The Definitive Guide on How to Not

Fail English Language & Literature

(you might as well try.)

Written by the IB Discord English LangLit Helper team:

jv#0180
michelle#1467
mythic_fci#1141
Theodore#3532
 The Definitive Guide on How to Not Die in English Language & Literature—Revision 2.0

Table of Contents
General Things to Consider 3
The Entire Course in Three Questions 3
How to Break Down a Text—TAP DANCE 3
Structuring a Paragraph—PETAL 4
Stylistic/Literary Devices 6
Rhetorical Appeals 7
Elements of Verse 7
Elements of Graphics & Visuals 8

Approaching the Four Parts of the Course 11

Part 1—Language in Cultural Context 11
Part 2—Language and Mass Communication 11
Part 3—Literature: Texts and Contexts 12
Part 4—Literature: Critical Study 12

The Assessments and How to Pass Them 14

Assessment Weighting Breakdown 14
Paper 1 14
Paper 2 19
Written Task 1 24
Written Task 2 (HL Only) 27
Individual Oral Commentary 29
Further Oral Activity 33

Extended Essay (EE) 36

Further Resources 37

Changelog 38

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General Things to Consider

There are a couple of key elements, advice, etc. we believe apply universally to the entire
English Language & Literature (LangLit) course. Have a look & keep these in mind!

The Entire Course in Three Questions

The core of an effective analysis for any part of the LangLit course can be effectively
summarized by three simple questions:

1. What is the author trying to achieve/communicate?

2. How has the author done this?
3. What impact does this have on the audience?

Answer each of them when analyzing anything in this course and you’ll be all set.

How to Break Down a Text—TAP DANCE

One thing lots of LangLit students struggle with is identifying all the key elements to
consider when faced with a text (i.e. any work of writing), especially an unseen one as in
Paper 1 and to some extent the IOC. This acronym of TAP DANCE should help you
remember important parts of texts that you should identify & comment on.

Text type: ● What text type is the text? (e.g. poem, play, novel, short story, etc.)
● What are certain features common in that text type? How does the
text demonstrate/go against those features and to what effect?

Author:: ● Who wrote the text?

● What’s their cultural background like? Their upbringing? Childhood?
(see the stuff in the Context section below for more details)

Purpose: ● Why was the text written? (i.e. What intent did the author have?
What message/ideas did they want to convey?)

Devices: ● What stylistic/literary devices, rhetorical appeals, etc. are used in the
text?

Audience: ● What is the text’s target audience (i.e. audience the author wrote the
text for)? Why are they the target audience?
● How does the author write for that target audience? To what effect?

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● Does your text relate to any additional audiences not originally

intended? Why & to what effect?

Narrative: ● What’s the progression of thematic ideas in your text? If it’s fiction,
what’s the plot progression?
● Why might the author want to include the thematic ideas they do in
the order they do?

Context: ● What’s the context in which the text was originally created by an
author or interpreted by an audience? Consider things like:
○ Social & cultural norms/stereotypes
○ Political views/movements
○ Significant/recent historical events
○ An author’s background (upbringing, culture of origin, etc.);
i.e. authorial context
○ A text’s purpose (texts written professionally within a certain
field may be written differently than a casual text for the
general public)
● How might different audiences originating from different contexts
interpret the same text differently?
● If comparing texts from different authors, how might different
authors originating from different contexts produce texts with
different (or similar) content, ideas, use of language, etc.?

Effect: ● What’s the effect of all of the above on the reader?

Identify these & keep them in mind when analyzing any text and you’ll be able to cover all
relevant aspects of that text.

Structuring a Paragraph—PETAL
Whenever you have to to write any sort of analytical paragraph in LangLit, whether for an
exam paper, a written task, or something else, follow this general format of PETAL—Point,
Evidence, Technique, Analysis, and Link.

Point: ● State exactly what you’re going to discuss in your

paragraph—your main point/topic, so to speak (this should be your
paragraph’s 1st sentence)
○ This should be a specific thing, e.g. thematic idea, stylistic
device(s), context, etc.—don’t be vague!
○ Your point should answer the three main LangLit questions.

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○ Make your point clear enough that anyone listening to

you/reading your response should be able to understand
what you’ll be going on to argue right away
■ Seriously. IB examiners nut when you clearly signpost
what you’re going to say before you say it, so do it.

Evidence: ● Provide evidence related to your texts that demonstrate the

arguments made in your Point. This includes:
○ Quotes from your text. Cite exact locations for this: page
numbers, line numbers, acts/scenes, etc.
○ Paraphrasing from your text. Use this for larger chunks of
your text where you’re not looking explicitly at language (e.g.
diction).
○ Contextual information, e.g. societal/cultural influences &
norms from when the text was originally written.

Technique: ● Identify the specific formal techniques/features (rhetorical

techniques, stylistic devices, etc.) present in the evidence you just
provided.
○ In each quote you cite, what devices, rhetorical appeals, etc.
are being used?
○ You can more or less skip this for contextual info.

Analysis: ● Analyze the effectiveness of said features in your evidence in

conveying a certain effect on the audience.
○ Is tone, mood, or atmosphere created?
○ Is the author using a rhetorical appeal, stylistic device, etc. in
your evidence to make an argument of some sort?
○ Does this evidence develop a theme in your text?
○ For context, how does the contextual information you just
provided influence the text’s narrative, use of language, etc.
and/or a reader’s interpretation of the text?

Link: ● Link everything you just said—your point & supporting

evidence/analysis—back to your thesis (i.e. overall argument).
○ You must explain everything in terms of the overall
arguments you’re making! Otherwise you’re just yeeting out

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irrelevant points, which in the context of a larger

analysis—well, this ain’t it, chief.
To see this in action, see this example PETAL paragraph (shortened from an actual Paper 1
response). Relevant parts have been highlighted in the same colours as used above.

This text utilizes emotive language to create a somber, elegiac tone, emphasizing the
despair of the victim of HIV in question. For instance, the effect of HIV is described as
“debilitating”; the need of those in poor countries without access to HIV/AIDS
medication—“victims”—as “desperate”, while the epidemic itself is described as
“[leaving] people in its wake”. The emotive diction in these loaded words & phrases used
to describe the negative effects & consequences of HIV appeal to the reader’s emotions,
convincing the reader of the epidemic’s severity and evoking thought of natural disasters
(namely, floods/storms). Thus, the text conveys a warning of the danger of the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in Africa through emotive language, namely diction.

