2-Viscous Flow in Pipe Energy Systems
2-Viscous Flow in Pipe Energy Systems
dQnet dWnet
S ( u pv 1 V 2 g .z)( V .n ) ds
dt dt 2
h (enthalpy)
dQ p p
p1 1 2 dWnet p ( 1 12 1V12 gz1 ) wnet ( 2 12 2V22 gz2 ) q fr
( 2 12 2V22 gz2 ) (u u ) net
( 2 1V1 gz1 )
dm 2 1 dm Energy at 1 dWnet Energy at 2 Dissipated Energy by
heat between 1 and 2
Specific Energy at S1 Specific Energy at S2
dm
Specific work
1
Head (m) : H1 Head ( m) : H 2
2- Turbulent: 2 n2
V (r )
Vmax 1 r
R n
et V
Vmax ( n 1)( 2 n 1)
p p2
n 7 for 2.10 3 Re 7.10 4 For a horizontal pipe of constant area: H L 1
g
n 8 for 10 5 Re 4.10 5 64 L
Q R 2 p L 1
p VD . . 2 V f . . 2 V
1 2 2
From : V
3 3
HEAD LOSS S 8 L D
D
S V ds Vmax 2n 2 1,06 ( n 7 ) RELATIONSHIP :
3
( n 3 )( 2n 3 ) 1 f
V S V 1,05 ( n 8 ) f : FRICTION FACTOR
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Friction factor f determination: Input : Re and / D f Moody’ chart
2
Head loss in m of liquid column (m LC) : H L f ( L ) V
D 2g
64
1- Laminar flow : f
Re
f f (Re, / D)
2- Turbulent flow :
/ D : relative roughness Typical values of roughness
Roughness e :
Roughness e
Inner Flow
diameter D
Length L
1 1.11 6.9
Haaland formula: 1.8log10 D
f 3, 7 Re
1.325
Churchill formula : f
2
log D 5.74
10 3,7 Re 0.9
0.333
106
Moody formula : f 0.0055.1 2.10 4
D Re
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) Minor losses
Energy grade line (EGL)
Minor losses are associated to fittings such as : valves, bends, elbows,
P V2 tees, entrance, exits, contraction, expansion, etc.
P EGL Z (m)
HGL Z (m)
.g
2g
.g
HGL Orifice
Total Head Loss
Valve
Sudden expansion Divergent
Sudden contraction
P2/rg
Valve
Vaned bend
Converging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks
K=1
Converging Tee
Kh Ks