Grade 4

Definition of Robot:- Any programmable device/thing that can be used to stimulate human
thought and behavior
Time Line- Evolution of ROBOTs
 -Types of Robots

Robots perform different types of task in different fields. Thus, the robots can be classified according to
their applications in various fields.
1. Industrial Robots:

Industrial robots are the ones used in the industrial

manufacture for the applications such as welding,
pick and place, painting, etc.

2. Domestic Robots:
Domestic robots are also called as household robots
since they are used at home for various tasks such as
robotic vacuum cleaners, sweepers, gutter cleaners,
lawn mowers, etc.

3. Medical Robots:
The robots used in medicine and medical institutions.
First and foremost were the surgery robots.
4. Service Robots:
Service robots are the ones designed to perform the
useful tasks for the human beings such as data
gathering, research, or some repetitive tasks.

5. Military Robots:
The robots used for the military purposes such as search
and rescue. This type of robots include many different
transportation robots, bomb disposal robots, drones, etc.

6. Entertainment Robots:
These are the robots used for the entertainment. It has a
broad category. It starts with toy robots or the running alarm
clock and ends with real heavy weights such as articulated
robot arms.

7. Educational, Hobby and Competition robots:

The robots that we create such as line followers, sumobots, and the robots made for fun and
activities.

Ranger mBot
Uses of Robots:
Because people do not like to do the jobs that are “dangerous” or “repetitive”, there is a
motivation to invent robots of all kinds of uses, with the objective to substitute or help humans
with many types of complex work.

Common Uses:
1. Industrial: Mechanical arms used for welding (e.g. for car manufacture) or production-line
package
2. Military: Defusing explosive objects (e.g. bombs)
3. Space: Autopilot (e.g. detecting airplanes, exploration vehicles)
4. Medical: Home care (e.g. reporting situations with the elderly)
5. Everyday Life: Automatic house clean-up(e.g. automatic vacuum cleaner)
6. Exercise: Automatic serving machines(e.g. automatic table tennis serving machine)
7. Transportation: Driverless vehicles(e.g. Google’s research and development in driverless cars)
8. Safety testing: Car Collision testing
9. Entertainment: Takes place of traditional single-feature toys
10. Educational: Trains students’ critical thinking and general application capabilities, with the
main goal of helping students learn the general application of robots’ mechanical principles,
sensors, hosts, and service motors. Thus, it develops a variety of robotic programs and
practical applications.
mBot is friendly entry level educational robot combined with easy drag and drop
programming options.
Motor : Is a device which allows physical movement to mBot i.e. rotation of wheels.
Default connection to mCore board are :-
Left Motor is connected to M1
Right Motor is connected to M2

Control Board (mother board/mCore board) :is the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which is the Control Unit
or brain of mBot.
It is based on Arduino Uno Board on which various input and output components that are either
mounted directly or connected via RJ2 cables.

The following sensors are connected to the mCore board to perform their functions:

Infra-Red Sensors: These sensors help in sending and receiving messages to and from other robots or
device.(communication).

Ultrasonic Sensors : Are the eyes of the mBot. They help in obstacle detection and avoidance. (Default
connection to mCore board using RJ25 cable is Port number 3)

Line Follower Sensors: They are also called the ‘Line Patrolling sensors’.
They detect the black and white line reflected from the surface/ground to move along a fixed path.
Black colour absorbs light
White colour reflects the light.
(Default connection mCore board using RJ25 cable is Port number 2)

Light Sensor: It detects the brightness or darkness of light in the surrounding.

Buzzer: In an mBot, the buzzer can be said to be it’s “mouth”. It produces different sounds.

LED Light: The LED lights in the mBot will show different colours of RGB (Red, Green, Blue). There are 2
LED lights (LED1 and LED2) on the mCore.

Bluetooth device is helps in communication over a short distance. mBot is controlled by smart phones.

