4

mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm

Social Stratification
mgv‡R wewfbœ e‡M©i gvbylR‡bi g‡a¨ ˆewkó¨ I f‚wgKvi wfwˇZ wefvRb m„wó nq| GB me wefvR‡bi wfwˇZ wewfbœ
e‡M©i gvby‡li g‡a¨ Amg m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y m¤ú`, cÖfve, cÖwZcwË, gh©v`v, ¶gZv cÖf…wZ‡Z gvby‡li
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mgvb nq bv| mgv‡R ˆelg¨ g~jK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ GKwU mvgvwRK e‡M©i Dci Av‡iKwU eM©‡K µ‡gv”P
fv‡e mvRv‡bv nq| mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i KvVv‡gvMZ iƒcB mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm| GB ¯Íi web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ e‡M©i
gvby‡li gh©v`v I ¶gZv cwi`„ó nq| GB BDwb‡U evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi Av‡jvPbvq wj½, c`gh©v`v, eY©
I †kªYx wfwËK ˆelg¨ ev †f`v‡f` AšÍf³ z© n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wj½xq ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y ¶gZv, gh©v`v I m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡kœ
bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| hw`I evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji mgvb AwaKvi
wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb mgv‡R c`gh©v`v †mvcvb wn›`y mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wµqvkxj eY© cÖ_v wfwËK wefvRb
†_‡K c„_K| eY© cÖ_v wfwËK mvgvwRK wefvRb e¨w³i Rb¥ cwiPq Øviv wbw`©ó n‡q hvq Ges Zv cwieZ©b †hvM¨ bq|
m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ gvby‡l gvby‡l wefvRb m„wó n‡q M‡o D‡V †kªYx ˆelg¨| m¤ú`kvjx †kªYx mgv‡R mKj
†¶‡Î AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i I ¶gZvkvjx n‡q D‡V|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸wj n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : c`gh©v`v †mvcvb

 cvV - 2 : RvwZeY© ¯Íi wefvRb
 cvV - 3 : †kªYx wefvRb
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV-1

c`gh©v`v †mvcvb
Status Hierarchy

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 c` gh©v`vi A_©
 ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡R c` gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Í‡ii HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU
 c` gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi aib
 c` gh©v`vi ¯Íi web¨vm I †kªYx m¤úK©

c`gh©v`v †mvcvb - mvaviYZ A-BD‡ivcxq I cÖvK cuywRev`x mgv‡Ri ¯Íi web¨v‡mi Av‡jvPbvq c`
gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íiweb¨v‡m †mvcvwbK mgv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| G ai‡bi mgv‡R gh©v`vi wfwˇZ ¯Íi fvM Kiv nq| gh©v`v
G‡KKwU ¯Í‡i G‡KKwU
†Mvôxi ˆewkó¨ wPwýZ nq Zv‡`i we‡kl ai‡bi Rxeb ixwZ Øviv| mvaviYZ cÖwZwU gh©v`v †Mvôx
gh©v`v‡Mvôxi Ae¯’vb
_v‡K| m¤§v‡bi cÖ‡kœ
Zv‡`i mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mxgve× iv‡Lb| gv·© A_©‰bwZK ¯Íi wefvR‡bi Dci
DPz-bxPz wef³ †Rvi †`b| cuywRev`x mgv‡R Drcv`‡bi Dcvq I m¤ú‡` gvby‡li cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbY©q K‡i Zv‡`i
†Mvôx¸‡jvB gh©v`v mvgvwRK ¯Íi| g¨v· I‡qevi A_©‰bwZK m¤úwZi evB‡i mvgvwRK m¤§vb (honour) cÖvwßi Dci
†Mvôx| †Rvi †`b| Zvi g‡Z A_©‰bwZK †kªYx wefvR‡bi †P‡q gh©v`v wfwËK c` †mvcvb wfbœ| KviY m¤ú`
AeavwiZ fv‡e gh©v`v AR©‡bi ¸Y bq| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv I gh©v`v GK‡Î wg‡j
hvq| Avevi gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡m †Kvb gh©v`v †Mvôx KZ©„K m¤ú‡`i cvnvo R‡ov K‡i Ab¨
†Mvôx‡K †kvlY Kiv nq bv| g¨v· I‡qev‡ii g‡Z cÖvK wkíhy‡M †Kvb †Kvb †Mvôx mvgvwRK gh©v`v
I ¯^Zš¿ Rxebaviv †fvM K‡ib| Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Zviv m‡PZb| m¤§v‡bi cÖ‡kœ
DPz-bxPz wef³ †Mvôx ¸wjB gh©v`v †Mvôx|

Dcgnv‡`‡ki wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ †h eY© cÖ_v Pvjy Av‡Q Zv gh©v`vwfwËK c` †mvcv‡bi D`vniY|
cieZx© cv‡V eY© cÖ_v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| eZ©gvb cv‡V ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡R gh©v`v wfwËK
¯Íiweb¨vm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡R c`gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi : HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU - A‡b‡Ki aviYv gymjgvb
Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi c~e© mgv‡R †Kvb ¯Íi web¨vm †bB, KviY Bmjvg ag© mgZv wfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi Av`k© cÖPvi K‡i|
†_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki
Dcgnv‡`‡k wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ PviwU c`gh©v`v wfwËK mvgvwRK ¯Íi Av‡Q| †hgb eªvþY, ¶wÎq,
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ PviwU
gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi wQj ˆek¨ I ï`ª| G ¯Íi web¨vm agx©q wek¦v‡mi m‡½ hy³ Ges cweÎ -AcweÎ aviYv Øviv cÖfvweZ|
e‡j aviYv Kiv gymjgvb mgv‡R wVK G ai‡bi c` gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi †bB| Z‡e gymjgvb mgv‡R wfbœ ai‡bi
nq|G¸wj n‡”Q ˆmq`, mvgvwRK gh©v`vi ¯Íi Av‡Q| G c` gh©v`vi ¯Íi wn›`y eY© cÖ_vi gZ bq| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi c~e©
†kL, †gvNj I cvVvb| †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ PviwU gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi wQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|G¸wj n‡”Q
ˆmq`, †kL, †gvNj I cvVvb| ˆmq`MY `vex K‡ib †h Zviv nhiZ †gvnv¤§v` (mt) Gi es‡ki Ges
†kLMY nhiZ Avjx (ivt) Gi es‡ki DËivwaKvix| D”Peskxq wn›`yiv ag©všÍwiZ n‡q †kL Dcvwa
aviY K‡ib e‡jI wewfbœ Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq| wb¤œe‡Y©i wn›`yiv ag©všÍwiZ n‡q †gvNj I cvVvb
¯Íifz³ nb| GB PviwU ¯Íifz³ gh©v`v †Mvôxi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM wQj Ges AvšÍ †Mvôx we‡qI
n‡Zv| GB mÂvj‡bi d‡j ¯Íi web¨vm wn›`yeY© cÖ_vi b¨vq Abgbxq wefw³Ki‡Yi iƒc jvf K‡i wb|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-82
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

gymjgvb mgv‡R PviwU gh©v`v ¯Í‡i mvgvwRK mPjZvi cÖPjb wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ ïwP-AïwPi aviYv
KvR K‡i wb| mvgvwRK gh©v`v wefvR‡bi †¶‡Î ag©xq AbykvmbI wQj bv|

M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h Dcgnv‡`‡ki Dc‡iv³ PviwU gh©v`vi ¯Íi evsjv A‡j †Zgb cÖfve
†d‡jwb| 1872 I 1891 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix‡Z evsjv A‡j gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ c`exavix ev½vjx gyjgvb‡`i g‡a¨
wZbwU gh©v`vwfwËK
I †ckv wef³ mvgvwRK ¯Í‡ii D‡jøL Av‡Q| c`ex¸wji g‡a¨ wQj - MvRx, Lvb, gxi, †gvNj,
¯Í‡ii D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
cvVvb, mi`vi, ˆmq` I †kL| †ckv`vi `j¸wj wQj- `iRx, †avcv, aywbqv, dwKi, nvRg, †Rvjv, Avkivd ev D”P †kªYx,
Kzjy, KvwiMi, P~bKvi I Kvnvix| 1901 m‡bi Av`gïgvix‡Z ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡Ri wZbwU ¯Í‡ii AvZivd ev wb¤œ †kªYx,
D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| G¸wj n‡”Q Avkivd ev D”P †kªYx, AvZivd ev wb¤œ‡kªYx I AvRjvd ev cwZZ AvRjvd ev cwZZ
†kªYx| GB wZb ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡iv Dc ¯Í‡ii mÜvb cvIqv hvq| Avkivd‡`i g‡a¨ gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K †kªYx|
Ae¯’vb h_vµ‡g ˆmq‡`i ci †kL, †gvNj I cvVv‡bi| AvZivd I AviRvj ¯Í‡i AšÍZ cÂvkwUi
gZ †ckvMZ `j wQj e‡j A‡b‡K D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| 1921 m‡bi Av`gïgvix‡Z D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h †ckv`vi †kªYxi g‡a¨ †enviv, †Rvjv, Kzjy, wbKvix eM© mg~‡ni msL¨v n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K
ïgvwi‡Z D‡jøL Kiv nq †h evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ cvVvb, ˆmq`, I †kL‡`i msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

