BAA1432

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

ELEMENTS IN BUILDING STRUCTURE

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the types of substructure used in building
construction which includes foundation, roof,
wall.
DEEP FOUNDATION
 INTRODUCTION

• Deep foundation are those that transfer the

load at a point far below the substructure.
• Used when adequate soil capacity is not
available close to the surface and loads must
be transferred to firm layers substantially
below the ground surface.
• Used for large large buildings, buildings with
highly concentrated loafs, and buildings that
rest on soil with poor bearing capacity.
 INTRODUCTION (Cont’)

• Deep Foundation System

i) Pile
ii) Pile walls
iii) Diaphragham walls
iv) Caissons
• Piles and piers are used to reach through
weak, expansive or compressible shallow soils
to a deeper bearing material that is stronger.
 PILE FOUNDATION

• Can be defined as a series of columns

constructed or inserted into the ground to
transmit loads of a structure to a lower level
of subsoil
• Pile is a slender, structural member consisting
steel or concrete or timber.
• It is installed in the ground to transfer the
structural loads to soils at some significant
depth below the base of the structure.
Pile foundation
 PILE FOUNDATION (Cont’)

Pile Foundation is used when:

• The soil near the surface doesn’t have
sufficient bearing capacity (weak) to support
the structural loads.
• The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds
tolerable limits.
• Differential settlement due to soil variability or
non-uniform structural loads is excessive.
• Excavations to construct a shallow foundation
on a firm soil are difficult or expensive.
 TYPE OF PILES

a) Concrete Piles
i) Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles
ii) Precast Concrete Piles
iii) Drilled Shafts
b) Steel Piles
i) H-Piles
ii) Cylindrical
iii) Tapered
c) Timber Piles
d) Composite Piles
 TYPE OF PILES

• Type of pile chosen depends on the following

factors:
a) What type of pile is readily available
b) Location & type of structure (magnitude of
loading)
c) Ground condition (soil type)
d) Cost
e) Durability (the environment in which the pile
will be installed)
 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILE

• Is formed in the ground, in the position is

which it is to be in the ground.
• There are 2 types that is shell type and shell-
less type.
• Vigilant quality control & good construction
practice are necessary to ensure the integrity
of cast-in-place piles.
 SHELL TYPE CONCRETE PILE

• Made by first driving a steel shell or casing into

the ground, filling it with concrete and leaving the
shell in place.
• The shell acts as a form and prevents mud and
water from mixing with concrete.
• The steel shell doesn’t contribute to the load
transfer capacity of the pile.
• It’s purpose is to open a hole in a ground and
keep it open to facilitate the construction of
concrete pile. (same function as formwork)
 SHELL TYPE CONCRETE PILE (Cont’)

• Shells maybe cylindrical or tapered with

smooth or corrugated outside surfaces.
• Shell type piles are useful at 2 situation:
a) Where the soil is too soft to form a hole
for an uncased pile.
b) Where the soil is hard to compress and
would deform an uncased pile.
 SHELL TYPE CONCRETE PILE (Cont’)

• The advantages of this type of Concrete :

a) Relatively cheap
b) Possibility of inspection before pouring
concrete
c) Easy to extend
• The disadvantages:
a) Difficult to splice after concrete
b) Thin casings may be damages during driving
 SHELL-LESS CONCRETE PILE

• Made by first driving a steel pipe, fitted with a

special end or tapered shoe, into the ground for
the full depth of the pile.
• The pipe is then pulled up, leaving the shoe at
the bottom, and the hole is filled with concrete.
• This type is satisfactory where soil is cohesive
enough so that a reasonably smooth inside
surface is maintained when the shell is removed.
 SHELL-LESS CONCRETE PILE (Cont’)

• The advantages of this type of concrete :

a) Initially economical
b) Can be finished at any elevation
• The disadvantages:
a) Voids may be created if concrete is placed
rapidly.
b) Thin casings may be damages during driving.
c) In soft soils, the sizes of the hole may cave in,
thus squeezing in the concrete.
PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
 PRECAST CONCRETE PILE (Cont’)