Stylistic/Literary Devices
Writers, when writing, manipulate the language (word choice, sentence structures, etc.)
they use to emphasize certain things to us readers and make them more meaningful—these
are called stylistic/literary devices (the terms are used interchangeably).

Some common examples are:

● Diction/Lexicon: Word choice; conveys tones, moods, messages, implications, etc.
● Connotation: A further ‘implied meaning’ beyond what words mean literally/on the
surface (their denotation).
● Repetition: Repeating certain things (e.g. words, phrases, etc.) to emphasize them.
● Simile/Metaphor: Comparing/’linking’ several things directly using linking words
(e.g. “like” or “as”) or indirectly (without linking words), respectively.
● Allusion: Referencing a known/famous literary text (e.g. the Bible)
● Hyperbole/Understatement: Exaggerating/not stating, respectively, the full extent
of something.
● Imagery: Using words to form a mental image/visualization of an idea, concept, etc..
● Parallel Structures: Stating related ideas in sentences/phrases/clauses with
similar structures to emphasize them & their connection

Of course, this is nowhere near a full, comprehensive list. There’s plenty more unique
devices besides these eight here, plus more generic devices often have a bunch of niche

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subtypes (e.g. tricolon—the statement of three related clauses, structured similarly, in

succession—is a subtype of parallel structures).We’ll leave you this comprehensive guide
and this one too to learn more about stylistic/literary devices.

Rhetorical Appeals
When trying to persuade readers of certain things (viewpoints/opinions, ideas, etc.)
writers often use rhetorical appeals, or appeals to aspects of a reader’s thought process.

There are four main types of rhetorical appeals which writers try to create, each with fancy
Greek names:
● Logos—Appeal to logic.
● Pathos—Appeal to emotion.
● Ethos—Appeal to righteousness of the argument/of the speaker’s right to convey it.
● Kairos—Appeal of the urgency of the issue, i.e. the necessity to solve it now.
You can learn more about these four core appeals here.

There are also various more specific subsets of these appeals appealing to more specific
aspects of a reader’s thinking—to find out more, click here. You can also find more
examples in the Further Resources of this guide below.

Elements of Verse
For works written in verse (e.g. poems, plays written in verse), you want to look out for:

Rhythm: The way a poem flows overall when you read it.

● For instance,a poem may flow in quite a long and continuous style, or it may flow
quite fast/rushed or even stuttery/awkward
● How the author writes a poem to flow may indicate how they want you to feel
about the subject matter of the poem
○ E.g. A poem being long & flowing indicates the author’s spending a lot of
time/effort/words describing something...thus, it must be somewhat
significant/important

Meter: The specific stressed/unstressed syllables that the poem is made up of

● Stressed syllables are those you’d emphasize when speaking; an unstressed

syllable are those you wouldn’t emphasize as much.
○ E.g. In the word ‘procrastination’ (which can be broken down into

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pro-cras-ti-NA-tion), the syllable ‘NA’ is stressed (emphasized) whereas the

others are unstressed (not emphasized).
● There are names for specific combinations of stressed/unstressed syllables: the
two most common combinations in speech (worth learning) are iambs (da-DUM)
and trochees (DA-dum). You can learn more here.

Rhyme: When words at the end of lines sound similar

● Rhyming generally draws attention to & emphasizes the words that rhyme
● If a poem has a regular pattern of rhyming, it has a rhyme scheme
○ Some types of poems have very specific rhyme schemes (e.g.
sonnets)—knowing how to identify these is a useful skill!

Elements of Graphics & Visuals

Some text types (e.g. comics, infomercials/ads, posters, etc.) will contain visual elements.
While this isn’t IB Visual Arts, you should still consider the following things when looking at
such texts:

Colour

● What sort of colours are used most/least? Cool colours? Warm colours?
○ Are they bright & vibrant hues? Dull & muted tones? Does this create a
certain atmosphere or have certain connotations?
○ If you’re familiar with it, you can talk about colour theory and how it might
influence a reader’s interpretation of a text (learn more here)

Scale, Size & Graphic Weight

● Relative to reality/a realistic portrayal, what is being emphasised/exaggerated &

what is being under-proportioned?
● Why might the author choose to exaggerate/under-proportion something?What
effect does this have? What message is conveyed?

Perspective & Positioning

● If a certain object is shown, is the viewer looking down at it? Up at it? From the
same level?
● What’s in the foreground (front of picture)/background (back of picture)? Is the
frame facing down/up/head on? Is anything in focus/out of focus?
● What’s implied about the status of things which are portrayed with different

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perspectives/positions?
○ If you, the viewer/audience, are looking down upon something below you,
how might that establish that thing’s status relative to you versus if you
were looking up at something above you?
○ What does it mean if something is in focus/out of focus? What does this say
about what the author wishes to draw attention to (or neglect)?
● Is the text trying to draw your eye to certain objects? Is there a ‘direction’ the
viewer’s eyes are led in (top to bottom, side to side, winding, zig-zag)
○ What might this suggest about the message being conveyed?

Font

● Does the style of font used invoke a certain emotion or atmosphere? Increase
comprehension/legibility?
○ Simpler serif fonts (if you don’t know the distinction between serif &
sans-serif, read more here) are often used for formality & legibility.
○ Curvier/more ‘extravagant’ fonts, usually sans-serif, are often used for
visual effect & aesthetics, to draw the reader’s attention to something.

Gutter

● If you’re looking at a comic strip, what types of transitions between panels are
used? How does this impact the amount of closure (imagination) needed for the
audience to understand the piece?
● Do transitions speed up the text? Slow it down? Force you to consider one panel
over another?
○ Learn more about gutters & transitions in comics here.

Interactions with Language

● If you have a multi-modal text (one that combines both language & visual
elements), how do the text elements and visual elements enhance each other?
○ Do they work together to create a similar message or are they contrasted to
highlight one message over another?

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Approaching the Four Parts of the Course

Contrary to popular belief, the English LangLit course isn’t a big non-distinct blob of
vaguely English-resembling oof. The LangLit course is divided into four ‘parts’—Parts 1 & 2,
the ‘language’ parts, and Parts 3 & 4, the ‘literature’ parts. But what do they each entail?
Here, we’re going to break each part of the course and the IB’s learning objectives for them
down into simpler, easy-to-understand language to help you understand & approach them.

Part 1—Language in Cultural Context

This part of the course, the first language part, focuses on how elements of context affect
the creation & reading of texts. Namely, it looks at how authors from different contexts are
influenced differently & thus write/use language differently and how readers from different
contexts interpret texts differently.