Dwbk kZK ch©šÍ evsjv A‡j gymjgvb mgv‡R D”P gh©v`v fz³ wQ‡jb AvkivdMY hviv cÖavbZ:
Avie, Bivb I AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K Avmv gymjgvb‡`i DËim~ix| GB gh©v`v †Mvôxi cÖavb ˆewkó wQj
GB †h Zviv KvwqK kª‡g wb‡qvwRZ nIqv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Zb Ges jv½j w`‡q wb‡Riv Pvlvev`
Ki‡Zb bv| Giv weËevbI wQ‡jb| hviv KvwqK kªg K‡ib Ges `wi`ª Zv‡`i cÖwZ Avkivd
gh©v`vfz³‡`i `„wófw½ wQj †bwZevPK| mgv‡R A‡bK ¶z`ª †ckvRxex wQ‡jb hviv g~jZ DËivwaKvi
m~‡Î †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Zb| Zvi gv‡b evevi †ckv cyÎ MÖnY Ki‡Zb| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qI GB me
†ckvRxex‡`i gh©v`v Kg wQj| ag©všÍwiZ nIqvi ci gymjgvb mgv‡RI G‡`i gh©v`v cwiewZ©Z nq
wb| Giv n‡”Qb AvZivd †hgb ZuvZx, †Rvjv, †Zjx, bvwcZ, `wR© †avcv BZ¨vw`| me©wb¤œ ¯Í‡i wQ‡jb
AvRjvdMY Zv‡`i‡K g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †bvsiv| Zviv †bvsiv KvR Ki‡Zb| †hgb †g_i, gqjv
cwi®‹viKvix, †ew`qv BZ¨vw`| Zv‡`i m‡½ Avkivd I AvZivd ¯Í‡ii gvbylRb †gjv‡gkv Ki‡Zb
bv|

Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbgv‡j cvðv‡Z¨i wk¶v e¨e¯’vi Av‡jv‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki wk¶v e¨e¯’v cwieZ©b Kiv
nq| cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡bv nq| e„wUk kvm‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ D”P gh©v`vfz³MY Rwgi m‡½
hy³ †_‡K Ges cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e m¤§vbRbK Ae¯’v‡b wQ‡jb| wKš‘ e„wUk kvmbvg‡j gymjgvbMY
ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv nvivb| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j Rwgi m‡½ hy³ †_‡KI Zviv jvfevb n‡Z
AcviM nb| Ab¨ w`‡K e„wUk‡`i Pvjy Kiv wk¶v, e¨emvq I PvKzixi m‡½ hy³ GKwU b‚Zb gh©v`vi
¯Íi m„wó nq| Zviv GB cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq wb‡R‡`i †ckv e`j K‡i mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
m¶g nb| Zviv D”P gh©v`vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e b~Zb b~Zb c`ex MªnY K‡ib| D”P gh©v`vkvjx‡`i m‡½
GB bZzb gh©v`vkvjx‡`i ˆeevwnK m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq| Gfv‡e gymjgvb‡`i mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨v‡m
i`e`j N‡U| gymjgvb‡`i GB mvgvwRK ¯ÍixKi‡Yi cwieZ©bkxjZvi Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ GKwU cÖev‡`i
Rb¥ nq, hv eZ©gv‡bI A_©en| ÒMZ eQi Avwg wQjvg †Rvjv, Gevi n‡qwQ †kL; Z‡e mvg‡bi eQi
hw` g~j¨ e„w× cvq Avwg ˆmq‡` cwiYZ neÕÕ|

Dcwb‡ek DËiKv‡j cvwK¯Ívb miKvi 1950 mv‡j Rwg`vix cÖ_v D‡”Q` K‡i hvi d‡j evsjv‡`k
†_‡K wn›`y Rwg`vi I †RvZ`viMY †`k Z¨vM K‡ib| D”P †kªYxi wn›`y‡`i fvi‡Z P‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y
†m ¯’vb¸wj gymjgvb eo †RvZ`vi‡`i Øviv c~iY nq| D”P †kªYxi †RvZ`vi D”P gh©v`vi AwaKvix
nb| Zviv D”P gh©v`vi c`ex MÖnY K‡ib| GZبZxZ b~Zb iv‡óª cªkvmwbKmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î cÖPzi

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-83

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

K‡g©i my‡hvM m„wó nq| PvKzix, wk¶v, kn‡i emevm ev½vjx gymjgvbM‡Yi Rb¨ gh©v`v AR©‡bi
cwimi m¤úÖmvwiZ K‡i| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ci Aev½vjx‡`i cvwK¯Ívb Mg‡bi d‡j
cybivq GKB ai‡bi my‡hvM e„w× cvq| †ckv I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v e`‡ji m‡½ m‡½ gh©v`v m~PK c`ex
e`j Kiv MÖvgv‡j cwiwPZ cwi‡e‡k mnR bq| kn‡i Awfevm‡bi gva¨‡g c`ex e`j Kiv
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnR|

ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡R gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi aib

evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb mgv‡R mvaviYZ D”Pesk, ga¨esk I wb¤œesk GB wZb ai‡bi gh©v`vwfwËK
esk gh©v`v gymwjg ¯Íi ¯Íi wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| esk gh©v`v gymwjg ¯Íi web¨v‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| esk gh©v`vi m‡½ hy³
web¨v‡m ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
A_©‰bwZK cÖwZcwË, AvPvi e¨envi , Av`e Kvq`v, Rxeb-hvcb c×wZ, wk¶v, †ckv Ges ag© I
Dcv`vb|
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pjv BZ¨vw`| esk gh©v`v GK cÖR‡b¥ AR©b Kiv hvq bv| K‡qK cÖRb¥
GKB ai‡bi gh©v`vi AwaKvix n‡jB esk gh©v`v ¯^xK…Z nq| c~e© cyiæ‡li eskgh©v`v‡K Drm wn‡m‡e
a‡i wb‡q †Mvôxi mK‡j gh©v`vevb n‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ †Mvôxi †KD Lye `wi`ª n‡q †M‡j †Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨
weËevb I gh©v`vevb‡`i m‡½ me©¶Y †j‡M †_‡K Zviv gh©v`v A¶zbœ ivL‡Z mg_© nb| GKwU †MvôxI
esk gh©v`v nviv‡Z cv‡i hw` †m †Mvôxi RwgRgv I m¤ú` K‡g hvq| bZzb cÖRb¥I D”Pes‡ki aviv
m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i A_©weË AR©b, m¤§vbRbK †ckvMÖnY I RxebhvÎvq ˆbwZKZv I kvjxbZv Avbq‡bi
gva¨‡g| G ai‡bi bZzb es‡ki gh©v`v cyivZb es‡ki †P‡q Kg| bZzb I cyivZb esk gh©v`vi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ Kiv nq| eskaviv m„wói GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q D”Pes‡ki m‡½ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb| G‡Z
wb¤œ es‡ki gh©v`v e„w× cvq wKš‘ D”Pes‡ki gh©v`v n«vm cvq|

esk gh©v`v cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ c`ex MÖn‡Yi †iIqvR Av‡Q| bv‡gi m‡½
c`exi e¨envi cÖZxKx ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| c`exwU e¨w³i gh©v`vi ¯Íi wb‡`©kK| Gme c`ex
ˆcwÎKm~‡Î (patronymic) cÖvß| †h c~e© cyiæ‡li m~Î a‡i esk I †Mvôx m„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi c`ex
†Mvôxfz³ mK‡j e¨envi K‡ib| j¶Yxq †h evsjv‡`‡k mK‡ji bv‡gi m‡½ c`ex †bB| †h mKj
e¨w³i bv‡gi m‡½ c`ex †bB Zviv c`exnxb es‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Zviv mvaviY gymjgvb|
MÖvgv‡j Zv‡`i gh©v`v ¯Íi ÔM„n¯’Õ wn‡m‡e aiv nq| D”P gh©v`vkxj ÔLv›`vbÕ †`i bx‡P Zv‡`i ¯’vb|

b„weÁvbxMY evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ MÖv‡g M‡elYv K‡i gymjgvb‡`i gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb
(evi‡ZvwP 1995, Av‡iwdb 1984)1 |

GLv‡b K‡qKwU gh©v`v wb‡`©kK c`ex wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

D”Pgh©v`v : †gvNj Avg‡j hviv ivR¯^ msMÖn Ki‡Zb Zv‡`i‡K ÔgRyg`viÕ c`ex †`qv n‡Zv| †mB gRyg`vi, †PŠayix,
†_‡K gRyg`vi c`exwU wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤úÖ`v‡q Rwg wbqš¿Y I wnmve i¶‡Yi †ckvi m‡½ hy³ BZ¨vw` D”P gh©v`
n‡q †M‡Q| †gvNj Avg‡j hviv Rwg e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡Zb Zv‡`i‡K Ô†PŠayixÕ c`ex †`qv nq| wb‡`©kK c`ex|
†PŠayix c`exwUI wn›`y gymjgvb Dfq m¤úÖ`v‡q e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Ôf‚BqvÕ c`exwUI †gvNj Avgj
†_‡K f‚wgi gvwjKvbvi m‡½ hy³| ÔgwnlvbÕ c`exwU e„nr GjvKvi Rwgi gvwj‡Ki m‡½ hy³| aviYv
Kiv nq †h gwnlvbMY Miæi e¨emv Ki‡Zb e‡j Zv‡`i eo Rwgi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv Miæ Piv‡bvi Rb¨|

