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2-Viscous Flow in Pipe Energy Systems

The document discusses energy systems and the energy equation for open systems. It provides examples of open systems like heat exchangers and control surfaces. Pipe flow is analyzed using the energy equation between the inlet and exit. Kinetic energy correction factors for turbulent pipe flow are also covered.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
14 views6 pages

2-Viscous Flow in Pipe Energy Systems

The document discusses energy systems and the energy equation for open systems. It provides examples of open systems like heat exchangers and control surfaces. Pipe flow is analyzed using the energy equation between the inlet and exit. Kinetic energy correction factors for turbulent pipe flow are also covered.

Uploaded by

DN Cover
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Energy equation (open system)


Qi (>0: added tothe system)
n
Impeller for
Flow example
inlet
Flow
exit

Energy loss in pipes (S)


W i on shaft (>0: done by the system)

dQnet dWnet 
 
 S ( u  pv  1 V 2  g .z)( V .n ) ds
dt dt 2
h (enthalpy)

Qnet : net heat exchanged on S (> 0: Heating or < 0: Cooling or = 0: Insulated)


Wnet :net work on shaft (< 0:Pump / Fan / Compressor and  0:Turbine)
u: specific internal energy - V : velocity - v: specific volume
 : density -p : pressure and z : elevation

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Engineering examples of open systems: Energy equation in a pipe 
V1 : velocity at 1
Heat exchanger Control surface (S)
2 
 V 2 : velocity at 2
n  
n 2 n1 : unit vector normal at 1
Qi(>0) V2 
n2 : unit vector normal at 2

Pression p2 n : unit vector normal at S
V p1 : pression at 1
z2
1 p2 : pression at 2
z1 : elevation at 1
  Control volumeV
n1 z 2 : elevation at 2
V1
Wi (>0)
Energy equation between 1 (pipe inlet) and 2 (pipe exit) :
Condenser
dQnet dWnet
  ( u  pv  1 V 2  g .z)( V ) ds
Fan Pression p1 
z1 dt dt S2 2   
Pump
Wind turbine
dm
Air-condioner
Motor Net heat:Qnet   Q i 1 2
  ( u  pv  V  g .z)( V ) ds
COMPRESSOR
S1 2   
Net work:Wnet   W i dm
 
with : V // n at pipe inlet and exit
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Kinetic energy correction factor a: dQnet
dQnet  ( u2  u1 )   ( u2  u1 )  qnet ,
Considering the term : ( u dm
S V ds
3 2  u1 )  dm dQnet
2 1 2 V S ) Turbulent
S 12 V Vds   2 V (

 
V 3 S net where : q
dm

m From : Tds  du  pdv 
3
S V ds 
V : mean velocity on S  ( in case of   cst ) and : Tds  qnet  q fr 
V 3S
Laminar     du  qnet  q fr  pdv 2
Velocity distribution Net heat Hea due  Q (>0)
exchaged to friction
(J/kg) (J/kg)  
In case of uniform u and p on S, and INCOMPRESSIBLE fluid :
1
dQnet dW p p We get: ( u 2  u1 )  qnet  q fr   pdv
 net  m ( u2  u1 )  m ( 2  1 )  m g( z2  z1 ) W (>0)
dt dt  
Since the fluid is incompressible (dv=0): ( u 2  u1 )  qnet  q fr
 m ( 1  2V22  1 1V12 ) Energy difference between
2 2 the pipe inlet and exit
The energy equation for pipe between 1 and 2 becomes in case of incompressible fluid:

dQ  p p
p1 1 2 dWnet p  ( 1  12 1V12  gz1 )  wnet  ( 2  12  2V22  gz2 )  q fr
 ( 2  12  2V22  gz2 )  (u  u )  net       
(   2 1V1  gz1 ) 
   dm      2 1 dm  Energy at 1 dWnet Energy at 2 Dissipated Energy by
 heat between 1 and 2
Specific Energy at S1 Specific Energy at S2
dm
Specific work

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Laminar Flow in a circular pipe Velocity distribution :
Continuity equation :
1 ( rV r )  1 V  V x  0  V x  0 
r r r  x x 
V
  Vx  V ( r )
with :   0 
p1 p2  
Momentum equation :
L
 Vr V Vr V V 2 p  V  2Vr  2Vr V V 
Vr    Vx r     1    1  ( r r )  12   2r  22  
r r  x r  r r  2 x 2 r  
 r r r r
Assumption s : V V V V VV p  V  2V  2V V  Vr 
Vr    Vx   r    1    1  ( r  )  12   2  22
 incompress ible fluid :   cst  uniform pressures p1 et p2 r r  x r  
 r r r r  2 x 2 r r  

 steady flow :  (.)  0  neglected weight Vr


V x V V x

r 
V
 Vx x   1
p
 x
 V
   1  ( r x )  12
 2V x

 2V x 

t r x
 r r r r  2 x 2 
 laminar regime Final flow equations :
 axisymetric flow :  (.)  0 p
 0 
Solution :
 r
  p( x ) B .C . : V ( R )  0 ( wall )
p
V  0   0
  r    V ( 0 ) : finite velocity
 1 - D flow ( // x ) : V   V  0 
 