Things to Consider

● A text’s structure, content, and use of language (stylistic devices, rhetorical

appeals, etc.) helps it appeal to a certain audience and/or achieve a purpose.
○ E.g. Rhetorical appeals may make a political speech or opinion column
more persuasive, visual elements may make an ad more appealing, etc.
● The context of a text’s creation by an author & viewring by an audience influences
the text’s content/language itself and its interpretation by said audience.
○ Keep in mind the important elements of context noted earlier in our
overview of TAP DANCE!

Part 2—Language and Mass Communication

This part of the course, the second language part, focuses on the way language is used in
mass media (newspapers, the internet, television, etc.) and how the purpose, means, etc.
that said mass media's produce texts influences their use of language and, in turn, they are
received by their audience.

Things to Consider

● Different forms of media may use language differently to achieve their purposes
and convey their messages.

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○ E.g. Advertisements or opinion columns often have more persuasive

language and rhetorical appeals than factual news articles
● The media may be biased in the way they used language so as to inform, persuade,
and/or entertain their audience and thus influence them educationally, politically,
or ideologically
○ This includes propaganda, media campaigns, Public Service
Announcements, censorship, etc.
○ Often, such biases are strengthened/emphasized through elements of
language, such as stylistic/literary devices, rhetorical appeals, etc.

Part 3—Literature: Texts and Contexts

This part of the course, the first literature part, focuses on studying literary texts in the
context in which they were written by the author and read by a given audience. If you’re SL,
you’ll be reading two literary texts for this part; if you’re HL you’ll be reading three. Your
teacher will choose your texts and (should) go through them in-depth with your class. You’ll
be doing Paper 2 on the texts you read for this part.

Things to Consider

● The context of a literary text’s creation by an author & viewing by an audience

influences the text’s content/language itself and its interpretation by said
audience.
○ As in Part 1, keep in mind the important elements of context noted earlier
in our overview of TAP DANCE!
● The use of formal features in literary texts—stylistic devices, structure, text-type
specific features (such as those for verse & visual works) etc.—may be influenced
by a text’s context of creation and enhance the text’s meaning to an audience.

Part 4—Literature: Critical Study

This part of the course, the second literature part, focuses on closely reading literary texts
to analyze & understand them. As in Part 3, SL students study two texts and HL students
study three; your teacher chooses your texts and goes over them in-class. The key focus of
this part is to understand your texts in as much depth as possible from as many different
perspectives as possible. You’ll be doing your Individual Oral Commentary on the texts you
read in this section.

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Things to Consider

● Literary texts may have explicit (obvious; clearly stated) and implicit (implied;
subtle) meanings, intents, etc.
○ Texts may also make up part of a larger work (e.g. poems in an anthology of
poetry), its individual meaning/significance contributing to the
meaning/significance of the larger work
● Literary texts may convey certain thematic ideas, ethical stances or moral views to
readers through a variety of stylistic/literary devices (e.g. tone/mood, irony,
imagery, etc.)

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The Assessments and How to Pass Them

Assessment Weighting Breakdown
Sadly, when your IBDP coordinator said that the IB Diploma had a big emphasis on
coursework, they were lying. The majority of your LangLit grade comes from externally
assessed work (i.e. stuff sent to the IB for marking), with the internally assessed portion of
your grade (i.e. the bits your teacher marks which the IB may moderate) only making up a
small fraction of your grade. This table details just how much of the individual components
of the LangLit course will screw your final grade.

Standard Level Higher Level

External Assessment (70% Total)
Paper 1 25% Paper 1 25%
Paper 2 25% Paper 2 25%
Written Task 20% Written Task 1 10%
Written Task 2 10%
Internal Assessment (30% Total)
Individual Oral 15% Individual Oral 15%
Commentary Commentary
Further Oral 15% Further Oral 15%
Activity Activity

Don’t be fooled by the fact that most of the assessments are named the same thing between
HL & SL—some HL assessments are different to their SL counterparts, even if they share
names. Also, HL work is generally marked to a higher standard than SL work (i.e. be
prepared to be roasted way harder if you choose to take HL).

Paper 1
Paper 1 (P1) is the first of two externally-marked exam papers you have to write. SL
students have to analyze one text from a choice of two possible texts in 1h30m, while HL
students have to analyze & compare two texts from two possible pairs of texts in 2h.

Both language (non-fiction texts that explicitly inform, persuade, discuss, or argue some
viewpoint, e.g. websites, advertisements, news articles, etc.) and literature (artistic

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fiction/non-fiction texts that implicitly convey ideas/messages, e.g. poems, short stories,
memoirs, etc.) texts will show up on P1s, so you do need to prepare for both.

Time Management
Managing the little time you have is essential to scoring well on a Paper 1—you need to
know what to do in the time you have to maximize the quality of the final product you
produce. Here’s a general strategy we suggest:

5m Reading Time ● All IB exams have 5 minutes of reading time (no writing
(Before Time Starts) allowed) before timing starts—use this time wisely!
● Skim over your options & decide on one ASAP so you can
spend more time preparing your response

Prepare Your ● Read your text(s) at least 3 times:

Response ○ Once to get the gist of them
(20-30m) ○ Once to annotate in depth; don’t be afraid to mark up
your paper (even with colours/highlighters) here
○ Once to look through again to review your
annotations scour for anything you’ve missed
● Make a point outline of your paragraphs so you know what
you’ll be writing
● HL: Try to find at least three common ideas between your
texts (one idea per paragraph) here

Write Your Response ● Clutch time: start writing!

(SL: 40-50m; HL: ● Try to keep writing at a consistent pace, but not too quickly
1h20-30m) to keep your handwriting legible
● Give yourself a few rest breaks (~30s) every 30m or so to
rest your hand.

Proofread Your ● No matter how well you write, always spend some time to
Response closely read back (don’t skim) your response & review!
(5-10m) ○ Depending on your response length & how accurate
you tend to be with spelling/grammar, you may need
more or less time for this
● Check & fix errors, inconsistent structuring, and illegible
handwriting

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Structuring a Response
Whether you’re SL and panicking over analyzing one text or HL and panicking over
comparing two, don’t fret—here’s a surefire strategy for structuring any P1 response.

Introductory ● Briefly introduce your text(s)—try to address each of the

Paragraph: elements of TAP DANCE in your introduction.
● Clearly state your thesis statement, i.e. the main, overarching
argument you’re making in your essay.
○ This should establish the content of your paragraphs and
make clear the point you want to make about the
similarities and differences of each text.
○ However, this shouldn’t be overly broad nor too narrow
either—include relevant information summarizing your
analysis and only that.