1
Bertocci Peter, “Community Structure and Social Rank in Two Villages in Bangladesh”,
in TN Madan (ed) Muslim Communities of South Asia, UPL, Dhaka, 1995.
Av‡iwdb †njvjDÏxb Lvb, Òevsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi avivÓ, mgvR wbix¶Y, msL¨v 14, mgvR wbix¶Y
†K›`ª, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1984|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-84
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ÔKvRxÕ c`exwU Ac©b Kiv n‡Zv ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wePviK‡`i Dci hviv cÖavbZ weevn †iwRwóªKi‡Yi
KvR Ki‡Zb| Ô†KivbxÕ, ÔgyûixÕ GB c`ex¸wj miKv‡ii ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi Kg©Pvix‡`i †ejv cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡Zv| wKš‘ †Kivbx I gyûix c`ex bv‡gi m‡½ e¨eüZ nq bv| Z‡e evox wPwýZ Kivi mgq †hgb,
Ô†Kivbx evoxÕ, Ôgyûix evoxÕ e¨eüZ nq| ÔL›`KviÕ c`exwU agx©q †bZvi Dcvwa hviv cvim¨ †_‡K
ag© cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Dcgnv‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb| cvim¨ †`‡k L›`KviMY †Q‡j‡`i Lrbv †`evi KvR
Ki‡Zb| G KvRwU evsjv‡`‡k wb¤œ gh©v`vi| wKš‘ L›`KviM‡Yi ag© cÖPv‡ii KvR‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡
cÖ`vb K‡i c`exwU D”P gh©v`vi c`ex‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ÔgIjvbvÕ c`exwU Zv‡`i‡K †`qv nq hviv
agx©q cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Qb, ag© wel‡q Ávb iv‡Lb Ges gmwR‡` bvgvR covb| mvaviY †gŠjfx‡`i
†_‡K gIjvbvi gh©v`v DuPz| ÔdvivqRxÕ c`exwU †`qv nq Zv‡`i‡K hviv Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z Bmjv‡gi
ms¯‹vi I †kªYx †kvlY we‡ivax dvivqRx Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ‡jb| mvaviYZ bv‡gi m‡½ GwU e¨eüZ
nq bv wKš‘ evox I †Mvôx wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Gai‡bi Av‡iv K‡qKwU c`ex n‡”Q- †Rvqvi`vi, cÖvgvwbK, cv‡Uvqvix, ZvjyK`vi, Lvb, †`Iqvb
BZ¨vw`|

ga¨g gh©v`v : mvaviYZ Ô†kLÕ DcvaxavixMY ga¨es‡ki gh©v`vfz³| hZ`~i Rvbv hvq hv‡`i c~e© hv‡`i c~e© cyiæ‡li c`ex
cyiæ‡li c`ex wQj bv A_P A_©weË I gh©v`v AR©b K‡i‡Qb Zviv XvjvI fv‡e †kL Dcvax MÖnY wQj bv Zviv A_©weË I
K‡ib| eZ©gvb Kv‡jI hv‡`i bv‡g c`ex †bB Zv‡`i‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡j Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Ô†kLÕ gh©v`v AR©‡bi ci
e‡j cwiPq w`‡q _v‡Kb| ÔBgvgÕ c`exwU aviY K‡ib avwg©K e¨w³MY hviv gmwR‡` bvgvR covb XvjvIfv‡e Ô†kLÕ Dcvwa
Ges e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b agx©q Abykvmb †g‡b P‡jb| ÔgvóviÕ c`exwU mdj wk¶‡Ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| aviY K‡ib|
c~e© cyiæl wk¶KZvq AmvaviY mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i _vK‡j ˆcwÎK m~‡Î A‡b‡K G c`exwU e¨envi
K‡ib| Ô†gvjøvÕ, Ô†gŠjfxÕ G c`ex¸wj avwg©K e¨w³i †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ hviv ag© wel‡q cov‡kvbv
K‡i‡Qb I mgv‡R ag© PP©v K‡ib| ÔKweivRÕ c`exwU ¯’vbxq I †jvKR wPwKrmvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡`i
m¤§vbRbK c`ex| Ô†ecvixÕ c`exwU e¨emvi m‡½ hy³ Ges ˆcwÎKm~‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq|
wb¤œgh©v`v : wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡q ÔAcwi®‹viÕ (defiling) Kv‡Ri m‡½ RwoZ _vKvq A‡bK gvbyl‡K
Acwi¯‹vi Kv‡Ri ms‡M
ÔAcweÎÕ (polluting) e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wn›`y ¯Íi web¨v‡m Zv‡`i ¯’vb bxPz| †`Lv hvq †h Zviv
RwoZ‡`i wb¤œ esk aiv
bvbv ai‡bi Kv‡R `¶Zv AR©b K‡ib Ges †mev (service) cÖ`vb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k Gme †ckvq nq|
eû wn›`y GL‡bv wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| A‡bK gymjgvbI Gme †ckv MÖnY K‡i‡Qb hv‡`i‡K gymwjg ¯Íi
web¨v‡m wb¤œ esk aiv nq| †ckv`vi Gme `‡ji g‡a¨ Av‡Qb- `iRx, †avcv, aywbqv, dwKi, nvRg,
†Rvjv, Kzjy, KvwiMi, P~bKvi, Kvnvix, wbKvix, †Zjx, bvwcZ, KmvB, evwÇ (†Pv‡Li ˆkj¨
wPwKrmK), †R‡j, Kvgvi, m~Zvi BZ¨vw`|
G mKj †ckv`vix `‡ji m‡½ D”P I ga¨ eskxq `‡ji mvgvwRK `~iZ¡ A‡bK †ekx|
A_©‰bwZKfv‡eI Gme †ckv`vixMY `ye©j| cÖwZw`b Gme †ckvi gvbylR‡bi m‡½ D”P I ga¨ es‡ki
gvbylR‡bi †mev cÖ`vb I MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ nq| wKš‘ mvgvwRKfv‡e †ckvRxexMY
Aa¯Íb e‡j we‡ewPZ| Z‡e GB Aa¯ÍbZv wn›`y mgv‡Ri KvVv‡gvMZ Da©Zb -Aa¯Í‡bi iƒc jvf K‡i
wb| KviY Zviv wew”Qbœ fv‡e wewfbœ MÖv‡g Ab¨vb¨ ¯Í‡ii gvbylR‡bi m‡½ emevm K‡ib| cv_©K¨ ¯úó
n‡q D‡V ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡kœ| D”P I ga¨ eskxq‡`i m‡½ wb¤œ¯Í‡ii †ckvRxex‡`i ˆeevwnK
m¤úK© agx©q fv‡e wbwl× bv n‡jI mvgvwRK fv‡e wbwl×| wn›`y ¯Íi web¨v‡mi m‡½ cv_©K¨ GB †h
gymjgvb mgv‡R wbwl× n‡jI ˆeevwnK m¤úK© n‡Z cv‡i| Ggb we‡q n‡j DuPz es‡ki †Q‡j ev †g‡q
m¤§vb nviv‡e Ges Zvi †Mvôx gh©v`vnxb n‡q co‡e| wb¤œ¯Í‡ii †ckvRxwe‡`i m‡½ D”P I ga¨ es‡ki
gvbylRb GK‡Î LvIqv `vIqv Kiv †_‡KI weiZ _v‡Kb| †ckvRxex `‡ji ˆeevwnK m¤úK© wbR

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-85

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

`‡ji m‡½ nq| †hgb ZvuZx‡`i we‡q ZvuZx‡`i m‡½, bvwc‡Zi we‡q bvwc‡Zi m‡½ BZ¨vw`| ejv
hvq wb¤œ es‡ki GBme †ckvRxex `j¸wj AšÍ:weevn (endogamy) ixwZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡Kb|

D‡jøL¨ †h Gme †ckvavixMY kn‡i AvaywbK cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfevb n‡Z
cv‡ib| Gi m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`vI cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb kn‡i jwÛª (†avcv),
†mjyb I cvijvi (bvwcZ) Gme e¨emv jvfRbK| kn‡ii Gme e¨emvqx D”P es‡ki m‡½ ˆeevwnK
m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i gh©v`vi ¯Íi DbœxZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wb¤œZg gh©v`v A”Qyr `j (untouchables) : gymwjg ¯Íi web¨v‡m Ô†bvsivÕ e‡j we‡ewPZ Kv‡Ri
m‡½ hy³‡`i gh©v`v †bB ej‡jB P‡j| †hgb †g_i, gqjv cwi®‹viKvix, RyZv †mjvB I cwi®‹viKvix|
GB ¯Í‡ii gvbylR‡bi †mev MÖnY Ki‡jI D”P I ga¨ es‡ki gvbylRb Zv‡`i m‡½ IVvemv, LvIqv
`vIqv, weevn me©cÖKvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb| A‡b‡K †Kvb Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ms¤ú‡k©
Avm‡j †Mvmj K‡i cweÎ n‡Z Pvb| D‡jøL¨ †h evsjv‡`k †_‡K gvbe m¤ú` ißvbxi Kg©mP~ x‡Z †h
mKj gvbyl we‡`‡k hvb Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB we‡`‡k cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZvi KvR K‡ib| evsjv‡`k †_‡K
hvIqvi mgqI cleaner wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i wb‡qvM †`qv nq| we‡`‡k KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©b Kivi ci
GBme cleaner †`i cwievi m¤ú` e„w×i Kvi‡Y gh©v`v DbœxZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb|

gh©v`vi ¯Íi web¨vm I †kªYx m¤úK©

A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I esk evsjv‡`‡k gymwjg gh©v`vi ¯Íi I †kªYx‡K KL‡bv c„_K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb ˆeevwnK m¤úK©
gh©v`v wg‡j mgvwRK ¯’vc‡bi mgq A‡bK D”P gh©v`vkxj esk †kªYxMZ Ae¯’vb gvSvix n‡jI gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y ˆeevwnK
Ae¯’vb m„wó nq| m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ mvaviYfv‡e GwU a‡i †bqv nq †h A_©‰bwZKfv‡e abx gv‡b
eskMZfv‡eI gh©v`vkxj| `vwi`ª Ges AwbðqZv e„w× cvIqvq gh©v`vi †P‡q A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vb‡KB
ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K© AMÖvwaKvi †`evi cÖeYZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| MÖvgevmxivI Gai‡bi gšÍe¨ K‡i _v‡Kb
ÒAvRKvj hvi ab †`Šj‡Zi Ae¯’v fv‡jv Zvi esk gh©v`vI fv‡jvÓ (evi‡fvwP 1970)2 |

j¶Yxq †h A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I esk gh©v`v wg‡j mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb m„wó nq; †Kej m¤ú` A_ev †Kej
gh©v`v bq| ÔLv›`vbÕ ev D”P gh©v`v i¶vi Rb¨ hv Ki‡Z nq Zvi g‡a¨ gh©v`vkvjx‡`i fvlv, LvIqv
`vIqvi aib, AwZw_ Avc¨vq‡bi aib, †cvkvK, evoxNi BZ¨vw` AšÍfz©³| D”P gh©v`v gv‡b ÔB¾ZÕ
i¶v Kiv| ÔB¾ZÕ Gi m‡½ Avw_©K mvg_© RwoZ| Rvnv½x‡ii (1979)3 g‡Z B¾Z i¶vi Rb¨ hv
KiYxq Zv n‡”Q- cwiev‡ii ÔLvIqv civÕi wbðqZv; cwiev‡ii bvix‡`i Ôc`©vÕ i¶v; evB‡ii
AwZw_‡`i Rb¨ c„_K ÔKvPvix NiÕ; evoxi bvix‡`i †Mvm‡ji Rb¨ wbR¯^ cyKzi| myZivs B¾Z i¶vi
Rb¨ A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| abx †kªYx B¾Z i¶vi Rb¨ Gme cÖZxKx e¨e¯’v wb‡q _v‡Kb| `wi`ª †kªYxi
cwiev‡i AwZw_i Rb¨ c„_K Ni ivLv wKsev bvix‡`i evB‡i hvIqv eÜ Kiv m¤¢e bq| myZivs
gh©v`vkxj `wi`ª cwiev‡ii B¾Z i¶v KivI m¤¢e bq| Zvi A_© m¤§vb I gh©v`v AR©b I i¶v Kivi
Rb¨ †h mKj `ªe¨ I †mev µ‡qi ¶gZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv abx †kªYxi Av‡Q| Gfv‡e Ôgh©v`vÕ I
ÔweËÕ GKB †kªYxi nv‡Z cyÄxf‚Z n‡”Q| Avevi gh©v`v AR©‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú‡`i evB‡i wKQy AvPiY wewa

2
Bertocci Peter, Elusive Villages: Social Structure and Community Organization in
Rural East Pakistan, unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, Michigan State University,
1970.
3
Jahangir BK, Differentiation, Polarization and Confrontation in Rural Bangladesh,
CSS, Dhaka University, 1979.

