Barhoum Hakeem A.

Kusain October 7, 2023

1. Vasco de Gama
Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who flourished in the late 15th and early 16th
centuries, the Age of Exploration and Discovery. He had a significant role and was born around 1460 in
Sines, Portugal. Significant in the exploration of sea routes to Asia by Europe. The first expedition Vasco
da Gama made to India, which took place between 1497 and 1499, is what made him most renowned. He
circumnavigated Cape Bonne Hope, Africa's southernmost point, during this journey in order to get at the
Indian coast. Bypassing the overland Silk Road trade routes under the hands of the Ottoman Empire, this
journey represented a significant advancement in the hunt for a direct sea route from Europe to Asia. The
exploration and discovery era of Vasco da Gama was defined by his efforts to develop direct trade routes
to the wealthy spice markets of Asia and spread European influence throughout remote areas. A new era
of exploration and trade was inaugurated by his successful expedition to India, which eventually resulted
in the construction of Portuguese colonial outposts and trading networks in Asia.
2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish adventurer Vasco Nez de Balboa lived in the 15th and 16th centuries, the period of
exploration and discovery. He was one of the first Europeans to travel from the New World to the Pacific
and is renowned for his discovery of the Panama Isthmus. Balboa was born at Jerez de los Caballeros,
Spain, around 1475. He embarked on an exploration of the Americas in 1510 and arrived in Colombia. He
learned of the Pacific Ocean, a sizable body of water to the west, when he was in the area. He oversaw an
expedition that crossed the Panama Isthmus in 1513, making him the first European to reach the
American continent's Pacific coast. Because it made it possible to locate a straight maritime passage from
the Americas to Asia, Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean was significant in the age of exploration.
Balboa expanded Spain's territorial claims in the New World by claiming the Pacific Ocean and its whole
coast for the country.
3. Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian adventurer who lived in the late 15th and early 16th
century. He was also known as Cristoforo Colombo in Italian and Cristóbal Colón in Spanish. He is
arguably one of the most well-known individuals connected to this time period. Around 1451, in Genoa,
Italy, Columbus was born. He rose to fame for his transatlantic journeys, which he made in an effort to
reach Asia from the west. Columbus thought that by sailing west, he might pass through overland routes
governed by the Ottoman Empire and reach the rich countries of Asia to sell for spices. His most well-
known journey began in 1492 when he sailed from Spain with the Santa Mara, Pinta, and Nia. Columbus
and his crew arrived in the Caribbean on October 12, 1492, namely on an island that is now part of the
Bahamas. Since the Norse exploration of the 10th century, this momentous voyage was the first European
encounter with the Americas.
4. Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan, also known as Ferno de Magalhes in Portuguese and Fernando de
Magallanes in Spanish, was a Portuguese adventurer who lived between the late 15th and early 19th
centuries during the Age of Exploration and Discovery. The sixteenth century. He is well renowned for
heading the first expedition to round the Earth, showing its roundness and confirming its vastness.
Magellan was born in Sabrosa, Portugal, approximately 1480. He began his seafaring career in Portugal,
but fell out of favor with the Portuguese monarch later on. He subsequently offered his services to the
Spanish crown and was given permission to lead an ambitious voyage to locate a westward path to the
Spice Islands (Moluccas) of the East Indies, which were noted for their precious spices. After leaving
Spain with five ships in 1519, Magellan and his crew became the first Europeans to reach the Pacific,
braving hazardous waters that are now known as the Strait of Magellan. Carries his name. The voyage
traveled across the huge Pacific, overcoming severe difficulties such as starvation and scurvy. Magellan
was murdered in the Philippines in 1521 during a combat with natives.
5. Pope Alexander the IV
Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo Borgia, lived in the late 15th century, during the period of
adventure and discovery. He was born in the Kingdom of Valencia, which was part of the Kingdom of
Aragon, in 1431, and became Pope in 1492. Pope Alexander VI was instrumental in the Age of Discovery
by issuing a series of papal bulls that partitioned newly found regions between Spain and Portugal. The
Bulls of Donation (Bull Inter Caetera and Bull Dudum siquidem) were papal bulls issued at the end of the
15th century. The Donation Bulls granted Spain and Portugal the authority to explore and inhabit certain
territories of the New World. They drew an imaginary line from north to south across the Atlantic Ocean
to identify the dividing line. Spain was granted rights to the regions west of this line, while Portugal was
granted rights to the territories east of this line.