Input Components Output Components

 Button  Two serial RGB LEDs (WS2812 aka
 Header block for either a Bluetooth or 2.4ghz ‘neopixels’)
radio  Piezo buzzer – (Piezo meaning small)
 Four RJ25 connectors for external peripherals
 Dual motor controller port (M1 and M2)
 Basics of Programming
Programming:
Programming basically means communicating with the computer system. In order to communicate, we
need a language, i.e., programming language.
Computer system does not understand our language that is why we have to code using a programming
language which the computer understands.
A program is comprised of one or more set of instructions. It is written with the help of a programming
language.eg C language
mBot are programmed using MIT Scratch.
MIT Scratch, Algorithm and Flowchart are Programming tools.
Algorithm is a set of step by step instructions for solving a particular problem.
An algorithm should be precise and to the point.
Flow chart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm or sequence of steps taken for solving a particular
problem.
Each step is represented by a symbol and connecting lines show the step-by-step progression through
the task.
Flowchart Symbols:-
Flowcharts are meant to be shared with other people and so it makes sense that everyone uses the same
shapes for certain things. This is called as having a standard.
The American National Standard Institute developed a set of symbols that have now become the
standard.

Symbol Name and Shape Function

Name :- Start and Stop This marks the starting and ending
Shape :- Oval point of the process

Name :- Input or Output of This indicates the input or output of a

a process process. It indicates information
Shape :- Parallelogram entering or leaving the process such as
customers’ order (input ) or
product’s(output)
Name :- Action or Process It is used to show the processing step ie
box . what operation is to be performed.
Shape :- Rectangle This box can represent a single step (eg
add two cups of flour)or an entire sub-
process (make bread) within a larger
process.
 Name : Decision It is used when we have to take a
Shape : Diamond or decision. It has one input but two
Rhombus output decisions Yes and No eg: If we
Yes compare two things say A and B we will
compare them in a decision box. Lines
No representing different decisions emerge
from different points of the diamond.
Name : Arrow/Flow lines This indicates the flow of information
within a flowchart. It shows the flow of
logic of a program.

Examples of Algorithm and Flow chart

Example 1:- How to go school?

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Wake up early in the morning.

Step 3: Dress up for school.

Step 4: Pack your bag.

Step 5: Have your breakfast.

Step 6: Board the school bus.

Step 7: Stop

Example 2: - Addition of any two numbers.

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Enter two numbers n1 and n2

Step 3: Add n1 and n2

Step 4 : Print Sum

Step 5: Stop
Example 3:-

How to check whether a number is even

or odd?

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Enter a number

Step 3: Divide the number by 2

Step 4: Check if the remainder is 0

Step 5: If yes, Print “The number is even”

and go to Step 7

Step 6: else, Print “The number is odd”

Step 7: Stop
 Introduction to mBlock
mBlock Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
mBlock programming software is based on MIT’s scratch for STEAM education to
guarantee that beginners can start coding within minutes.
Install the mBlock software from the following URL link
http://www.mblock.cc/software-1/mblock/.
After installation, double click the mBlock icon to open the mBlock IDE. Click on “new Project”.

Components of Scratch

1. Event Block: The running of the program is controlled by one or more events. Events block have
all the statements from where you can begin your program.

2. Motion Block: Depicts the movement of Sprite

3. Looks Block: Depicts the appearance of Sprite

4. Sound Block: Play the sound tone.

5. Pen Block: Depicts when the sprite should start writing.

6. Control Block: These statements control the flow of program execution.

7. Sensing: This is used when the Sprite is required to respond to an action when it senses a colour
change or query raised.

8. Operator: Effective to perform calculations and comparisons.

Sample Programs
Examples : Use of Blocks :- Event ,Sound ,Looks ,Motion ,Pen
Logic :-
1. The program starts when the flag is clicked (event)
2. The Sprite says ‘Hello!’ (Looks)
3. Start the sound meow (Sound)
4. Stamp (Pen)
5. Move 100 steps (Motion).