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-86
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

I Av`e Kvq`vi e¨vcvi Av‡Q| Gme AvPvi AvPiY abx †kªYxi c‡¶B cvjb Kiv m¤¢e| `wi`ª
†¶ZgRyi ev kªwgK †kªYx Gme AvPiY wewa cvjb K‡i iæwR †ivRMv‡ii msMÖvg Ki‡Z m¶g nb bv|

MÖvgv‡j K…lK mgv‡R gh©v`vi wfwˇZ mvaviYZ wZbwU ¯Íi †`Lv hvq ÔLv›`vbÕ ÔM„n¯’Õ I ÔKvgjvÕ
(†PŠayix 1978)4 | GmKj gh©v`v ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ g~j¨‡eva, `„wóf½x, AvPvi AvPiY, Rxeb hvcb c×wZ
c„_K| Avevi G gh©v`v `j¸wji Rwgi gvwjKvbv, m¤ú` I cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vI c„_K| Lv›`vb‡`i
ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Zviv `xN©Kvj hveZ Rwgi gvwjK Ges Zviv abx K…lK| Zviv Rwg‡Z wb‡Riv KvR
K‡ib bv; Pvlvev` Z`viKx K‡ib| Zviv Rwg Pvl eM©v`vi wKsev Kvgjv‡`i w`‡q Kivb| ZvivB
AwaK gvÎvq cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v jvf Ki‡Qb Ges wewfbœ A-K…wl †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡”Qb| M„n¯Íiv
Aí Rwgi gvwjK Ges Aí wKQyw`b c~‡e© Rwgi gvwjK n‡q‡Qb| Zviv wb‡Riv Rwg‡Z Pvlvev`
K‡ib| Kvgjviv f‚wgnxb †¶ZgRyi| GB gh©v`vi ¯Í‡ii m‡½ MÖvgv‡ji †kªYx c„_KxKi‡Yi wgj
Av‡Q| ÔLv›`vbÕ gh©v`vi AwaKvsk abx K…lK| M„n¯’MY gvSvix I wb¤œ †kªYxi K…lK| Kvgjviv `wi`ª
gRyix kªwgK|

kniv‡j gh©v`vi ¯Íi wba©vi‡Y wk¶v I PvKzixi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK| MÖvgv‡j K…l‡Ki †ejv †K KZ Av‡M MÖvgv‡j †K KZ Av‡M
†_‡K Rwgi gvwjK Zv gh©v`vi wb‡`©kK| kn‡i †K KZ Av‡M †_‡K wkw¶Z I D”P †eZ‡bi ev †_‡K Rwgi gvwjK Zv
m¤§vbRbK PvKzix Ki‡Qb Zv gh©v`v wbiƒcY K‡i _v‡K| cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vq gh©v`vi Rb¨ Av‡iv gh©v`vi wb‡`©kK| kn‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡”Q †fv‡Mi AwaKvi| evRv‡i †fvM¨cY¨ µ‡q Kvi KZ †ekx mvg_© Av‡Q Zv w`‡q gh©v`v †K KZ Av‡M †_‡K
wba©vwiZ nq| †hgb D”P gh©v`vkvjxMY wejvmeûj evox wKsev GcvU©‡g‡›U _v‡Kb, †ekx `v‡gi wkw¶Z I D”P †eZ‡bi
Mvox‡Z P‡ob, Lvevi `vevi, †cvkvK D”Pg~‡j¨ µq K‡ib, Nb Nb we‡`‡k hvZvqvZ K‡ib, we‡`‡k PvKzix Ki‡Qb Zv
we‡qi evRvi K‡ib BZ¨vw`| wk¶vi †¶‡ÎI †`Lv hvq D”P gh©v`vkvjxiv Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i cÖvB‡fU gh©v`vi wb‡`©kK|
wek¦we`¨vj‡q †ekx A_© e¨q K‡i covb wKsev we‡`‡k covb| Zvi gv‡b D”PweËivB D”P gh©v`vi
AwaKvix n‡q _v‡Kb| Avevi ZvivB gh©v`vi gvcKvwV weË Øviv wba©viY K‡ib|

4
Chowdury A, A Bangladesh Village. A study of Social Stratification, CSS, Dhaka
University, 1978.

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-87

Gm Gm GBP Gj

mvivsk
evOvjx gymjgvb‡`i gh©v`vi ¯Íi web¨vm gymjgvb‡`i Avkivd-AvRjvd eM©Ki‡Yi gZv`k© Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi Bmjvg a‡g©i mgZvi gZv`‡k©i cÖfv‡e gh©v`vi ¯Íi¸wj ÔAvbyf‚wgK HK¨Õ
(horizontal solidarity) ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| GB ¯Íiweb¨vm Djø¤^ (vertical) ¯Í‡i cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i
wb hw`I Avkivd I AvRjv‡di g‡a¨ we¯Íi e¨eavb we`¨gvb| G Kvi‡Y gymjgvb mgvR‡K GKwU
mgcÖK…wZi (homogenous) mgvR e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|

evOvjx gymjgvb‡`i gh©v`vi ¯Íi web¨v‡m wn›`y eY©cÖ_vi A‡bK Dcv`vb we`¨gvb| †hgb DuPz-bxPz
cÖ‡f`, AšÍtweevn Ges †ckvwfwËK †kªYx| Zey gymjgvb‡`i gh©v`vi ¯Íi¸wj‡K wn›`y eY© cÖ_vi Abyiƒc
ejv hvq bv| KviY wn›`y eY© cÖ_vi cÖwZwU ¯Íi e„wËg~jK c`, agx©q Abykvm‡bi m‡½ hy³, ïwP-AïwPi
aviYv cÖKU, Djø¤^ AvKv‡i ¯ÍixK…Z Ges ¯Íi¸wji g‡a¨ cÖ_vMZ mÂvjb †bB| Z‡e ev¯Í‡e GB
eY©cÖ_vi A‡bK cwieZ©b NU‡Q|

gymwjg ¯Íi web¨v‡mi wfwË n‡”Q esk gh©v`v ev kivdZx| G esk gh©v`v A‡bK †¶‡ÎB KvíwbK|
gymwjg ¯Íi web¨v‡m mPjZv j¶Yxq| m¤úÖ`vq ch©v‡q gh©v`vi ¯Íimg~‡n cv_©K¨ i¶v Kiv nq| Z‡e
A‡bK †¶‡Î Zv bgbxq| e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q D”P gh©v`vkxj I abx †kªYxi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM I ˆeevwnK
m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq| D”P gh©v`vkxj cwievi A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `wi`ª n‡q †M‡j gh©v`v n«vm cvq Ges
A‡b‡K gh©v`vi cÖZxK c`ex †Q‡o †`b| Ab¨ w`‡K A_©weË I m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i A‡b‡K
D”P gh©v`vkxj e‡j `vex K‡ib Ges c`ex aviY K‡ib|

gymwjg ¯Íi web¨v‡m abm¤ú` I Rwgi gvwjKvbv ¸iæZ¡cY~ © f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v
cwieZ©b K‡i gh©v`vi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-88
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨wËK cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK() wPý w`b|
1| c`gh©v`v wfwˇZ ¯Íi ¸wji cv_©K¨ wK fv‡e †ekx †evSv hvq?
K. e¨emv‡qi m¤úK© Øviv
L. ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i aib Øviv
M. wk¶v Øviv
N. A_© I m¤ú` Øviv

2| AvkivdMY wb‡R‡`i‡K Kv‡`i DËim~ix e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

K. K…lK mgvR †_‡K ag©všÍwiZ‡`i
L. fviZxq e¨emvqx †kªYxi ag©všÍwiZ‡`i
M. fviZxq eªvþY m¤úÖ`vq †_‡K ag©všÍwiZ‡`i
N. Avie-Bivb-AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K Avmv gymjgvb‡`i

3| ev½vjx gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡`i bv‡gi †k‡l c`ex †bB Zviv †Kvb ¯Íif‚³?
K. Lv›`vb
L. M„n¯Í
M. Avkivd
N. AvRjvd

4| ev½vjx gymjgvb‡`i c`gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡m †KvbwU AwaK ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dcv`vb?
K. agx©q PP©v
L. wk¶v
M. m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv
N. esk gh©v`v

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| c` gh©v`v †mvcvb ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2| gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi m‡½ †kªYxi m¤úK© wKiƒc?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ev½vjx gymjgvb mgv‡Ri c`gh©v`v wfwËK ¯Íi wK wn›`y eY©cÖ_v Øviv cÖfvweZ?
2| ev½vjx gymjgvb‡`i c`gh©v`v ¯Íi web¨v‡mi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-89