6. Inter Caetera Bull
The Inter Caetera bull was issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493. It was crucial in the
Age of Discovery and the separation of newly found areas that presently divides Spain and Portugal. This
bull follows Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas, which took place in 1492. The Inter
Caetera bull was designed to settle disagreements between Spain and Portugal over their different claims
to newly discovered areas in the New World. Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary line from north to
south across the Atlantic Ocean, some 100 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands, to accomplish this. The
areas west of this line were ceded to Spain, while the lands east of this line were awarded to Portugal.
7. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Miguel López de Legazpi was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who lived during the 16th
century age of exploration and discovery. He is well recognized for his participation in Spain's
colonization of the Philippines. López de Legazpi was born in Zumarraga, Spain, about 1502. On behalf
of the Spanish crown, he led an expedition from Mexico to the Philippines in 1564. This mission marked
the start of Spain's almost four-century colonization of the Philippines. López de Legazpi built the first
permanent Spanish colony in the Philippines, naming it "San Miguel" after himself. The community was
then relocated to what is now known as Cebu City, where he established Spain's first town, San Miguel,
which later became Cebu City. This signaled the start of Spanish colonial authority in the Philippines.
8. Pedro Cabral
Pedro lvares Cabral was a Portuguese explorer who lived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries,
during the age of exploration and discovery. He is well known for directing the Portuguese expedition to
Brazil in 1500, which resulted in the unintended discovery of this country. Cabral was born in Belmonte,
Portugal, approximately 1467. In 1500, he was tasked by the Portuguese royal family with leading a fleet
of 13 ships on a voyage to India, following Vasco da Gama's itinerary. Cabral's fleet, however, was
carried away by strong winds and landed on the east coast of South America, in what is now Brazil. This
is commonly regarded as the official discovery of Brazil by Europeans. Cabral's expedition claimed
Brazil for Portugal, and he called the newly discovered territory the "Island of the True Cross" (Ilha de
Vera Cruz) since they arrived on April 22, Holy Friday in the Christian calendar. This discovery was
critical to Portugal's imperial ambitions, as it resulted in the establishment of a colony in Brazil that
would grow to be one of the largest and most significant in the Americas.
9. Martin de Gioti
Martin de Goiti was a Spanish explorer and conqueror who lived during the 16th century age of
exploration and discovery. He is remembered for his role in the Spanish discovery and conquest of the
Philippines. Martin de Goiti was a member of the Spanish expedition to the Philippines headed by Miguel
López de Legazpi in the early 1560s. The expedition's goal was to establish Spanish influence and
authority over the archipelago as part of the Spanish desire to expand its empire in Asia. Goiti and his
soldiers arrived in the Philippines in 1565 and established a colony on Cebu, one of the archipelago's
islands. They were met with opposition from indigenous peoples and local officials. They gained control
of Cebu after a series of confrontations and negotiations.
10. Antonio Pegafetta
Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian adventurer and chronicler who flourished in the 15th and 16th
century, during the age of exploration and discovery. He is most recognized for his role in Ferdinand
Magellan's historic circumnavigation mission, which was the first successful circumnavigation. Pigafetta
was born in Vicenza, Italy, circa 1491. In 1519, he joined Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, which sought
a way west to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and potentially a round of the world. Pigafetta was the
expedition's official recorder, meticulously recording the journey. During the expedition, Pigafetta wrote
down descriptions of the sites they visited, the people they met, and the hardships they faced. Their
writings contain vital information on their adventures as well as the lands and cultures they met.