Body ● Aim to have three body paragraphs, each focused on a distinct

Paragraphs: main idea.
○ Main ideas can be be context stylistic/literary devices,
rhetorical appeals, or thematic ideas.
○ Trying to write more than three body paragraphs, given
the limited time you have, often results in an overly broad
& insufficiently detailed analysis—we don’t recommend it.
● Use PETAL to structure your paragraphs and comment on
elements of TAP DANCE
○ Don’t write one body paragraph per TAP DANCE element
though—they should be embedded throughout your
analysis!
● Answer the three LangLit questions over the course of each of
your body paragraphs in relation to your text(s).
○ If you’re HL, compare the way your two texts relate to
those questions

Conclusion ● Restate your thesis and briefly summarize each of the arguments
Paragraph: you make.
○ Don’t introduce any new evidence/points here This is a
final summary, not another body paragraph.

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The Marking Criteria & Tips For Them

Criterion A What is this?

Understanding of The degree to which you understand the text’s purpose & use of
the Text language to convey it & affect the reader.

How do I do this?
Remember: there’s no ‘correct’ interpretation, only a thoughtful one.
● As long as your interpretation makes sense and is supported
by evidence from the text, you’re showing your
understanding of the text(s)
○ This will get you high marks in Criterion A & C!

Back up your responses with evidence!

● To demonstrate good understanding of your text(s), you need
to support your points with lots of evidence that:
○ Comes from all parts (beginning, middle & end) of
your text, not just from a small concentrated section of
it
○ Demonstrate a wide variety of formal features (e.g.
stylistic/literary devices, rhetorical appeals, etc.) and
exemplify their effect on the reader

Criterion B What is this?

Understanding of How well you identify formal features of your text—stylistic devices,
the Use & Effects rhetorical devices, etc. and explain how they affect/impact the
of Stylistic audience.
Features
How do I do this?
Always discuss the effect on the reader!
● Identifying devices, contextual information, etc. is only going
to get you so far—the part people often forget to address is
the impact of what you’ve identified has on a specified
audience.

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Pick & choose your battles.

● Texts will often have tons of features you could hypothetically
talk about, some more significant than others.
● Don’t waste time talking about every single minute detail
there is—find a variety of good devices in your text(s) that
have significant effects on the reader and consistently analyze
their effect on an audience in great depth.

(HL) Look for overlaps & differences in theme/message and language.

● Your texts will likely either:
○ Use language differently to achieve similar purposes
or convey similar ideas
○ Use language similarly but to convey different ideas
● These differences may come from differences in your texts’
contexts.
● Also, the HL rubric specifically states that your analysis has to
be comparative (it must focus on the similarities/differences
between the two texts)—don’t just discuss them on their
own!

Criterion C What is this?

Organisation & The flow and structure of your essay as a whole.
Development
How do I do this?
Organize your response clearly!
● Using the PETAL paragraph structure and the outline we gave
above helps a lot here—as we said before, all your body
paragraphs should have all the elements of PETAL.
○ Pay special attention to the L (Link) of your
paragraph—this tends to be what people forget
frequently!
○ Every single paragraph needs to end by tying back the
specific argument/point made in it back to the overall
argument of your paper.

(HL) Divide your discussion equally between your texts.

● Don’t spend 90% of your response talking about Text A and
only 10% of your response glossing over Text B!

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● The HL rubric says that a response that does well in this

category should be “comparative and well balanced”, so make
one that is!

Criterion D What is this?

Language How consistently strong your own English writing is throughout
your response.

How do I do this?
Write formally & with a wide vocabulary, but don’t throw a thesaurus
at your response!
● You should, of course, use a formal, academic style of writing
with correct grammar/spelling throughout your entire
response.
● However, scoring well on P1 is not about big words! Keep
your writing consistent before making it complex.
○ If you use fancy words, make sure you understand
them & use them correctly—no one likes a showoff,
especially not your IB examiners!
○ If you want to expand your vocabulary, try learning
some action verbs you can use to describe specific
effects, intents, etc. well
○ In writing your response, you should use an academic,
formal register throughout and maintain correct
grammar.

Paper 2
Paper 2 (P2) is the second externally-marked exam paper you have to write. You write a
single essay answering one of six possible unseen essay questions on at least two of the
texts you studied for Part 3 of the course written. As with Paper 1, SL students get 1h30m
and HL students get 2h.

Question Types
Out of your six possible question choices on P2, you will always get at least one question
from each of the following question types:

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Context & Audience: How a text’s intended audience and its context of
production/interpretation influence its content, formal elements (e.g. stylistic/literary
devices) and artistic elements (e.g. themes, characterization) and thus its effect on the
reader.
● E.g. How do the writers of at least two of the works you have studied convey a sense of
place to their readers and to what purpose? (May 2017)
○ Click here to see a sample mind-map breakdown of this question.

Genre, Convention, Technique & Structure: How formal elements of a text, particularly
those specific to/conventional within its genre/text-type and as influenced by context, have
certain effects on the reader.
● E.g. Writing is both an art and a craft, where form and content are carefully
constructed and language and style artistically embellish the whole. Discuss in what
ways at least two works you have studied effectively combine both art and craft.
(November 2013)
○ Click here to see a sample mind-map breakdown of this question.

Theme & Characterisation: How artistic content/elements of a text relating to themes &
characterization, perhaps influenced/emphasized by formal elements of a text and context,
have certain effects on the reader.
● E.g. Can the ends ever be said to justify the means? Consider the ways in which this idea
is explored or discussed in at least two of the works you have studied. (May 2014)
○ Click here to see a sample mind-map breakdown of this question.

It’s worth preparing notes focusing on these various areas to help you tackle questions
which fall in them during the actual exam. You can a comprehensive breakdown of these
categories of questions as seen in all past papers from 2013 to 2018 here.
Time Management
As with P1, time management strategies are incredibly important to writing a high-quality,
detailed response to P2 in the limited time you have. Here’s how we suggest you manage
your time:

5m Reading Time ● As with P1 & all IB exams, you’ll have 5 minutes of

(Before Time Starts) reading time (no writing allowed) before timing starts
● Get familiar with your questions—brainstorm them
mentally & think about which ones might be good for
you!

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Pick a Question & ● Try to pick a question as soon as possible (within 5m of

Break Down (not you, starting, ideally)
the question)—15-20m ● Mind-map related ideas your texts (we’ll practice this
later) to figure out what you can write

Outline Your ● Put all the good ideas you just thought of into a proper
Response—5-10m point-by-point, paragraph-by-paragraph outline
● Try to find at least three common ideas between all
your texts, one idea per paragraph(more on this later)

Write Your ● Write gud shit, do it quic

Response—1h20-30m ● Give yourself a few rest breaks (~30s) every 30m or so
to rest your hand.