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV - 2

RvwZeY© ¯Íi wefvRb

Caste Stratification

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 eY©cÖ_vi aviYv
 eY©cÖ_vi DrcwË
 RvwZeY© I mvgvwRK wefvRb
 RvwZeY© I †kªYx m¤úK©

eY© cÖ_vi aviYv

eY©wfwËK mvgvwRK Dcgnv‡`‡k mvgvwRK wefvRb m„wói GKwU Dcv`vb n‡”Q eY©| e‡Y©i wfwˇZ gvby‡l gvby‡l AmgZv
wefvR‡bi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q- m„wó nq| Avi AmgZvi wfwˇZ m„wó nq mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm| eY© wfwËK mvgvwRK wefvR‡bi
Gi d‡j e¨w³i R‡b¥i ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Gi d‡j e¨w³i R‡b¥i cwiPq Øviv †Kvb `j ev †Mvôxi m`m¨c` wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq|
cwiPq Øviv †Mvôxi Rb¥m~‡Î wba©vwiZ `‡ji g‡a¨ LvIqv `vIqv, †gjv‡gkv I m¤úK© ¯’vcb mxgve× n‡q c‡o| ˆeevwnK
m`m¨c` wbav©wiZ n‡q m¤úK© ¯’vcb GKB e‡Y©i g‡a¨ msNwUZ nq| Ggb wK gvby‡li †ckvI eY© cwiPq Øviv wba©vwiZ nq|
hvq| Zvi gv‡b GKwU wbw`©ó e‡Y©i gvbylRb GKwU wbw`©ó †ckvfz³ n‡q _v‡Kb| agx©q Abykvmb, wefw³
Ki‡Yi gZv`k© I †jvKvPvi Øviv GB eY©‡f`‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| eY©¸wji g‡a¨ AvwacZ¨evw`Zv I
Aa¯ÍbZv wµqvkxj _v‡K| Gi Av‡jv‡K D”P-bxP wPwýZ K‡i eY©¸wj‡K mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z
¯ÍixK…Z Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Rb¥MZ eY© cwiPq ¯’vqx fv‡e gvbyl‡K wef³ K‡i †d‡j| eY© wfwËK mgvR
wUwK‡q ivLvi e¨e¯’vB eY© cÖ_v| eY© cÖ_v agx©q wek¦v‡mi m‡½ hy³| GwU ¯’vqx †f`v‡f` hv e`jv‡bv
hvq bv| wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ eY© cÖ_v Pvjy Av‡Q| cÖavb eY© PviwU-eªvþY, ¶wÎq, ˆek¨ I ï`ª| GB
Pvi e‡Y©i ¯ÍixKi‡Yi G‡Kev‡i bx‡P Av‡iKwU eY© Av‡Q| Zv‡`i‡K ÔA”QzZÕ ev ÔA¯ú„k¨Õ e‡j MY¨
Kiv nq|

e‡Y©i DrcwË
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡k Rb¥MZ eY©‡f` Øviv mgvR wef³ wQj| eªvþY, ¶wÎq I ˆek¨ e‡Y©i
D‡jøL cvIqv hvq cÖvPxb BwZnv‡m| Gi evB‡i AwaKvsk gvbyl Drcv`‡bi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb hviv
KvwqK kª‡g wbhy³ n‡Zb| ZLb kªg wefvRb ¯úó wQj bv| KvwqK kªg‡K ZLb cÖ_vMZfv‡e
wb¤œgv‡bi fvev n‡Zv bv| ˆew`K hy‡Mi †klfv‡M eY© cÖ_v cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i| †m hyM
AvbygvwbK wLªóc~e© 2000 †_‡K 600 mvj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj e‡j HwZnvwmKMY g‡b K‡ib| †m hy‡M
`ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b eY© cÖ_v wfwËK mgvR KvVv‡gv‡K cybM©wVZ K‡i| cÖ_gZ: jv½j w`‡q Pvlvev`
ïiæ nIqvq K…wl Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b Av‡m| Rwg‡Z Drcv`b e„w× cvq| cï Drcv`‡bi
gva¨‡gI DØ„Ë mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K| mgv‡R DØ„Ë m¤ú‡`i gvwjKM‡Yi AvwacZ¨ my`„p nq| ZLb
†_‡KB GB mg„× †kªYxwUi KvwqK kª‡gi cÖwZ AeÁv †`Lv †`q| m¤ú`kvjxMY KvwqK kªg †_‡K
wb‡R‡`i wehy³ K‡ib| G wehyw³‡K D”PZi gh©v`vi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib| wKš‘ mgm¨v †`Lv
†`q G Kvi‡Y †h, Rwg‡Z Drcv`b Ges wkí †¶‡Î Drcv`‡b cÖPzi KvwqK kª‡gi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv
†`q| KvwqK kª‡gi †hvMvb‡K Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡½ mivmwi hy³ gvbylRb‡K PZz_©
eY© A_©vr ï`ª eY© wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-90
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wØZxqZ: Avh©‡`i Avwac‡Z¨i Kvi‡Y ˆew`Khy‡M eY© cÖ_v cybM©wVZ nq| Avh©iv MvÎeY© wel‡q
AZ¨waK m‡PZb wQ‡jb| †k¦Zv½ Avh© I K…òv½ Abvh©‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq| ZvQvov weRqx
wn‡m‡e Avh©iv civwRZ Abvh©MY‡K wb¤œgv‡bi e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| Pvi e‡Y©i kªg wefvR‡bi m‡½
Avh©‡`i eY© we‡Øl hy³ n‡q eY© cÖ_v kw³kvjx iƒc jvf K‡i| wLªóc~e© 600 †_‡K 300 wLªóvã ch©šÍ
eªvþY I ¶wÎq‡`i g‡a¨ †kªô‡Z¡i jovB P‡j| ï`ª e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ e‡Y©i g‡a¨ Ges Avh©-Abv‡h©i
g‡a¨ ˆeevwnK m¤ú‡K©i d‡j A‡bK wgkª e‡Y©i Avwef©ve N‡U| wLªwóq PZz_© kZvãx †_‡K eY©vkªg
e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ web¨¯Í mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z eY© wefvRb K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| Kvjµ‡g K…wl
I wkí Drcv`b e„w× cvq Ges kni bMi M‡o D‡V| eY©kªg e¨e¯’vq msL¨vjwNô myweav‡fvMx D”P
e‡Y©i AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Ab¨ w`‡K msL¨vMwiô kªgRxex mvaviY gvby‡li wb¤œ e‡Y©i I `vwi‡`ªi
Ae¯’vb cvKv‡cv³ n‡q hvq|
eY©wfwËK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi gZv`wk©K wfwË
eY© wfwËK Amg wefvRb‡K ˆeaZv `vb K‡i agx©q wek¦vm| F‡M¦‡`i Kvwnbx‡Z Rvbv hvq †h gvbyl
eY© wfwËK Amg
m„wói Kv‡j Avw`cyiæ‡li LÛxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi m„wó nq| Avw` cyiæ‡li gyL †_‡K
wefvRb‡K ˆeaZv `vb
Drcbœ nq eªvþY, `yB evû †_‡K ¶wÎq, `yB Diæ †_‡K ˆek¨ Ges `yB cv †_‡K ï`ª| mvgvwRK K‡i agx©q wek¦vm|
Ae¯’vb wbw`©ó Kiv nq Rb¥¯’v‡bi m‡½ wgj †i‡L| kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask †_‡K Drcbœ eªvþY I ¶wÎq
cvb mgv‡Ri D”P¯’vb| kix‡ii bx‡Pi Ask †_‡K m„ó ˆek¨ I ï`ª cvb mgv‡Ri bxPz ¯’vb| Gfv‡e
agx©q Abykvmb Abymv‡i wn›`y mgv‡R µ‡gv”P mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm M‡o D‡V| µ‡gv”P PviwU e‡Y©i
¯Íi web¨vm Av‡iv cvKv‡cv³ nq ïwP, AïwP, cweÎ-AcweÎZvi aviYvi d‡j| Gi Av‡jv‡K PviwU
e‡Y©i ¸Yv¸YI wbw`©ó n‡q hvq| kix‡ii cweÎZg Ask gyL †_‡K m„ó eªvþY wPwýZ nq mgv‡Ri
cweÎZg Ask wn‡m‡e| Avi ejv nq eªvþ‡Yi ¸Y n‡”Q ïwP, mZ¨, Ávb I Zcm¨v| nvZ †_‡K
Drcbœ ¶wÎq eªvþ‡Yi Zzjbvq Kg cweÎ| ¶wÎq‡`i ¸b n‡”Q iR A_©vr †kŠh© exh©| Diæ †_‡K
Drcbœ ˆek¨iv cweÎ bq| ˆek¨‡`i ¸Y n‡”Q iR I Zg A_©vr AÜKvi ¸‡Yi mgš^q| cv †_‡K m„ó
ï`ª AïwP Ges AcweÎ| Zv‡`i ¸Y n‡”Q Zg A_©vr †Kej AÜKvi| cÂg eY© Pig AcweÎ I
A¯ú„k¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
RvwZeY© I mvgvwRK wefvRb
ïwP-AïwPi aviYv mvgvwRKfv‡e Abykxj‡bi wel‡q cwiYZ nq| wewfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li m‡½ †gjv‡gkv ïwP-AïwPi aviYv Øviv
bvbvwea wewa wb‡la Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| aviYv Kiv nq †h ¯’vqx AïwP †kvab Kiv hv‡e bv KviY Zv wewfbœ e‡Y©i gvby‡li
Rb¥m~‡Î cÖvß| A¯’vqx AïwP Ae¯’v ˆ`bw›`b KvR K‡g©i d‡j nq wKš‘ Zv †kvab‡hvM¨| aviYv Kiv ms‡M †gjv-‡gkv I
nq †h cÖavb AïwP n‡”Q g„Zz¨ Ges kixi †_‡K wbM©Z e¯‘ †hgb- i³, cÖmªve, avZz, jvjv, bL I ˆeevwnK m¤úK© wbqwš¿Z
Pz‡ji Ask| G Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri eR©¨ I Z¨³ c`v_© `~i Kiv, g„Z †`‡ni mrKvi, iv¯ÍvNvU cwi®‹vi nq|
Kiv, gjg~Î cwi®‹vi Kiv BZ¨vw` AcweÎ KvR Kivi Rb¨ A”QzyZ †Mvôxi Dci `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z nq|
hviv Gme †bvsiv KvR K‡ib Zviv mgv‡R N„Y¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q hvb|
ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb hvc‡b ïwP -AïwPi aviYv we¯Í…Z nq| Lvevi ˆZix msµvšÍ Kv‡R AïwP AvµvšÍ n‡Z
cv‡i †m Kvi‡Y D”P e‡Y©i e¨w³MY Zv‡`i ivbœvNi wewfbœ agx©q AvbyôvwbKZv Øviv cweÎ ivLvi
D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| wfbœ eY© I a‡g©i e¨w³MY‡K ivbœvN‡i cÖ‡ek wbwl× Kiv nq| cvwb cvb Kivi
mgq AïwP n‡Z cv‡i e‡j cvwbi cvÎ I cvbiZ e¨w³‡K mK‡ji ¯ú‡k©i evB‡i ivLvi wbqg Kiv
nq| GmKj Kvi‡Y DuPz e‡Y©i gvbylRb bxPz e‡Y©i gvby‡li m‡½ GK‡Î e‡m Lvb bv| †hŠb m¤ú‡K©i
gva¨‡g AïwP n‡Z cv‡i e‡j we‡qi e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi wbqg cvwjZ nq| GK e‡Y©i gvbyl Ab¨ e‡Y©i
m‡½ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv wbwl×| A_©vr we‡q n‡Z n‡e GKB e‡Y©i g‡a¨| ˆ`wnK ms¯ú‡k©i
gva¨‡g AïwP n‡Z cv‡i e‡j DuPz e‡Y©i gvbyl bxPz e‡Y©i gvby‡li m‡½ ˆ`wnK ms¯úk© Gwo‡q P‡jb|