• Usually made in square, circular, hexagonal

and octagonal shapes.
• Normally made in a casting yard under
controlled conditions.
• It has higher capacity than timber piles.
• Allows the development of high-strength
concrete, flexibility in design, reinforcing and
length.
 PRECAST CONCRETE PILE (Cont’)

• Disadvantages of this pile are problems in

transporting long piles, cutting and
lengthening.
• Usually need assistance when being driven,
especially in sand.
Precast Concrete Pile
 STEEL PILE

• Comes in various shapes & sizes.

• Can be a rolled H sections or a steel pipe
known as a tubular pile.
• Usually driven with open ends into the soil.
• A conical tip is used where the piles have to
penetrate boulders & rocks.
• Best used for any non corrosive soil type and
high load capacity and long pile lengths.
 STEEL PILE (Cont’)

• Steel piles (H piles or pile piles) can be welded to give

lengths up to 70m.
• For corrosive environment, steel piles have to be protected
by one or more coatings of commercially available
anticorrosive material.
• Advantage of steel piles:
a) Can stand high driving stresses
b) High load-carrying capacity
c) Can penetrate hard layers such as dense gravel,
soft rock
d) Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and extension to
the desired length
 STEEL PILE (Cont’)

• Disadvantages of steel piles:

a) Relatively costly material
b) High level of noise during pile driving
c) Subject to corrosion
d) H-piles may be damaged or deflected from
the vertical during driving through hard
layers or past major obstructions.
Steel piles

Sheet piles
 TIMBER PILE

• Best suited for fine-grained soils, low capacity

loading (<250kN) and short lengths and for an
environment in which the groundwater level is
stable.
• Length of timber piles depends on types of
trees used to harvest the piles
• Common length are 12m
• Longer length can be obtained by splicing
several piles.
 TIMBER PILE (Cont’)

• Advantages of using timber piles are:

a) It is lighter
b) It’s cheaper
c) In many area, timber piles are readily available and
easy to transport.
d) It produces greater skin friction than piles of most
other material.
• However, but it has low capacity and can’t take hard
driving compared to other types.
• Piles to be used must be free from large or loose knots,
decat, splits and shakes.
 TIMBER PILE (Cont’)

• Susceptible to termites, marine organisms and

rot within zones exposed to seasonal changes.
• Need to be treated to be resistance to insects,
marine borer and fungi attack.
 PILE INSTALLATION

• Piles can be driven into the ground (driven

piles) or be installed in a predrilled hole
(bored piles or drilled shafts)
• When the installation process displaces only a
small amount of soil (<10%), the pile is called
a nondisplacement pile.
• H-piles, open-ended pipe piles and drilled
shafts are non displacement piles.
 PILE INSTALLATION (Cont’)

• If more than 10% of soil is displaced during

installation process, the pile is called a displacement
pile.
• Timber piles and other driven piles with solid sections
are displacement piles.
• Driven piles can be installed using :
a) Drop hammers
b) Jetting
c) Jacking
d) Vibration
e) Explosion
 JACKING

• Jacking method is suited only for short or mini

piles.
• Piles in soft clays or loose coarse-grained soils can
be jacked into the ground using hydraulic jacks.
The soil disturbance around the pile is much less
than for driven piles.
• Piles in sandy or gravelly soil can be vibrated to
the required depth using vibratory hammer.
• Explosion can be used to loosen compacted or
cemented soils or bedrock to install piles.
 DROP HAMMER

• Simplest type of machine - consist of a heavy

weight, lifted by a cable and guided by leads,
which allowed to drop freely on the pile head
Pile installation using drop hammer
 DROP HAMMER (Cont’)

• When a pile is driven into the soil, the force

applied must be more than sufficient to fail
the soil at the tip and overcome the friction on
its sides.
• Pile installation changes the soil
characteristics and significantly affects the pile
load capacity.
• Care should be taken to minimize soil
disturbances during pile installation.