Structuring a Response
Whether you’re SL or HL, you have to talk about at least two texts you’ve studied in class for
Part 3 (if you’re HL, you can talk about all three you’ve studied). But how do you do this?
What should the structure for such an essay look like? We recommend structuring your P2
response a little bit like this:

Introductory ● Briefly introduce your texts; address briefly each of your texts’
Paragraph: TAP DANCE elements
● Clearly state your thesis statement, i.e. the main, overarching
argument you’re making in your essay.
○ This should establish the content of your paragraphs and
make clear the point you want to make about the
similarities and differences of each text.
○ However, this shouldn’t be overly broad nor too narrow
either—include relevant information summarizing your
analysis and only that.
● This is actually something you can prepare for before even
stepping into the exam room simply by studying your texts
comprehensively.

Body ● Aim for three body paragraphs, each focused on a distinct main
Paragraphs: idea.

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○ Main ideas can be be context stylistic/literary devices,

rhetorical appeals, or thematic ideas.
○ Trying to write more than three body paragraphs, given
the limited time you have, often results in an overly broad
& insufficiently detailed analysis—we don’t recommend it.
● Remember PETAL paragraphs and TAP DANCE? Put ‘em to good
use here to plan the structure & content of your paragraphs
○ Elements of TAP DANCE (e.g. purpose, devices, etc.) should
be embedded throughout your analysis. Do not write one
body paragraph for each element of TAP DANCE!
● Answer the three LangLit questions over the course of each of
your body paragraphs in relation to your text(s)
○ Compare the way your texts relate to those
questions—that’ll help indicate similarities and
differences between them you can talk about.

Conclusion ● Restate your thesis & briefly summarize the arguments you’ve
Paragraph: made.
○ Again, don’t introduce new evidence or points here. This is
a final summary, not another body paragraph.

The Marking Criteria & How to Score Well On Them

P2 for HL & SL is marked on the same five criteria, though as with before the HL rubric is
slightly different (stricter) than the SL rubric. Here’s what each of these criteria are and our
advice on how to do well on them.

Criterion A What is this?

Knowledge & How well you understand not just what happens in your texts but why.
Understanding
How do you do this?
Make sure you understand the effect of each of your text’s TAP DANCE
elements on the audience!
● You can prepare this well before the exam! Make & organize
notes into the types of P2 questions detailed above, such as in
this example organizer.

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Provide evidence from (and related, for context) your texts that
demonstrate your varied & deep understanding of them.
● This includes but isn’t limited to quotes, paraphrasing &
summarizing from the text.
● Memorizing 50 irrelevant quotes won’t help; knowing 4-5 short
quotes per text that together exemplify all important themes,
formal features, etc. of the text will.
● Evidence should come from all parts of your text and
demonstrate a wide range of devices/techniques. Don’t only pick
quotes from small sections of your texts!

Criterion B What is this?

Response to How relevant and diverse/varied your response to the question is.
the Question
How do you do this?
Answer the question!
● Make sure your response is what it says on the tin—directly
address all key aspects of the question as stated.
● Don’t go on some tangent—no matter what you’re discussing,
whether context or formal features or anything, always link it
back to the question and what it asks you to discuss.

Outline & brainstorm different perspectives!

● When preparing for the exam, start thinking of different ways
you might approach your texts in relation to their themes,
contexts, stylistic devices, etc.
● During the exam, take care to unpack your chosen question in
detail—consider points and possible counterpoints!
● Keep asking yourself questions about the question!
○ Start with simple questions like “What does this theme
mean? How is it represented in my texts?” and branch out
from there until you’ve defined/brainstormed all parts of
the question.

Criterion C What is this?

Appreciation of How well you demonstrate an extremely strong understanding,
Literary specifically, the formal features in your text and how they influence the

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Conventions text’s effect on a reader.

How do you do this?

Talk about it!
● While this may seem like stupidly simple advice, lots of students
fall into the trap of only discussing plot progression & themes
without appreciating formal features.

Don’t forget text-type specific conventions!

● ‘Literary conventions’ includes both general stylistic/literary
devices and text-type specific conventions (like those for verse &
visual texts), so don’t forget either!
● Different text types will have specific features you ought to look
out for (e.g. visuals, stage directions, etc.) and discuss.
○ See Further Resources for some more resources to learn
more in this regard

Criterion D What is this?

Organization & How well your response is organized and how clearly it develops a
Development strong, supported argument.

How do you do this?

You don’t always need to compare.
● Unlike Asian parents, the IB is fine with you not always
comparing things.
● A degree of comparison definitely strengthens your response,
but you don’t always need to comment on the two texts in
constant unison.
● You can choose sometimes to simply focus on one at a
time—how one text approaches a given idea, then switching to
the other text, before finally tying the two together.

Criterion E What is this?

Language How consistently strong your own English writing is throughout your
response.

How do you do this?

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As in P1, write formally & with a wide vocabulary, but don’t throw a
thesaurus at your response!
● As in P1, you should, of course, use a formal, academic style of
writing with correct grammar/spelling, but scoring well on P1 is
not about big words! Keep your writing consistent before
making it complex.
○ If you use fancy words, make sure you understand them
& use them correctly—no one likes a showoff, especially
not your IB examiners!
○ This is the time to bring in any vocabulary particularly
relevant to your text—specific themes (e.g.
metanarration) or text-type specific conventions (e.g.
proxemics) will all enhance your score if you know what
they are!

Written Task 1
The Written Task 1 (or simply the ‘Written Task’ if you’re SL; we’ll refer to this assessment
as ‘WT1’ throughout this guide, though, for consistency) is an externally-assessed 800-1000
word creative writing piece, plus a 200-300 word rationale. You’ll write several of these
over the course of your time doing IB and submit one—see InThinking for a breakdown of
the IB’s specific requirements there.

Format
Since WT1s are creative writing pieces (that’s right, the IB decided to pretend they actually
care about creativity), you can choose to write anything—any topic, any format, any text
type—so long as it’s relevant to the part in question.

For WT1s on Part 1 & 2: You don’t have to base your WT1 off anything, though you can
base your WT1 off an existing source (e.g. news article, advert, etc.)

For WT1s on Part 3 & 4: You need to base your WT1 off of one of the literary texts you’ve
read in class for the part in question. Your task should contribute something new creatively
to your basis text (e.g. new chapter, chapter rewritten from a different POV with new
thoughts/emotions/insights, etc.).

