed by low
viscosity basaltic magma that flows smoothly downslope away from the
summit vent. The low viscosity of magma allows the lava to travel downslope
as it cools it's viscosity increases, its thickness builds upon the lower slopes
give a somewhat steeper slope. Very little pyroclastic material is found within
shield volcano, except near the eruptive vents, where small amounts of
pyroclastic material accumulate as a result of fire fountaining events.

Composite Volcanoes/Stratovolcanoes

They have steeper slopes than shield volcanoes of 6o to 10o low on the
flanks to 30o near the top. The steep slope near the summit is due partly to
thick, short viscous lava flows that do not travel far downslope from the vent.
Stratovolcanoes show an inter-layering of lava flows and pyroclastic material.
They are sometimes called composite volcanoes. Pyroclastic material can
make up over 50% of the volume of the stratovolcano. They are more explosive
than shield volcanoes. Sometimes they have a crater at the summit formed by

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the explosive ejection of material from a central vent. The craters have been
filled with lava flows or lava domes, sometimes they are filled with glacial ice,
and less commonly they are filled with water.

Cinder Cones

Cinder Cones

Slopes of cinder cones are controlled by the angle of repose (angle of

stable slope for loose unconsolidated material) and are usually between
about 25o and 35o. Cinder cones are small volume cones consisting mostly
of ash and scoria that result from mildly explosive eruptions. They usually
consist of basaltic to andesitic material. They actually fall deposits that are
built surrounding the eruptive vent. They show an internal layered structure
due to varying intensities of the explosions that deposit different sizes of
pyroclastics. On young cones, a depression at the top of the cone, called a
crater, is evident and represents the area above the vent from which
material was explosively ejected. Craters are usually eroded away on older
cones. If lava flows are emitted from tephra cones, they are usually emitted
from vents on the flank or near the base of the cone during the later stages
of eruption

Questions:

Direction: Answer the following questions in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is viscosity?
2. What does usually be observed after an explosion of volcano?
3. How does the primary factor affecting the volcanoes’ eruptive style affect
the viscosity of magma?

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Let Us Practice

Activity 1: Go with the Flow!

Direction: Perform the experiment. You can use any available materials
found in your home if the materials below is unavailable.

Viscosity Race!
Adapted from: Alvarez, Angeles, Apurada et.al, 2014 Science Learner’s
Material 9

Objectives:

• determine the viscosity of some liquids; and

• describe the flow of gas in different liquid

Materials:

Tray or plate, timer, drop of water, syrup, ketchup, cooking oil, clear
glass, drinking straw

Procedure:

1. Before doing the activity, predict which liquid (drop of water, syrup,
ketchup and cooking oil) take the least amount of time to reach the
line.
2. Lined up on a plate/tray all the liquids (drop of water, syrup, ketchup
and cooking oil). Slowly tilt the plate/tray and do a little vibration by
tapping the plate. Set the time.
3. Do the procedure three times and fill in the Table.

Table: Travel time of some liquids

Liquid Travel time (seconds)
1st 2nd 3rd Average
1. drop of water
2. syrup
3. ketchup
4. cooking oil

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Guide Questions:

1. Is your prediction correct?

2. Which liquid is most viscous? How do you know?
3. Which liquid is the least viscous?
4. Compare how these liquids flow with how you think lava flows. Why
do some types of lava travel faster than others?

4. Put 100mL syrup in a clear glass.

5. Using a drinking straw, blow some air from the bottom of the liquid.
Observe.
6. Repeat procedure 5 by blowing harder on the liquid. Observe.

Guide Question:

5. Compare the movement of the liquid as the bubbles move on the

surface.

You have observed that different liquids have different viscosities. If the
liquid represents the magma, then its rate of flow depends on several factors.
In the same way, you have seen in this activity that the amount of gasses
affects the viscosity of the liquid. When there is enough pressure, the volcano
erupts. Some volcanic eruptions blow off the top of the volcano. Sometimes
the magma comes out quickly, and sometimes it comes slowly. Some
eruptions come out at the side instead of the top.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Pressure in Me!

Direction: Do the instruction below and answer the following questions in a

separate sheet of paper.

Instruction:
Shake a sealed carbonated beverage cans for seconds or you can watch the
video at https://youtube.com/watch?v=ez4bnzS059c&feature=share

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Questions:

1. What happened when you opened the can quickly (in less than one
second)?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What happened when you opened the can slowly (taking 30 seconds)?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How does this relate to how an agitated volcano with lots of dissolved
gasses in its magma erupts?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Let Us Remember

Overall, viscosity in volcano’s magma determines the amount of force

required to fragment or break through magma. The more viscous a volcano’s
magma, the better conditions are for violent eruption. Volcanoes cannot
release the extreme pressures they experience underneath the Earth’s surface
in short amount of time without a violent result. The less time allowed for a
volcano’s degassing the more explosive an eruption is.