Example : Use of Blocks: -Event, Sound, Looks,

Motion
Logic:-
1. The program starts when flag is clicked
(event)
2. The sprite hides itself (Looks)
3. Moves 10 steps (Motion);
4. Thinks for 2 seconds (Looks)
5. Plays Bell Cymbal sound (Sound)
6. Reappears on the screen (Looks)
7. Glides for 1 second to position x = 150 and
y= -45 (Motion)
HOT Questions- Try out
My First mBot program

Logic of the Program:- Step for the mBot to

move in a circular path:-with in forever
loop

1. When the mBot starts up

2. Move forward at the power of 50%
for 1 second
3. Turn right at the power of 100% for
43 seconds

Steps to Load the program in mBot

1. Compile the program

2. Upload the program by clicking the upload to device option
(Note: Compiling means to convert users language (high level language) to machine language)
(HOT question)
Note: Upgrade the firmware before running the program

‘If’ is a control statement used to specify the conditions while writing any computer program.
‘forever loop’ is used to perform task repeatedly.
‘repeat loop’ is used to perform a task for a specific time only.
‘wait ‘ is used to delay a particular task for specific time interval.

Button, LED, Buzzer,Light Sensor

Example : Hand presses the Alarm.

Example : Hand presses Alarm and warning
light.

Example : Sequential program

When the user presses the “button” the mBot runs
forward for 3 seconds and beeps after stopping.
(HOT Question – Try Out)
Example : When the mBot start’s up then
according to the colour of LED and Buzzer
should play a musical note.

Logic of the program:-

1. When the mBot is started (Event)

2. Wait for the button to be
pressed(input)
3. Repeat 2 times:-
 Turn on the blue LED
 Wait for 1 sec
 Turn OFF all the LEDs
 Wait for 1 second
 Left LED to glow for red for 1
second
 Play the buzzer tone
 Right LED to glow for green for 1
second
 Play the buzzer tone

4.Switch OFF all LEDs

IF – Else Condition (Switch program)

Example : Switch program

(IF Else Conditions)

When the user presses the “button” and the
“light sensor” has a light value greater than
500, the mBot will run forward, otherwise it
will only “beep” once.

Example : Write a program for mBot for LED

to respond when Light Sensor detects light.

Example : If the “button” is pressed, both

LED 1 and LED 2 will light up in Red.
Otherwise they shall remain White

Project :- Try using the above concept to switch On/OFF a bulb.

 Infrared Sensor
Example :- mBot responds according to the button pressed on the IR remote

Example :
Logic of the alongside program.
1. When the mBot starts (Event)
2. If UP arrow key is pressed on the remote, the mBot
should run with the power of 100% for 1 second.
3. If Down arrow key is pressed on the ,the mBot
should move backward with the power of 50% for 1
sec
4. If Left arrow key is pressed then the mBot should
turn left with the power of 50% for 1 second.
5. If Rightarrow key is pressed the mBot should turn
right with the power of 50% for 1 second.
Note: Power here refers to the power of the Motor which
affects the rotation speed of the wheels.
Example :
To control the LEDs and buzzer with remote
Logic:-

Within Forever Loop

1. When A is pressed on the IR remote Red LED

glows on mBot

2. When B is pressed on the IR remote Green

LED glows and buzzer beeps for quarter beat.

3. When C is pressed on IR remote White LED

glows

Ultrasonic Sensor and Line Follower Sensor

Example :

mBot to stop moving when an obstacle is detected at a distance of 5 cm

Logic:
When mBot starts up it waits for the on board button to be pressed to start moving at a speed of 100%.
When an obstacle is detected at a distance of 5 cm it stops.

Try Out : Change the distance to 10 cm and observe your mBot.

Note:- Concept of variable declaration would be covered in detailed in following grades
 (Try Out -HOT programs)
Example : When the “button” is pressed and the “Line Follower sensor” detects black line or “Light
Sensor” detects darkness the mBot will stop. Otherwise it will move forward.

Example : When the “button” of mBot is pressed, it

will begin to run forward until the “ultrasonic sensor”
detects a wall in front of it. When that happens, the
robot will turn back and then run forward again. It will
stop when the “line-follower sensor” detects a black
line.
Example : When the “button” is pressed and the “Line Follower sensor” detects black line and
“Ultrasonic Sensor” detects an obstacle in front of it the mBot will stop .Otherwise it will move forward.

Example : When the “button” is pressed and the “Ultrasonic sensor” does not detect any obstacle in
front of it, the mBot will move forward. Otherwise it will stop.

Observe : Here Not operator is used