Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Energy equation (open system)

Qi (>0: added tothe system)
n
Impeller for
Flow example
inlet
Flow
exit

Energy loss in pipes (S)

W i on shaft (>0: done by the system)

dQnet dWnet 
 
 S ( u  pv  1 V 2  g .z)( V .n ) ds
dt dt 2
h (enthalpy)

Qnet : net heat exchanged on S (> 0: Heating or < 0: Cooling or = 0: Insulated)

Wnet :net work on shaft (< 0:Pump / Fan / Compressor and  0:Turbine)
u: specific internal energy - V : velocity - v: specific volume
 : density -p : pressure and z : elevation

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Engineering examples of open systems: Energy equation in a pipe 
V1 : velocity at 1
Heat exchanger Control surface (S)
2 
 V 2 : velocity at 2
n  
n 2 n1 : unit vector normal at 1
Qi(>0) V2 
n2 : unit vector normal at 2

Pression p2 n : unit vector normal at S
V p1 : pression at 1
z2
1 p2 : pression at 2
z1 : elevation at 1
  Control volumeV
n1 z 2 : elevation at 2
V1
Wi (>0)
Energy equation between 1 (pipe inlet) and 2 (pipe exit) :
Condenser
dQnet dWnet
  ( u  pv  1 V 2  g .z)( V ) ds
Fan Pression p1 
z1 dt dt S2 2   
Pump
Wind turbine
dm
Air-condioner
Motor Net heat:Qnet   Q i 1 2
  ( u  pv  V  g .z)( V ) ds
COMPRESSOR
S1 2   
Net work:Wnet   W i dm
 
with : V // n at pipe inlet and exit
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Kinetic energy correction factor a: dQnet
dQnet  ( u2  u1 )   ( u2  u1 )  qnet ,
Considering the term : ( u dm
S V ds
3 2  u1 )  dm dQnet
2 1 2 V S ) Turbulent
S 12 V Vds   2 V (

 
V 3 S net where : q
dm

m From : Tds  du  pdv 
3
S V ds 
V : mean velocity on S  ( in case of   cst ) and : Tds  qnet  q fr 
V 3S
Laminar     du  qnet  q fr  pdv 2
Velocity distribution Net heat Hea due  Q (>0)
exchaged to friction
(J/kg) (J/kg)  
In case of uniform u and p on S, and INCOMPRESSIBLE fluid :
1
dQnet dW p p We get: ( u 2  u1 )  qnet  q fr   pdv
 net  m ( u2  u1 )  m ( 2  1 )  m g( z2  z1 ) W (>0)
dt dt  
Since the fluid is incompressible (dv=0): ( u 2  u1 )  qnet  q fr
 m ( 1  2V22  1 1V12 ) Energy difference between
2 2 the pipe inlet and exit
The energy equation for pipe between 1 and 2 becomes in case of incompressible fluid:

dQ  p p
p1 1 2 dWnet p  ( 1  12 1V12  gz1 )  wnet  ( 2  12  2V22  gz2 )  q fr
 ( 2  12  2V22  gz2 )  (u  u )  net       
(   2 1V1  gz1 ) 
   dm      2 1 dm  Energy at 1 dWnet Energy at 2 Dissipated Energy by
 heat between 1 and 2
Specific Energy at S1 Specific Energy at S2
dm
Specific work

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Laminar Flow in a circular pipe Velocity distribution :
Continuity equation :
1 ( rV r )  1 V  V x  0  V x  0 
r r r  x x 
V
  Vx  V ( r )
with :   0 
p1 p2  
Momentum equation :
L
 Vr V Vr V V 2 p  V  2Vr  2Vr V V 
Vr    Vx r     1    1  ( r r )  12   2r  22  
r r  x r  r r  2 x 2 r  
 r r r r
Assumption s : V V V V VV p  V  2V  2V V  Vr 
Vr    Vx   r    1    1  ( r  )  12   2  22
 incompress ible fluid :   cst  uniform pressures p1 et p2 r r  x r  
 r r r r  2 x 2 r r  


 steady flow :  (.)  0  neglected weight Vr

V x V V x

r 
V
 Vx x   1
p
 x
 V
   1  ( r x )  12
 2V x

 2V x 

t r x
 r r r r  2 x 2 
 laminar regime Final flow equations :
 axisymetric flow :  (.)  0 p
 0 
Solution :
 r
  p( x ) B .C . : V ( R )  0 ( wall )
p
V  0   0
  r    V ( 0 ) : finite velocity
 1 - D flow ( // x ) : V   V  0 
 
V x  V 
1  ( r V )  1 p  cst
r 
 r  r  
x
2
V( r )   R (
p
4 x

) 1  ( r )2
R

f(r ) g( x )
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Laminar and turbulent flow
Laminar flow characteristics in a pipe :
Dh in m ,
Pressure gradient: REYNOLDS number:
 .V .Dh V .Dh n in m2 / sec,
Re  
p p2  p1
 
p
( 0)
  m in Pa.sec (Poiseuille),
x L L
Re < 2300 : laminar r in Kg / m3 ,
Volumic flow rate : 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000: transitional V in m / sec ,
Re > 4000 : turbulent
p
dr    4R ( px ) 1  ( Rr ) 2 2 r dr  8R  
2