Writing the Rationale

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The rationale is often something people struggle with—what exactly are you meant to
include anyway? Well, a rationale should be able to answer all three of these questions:

1. What did you do?

○ Did you write a letter? From who to who?
○ Which part of the course does your piece relate to?
2. Why did you do it?
○ Why did you choose your text type & topic?
○ How did you use language?What devices, techniques etc. did you use and to
what effect?
3. Is there anything else a reader should know to fully understand your piece?
○ Did you use any non-standard terminology, jargon, or grammar? An official
layout of a newspaper, website, etc.?
○ Why? For authenticity to a basis text? To convey a certain effect?

You can split answering these questions into three separate paragraphs or you can simply
write one big paragraph. Both work, so long as you cover the relevant content. Remember
to be mindful of that 300 word limit though—you will be docked points if you go over.

Tips & Advice

Be as creative as you want!
● There’s no list of official formats or topics for you to pick from—you could make the
script for a short play or even a massive 800-word poem if you wanted to. Go wild!
○ This is the only opportunity for creative writing you’ll get in LangLit, so if you
like creative writing, this is your time to shine.
● There’s no defined or required structure either—so long as your piece relates well
to the part of the course in question, it’s a decent piece!

That being said… Be sensible.

● It might not be best to choose heavily visual text types (e.g. comic strips). Visual
elements are important, yes, but you don’t want to take too much time doing visual
stuff when it won’t help your grade as much as a well-written, non-flashy piece.

If you’re struggling to find a topic, watch the news and look to your passions.
● For WT1s on Part 1 or 2, reading the news can provide tons of inspiration for
possible topics you could write your WT1 on.

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○ You can certainly base your WT1 off of things (topics, texts, biases, etc.)
you’ve seen in the news or within a certain area of interest of yours if you feel
like it—if you find something of interest, go wild on it!

Authenticity is great!
● While there’s no official requirement to do so, mimicking the formats of real-world
texts in your genre and perhaps even of the specific type you’re writing can help you
demonstrate an understanding of the text type you’re writing.
○ E.g. If writing a New York Times article, screenshot the website, blank out the
original text with photo editing software, copy it into your word processor
and write on top of it.

Do NOT write an academic essay.

● Do NOT analyze a text/texts in your WT1—you can base your WT1 on texts but not
analyze texts.
○ You’re being tested on conceptual understanding here—that you understand
the part of the course in question well enough that you can write something
not just about it, but within it. Analytical academic essays don’t prove that.
● Seriously, the IB’s actually letting you run free for once. Just go with it.

Relevant Resources
● Click here for a more in-depth, detailed guide on approaching the WT/WT1,
including exemplars, details on what sort of text types one could choose, additional
recommendations, etc.
● Click here to see the rubric used by the IB to grade WT/WT1s.
● Click here for more exemplar WT/WT1s.

Written Task 2 (HL Only)

The Written Task 2 (WT2), which only HL students have to do, is a 800-1000 word
academic essay—specifically, a critical response to a text. You’ll write several of these over
the course of your time doing IB and submit one—see InThinking for a breakdown of the
IB’s specific requirements there.

Your WT2 must answer one of these six questions set by the IB:
● How could the text be read and interpreted differently by two different readers?
● If the text had been written in a different time or place or language or for a different
audience, how and why might it differ?

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● How and why is a social group represented in a particular way?

● Which social groups are marginalized, excluded, or silenced within the text?
● How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre,
and for what purpose?
● How has the text borrowed from other texts, and with what effects?

Format
For WT2s on Part 1 or 2: Choose any language text (a text that is informational, discursive,
argumentative, or persuasive, e.g. a news article, opinion column, etc.) to analyze & discuss
based on the six questions above. This text doesn’t have to be one you’ve studied in
class—hell, you could analyze an article you saw on Facebook if you wanted.

For WT2s on Part 3 or 4: You must analyze one of the literary texts your teacher’s chosen
for your class to study.

You can source information from some other secondary sources to support your analysis as
well, if necessary. You’ll also need to write an outline for your WT2—for more details, see
below.

Structure
As mentioned previously, unlike the WT1, the WT2 is specifically an academic essay.
Creative time’s over, folks. That means you’ll need to write it in a formal, academic style,
including the following:
● A proper introduction introducing relevant information about your text(s) and
stating your thesis (overarching argument)
● 2-4 well-developed body paragraphs detailing your arguments
● A conclusion where you wrap up your points and make a final statement about the
broader significance of your text(s)

You decide how you feel your analysis would be best structured—just make sure you have
some form of overarching main argument/thesis supported by your individual
claims/arguments. Once more, using the PETAL paragraph structure will really help you
here, especially with those body paragraphs.

You have to write an outline for your WT2 too (marked, but doesn’t count to your word
count); while there are no strict guidelines on what exactly this outline must look like, it
should include the name of the text you’re analyzing, your chosen question, and a brief

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overview of your essay. You can write your outline in point form, each point corresponding
to each of your main arguments/points, a bit like this:

Outline
Selected Question: [chosen WT2 question]
Text to be Analyzed: [text title] by [author]
Relevant Part of Course: [part of course]

This essay will focus on:

● [first point of discussion/argument/analysis]
● [second point of discussion/argument/analysis]
● …[nth point; NOTE: Recommended not to exceed 4-5 points in your WT2 to avoid
excessive length and insufficient depth]
● Thus considering how [text(s)] can be thought of as/achieve the aim(s) of
[thesis/main overarching argument]

Tips & Advice

Start with the text, not with the question.
● For Part 1 or 2 WT2s, look for texts (as with WT1s, the news is a great place to start)
before you write and think about how they might be used.
○ Don’t shoehorn texts into questions they don’t fit. Either find a new text that
works or switch questions.
● For Part 3 or 4 WT2s, you’ll know your texts (they’re the ones your teacher covers
for those parts). Think of how the text could be explored with each question, not
how to shoehorn each question to fit your text.

Outline before you write.

● This doesn’t just mean ‘do the simple outline that IB wants you to do’—try and do a
detailed outline of not just the overall points of your WT2, but every single point,
claim & counterclaim you plan to write.
● It’s extra effort, yes, but it helps a LOT in guiding your thoughts before you write.

Evidence, evidence, evidence!

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● Back everything you say about the text with evidence. Quotes, context (you can refer
to secondary texts/sources for this)—whatever you need to back up the claims you
make.

Relevant Resources
● Click here for exemplar WT2s (including outlines) along with the marks they
received.