11. Fr. Pedro de Valderrama
Father Pedro de Valderrama was a Spanish priest who flourished in the late 15th and early 16th
centuries, during the age of adventure and discovery. He is most known for his role in Christopher
Columbus' first expedition to America in 1492. Pedro de Valderrama was a Franciscan monk who
accompanied Columbus on his historic mission, which left Spain in 1492 in search of a westward path to
Asia but ended up discovering the Caribbean Islands. During the trip, Valderrama played a spiritual and
moral role, offering counsel and religious support to Columbus and his company. On October 12, 1492,
Columbus' crew observed Father Pedro de Valderrama on land, which became one of the most famous
episodes. Father Valderrama and Rodrigo de Triana are supposed to have been the first to discover land,
namely the island of Guanahani in the Bahamas. This historical event represented the first recorded
interaction between Europeans and the Americas since the 10th century Norse voyage.
12. Sebastian Elcano
Juan Sebastián Elcano, often known as Sebastián Elcano, was a Spanish adventurer who
flourished in the late 15th and early 16th century, during the Age of Exploration and Discovery. He is
most remembered as the captain of Ferdinand Magellan's round-the-world journey, a monumental feat
immortalized in exploration history. Elcano was born in the Basque area of Spain about 1476. He joined
Magellan's expedition, which set out from Spain in 1519 to find a path west to the Spice Islands
(Moluccas) and eventually circumnavigate the Earth. Elcano was a member of the expedition fleet, and
his leadership and navigation abilities became crucial following Magellan's death in the Philippines in
1521. Following Magellan's death, Elcano assumed command of the expedition and returned the
surviving ship, Victoria, to Spain. The Victoria landed in Spain on September 6, 1522, completing the
first completed circumnavigation. This momentous expedition demonstrated that the Earth was really
round and broadened European understanding of the globe's grandeur.
13. Bernardo dela Torre
Bernardo de la Torre (d. 1545) was a Spanish explorer during the Age of Discovery. He was a
member of Ruy López de Villalobos' failed voyage to extend Spain's position in the East Indies. Stuck on
the eastern side of Mindanao for several months, the expedition ran out of supplies, experienced
numerous accidents, and was discovered by the Portuguese soldiers and told to leave. López de Villalobos
dispatched de la Torre east across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico in search of supplies and troops. De la
Torre discovered the Volcanic Islands (called after violent eruptions that occurred during his passage)
when attempting a new northern route before being forced to turn back due to a lack of water and heavy
seas. did. His ship was the first to circle Mindanao during its return voyage. De la Torre is also said to
have named Mindanao Caesarea Karoli after Habsburg Emperor Charles V, and the islands of Leyte and
Samar for Prince Felipe (later King Felipe II of Spain). He called Iwo Jima Iwo Jima, which became the
present Japanese name. The Ogasawara Islands are being explored. I also explored New Guinea's
northern coast.
14. Francisco de Ameida
Francisco de Almeida was a Portuguese explorer and military leader who played a pivotal part in
the late 15th and early 16th century period of exploration and discovery. He is most recognized for
holding the first Portuguese viceroyalty in the Indian Ocean and contributing to Portuguese expansion in
Asia. Francisco de Almeida was born in Portugal in 1450. King Manuel I of Portugal appointed him first
viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, giving him considerable power over Portuguese interests in the
region. The Indian Ocean. The main goals of Almeida were to secure Portuguese domination in important
trading centers, to safeguard Portuguese ships from piracy, and to maintain control of the spice trade
routes. During his governorship, he oversaw the construction of forts and commercial posts along Africa's
east coast and India's west coast. One of his most notable accomplishments was the creation of a fortified
trading post at Kochi (Cochin), in modern-day Kerala, India.
15. Marco Polo
Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer who lived in the late 13th century,
long before the Age of Discovery and Discovery was popularly known. His adventures and writings,
however, had a significant impact on other European explorers and contributed to the spirit of discovery
that would shape the following era. Marco Polo is well-known for his journeys throughout Asia,
particularly to China. In the late 13th century, he traveled over the Silk Road with his father and uncle,
Niccol and Maffeo Polo, to the court of Kublai Khan, the Mongol monarch. China's ancient Yuan
Dynasty. Their voyage spanned several years and took them through many different regions and towns.
