Laboratory Exercise 8

Audio CODEC
The purpose of this exercise is to learn how to use the Audio enCOder/DECoder (CODEC) on an Altera DE2
Board. We will connect a microphone and speakers to the DE2 board to allow recording and playback of sounds.
To access the microphone and speakers we will use the DE2 Media Computer, which is described in the DE2
Media Computer for the Altera DE2 Board manual.

Background

Sounds, such as speech and music, are signals that change over time. The amplitude of a signal determines the
volume at which we hear it. The way the signal changes over time determines the type of sounds we hear. For
example, an ’ah’ sound is represented by a waveform shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: A waveform for an ’ah’ sound.

The waveform is an analog signal, which can be stored in a digital form by using a relatively small number of
samples that represent the analog values at certain points in time. The process of producing such digital signals is
called sampling.

Figure 2: A sampled waveform for an ’ah’ sound.

The points in Figure 2 provide a sampled waveform. All points are spaced equally in time and they trace the

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original waveform.
To be able to record and play back sounds we will use the DE2 Media Computer. It is a computer system
very similar to the DE2 Basic Computer, except that it contains a few additional components useful for running
multimedia programs. In particular, it contains an Audio Port to access microphone and speakers, Video-Out Port
to display graphics on a computer screen, an LCD Port to display characters on a 16x2 LCD character display and
a PS/2 Port to connect a keyboard or a mouse directly to the DE2 board. In this exercise, we will use the DE2
Media Computer to access the Audio CODEC for recording and playback. Figure 3 shows the part of the DE2
Media Computer we will use.

Host
Computer

USB-Blaster
interface

FPGA chip

Nios II JTAG debug JTAG UART

processor module interface

Avalon switch fabric

Audio
Memory
Port

Audio
CODEC

Microphone Speakers

Figure 3: Portion of the DE2 Media Computer used in this exercise.

The Audio Port provides a link between a program executed by the Nios II processor and the Audio CODEC
connected to the external microphone and speaker system, as shown in Figure 4. A user program executed by the
Nios II processor can record and play back sounds by using the Audio Port.
Sound can be recorded by the system using a microphone. The microphone converts the sound into an analog
waveform, such as the one shown in Figure 1. The CODEC samples the waveform every 1/48000th of a second,
and stores the sample in the Record FIFOs. The Record FIFOs can then be read by the processor. To produce an
output waveform, the Audio Port accepts a sampled waveform as an input from the processor and stores it in the
Playback FIFOs. The CODEC then converts the data in the FIFOs into an analog waveform and sends it to the
speakers.

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 Audio Port

Record
Left FIFO
Microphone
Right FIFO
Nios II Audio Audio
processor Registers Playback CODEC
Left FIFO
Speakers
Right FIFO

Figure 4: The audio subsystem.

User programs can access the Audio Port through its I/O interface in the DE2 Media Computer. The interface
includes four memory-mapped registers. Figure 5 shows the registers and their location in the memory address
space.

Address 31 . . . 24 23 . . . 16 15 . . . 10 9 8 7 ... 3 2 1 0

0x10003040 Unused WI RI CW CR WE RE Control register

0x10003044 WSLC WSRC RALC RARC Fifospace register

0x10003048 Left data Leftdata register

0x1000303C Right data Rightdata register

Figure 5: Audio access registers on the DE2 Media Computer.

The control register contains six bits that are used to control the Audio Port:
• RE and WE bits enable the Audio Port to generate an interrupt request when the Record FIFO is 75% full
(RE), or the Playback FIFO is less than 25% full (WE), or both

• CR and CW bits clear the Record and Playback FIFO buffers, respectively.
• RI and WI bits are set to 1 when interrupt requests are raised. RI becomes 1 when the Record FIFO is at
least 75% full; WI bit becomes 1 when the Playback FIFO is less than 25% full.
The Fifospace register indicates the current state of each of the FIFOs. Each FIFO has space for 128 sam-
ples. The number of samples available in the Left/Right Record FIFO can be read from the RALC/RARC
field. Similarly, the amount of space available for samples in the Left/Right Playback FIFO can be read from
the WSLC/WSRC field.
The Leftdata and Rightdata registers are used either to load data into the Playback FIFOs (left or right) by
writing to the registers, or to retrieve sound from the Record FIFOs by reading these registers. Users should take
care to check the state of Record and Playback FIFOs before reading or writing to Leftdata and Rightdata registers.
If the Record FIFOs are empty, then the contents of the Leftdata and Rightdata registers are invalid. Also, if the
Playback FIFOs are full, then writes to the Leftdata and Rightdata registers will be ignored by the Audio Port.