V x  V 
1  ( r V )  1 p  cst
r 
 r  r  
x
2
V( r )   R (
p
4 x

) 1  ( r )2
R

f(r ) g( x )
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Laminar and turbulent flow
Laminar flow characteristics in a pipe :
Dh in m ,
Pressure gradient: REYNOLDS number:
 .V .Dh V .Dh n in m2 / sec,
Re  
p p2  p1
 
p
( 0)
  m in Pa.sec (Poiseuille),
x L L
Re < 2300 : laminar r in Kg / m3 ,
Volumic flow rate : 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000: transitional V in m / sec ,
Re > 4000 : turbulent
p
dr    4R ( px ) 1  ( Rr ) 2 2 r dr  8R  
2

4
v   V(r)2  r
R
0
R
0   L  4.S flow
Reynolds’ experience:
Hydraulic diameter: Dh 
Average velocity V: Pwetted Colorant (dye) injection
v
V   R
2  p  Turbulent (high flow rate)
S 8   L   .D 2
1- Circular pipe : 4
4
Maximal velocity Vmax : Dh  D
 .D
Water Laminar : organized flow
 p 
2
Vmax  V (0)  R   2V
4   L  2- Rectangular pipe : Dh 
2a .b
ab
Wall shear stress  0:
 dV  R  p  R  p 
0        2  3- Square pipe : Dh  a
 dr  R 2  x   L 

Streamlines for turbulent flow : disorganized flow

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Kinetic energy correction factor a: Energy loss
Energy equation for incompressible flow :
V(r ) V
1- Laminar :  1  ( r )2 et 1
Vmax R Vmax 2 p1 p2
(  12 1V12  gz1 )  (  12  2V22  gz2 )  q fr
 

Energy loss (J/kg)
3
S V ds V 3 Or in terms of the HEAD H, by dividing by g:
 [ max ] 3 1 2 0 1  ( r )2  2 r dr  2
R
 3 V R  R  p1 p
V S (  1  V2z )( 2  1  V2z )  H L
 g 2g 1 1 1  g 2g 2 2 2 
  Head Loss(m)

1
Head (m) : H1 Head ( m) : H 2
2- Turbulent: 2 n2
V (r )
Vmax  1  r
R  n
et V
Vmax  ( n 1)( 2 n 1)
p  p2
n  7 for 2.10 3  Re  7.10 4 For a horizontal pipe of constant area: H L  1
g
n  8 for 10 5  Re  4.10 5  64  L
Q R 2  p  L 1
   p   VD  . .  2 V   f . .  2 V 
1 2 2
From : V   
3 3
HEAD LOSS S 8  L     D

    D
S V ds  Vmax  2n 2 1,06 ( n  7 ) RELATIONSHIP :
 3
  ( n  3 )( 2n  3 )    1 f
V S  V  1,05 ( n  8 ) f : FRICTION FACTOR
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Friction factor f determination: Input : Re and  / D  f Moody’ chart
2
Head loss in m of liquid column (m LC) : H L  f ( L ) V
D 2g

64
1- Laminar flow : f 
Re

f  f (Re,  / D)
2- Turbulent flow :
 / D : relative roughness Typical values of roughness

Roughness e :

Roughness e
Inner Flow
diameter D

Length L

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Common used pipes:
Empirical relations for the friction factor f for turbulent flow:
(  )  Universal
1  2 ,51 
Colbrook  White formula :  2 log10  D   relationship
f  3,7 Re . f
 

1    1.11 6.9 
Haaland formula:  1.8log10   D   
f   3, 7  Re 

1.325
Churchill formula : f 
2
   
log  D  5.74 
 10  3,7 Re 0.9 
  

  0.333 
  106  
Moody formula : f  0.0055.1   2.10 4  
 D Re 
   
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) Minor losses
Energy grade line (EGL)
Minor losses are associated to fittings such as : valves, bends, elbows,
P V2 tees, entrance, exits, contraction, expansion, etc.
P EGL  Z  (m)
HGL   Z (m) 

.g
 
2g
 .g
HGL Orifice
Total Head Loss
Valve
Sudden expansion Divergent

Sudden contraction
P2/rg

P1/rg Miter bend / Elbow Convergent


Rounded bend

Valve

Vaned bend

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Minor loss factor for frequent fittings:
Minor head loss:
V2
H  K , Sudden expansion:
2.g Miter bend:
 K  ( 1   2 )2
K : minor loss factor  1
 K  sin 2   2 sin 4 
  2  S 1 / S 2 Area of 2
V : average velocity separation
Sudden contraction: Rounded bend:
Equivalent length : DLeq S1 . Short radius : R/D=1
 K  0 . 5( 1   2 )
 2 . Long radius : R/D=1.5
Fittings: valve, bend, etc. 
  2  S 2 / S1  7 
   D 2 
K  2 0 ,131  1 ,847   
   2R  
 
Convergent:
V2 Leq V 2 Divergent:    : K  0.8(1  2 ) sin
 8 2
H  K  f  
L 2.g D 2.g S1 2
  8 : K2  0.5(1  ) sin
Pipe of diameter D    : K  2.6(1   2 )2 sin 
D  8 1  2  S2 / S1
 Leq   .K   : K  ( 1   2 )2 
 f   
8 1 Sharp-edged Well-rounded
 Entrance
f : friction factor  2  S1 / S2
 in a pipe:
L DLeq
Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4

Pipe flow entrance / inlet : Tees:


Diverging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks

Pipe flow exit :

Converging Tee
Kh Ks Kh Ks

K=1

Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4 Energy Systems Design / AERO&AUTO - 4


Tees: Valves:
Diverging Tee
Kh Ks

Converging Tee
Kh Ks

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