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-91

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

RvwZeY© I †kªYx
eY©cÖ_v wfwËK mvgvwRK msMV‡bi m‡½ hy³ nq cyiælvbyµg Rb¥MZ †ckv| Zvi gv‡b eY© wfwËK
wefvR‡bi m‡½ hy³ †ckvwfwËK wefvRb| mvaviYfv‡e eªvþY n‡”Qb Ávbx, ¶wÎq †hv×v, ˆek¨
e¨emvqx I ï`ª KvwqK kªwgK| Zvi A_© `vuovq †ckvwfwËK wefvRbI Rb¥MZ| cyiælvbyµ‡g GB
wefvRb Pj‡Z _vK‡e| D”P e‡Y©i wn›`yiv n‡”Qb Rwg I k‡m¨i gvwjK| ï`ªiv n‡”Q f‚wg kªwgK|
kv¯¿ Abyhvqx ï‡`ªi †Kvb abm¤ú` wb‡Ri gvwjKvbvq ivLvi wbqg †bB| hw` Zv‡`i nv‡Z †Kvb
m¤ú` _v‡K Zvn‡j eªvþYMY ag©PP©vi cÖ‡qvR‡b †m m¤ú` wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| ˆek¨MY hw`I ¶z`ªPvlx
wKšÍ Kvjµ‡g ZvivI f‚wg kªwg‡K cwiYZ nb| Gfv‡e eY©MZ I †ckvMZ wefvRb †kªYx wefvR‡bi
iƒc jvf K‡i| D”P e‡Y©i eªvþY I ¶wÎq abx I ga¨weË †kªYxfz³ Ges ˆek¨ I ï`ªMY `wi`ª
†kªYxfz³| we‡klZ kv¯¿xq weav‡bi bv‡g ï`ªiv ¯’vqxfv‡e `wi`ª †kªYxfz³ n‡q c‡ob|

†kªYxMZ Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b

eY© wfwËK wefvRb †kªYxi g‡a¨ AšÍcÖweó n‡jI wb¤œ‡kªYxi ï`ª‡`i c‡¶ KL‡bv D”P gh©v`vkxj nIqv
K‡iI eY©MZ evav m¤¢e nq bv| †kªYxMZ evav AwZµg K‡i hw` KL‡bv †Kvb ï`ª ab¯ú‡`i gvwjK nb ZeyI Zvi c‡¶
AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| e‡Y©i evav AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| KviY e‡Y©i wefvRb Rb¥MZ| D”Pe‡Y©i gvbyl memgq wb¤œ
e‡Y©i gvbyl‡K nxb `„wó‡Z †`‡Lb Ges gh©v`v †`b bv| Zvi gv‡b `vwi`ª †_‡K gyw³ †c‡jI mvgvwRK
nxb Ae¯’v †_‡K wb¤œe‡Y©i gvby‡li gyw³i Dcvq †bB| Ab¨ w`‡K D”Pe‡Y©i †KD †hgb †Kvb eªvþY
`wi`ª †kªYxfz³ n‡jI `wi`ª ï‡`ªi †_‡K Zvi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb Dc‡i| d‡j GKB e‡Y©i g‡a¨ D”P-
bxP †kªYx Ges GKB †kªYxi g‡a¨ D”P-bxP e‡Y©i wewfbœ `‡ji Avwef©ve N‡U| GBme `j¸wj Avevi
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ gh©v`vi †¶‡Î cv_©K¨ K‡i _v‡K|

ï`ª e‡Y©i g‡a¨ wewfbœ †ckvi wfwˇZ Dc`j m„wó nq| Kvjµ‡g G ai‡bi eû Dc`‡ji (RvwZ)
DrcwË N‡U| †hgb KvwiMi †ckvi K‡qKwU RvwZ n‡”Q ZvuwZ, Kvgvi, Qy‡Zvi, Pvgvi, Kvumvwi,
kvuLvwi BZ¨vw`| e¨emv †ckvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q MÜewYK, Zv¤^ywj ewYK, ¯^Y© ewYK BZ¨vw`| †mev †ckvq
Av‡Q bvwcZ, †avcv BZ¨vw`| GBme RvwZ Avevi AšÍt weevn ixwZ cvjb K‡i RvwZ cwiPq msnZ
K‡i _v‡K|

evsjv A‡j eY©cÖ_v

evsjv A‡j RvwZ evsjv A‡j RvwZeY© cÖ_v wfwËK mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
eY©wfwËK wefvRb A‡bK †`ix‡Z| wLªwóq cÂg †_‡K Øv`k kZvãx ch©šÍ eªvþY¨ev‡`i AvwacZ¨ Kv‡j evsjvq Avh©‡`i
cÖwZwôZ nq ivóªxq RvwZeY© e¨e¯’v weKvk jvf K‡i| evsjvi mgvR msMVb Avh© mgvR †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ _vKvq evsjv‡K
c„ô‡cvlKZvq| ÒcvÛe ewR©Z †`kÓ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`qv nq (i½jvj †mb 1997)1 | ejv hvq evsjv A‡j RvwZeY©
wfwËK wefvRb cÖwZwôZ nq ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZvq| wn›`y ag©vej¤^x ¸ß‡`i kvmbvg‡j kvmKMY
fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ AÂj †_‡K eªvþY‡`i Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q wb‡q Av‡mb| kvmKMY eªvþY‡`i f‚wg`vb
K‡ib Ges miKvix PvKzix‡Z AwawôZ K‡ib| evsjv A‡j mgv‡Ri ¯Íi web¨vm cÖavbZ eªvþY I
ï`ª‡`i wb‡q MwVZ nq| ivóªxq ¶gZvq cÖavbZ e¨emvqx †kªYxi AvwacZ¨ _vK‡jI µ‡g µ‡g
eªvþYMY ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| ax‡i ax‡i RvwZeY© wfwËK mgvR KvVv‡gvI my`„p n‡q D‡V|

1
†mb i½jvj, evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm, evsjv GKv‡Wgx , XvKv, 1997|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-92
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvivsk
eY©wfwËK mvgvwRK wefvRb e¨w³i R‡b¥i cwiPq Øviv w¯’i n‡q _v‡K| d‡j eY©wfwËK wefvRb
¯’vqxiƒc jvf K‡i| eY©wfwËK wefvRb‡K ˆeaZv `vb K‡i agx©q wek¦vm| ïwP-AïwP, cweÎ-
AcweÎZvi aviYvi d‡j eY©wfwËK mvgvwRK wefvRb cvKv‡cv³ iƒc jvf K‡i| A_©‰bwZK mvdj¨
AR©b Kivi ciI wb¤œe‡Y©i gvby‡li c‡¶ D”P gh©v`vkxj nIqv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j wb¤œe‡Y©i gvbyl
¯’vqxfv‡e `wi`ª †kªYxfz³ n‡q c‡ob|

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-93

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b -
1| wb¤œ †kªYxi ï`ª‡`i c‡¶ wKfv‡e D”P e‡Y© DËiY m¤¢e?
K. A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡i
L. D”P gh©v`vi †ckv MÖnY K‡i
M. D”P wk¶v jvf K‡i
N. KL‡bvB D”P e‡Y© DËiY m¤¢e bq

2| wb‡¤œi eY©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kviv KvwqK kªg K‡ib?

K. eªvþY
L. ¶wÎq
M. ˆek¨
N. ï`ª

3| eY© cwiPq ¯’vqxfv‡e gvbyl‡K wef³ K‡i wKfv‡e?

K. eY© cwiP‡qi m‡½ †ckvMZ wefvRb hy³ nIqvq
L. eY© cwiPq Rb¥MZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y
M. eY© cwiP‡qi m‡½ ïwP-AïwPi aviYv hy³ nIqvq
N. eY© cwiP‡qi m‡½ †kªYx cwiPq hy³ nIqvq

4| evsjv‡K ÒcvÛe ewR©Z †`kÓ ejv nq †Kb?