Individual Oral Commentary

The Individual Oral Commentary (IOC) is an internally-assessed (i.e. your teacher marks
you, the IB may moderate your grade) oral exam based on the works you’ve studied in Part
4 of the course. You only officially do one of these, though you may do practice ones.

Format
You’ll be given a ~40-line passage from one of the texts you have learned for Part 4 to
analyze & discuss. Your teacher may give you a list of possible passages but they cannot give
you your actual passage until you start your IOC.

You get 20 minutes to prepare, then you talk about the passage in front of your teacher for
10 minutes nonstop, after which your teacher will ask you questions to further test your
understanding & follow up on your discussion for up to 5 minutes.

Structure
Remember those three questions that sum up the entire LangLit course? Keep those in
mind here—they’ll help you remember what exactly it is you should be saying. As long as
you keep asking yourself and answering those three questions with what you say, you’ll
cover most of what you have to. Also, PETAL the living hell out of your outline. Remember,
PETAL isn’t just for written paragraphs, it’s for structuring any single analytical argument
focusing on one point.

While there’s no one way on how to structure a good IOC given how different extracts can
be, you should remember to have a distinct introduction, body, and conclusion with the
following features:

Introduction: ● Briefly introduce your text—its type, its author, etc.

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● Give relevant contextual information—when the text was

published, when it’s set, prevalent social issues from when they
were written, the author’s background, etc.
● State a clear thesis statement, i.e. the main, overarching argument
you’re making.
○ This should establish the content of your paragraphs and
make clear the point you want to make.
○ This shouldn’t be overly broad nor too narrow—include
relevant information summarizing your analysis and only
that.
● Much like for Paper 2, you can prepare for this quite extensively
before your actual IOC simply by studying your texts extensively.

Body: ● Just as in Paper 1 & 2, you can organize your analysis by anything
that makes for an effective analysis, whether that’s literary
features/devices, authorial intention, themes, or something else.
● Although this is a spoken assessment, not a written one like
Papers 1 & 2, you can (and should) still divide your outline into
distinct ‘body paragraphs’ structured using PETAL, each
commenting on separate, fully distinct ideas.
○ Each ‘paragraph’ of your response should answer the
three main LangLit questions.
● There’s no real rule of how many ‘paragraphs’ you should
make—practice through trial & error to see how many gets you
to 10 minutes.

Conclusion: - Restate your thesis and summarize briefly each of the arguments
you make.
- Don’t introduce new evidence or points here, or even add
evidence you’ve gone through previously. This is a final
summary, not another body paragraph.

Tips & Advice

Know. Your. Texts. Well.
● You don’t want to make the rookie mistake of talking about themes from the wrong
text the entire time!
○ We most certainly do not speak from experience here.
● If you’re going to put in the effort to study each text’s themes, you might as well try
and remember which text is which, right?

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Practice, practice, practice. Oh, and practice. Did we say practice?

● You won’t become magically good at IOCs overnight—you need to familiarize
yourself with how to approach them.
● Start preparing early on—make thesis statements for the themes & devices of your
texts that you can ‘copy-paste’ with minimal changes into most any analysis of them.
● Try running ‘mock IOCs’ of your own on top of whatever practice your teacher has
you do—pick out extracts from your texts and give yourself only 20m to annotate
them/plan a response, then speak for as long as you can with a friend
judging/asking you follow up questions afterwards.
○ This helps you not only practice your time management and speaking skills
but also your improvisation ability & understanding of your texts in having to
answer questions about them & your analysis of them on the spot.
○ Don’t be afraid of screwing up in these—it’s practice! It’s better to completely
blank for 20 seconds in practice and learn how not in future to than in the
real deal.

Fine tune your timing when speaking to straddle the limit as much as possible.
● Talking for significantly less than 10m will result in you getting fewer marks because
you’re more than likely not going into enough depth in your discussion/analysis.
● On the other hand, going over time will more than likely result in you getting cut off
at some point by your teacher (or, if not, the IB may simply ignore everything past
15m if your IOC is being moderated).
● Your best bet is to speak for as close to 10m as possible.
○ If you find yourself a bit short, just speak slower & explain yourself more.
○ If you’re a bit over speed up a little (not too much; make sure you’re still
understandable) and quickly skim over your notes to see what you can cut
from your discussion ad-hoc if necessary.
● Practice helps lots with this—as mentioned earlier, run mock IOCs, preferably with
someone listening & judging you (e.g. your teacher, friends, etc.) to get your timing &
content spot on.

Bother your teacher.

● Well, not literally—but they are there to support and help you. If they’re willing to
help, send practice recordings and outlines to them and ask them about how you can
improve.

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○ You can also ask teachers to set up mock IOCs—most teachers do this
anyway, but if you & your class need more practice, most teachers will
happily do a few more.
● Thing is, teachers know how to play the IB game—it is their job, after all. Why not
make the most of them and ask for all the feedback you can get?

Manage your preparation time wisely.

● Find your balance between annotating and structuring—it can be dangerous to
spend too much time annotating the passage & not enough time structuring your
commentary with thesis statements and topic sentences
○ How much time you need for annotating vs structuring is something only you
know/can find out from practice, so practice!
○ If you know you take longer to annotate but can structure quickly, then give
yourself more time and practice annotating to get it done more
quickly/efficiently, and vice versa.
● To streamline annotations/outlines, try using different colours to group significant
ideas or recurring themes and devices.
○ You won’t have time to write out every piece of evidence you’re going to
speak about, so focus on the points you plan to make and how they link to
your arguments about the text overall—the P and the L of PETAL.

Breathe.
● Nerves over the IOC are bound to get to anyone. Talking out loud can be scary
especially when you find yourself suddenly losing your train of thought, so it’s okay
to slow down a bit, take a breath, scan over your writing and keep going.
○ When answering teacher questions, latch onto key words they throw out.
○ Avoid repeating pieces of evidence you’ve used before—instead go for a
quote you might not have had the time to talk about in your other arguments.
○ Even if you don’t understand what the question is asking, take the time to
consider it, attempt to answer it and if all else fails, bring the analysis back to
something you’re familiar with.

Further Oral Activity

The Further Oral Activity (FOA) is an internally-assessed (i.e. your teacher marks you, the
IB may moderate your grade) oral presentation based on Parts 1 & 2 of the course. You do
several of these over the course of your time in IB and pick one to count towards your final
grade.

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In an FOA, you analyze a text’s use of language in conveying its message/achieving its
purpose. An FOA on Part 1 should cover the key things to consider for that part; same for an
FOA on Part 2. FOAs can consist of multiple people—each person participating must speak
for 10-15 minutes (e.g. a solo FOA would have one person speaking for that long, a 2-person
FOA would be 20-30 mins divided equally between both people, etc.).