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Part I

In this part of the exercise you will create a 3-second recording and play it back. To do so, a microphone and
speakers need to be connected to the DE2 board. Speakers should be connected to the green jack, labeled LINE-
OUT, and the microphone should be connected to the pink jack labeled MIC.
You are to write a C program that uses the Audio Port to record and play back sounds. Your program should
read the data from the Audio Port and store it in memory when the user presses the KEY1 pushbutton. The
recording should be played back by writing samples stored in memory to the Audio Port when the user presses the
KEY2 pushbutton.
The playback of the recording should also be controlled by slider switches SW1−0 . When switch SW1 is 1,
then the playback should skip every other sample when playing back the recording. If SW0 is 1, then the playback
should repeat every sample from the recording. Otherwise, the recorded sound should be played back normally.
Follow these steps to complete this part of the exercise:
1. Write a C program described above.
2. Start the Altera Monitor Program and create a new project. When choosing the system for your project,
select the DE2 Media Computer from the drop-down list.
3. Download the DE2 Media Computer onto the DE2 board and compile your program.
4. Download your program into the system and run it.
5. Test the effect of switches SW1−0 .

Part II

Echo is an effect we often hear in large halls or caverns, where a sound we make comes back to us with some delay.
This effect occurs because the sound bounces off the walls and returns to us. The reflected sound is somewhat
attenuated.
In this part of the exercise you are to write a C program that reads sounds from the microphone and produces
the sound back through the speakers. However, moments later the same sound should repeat, at a lower volume,
and again a few moments after that to simulate the effect of an echo. The echo effect should be superimposed on
(added on top of) any sound being provided through the microphone.

Part III

Sound tones can also be generated using the Audio Port. Each tone is a sinusoidal waveform of a specific fre-
quency. For example, the tones in the fourth octave on a piano have the following frequencies:

C = 262 Hz
C# = 278 Hz
D = 292 Hz
D# = 310 Hz
E = 328 Hz
F = 348 Hz
F# = 370 Hz
G = 392 Hz
G# = 416 Hz
A = 440 Hz
A# = 466 Hz
B = 494 Hz

To generate a sinusoidal waveform of a given frequency you have to supply points that trace that sinusoid over
time. This can be accomplished using the sin function from the math.h library. Recall that
t
v(t) = A · sin(2 · π · )
T

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where A is the amplitude of the sine wave, T is its period, and t is the time index. Thus, a sinusoidal waveform
can be created by supplying v(t) as input to the Audio Port, where values of v(t) are generated at ∆t intervals.
Create a piano-playing program that plays tones from the fourth octave. The user will play the ”piano” by
pressing keys on the keyboard. Use keys a, w, s, e, d, f , t, g, y, h, u, and j to represent each of the tone, respec-
tively. When any of these keys is pressed, your program should play the corresponding tone for approximately
half of a second.

Do the following:
1. Create a header file, tones.h, with 12 tables that represent the tones in the fourth octave. Each table should
consist of 24000 entries that trace the waveform for a given tone. The amplitude of each waveform should
be 2 ∗ 107 .

2. Write a piano-playing program in C language. Make sure to include the tones.h file in your program.
3. Create a project in the Altera Monitor Program for the DE2 Media Computer. When specifying compiler
options in the window shown in Figure 6, make a change in the field called Additional compiler flags. The
parameter -O1 should be changed to -O3, as shown in Figure 6, to configure the C compiler to use the
highest optimization level. This change should allow your program to be executed fast enough to read keys
from the keyboard and play back several tones at the same time.

Figure 6: Program Details screen in Altera Monitor Program.

4. Compile and run your program using the Altera Monitor Program.

Hint: You will need to use UART interrupts, or access the UART directly, to be able to read key strokes without
interrupting the music. You should not use C functions such as scanf to read keystrokes.

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Preparation

The recommended preparation for this laboratory exercise includes:

1. C code for Part I.

2. C code for Part II.

3. A header file for Part III, called tones.h, with 12 integer tables - one for each tone. Each table should contain
24000 elements, which trace a waveform that corresponds to one of the tones in the fourth octave.

Copyright c 2009 Altera Corporation.