K. evsjv A‡j PviwU eY© bv _vKvq
L. evsjv A‡j mgvR msMVb Avh© mgvR †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ _vKvq
M. evsjv A‡j eY© cÖ_v bv _vKvq
N. evsjv A‡j eªvþY‡`i‡K wfbœ AÂj †_‡K Avbv nq e‡j

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| eY© wfwËK mvgvwRK wefvR‡bi ˆewkó¨ wK?
2| eY© cÖ_v wfwËK mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi gZv`wk©K wfwË wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Dcgnv‡`‡k RvwZeY© wefvR‡bi DrcwË wKfv‡e N‡U? evsjv A‡j wKfv‡e RvwZe‡Y©i
we¯Í…wZ N‡U?
2| RvwZeY© KZ©„K m„ó mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK wefvR‡bi eY©bv w`b|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-94
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 3

†kªYx wefvRb
Class Differentiation

GB cvVwU c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -

 †kªYxi cwiPq
 evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j †kªYxi weKvk
 ga¨weË †kªYxi ¶gZv we¯Ív‡ii aib

†kªYxi cwiPq
†kªYx ej‡Z cÖavbZ m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ gvby‡l gvby‡l cv_©K¨‡K †evSvq| m¤ú`kvjx‡K
abx †kªYxi wPšÍv-fvebv,
D”PweË ev abx †kªYx Ges m¤ú`nxb‡K wb¤œweË ev `wi`ª †kªYx ejv hvq| wKš‘ m¤ú` _vKv I bv _vKv g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` A_©vr
†kl K_v bq| m¤ú`‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V gh©v`v| evRv‡ii m‡½ m¤úK© Ges †fv‡Mi AwaKvi Zv‡`i gZv`k© mgv‡R
w`‡q wPwýZ nq gh©v`v| weËevbMY evox, Mvox, AvmevecÎ, †cvkvK, Lvevi `vevi D”Pg~‡j¨ µq AvwacZ¨vev`x gZv`‡k©
K‡i M‡o †Zv‡jb wejvm eûj Rxeb| ïiæ nq †fv‡Mi ms¯‹…wZ| abx †kªYxi AvPvi AvPiY, a¨vb cwiYZ nq| abx †kªYxi
aviYv, `„wóf½x I GKK_vq Rxeb hvc‡bi mewKQy‡Z †kªYx PwiÎ cÖwZdwjZ nq| Gme wKQy †Kvb †Kvb Ask ivóªxq
weËnxb‡`i †_‡K A‡bK c„_K| weËevbMY AR©b K‡ib cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v| Zv‡`i DØ„Ë A_© ¶gZv `Lj K‡i|
wewb‡qvM K‡ib wkí KjKviLvbv I e¨emv evwY‡R¨| wewfbœ PvKzix I †ckvq Zviv AwaK nv‡i
wb‡qvwRZ nb| Gfv‡e ˆZix nq abx †kªYxi ¶gZv| abx †kªYxi wPšÍvfvebv, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` A_©vr
Zv‡`i gZv`k© mgv‡R AvwacZ¨ev`x gZv`‡k© cwiYZ nq| gvwjK wn‡m‡e abx †kªYx Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
e¨e¯’v Kivi I gRyix wba©vi‡Yi ¶gZv cÖvß nb| Zviv Aí g~‡j¨ wK‡b †bb kªwgK †kªYxi kªg|
MÖvgv‡j abx K…lKMY DØ„Ë A_© w`‡q wK‡b †bb ¶z`ª I cÖvwšÍK K…l‡Ki Rwg| f‚wgnxb gvbylRb‡K
abx K…lK eM©vPv‡li Rb¨ Rwg fvov †`b Ges †¶ZgRyi‡`i kªg LvwU‡q Drcv`b K‡ib| kniv‡j
cÖkvmb, mvgwiK evwnbx, miKvix I †emiKvix wkí cÖwZôvb, wk¶v cÖwZôvb me©Î abx †kªYxi
AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| Zviv AvBb cÖYqY K‡ib, bxwZ wba©viY K‡ib hv wb‡R‡`i †kªYx ¯^v_© i¶v
K‡i| Zviv Kg©ms¯’vb K‡ib †eKvi hyeK‡`i Rb¨| bvbvwea myweav cÖ`v‡bi Avk¦vm w`‡q Zviv
¯^v_©ev`x mg_©K `j M‡o †Zv‡jb| Gfv‡e abx †kªYxi †Kvb †Kvb Ask ivóªxq ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib|
iv‡óªi c„ô‡cvlKZvq kni I MÖvgv‡j Zviv wkígvwjK, ewYK, wkw¶Z PvKzixRxex I abx
K…lKMY‡K c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡q ¯^v‡_©i AvuZvZ M‡o †Zv‡jb| †`kxq abx I ¶gZvkvjx †kªYx
AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î cuywRev`x kw³¸wji c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡i| wb‡R‡`i A_© I we‡`kx cuywR LvwU‡q
Zviv gybvdvi cvnvo M‡o †Zv‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K `wi`ª K…lK I kªwgK w`‡b w`‡b `wi`ªZi n‡q c‡ob|
m¤ú`, gh©v`v I ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i weËkvjx †kªYx dz‡j †du‡c D‡V|

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j †kªYxi weKvk

Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi gva¨‡g Rwg`viMY‡K Rwgi GK”QÎ gvwjK Kivi d‡j
evsjv A‡ji K…lK mgvR wb`viƒY Ae¯’vq cwZZ nq| Rwgi Dci AwaKvi nvwi‡q, Rwg`vi‡`i
AZ¨waK K‡ii Pvc enb K‡i Ges eM©vPv‡li wbh©vZbg~jK k‡Z©i Kvi‡Y K…lKMY µgk wbt¯^ n‡q
†h‡Z _v‡Kb| Ab¨ w`‡K Rwg`viMY e„wUk kvmK‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq K…lK‡`i Dci wbh©vZb wbcxob

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-95

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

K‡i jvfevb nb| fviZ wefv‡Mi ci cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK †Mvôx K…wl Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v
Pvjy iv‡Lb| K…lK mgv‡R GKwU abx †kªYx M‡o †ZvjvB wQj g~j D‡Ïk¨| fviZ wefv‡Mi ci Ges
Rwg`vix D‡”Q‡`i ci wn›`y Rwg`vi, †RvZ`vi I abx K…lKM‡Yi AwaKvsk †`kZ¨vM K‡ib| e„wUk
Avg‡ji Rwg`v‡ii b¨vq ivóª Rwg`vi e‡b hvq| f‚wg ms¯‹v‡ii bv‡g GKwU AvBb Kiv nq †h cwievi
cÖwZ 100 weNvi †ekx Rwg ivLv hv‡e bv| c‡i GwU 375 weNv Kiv nq| wn›`y †RvZ`vi‡`i e`‡j
gymjgvb eo †RvZ`vi I abx K…lKMY ¶gZvkvjx n‡q D‡Vb| †RvZ`viMY Zv‡`i DØ„Ë A_© e¨q
K‡ib f‚m¤úwË µq I my‡`i e¨emvq| gnvRb‡`i my‡`i e¨emv RgRgvU n‡q D‡V| iv‡óªi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq cjøx Dbœqb Kg©mP~ x, AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, K…wl F‡Yi e¨emv BZ¨vw`‡Z abx K…lKMY
A_©jMœx K‡i wecyj m¤ú‡`i gvwjK nb| Ab¨ w`‡K ¶z`ª K…lKMY, F‡Yi `v‡q RR©wiZ n‡q, Kv‡Ri
Afv‡e Abvnv‡i w`bhvcb K‡i wbt¯^ n‡q hvb| MÖvgv‡j `ywU †kªYxi Ae¯’vb ¯úó n‡q hvq| GKwU
abx K…lK †kªYx I Ab¨wU f‚wgnxb I †¶ZgRyi †kªYx| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡j 1951 mv‡j f‚wgnx‡bi
msL¨v wQj 14.3%, 1961 mv‡j 17.5%, 1968 mvj 20%|

cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡j abx †kªYxi nv‡Z A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv †K›`ªxf‚Z nq|
kvmK‡kªYx eywbqv`x MYZš¿ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| G‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b 46 nvRvi eywbqv`x MYZš¿xi Rb¥ nq|
Giv ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvm¤úbœ| Giv ivóªxq ¶gZvi g~j wfwË| myZivs kvmK †Mvôx eywbqv`x MYZš¿x‡`i
me©cÖKvi c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb K‡i ¶gZvi wfwˇK kw³kvjx K‡ib| MÖvgv‡j GBme eywbqv`x
MYZš¿x‡`i 81% wQj abx K…lK| †RvZ`vi, abx K…lK I gnvRb †kªYx wg‡j MÖvgv‡j GKwU be¨
abx †kªYx m„wó nq hv ivóªxq ¶gZv KvVv‡gvi m‡½ hy³| G‡`i `ybx©wZ I AZ¨vPv‡i AwZó n‡q D‡V
MÖv‡gi `wi`ª K…lK †kªYx|