Format
There are no requirements here.

No, seriously—go wild! The only requirement is that you do an oral presentation. That
includes things like mock interviews, talk-show discussions, speeches… Anything that
floats your boat, really. If that’s not quite your style, a typical academic presentation works
too

Do note though that creativity will not influence your FOA mark—you won’t gain/lose
marks for creativity. Basically, don’t try some fancy weird format if you don’t feel
comfortable with it, but don’t be afraid to do something cool if you want to.

Tips & Advice

Make sure you analyze language.
● What many people who do flashy, creative FOA formats forget is that the FOA is still
about the analysis of the use of language. No matter what format your FOA is, you
need to analyze language—stylistic/literary devices, rhetorical techniques, etc.
● While it can be tempting to simply go through your text line by line, device by device,
that might not be the most effective structure for you to really demonstrate your
understanding of the texts. Try grouping by ideas or common themes.

Keep your format authentic!

● While you do need to analyze language, if you’re doing a creative/roleplay-based
format like a talk show or a speech, make sure this analysis is done in a way that
would feel natural. Act naturally & realistically as your ‘character’ (theatre kids, this
is your time to shine).
○ Don’t have the person you’re playing say “I used language to good effect by
using diction…” because that sounds unnatural and plain weird, not what
someone would actually say in a situation like a talk show or a speech.
○ Instead, have them say: “I was trying to make it clear just how I felt; I didn’t
think it’d come across otherwise. I had to use those words—controversial or
not, they were strong but they made a point.”

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Prepare, but do NOT read.

● Absolutely prepare for your FOA before you go on—make notecards, figure out
talking points, etc.—but never read off of a script.
○ If you’re doing a presentation, glance at your slides to remind yourself of
what you’re saying but don’t read off your slides. Your slides should contain
point form information, not huge paragraphs in size-8 font.
○ If you’re doing a talk show/speech/etc., glance off notecards and maybe
outline a broad structure of what you (and/or your partners) plan to talk
about in what order, but don’t write a full script to read off of.
○ No matter what format your FOA is, speak naturally & freely—don’t vomit out
memorized lines like a robot. This is the further oral activity, not the further
oral regurgitation.
● It’s okay if you’re nervous and need a few seconds to gather your ideas. Take a
breath, find your train of thought, and keep going. You got this.

Wherever possible, use guiding questions to guide your thoughts.

● Take the things to consider for Parts 1 & 2 outlined earlier in this guide and turn
them into questions which you answer over the course of your FOA.
○ Examples of possible guiding questions:
■ How do different texts/text types treat a similar topic?
■ Why & how might different biases be expressed by different
sources/authors/media outlets?
■ How are rhetorical devices, political campaign tools, propaganda
techniques, and advertising appeals used to accomplish certain
purposes?
■ How does cultural context influence the way language’s use has
changed over time?

Watch your timing!

As with the IOC, going under will result in you getting fewer marks (because you’re more
than likely not going into enough depth). What happens if you go depends on
teacher/school policy—you may be cut off, allowed to continue but have your marks
penalized, or allowed to continue without issue. Ask your teacher for clarification on their
policy on the matter.

Relax—you got this!

➔ Don’t fear the FOA. It’s not a regurgitation where you have to get everything spot-on
for a pass. It’s a discussion.

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◆ The audience are your friends and you’re sharing something cool with them.
So what if you pause or stutter? You’re just excited!
◆ The sooner you stop thinking of the FOA as a challenge and start thinking of it
as a chance for you to share something cool, the sooner you’ll find the
confidence to nail it.

Relevant Resources
Click here for the official IB FOA rubric.

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Extended Essay (EE)

You want more English? Voluntarily? Though we must question your sanity and apparent
preference for hardcore BDSM, you’ve come to the right place.

English A, like all Language A EEs, fall into the ‘Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature’
EE category. Don’t make the mistake of choosing a Group 1 EE just because you think it’ll be
easier than a Science or Humanities EE—if you don’t put in the work, you will be
committing to slow death by 4000-word analysis that will be harder than anything you’ve
ever done before. Choose an EE in English because you’re genuinely interested in English
text(s) and want to investigate them in more nuanced ways, not because it’s easy (it’s really
not).

Because this guide is focused on the English LangLit course specifically, EEs won’t be
covered in great depth here—you can find more detailed EE advice elsewhere (like in the
subject-specific EE guidance for Group 1 published by the IB). The main thing you need to
be aware of is that there are three types of Lang A EEs:

Category 1 Also known as the ‘Lit’ essay—a study of one or more literary works in
the same language as the EE itself is written in.

Category 2 Also known as the ‘Lit & Translation’ essay—A study of one or more
literary works written in the same language the EE is written in
compared with one or more literary works written in another language
then translated to the language the EE is written in.

Category 3 Also known as the ‘LangLit’ essay—the study of language based on one
or more texts written in the same language as the EE.

Choose wisely between them and remember to adhere to their specific requirements—you
don’t want to write your entire EE only to find out you’ve written an essay that doesn’t
quite fall into any of the three categories. Good luck!

Relevant Resources
Click here for marked examples of English G1 EEs.

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Further Resources
On top of the relevant resources listed in each section, here are a few more useful resources
you could look at to get a better understanding of key elements of the LangLit course.

Official IB Resources

Language & Literature Guide—The official IB-published syllabus guide for all IB Diploma
Group 1 Language & Literature courses (of which English is one).

Other Guides

InThinking—InThinking’s guide to English A Language & Literature (Note: Partially

behind paywall).
InThinking (donated version)—Includes content behind the paywall, courtesy of the IB
Discord Resource team.

General Formal Features

Motivational Appeals—A list of various specific motivational appeals which can

emphasize the message of a text.
Types of Bias—An outline of various ways bias shows up in the media.

Text-Type Specific Features

Graphic Novel Conventions—A brief introduction to key terminology used when referring
to & analyzing graphic novels.
Poetic Devices—A short list, with examples, of key literary devices often found in poetry.
—A concise introduction to rhythm and meter in poetry specifically.

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Changelog
Dates in yyyy/mm/dd format.

1.0—2019/02/01—Initial release.
1.1—2019/03/06 —Added more tips, advice, and clarification for each assessment as well
as additional further resources. Some overall formatting tidying.
2.0—2020/07/18—Reworked entire guide. New formatting, more comprehensive advice
in all sections (TAPDANCE, PETAL, P2 question types, etc.)

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