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Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Magma is a mixture of minerals like solid rock. It contain small amount

of dissolved gasses EXCEPT one.
A. sulfur C. nitrogen
B. water vapor D. carbon dioxide

2. What kind of magma that is high in potassium (K) and sodium (Na) but
low in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca)?
A. basaltic magma
B. felsic magma
C. andesitic magma
D. intermediate magma

3. It can be happened after an explosive eruption of volcano EXCEPT one.

A. There is a possibility that the volcano will be active again.
B. The shape and sizes of the volcano will still remain.
C. Changes on its slope may be observed.
D. A scenic cone-shaped structure may be produce.

4. What type of magma that is high in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and
calcium (Ca) but low in potassium (K) and sodium (Na)?
A. felsic C. basaltic
B. andesitic D. ryolitic

5. It is characterized by gentle upper slopes (about 5o) and somewhat

steeper lower slopes (about 10o).
A. shield volcano C. stratovolcano
B. cinder volcano D. composite volcano

6. What kind of volcano that has a steep slope near the summit due partly
to thick, short viscous lava flows that do not travel far down slope from
the vent?
A. shield volcano C. composite volcano
B. cinder volcano D. supervolcano

7. The following determines the nature of eruption of volcano EXCEPT

one.
A. magmas' temperature
B. magmas’ viscosity
C. chemical composition
D. amount of dissolved gasses

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8. How does the magma’s temperature affect the magma’s viscosity?

A. When the temperature increases the viscosity increases.
B. When the temperature increases the viscosity decreases.
C. When the temperature decreases the viscosity decreases.
D. When the temperature decreases the viscosity increases.

9. It is the property of the material’s resistance to flow.

A. viscosity C. temperature
B. fluidity D. silica content

10. Which of the following is more viscous?

A. water C. cooking oil
B. honey D. ketchup

11. It has a small volume cones consisting predominantly of ash and scoria
that result from mildly explosive eruptions.
A. cinder volcano C. composite volcano
B. stratovolcano D. shield volcano

12. How does the chemical composition of magma affect its viscosity?
A. Magma’s with high silica content are more viscous.
B. Magma’s with low silica content are more viscous.
C. Chemical composition has no effect with viscosity.
D. Magma travel faster with high silica content.

13. How does the amount of gasses contained in the magma affect its
viscosity?
A. More gasses make the magma more viscous.
B. More gasses increases the magmas to flow.
C. Gasses had no effect with viscosity.
D. The loss of gasses makes magma more viscous.

14. How does magma keep its fluid state under Earth’s crust?
A. due to temperature and gasses C. due to age and location
B. due to temperature and D. due to age and size
pressure

15. The following describes viscosity EXCEPT one.

A. Resistance to flow C. Liquid’s stickiness
B. Liquid’s thickness D. Resistance to not to flow

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Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: Fill Me Up!

Direction: Copy in your answer sheet and fill in the correct answer.

Volcanic eruptions are caused by ____________, a mixture of liquid rock,

crystals, and dissolved gas thrown out in the _________________. When magma
flows onto Earth’s surface, it is called ______________. Like solid rock, magma
is a mixture of ____________. It also contains small amounts of dissolved gases
such as ____________, ___________, and ___________. The high ______________
and _______________ under Earth’s crust keep magma in its fluid state. There
are three basic types of magma: First, __________________ it is high in iron (Fe),
magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) but low in potassium (K) and sodium (Na).
Second, ________________ is moderate in iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium
(Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). and the third one is
_____________________ is high in potassium (K) and sodium (Na) but low in iron
(Fe), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).

Volcanic event happens when there is a sudden or continuing release

of energy caused by magma movement. It can be in the form of earthquakes
or gas emissions but understanding its contributing factors will help us to
predict volcanic activity including on how violent an eruption might be and
thus damages can be prevented. Predictions may differ in their reliability
as it behaves differently until patterns will be recognized.

Let Us Reflect

• The eruption of volcanoes depends on the different factor that is link to

magmas composition which led to Earth’s modern atmosphere.
• Volcanoes can cause much damage and destruction but after many
years people can also benefit from fertile soils caused by magma.
• Magmas help the rock in the Earth’s surface to melt with its high
temperature, through these minerals will be formed and the
development of life on Earth begins.
• Without volcanic eruption, most of Earth’s water would still be trapped
in the crust and mantle.

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Answer Key

Let us Study

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References

Science 9 Learner’s Material p.169, by Alvarez, Angeles, Apurada et.al

2014,
Pasig City, Philippines, Department of Education.
Volcanoes, Magma and Volcanic Eruptions by Nelson, Stephen 2015.
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/volcanoes.htm
https://youtube.com/watch?v=ubGxkWWWiIg&feature=share

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762

Email Address: [email protected]

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