4
v   V(r)2  r
R
0
R
0   L  4.S flow
Reynolds’ experience:
Hydraulic diameter: Dh 
Average velocity V: Pwetted Colorant (dye) injection
v
V   R
2  p  Turbulent (high flow rate)
S 8   L   .D 2
1- Circular pipe : 4
4
Maximal velocity Vmax : Dh  D
 .D
Water Laminar : organized flow
 p 
2
Vmax  V (0)  R   2V
4   L  2- Rectangular pipe : Dh 
2a .b
ab
Wall shear stress  0:
 dV  R  p  R  p 
0        2  3- Square pipe : Dh  a
 dr  R 2  x   L 

Streamlines for turbulent flow : disorganized flow

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Kinetic energy correction factor a: Energy loss
Energy equation for incompressible flow :
V(r ) V
1- Laminar :  1  ( r )2 et 1
Vmax R Vmax 2 p1 p2
(  12 1V12  gz1 )  (  12  2V22  gz2 )  q fr
 

Energy loss (J/kg)
3
S V ds V 3 Or in terms of the HEAD H, by dividing by g:
 [ max ] 3 1 2 0 1  ( r )2  2 r dr  2
R
 3 V R  R  p1 p
V S (  1  V2z )( 2  1  V2z )  H L
 g 2g 1 1 1  g 2g 2 2 2 
  Head Loss(m)

1
Head (m) : H1 Head ( m) : H 2
2- Turbulent: 2 n2
V (r )
Vmax  1  r
R  n
et V
Vmax  ( n 1)( 2 n 1)
p  p2
n  7 for 2.10 3  Re  7.10 4 For a horizontal pipe of constant area: H L  1
g
n  8 for 10 5  Re  4.10 5  64  L
Q R 2  p  L 1
   p   VD  . .  2 V   f . .  2 V 
1 2 2
From : V   
3 3
HEAD LOSS S 8  L     D

    D
S V ds  Vmax  2n 2 1,06 ( n  7 ) RELATIONSHIP :
 3
  ( n  3 )( 2n  3 )    1 f
V S  V  1,05 ( n  8 ) f : FRICTION FACTOR
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Friction factor f determination: Input : Re and  / D  f Moody’ chart
2
Head loss in m of liquid column (m LC) : H L  f ( L ) V
D 2g

64
1- Laminar flow : f 
Re

f  f (Re,  / D)
2- Turbulent flow :
 / D : relative roughness Typical values of roughness

Roughness e :

Roughness e
Inner Flow
diameter D

Length L

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Common used pipes:
Empirical relations for the friction factor f for turbulent flow:
(  )  Universal
1  2 ,51 
Colbrook  White formula :  2 log10  D   relationship
f  3,7 Re . f
 

1    1.11 6.9 
Haaland formula:  1.8log10   D   
f   3, 7  Re 


1.325
Churchill formula : f 
2
   
log  D  5.74 
 10  3,7 Re 0.9 
  

  0.333 
  106  
Moody formula : f  0.0055.1   2.10 4  
 D Re 
   
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) Minor losses
Energy grade line (EGL)
Minor losses are associated to fittings such as : valves, bends, elbows,
P V2 tees, entrance, exits, contraction, expansion, etc.
P EGL  Z  (m)
HGL   Z (m) 

.g
 
2g
 .g
HGL Orifice
Total Head Loss
Valve
Sudden expansion Divergent

Sudden contraction
P2/rg

P1/rg Miter bend / Elbow Convergent

Rounded bend

Valve

Vaned bend

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Minor loss factor for frequent fittings:
Minor head loss:
V2
H  K , Sudden expansion:
2.g Miter bend:
 K  ( 1   2 )2
K : minor loss factor  1
 K  sin 2   2 sin 4 
  2  S 1 / S 2 Area of 2
V : average velocity separation
Sudden contraction: Rounded bend:
Equivalent length : DLeq S1 . Short radius : R/D=1
 K  0 . 5( 1   2 )
 2 . Long radius : R/D=1.5
Fittings: valve, bend, etc. 
  2  S 2 / S1  7 
   D 2 
K  2 0 ,131  1 ,847   
   2R  
 
Convergent:
V2 Leq V 2 Divergent:    : K  0.8(1  2 ) sin
 8 2
H  K  f  
L 2.g D 2.g S1 2
  8 : K2  0.5(1  ) sin
Pipe of diameter D    : K  2.6(1   2 )2 sin 
D  8 1  2  S2 / S1
 Leq   .K   : K  ( 1   2 )2 
 f   
8 1 Sharp-edged Well-rounded
 Entrance
f : friction factor  2  S1 / S2
 in a pipe:
L DLeq
 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Pipe flow entrance / inlet : Tees:

Diverging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks

Pipe flow exit :

Converging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks

K=1

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Tees: Valves:
Diverging Tee
Kh Ks

Converging Tee
Kh Ks