Marco Polo's thorough accounts of his journeys were published in the book "Il Milione" (also known as
"The Travels of Marco Polo" or "The Travels of Marco Polo "). This book, written around the end of the
13th century, piqued European interest in the strange regions, customs, and wealth of the East. Although
Marco Polo's writings were initially dismissed, they gained credence and influenced later explorers such
as Christopher Columbus.
16. Dennis Fernandez
 Cape Verde was the first European colony in a tropical climate [ix] and served as the foundation
of Portugal's colonial empire. Ribeira Grande, the earliest colony in Cape Verde, was established in 1462,
30 years before Columbus arrived in the Americas. The islands were discovered by European mariners in
1456. The Portuguese crown quickly took over the islands and landed on Santiago in 1461, where they
established Cidade da Ribeira Grande (later known as Cidade Velha). Cape Verde became Europe's first
foreign colony.
17. Bartolomeu Dias
Bartolomeu Dias, also known simply as Bartolomeu Dias, was a Portuguese explorer who lived
in the late 15th century during the Age of Exploration and Discovery. He is well-known for becoming the
first European to circumnavigate the Cape of Good Hope. The southern tip of Africa, known as the Cape
of Good Hope, paved the way for marine routes connecting Europe and Asia. Dias was born in Portugal
in 1450. In 1487, he set off on an expedition sponsored by King John II of Portugal with the goal of
discovering a maritime route to Asia around Africa's southern coast. Dias' expedition sailed along Africa's
west coast, reaching the continent's southernmost point, which he called "Cape of Storm" due to the
severe maritime conditions in the area. Changing the Cape's name to "Cape of Good Hope" is a more
hopeful and uplifting name.
18. Amerigo Vespucci
Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer who lived in the late 15th and early 16th century,
during the age of adventure and discovery. He is noted for his enormous contributions to comprehending
the geography of the Americas, and his name inspired the term "America" to refer to the Western
Hemisphere's continents. Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy on March 9, 1454. In the late 15th century,
he worked as a merchant and cartographer and made multiple travels to the New World. His most famous
expedition took place between 1499 and 1500, when he surveyed the northern coast of South America,
particularly the area that is now Venezuela. Amerigo Vespucci's travel papers and letters were extensively
published in Europe and drew a lot of interest. He argued that the areas he discovered were not part of
Asia, as Christopher Columbus believed, but rather represented a whole new continent to Europeans.
According to Vespucci's writings, this newly discovered area should be regarded a different continent.
19. Francisco Serrano
Francisco Serrano was a Portuguese adventurer who lived during the 16th century age of
exploration and discovery. He was a key figure in the earliest Portuguese excursions to the East Indies,
particularly to the Moluccas (Spice Islands). Serrano was born in Portugal in 1480 and was part of a wave
of Portuguese explorers who sought direct trade routes to the wealthy spice markets of the East. In the
early 16th century, perhaps as early as the 1510s, he sailed to India and Southeast Asia. Francisco
Serrano's discovery of the Moluccas region, where many spices were discovered, was one of his most
important accomplishments. As valuable as cloves and nutmeg. He is said to have visited the island of
Ternate in the Moluccas Archipelago (modern Indonesia) and made cordial connections with the local
rulers. This interaction was critical in the establishment of a Portuguese presence in the Spice Islands.
20. Enrique de Malacca
Enrique of Malacca, sometimes known as Henry the Black, was a Malay Archipelago native. In
the early 16th century, he was abducted by Portuguese explorers and later became a slave or servant of
Ferdinand Magellan. Enrique accompanied Magellan during the expedition and served as an interpreter
and translator because he spoke Malay and could converse with the tribes he met along the way. When
the expedition arrived in the Philippines, Enrique's language talents proved very useful. He can function
as a go-between for Magellan and local officials, facilitating agreements and interactions. Enrique's
presence and skills aided the expedition's efforts to build favourable relationships with indigenous people
along the way. Unfortunately, after Magellan's death in the Philippines, Enrique of Malacca's story took a
fatal turn. When Magellan was slain in a confrontation with native chieftains in 1521, Enrique stayed in
the Philippines, preferring not to join the expedition's survivors. Little is known about his fate after that.