Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, 2nd Ed.

, CRC Press

Graduate School of Energy Convergence

Prof. Yun-Su Kim
• Considerations for feeder rating
• Nature of the load

• Load density of the area

• Growth rate of the load

• Spare capacity for emergency

• Type and cost of circuit construction

• Design and capacity of substation

• Type of regulating equipment used

• Quality of service required

2
• Characteristics
• The simplest and the lowest cost

• The most common form

• Current magnitude is the

greatest in the circuit conductors
that leave the substation

• So, the conductor size can be

different from each section

• Reliability is low

3
• Modified radial-type with tie and sectionalizing switches
• Used in Korea

• Provide fast restoration service

• Fault can be isolated

4
• Radial primary feeder with express feeder and backfeed
• Express feeder
• Section between the substation and
the load center of the service area

• Subfeeder is allowed to provide

a backfeed toward the substation
from the load center

5
• Radial-type phase-area feeder
• Area for each phase is distinguished

6
• Characteristics
• Loop tie disconnect switch can be replaced by
a loop tie breaker

• The size of the feeder conductor is

kept the same throughout the loop

• Generally, a separate feeder breaker

on each end of the loop is preferred

7
• Design considerations
• Primary-feeder length • System maintenance practices

• Primary-feeder loading • The extent of tree trimming

• Number of distribution substations • Joint use of utility poles

• Rating of distribution substations • Type of pole-line design and construction

• Number of subtransmission lines • Appearance of the pole line

• Number of customers affected

by a specific outage

8
• Additional considerations

9
• Voltage levels (Used in US)

10
• Voltage-square rule
• If the feeder voltage is doubled, for the same percent voltage drop, it can supply the
same power four times the distance

• The advantage obtained is

• where

11
• Voltage-square rule (Cont’d)
• Illustration

1
Must be × 4
2

12
• Area-coverage principle
• For a constant %VD and a uniformly distributed load, the feeder service area is
proportional to:

13
• Area-coverage principle (Cont’d)
• Derivation
𝑆𝑆3𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑍𝑍×𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙×3𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙×3𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑧𝑧𝐷𝐷
𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁 𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = = = 2 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 : effective length
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁

𝑠𝑠𝑧𝑧𝐷𝐷
2 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁.𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= 𝑠𝑠𝑧𝑧𝐷𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
2
3𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

1 3
2
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
= = 1 = 3 holds only if 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑙𝑙 2
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴2𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

2
2 3
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
=
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿−𝑁𝑁,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

14
• Definition
• Loading of a feeder during peak load conditions measured at the substation

• Factors affecting the loading design

• Density of the feeder load • Primary-feeder voltage level

• Nature of the feeder load • Type and cost of construction

• Growth rate of the feeder load • Location and capacity of the distribution

• Reserve capacity requirements substation

for emergency • Voltage regulation requirements

• Service reliability requirements

• Quality of service

15
• Needed to perform either
of the following functions:
• Provide emergency service
for an adjacent feeder for
reduction of outage time

• Provide emergency service

for and adjacent substation
systems, thereby eliminating
the necessity of having an
emergency backup at every
substation

16
• Objective
• Provide an example for a uniform area development plan to minimize the circuitry
changes associated with the systematic expansion of the system

• Case study
• Assumptions
• 6-mi2 area will be served with 12 feeders, 4 per transformer

• Uniform load distribution

• 12 feeders would serve 1/2-mi2 in a fully developed area

17
• Case study 1: High-load density areas
• 1-2-4-8-12 feeder method

• Adjacent service areas are served from different transformer banks

18
• Case study 2: Low-load density areas
• 1-2-4-6-8-12 feeder method

19
• Illustration

20
• Formulate the cost function of the substation and the primary system
for 20 years including the installation cost
• The objective of the cost function is to get a minimum cost to supply the total load
for a given area

• Make any variables and assumptions as you need

21
• Line current
• Can be expressed as a function of distance

• Impedance
• 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 [ohm/unit length]

• As the total load is uniformly distributed from 𝑥𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙,

 constant

22
• 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥̅ can be found as a function of 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠̅ and 𝑥𝑥
• Therefore, for 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,

• From (5.10),

where

23
• Therefore, for the total feeder,

• When 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙,

• Hence,

• Substituting (5.17) into (5.18),

Since

24
• Series voltage drop
• Also be found as a function of 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 and 𝑥𝑥

• or substituting (5.20) into (5.21),

• Differential power loss

• Also be found as a function of 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 and 𝑥𝑥

• or substituting (5.20) into (5.23),

25
• Series voltage drop due to 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥

Tip
• Substituting (5.22) into (5.25), 𝑛𝑛
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
lim � 𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘=1

𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎

• Therefore, the total VD on the main feeder is: 𝑛𝑛

𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
lim � 1 × =
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘=1

𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
lim 𝑛𝑛 × = � 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎

26
• Total copper loss per phase

• From (5.28), the distance 𝑥𝑥 at which

• The total load current may be concentrated, that is, lumped for the purpose of
calculating the total voltage drop, is

• From (5.30),
• for the purpose of calculating the total power loss, is

27
• Given conditions

28
• The current at 𝑥𝑥
• From Figure 5.28,
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥
= −𝑘𝑘 × 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• The constant 𝑘𝑘 can be found from

𝑙𝑙
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 = � −𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥=0
𝑙𝑙
=� 𝑘𝑘 × 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥=0

𝑙𝑙 2
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 = 𝑘𝑘 ×
2

• From (5.33),
2
𝑘𝑘 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆
𝑙𝑙 2

29
 • Substituting (5.34) into (5.31),
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= −2𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 × 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙

• Hence, the current at 𝑥𝑥 is 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 2
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 − � −𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥′ = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 − 𝑘𝑘 ×
𝑥𝑥′=0 2
2 2
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 − 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 2 × = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 1 − 2
𝑙𝑙 2 𝑙𝑙
• Differential series voltage drop

• Differential power loss

30
• Series VD due to 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥

• Substituting (5.38) into (5.41) and integrating the result,

• Total series VD when 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙

• Total copper loss per phase

31
• Assumption
• Single-phase or balanced three-phase transmission or distribution circuit

• 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 , 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 , and cos 𝜃𝜃 are known – Commonly encountered in system design

• Taking 𝑉𝑉�𝑟𝑟 as reference

32
• Sending-end voltage in terms of general circuit constant

• where

33
• (5.49) can be written as

• From which

• Taking squares of (5.55) and (5.56), and adding them,

34
• Since

• (5.58) can be rewritten as

• Let

• Then (5.62) becomes

35
• From (5.65),

• From (5.55) and (5.56),

• where

• Therefore,

36
• By dividing (5.68) by (5.69),

• For adaptation
• (5.63), (5.66), (5.71) can be written in terms of 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑋𝑋

• For feeder shown in Fig. 5.31,

37
• For adaptation (Cont’d)
• For feeder shown in Fig. 5.31, (Cont’d)

• where

• Therefore,

• where

38
• For adaptation (Cont’d)
• For feeder shown in Fig. 5.31, (Cont’d)

• Similarly,

• where

• Substituting (5.79), (5.80), (5.83), (5.84) into (5.66),

39
• or

• where

• Also from (5.71),

40
• Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Chapter 2

41
• Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Chapter 2

42
• Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Chapter 2

43
• Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, Chapter 2

44
• Example

45
• Example (Cont’d)
• Solution to (a)
• From (5.88),

• From (5.87),

46
• Example (Cont’d)
• Solution to (a) (Cont’d)
• From (5.89),

• Therefore,

47
• Example (Cont’d)
• Solution to (b)
• From the given equation

48