¯^vaxbZv DËiKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgv‡j cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v I †kªYxKi‡Yi aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Aí
MÖv‡gi GwjU e‡j
cwiwPZ abx K…lKMY msL¨K abx K…l‡Ki nv‡Z Rwg cyÄxf‚Z nq| Rwg †ePv‡Kbv eû¸Y e„w× cvq| Zvi A_© ¶z`ª I cÖvwšÍK
AvZœxqZv I AvbyM‡Z¨i K…lKMY †`bvi `v‡q Rwg wewµ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| 1972-73 mv‡j f‚wgnx‡bi msL¨v wQj 33%|
gva¨‡g iv‡óªi kvmK eZ©gv‡b f‚wgnx‡bi msL¨v 60%| Gi A_© MÖvgv‡j 60% gvbyl gRyixi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q
†kªYxi ms‡M m¤úK© c‡o‡Qb| A_P MÖv‡gi abx K…lKMY Zv‡`i DØ„Ë A_© wkíLv‡Z e¨q Ki‡Qb bv| wkíLv‡Z e¨q e„w×
cÖwZôv K‡i ¶gZv PP©v
K‡ib| †c‡j Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× cvq| abx K…lKMY A_© e¨q Ki‡Qb cÖavbZ Av‡iv AwaK Rwg µq I FY
cÖ`v‡bi e¨emvq| GQvov dUKvevwR e¨emv‡qI Zviv wb‡qvwRZ nb| Gi d‡j ¶z`ª K…l‡Ki f‚wgnxb
nIqvi cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Avi f‚wgnxb †¶ZgRyi‡`i A-K…wl Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó nq bv|
MÖvgv‡j K…wl‡Z DØ„Ë kªwgK m„wó n‡jI Zv‡`i AwaKvsk MÖv‡gB gvwU Kvg‡o c‡o _v‡Kb| Avi
GKwU Ask kn‡ii w`‡K cv evovb K‡g©i D‡Ïk¨| kn‡iI wkí weKwkZ bv nIqvq Zviv bvbvwea
AcÖvwZôvwbK Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ n‡q `wi`ªve¯’vq Rxeb hvcb K‡ib| GKwU Rix‡c Rvbv hvq †h
XvKv kn‡ii 61% gvbyl `vwi`ªmxgvi bx‡P emevm K‡ib| K‡qK j¶ gvbyl emev‡mi wbivc` Avkªq
bv †c‡q iv¯Ívq evm K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡k abx K…lKMY miKvix cÖkvmb I Dbœqb cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g
my‡hvM myweav †fvM K‡ib| MÖv‡gi mgvR, cÂv‡qZ I BDwbqb cwil‡`i cwim‡i Zviv ¶gZv PP©v
K‡ib| MÖv‡gi GwjU e‡j cwiwPZ abx K…lKMY AvZ¥xqZv I AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi kvmK †Mvôxi
m‡½ m¤úK© cÖwZôv K‡i ¶gZv PP©v K‡ib|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-96
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evsjv‡`‡k ga¨weË †kªYxi ¶gZv we¯Ív‡ii aib

evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK mgvR †_‡K evOvjx gymjgvb ga¨weË †kªYxi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j
Rwg`vix cÖ_vi d‡j ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx †kªYxi Avwef©ve N‡U| GQvov Rwg`vi‡`i cËb cÖ_vi gva¨‡g
†RvZ`vi †kªYx m„wó nq| GBme ga¨¯^Z‡¡ fvMx I †RvZ`vi †kªYx wQj MÖvgxY GwjU hv‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq
e„wUk kvmKeM© kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GBme MÖvgxY GwjU‡`i ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q GB †h Zviv
ciwbf©ikxj A_©vr Zv‡`i ¶gZvi Rb¨ e„wUk kvmK‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj| e„wUk kvmbvg‡j evOvjx
gymjgvb‡`i Av‡iKwU †kªYx wQj e¨emvqx| Zviv wQ‡jb e„wUk e¨emv I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix
ev gyrmyÏx| GB e¨emvqx †kªYxwUI wQj ciwbf©ikxj| e„wUk kvmK‡`i mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvq Zviv
wU‡K wQj| e„wUk bxwZi Kvi‡Y ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨emv evwYR¨ Ki‡Z bv cvivq Zviv A_© jwMœ Ki‡Zb
Rwg µ‡q I Rwg`vixi cÖRv¯^Z¡ µ‡q| Rvbv hvq †h cvU e¨emv K‡i GB †kªYxwU †ek jvfevb nq|
GQvov 1943 mv‡ji `zwf©‡¶i mgq e„wUk‡`i c¶vej¤^b K‡i Pvj ¸`vgRvZ K‡i Zviv cÖPzi A_©
DcvR©b K‡ib| 1921 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡j †RvZ`vi gnvRb I gyrmyÏx †kªYxi
mšÍvbMY e¨vcK nv‡i Bs‡iwR wk¶vjvf K‡ib| G‡Z GKwU Bs‡iwR wkw¶Z evOvjx gymjgvb ga¨weË
†kªYxi we¯Í…wZ N‡U| G‡`i‡K ey‡R©vqvI ejv n‡q _v‡K|

cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci kn‡i ga¨weË †kªYx wn›`y‡`i cwiZ¨³ m¤úwË, e¨emv I wk‡íi gvwjK nb| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡jI
bZzb iv‡óª bMivqb N‡U Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡M PvKzix m„wó nq| †ckv`vix I e¨emvqx evsjv‡`‡k ga¨weË
ga¨weËMY cÖfvekvjx n‡q D‡Vb| Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wk‡íi gvwjKvbv AevOvjx‡`i nv‡ZB †kªYxwU ¯^vaxb mZ¡v wb‡q
†ekx wQj| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b K…wl Lv‡Zi DØ„Ë wkíLv‡Z e¨q Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖnY M‡o D‡Vwb| GB †kªYxwU
K‡i wb| miKvix I †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M †hme wkí M‡o D‡V Zv‡Z iv‡óªi c„ô‡cvlKZv wQj| iv‡óªi kvmK‡Mvôx I
Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cuywRcwZ I e¨emvqx †kªYx ¶gZvmxb gymjxg jxM I AvgjvZ‡š¿i m‡½ Nwbô ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ ms¯’vi
m¤úK© m„wó K‡ib| e„wUk kvmK‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq †hfv‡e gyrmyÏx †kªYx M‡o D‡VwQj, †m Kvq`vq Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q
weKvk jvf K‡i|
evOvjx gymjgvb cuywRcwZ I e¨emvqx †kªYx M‡o D‡V cvwK¯Ívbx miKv‡ii c„ô‡cvlKZvq| Gi A_©
evsjv‡`‡ki GB †kªYxwU ¯^vaxb mËv wb‡q M‡o D‡Vwb| Zviv wQj ciwbf©ikxj| cÖ_gZ evOvjx
cuywRcwZMY wbf©i Ki‡Zb cvwK¯Ívbx cuywRcwZ‡`i Dci Ges wØZxqZ kvmKe‡M©i gva¨‡g we‡`kx
mvgªvR¨ev`x cuywRcwZ‡`i Dci| D‡jøL¨ †h cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci kni †Kw›`ªK evOvjx ga¨weË †kªYxi
Kv‡Q mbvZb gh©v`v ev ÔLv›`vbÕ ¸iæZ¡ nviv‡Z _v‡K| Gi ¯’‡j AvBbRxex, wk¶K, wPwKrmK,
cÖ‡KŠkjx, e¨emvqx‡`i wb‡q †ckvRxexMY ga¨weË †kªYx wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡Vb| cvwK¯Ívbx
kvmKe‡M©i ciwbf©ikxj cuywRev`x e¨e¯’vi cwigÛ‡j GB †kªYxwU †e‡o D‡V|

¯^vaxbZv DËi evsjv‡`‡k ciwbf©ikxj cuywRev`x e¨e¯’v Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡bi e¨e¯’v †_‡K wfbœ bq|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq AvgjvZ‡š¿i mn‡hvwMZvq ewYK cuywR AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| e¨emv
†¶ÎwU wkí I K…wli †P‡q A‡bK †ekx gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡”Q| K…wl Drcv`‡bi DØ„Ë wk‡í
wewb‡qvM bv nIqvq Ges MÖvgv‡j AwaKvsk gvby‡li µq ¶gZv n«vm cvIqvq wkí weKv‡ki m¤¢vebv
¶xY n‡q †M‡Q| Avi cÖvwšÍK †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q we‡`kx c‡Y¨i evRv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi ciwbf©ikxj nIqvq eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx¸wji ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i P‡j‡Q|
†gvUvgywUfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË †kªYxi g‡a¨ wZbwU ¯Íi wPwýZ Kiv hvq (e`iæÏxb Dgi
1995)1| D”P¯Í‡i AšÍf³ z© Av‡Qb wkí I KjKviLvbvi gvwjK, eo e¨emvqx, ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨
wbhy³ e¨w³, D”P ch©v‡qi miKvix I †emiKvix Avgjv Kg©Pvix BZ¨vw`| ga¨¯Í‡i AšÍfz©³ Av‡Qb
K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K, Avgjv, gvSvix e¨emvqx, evwYwR¨K K…wl wbf©i f‚wg gvwjK BZ¨vw`|

1
Dgi e`iæÏxb, evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiw¯’wZ, cj e cvewjkvm©, XvKv , 1995|

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-97

 Gm Gm GBP Gj

wb¤œ¯‡Í i AšÍfz©³ Av‡Qb cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶K, †QvU PvKzixRxex, †QvU †`vKvb`vi, Aí Rwgi
gvwjK BZ¨vw`|

evsjv‡`‡k e¨emv †¶‡Î gybvdvi nvi e„w× cvIqvq Ab¨vb¨ LvZ †_‡KI cuywR e¨emv Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ
n‡”Q| G‡Z e¨emvqx †kªYxi cÖPzi gybvdv AR©b m¤¢e nq| wKš‘ cuywRi gybvdv e„w×i m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q
c‡Y¨i `ªe¨g~j¨I e„w× cvq| GB `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× Awbqwš¿Z| ev¯Íe Ae¯’v GB †h K…wl‡¶‡Î AwaKvsk
gvby‡li `vwi`ª e„w× cvIqvq µq ¶gZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q| wkí Ges Ab¨vb¨ A-K…wl LvZ weKvk jvf bv
Kivq Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q bv| MÖv‡g K…wl‡¶‡Î DØ„Ë kªwgK m„wó n‡”Q| kn‡i m„wó n‡”Q wkw¶Z †eKvi
†kªYx| GgZve¯’vq e¨emvi gybvdv K…lK kªwgK I `wi`ª gvby‡li Rxeb‡K `ywe©ln Ae¯’vq †V‡j w`‡”Q|
m¤ú` I Av‡qi †giæKiY Zxeª n‡”Q| me©wb¤œ 5% I m‡e©v”P 5% Gi Av‡qi Ask wePvi K‡i †`Lv
hvq †h me©wb¤œ I bx‡Pi Av‡qi MÖæ‡ci Avq n«vm n‡”Q I D”P Avq MÖæ‡ci Avq e„w× n‡”Q| m‡e©v”P
Av‡qi 5% Gi Avq †h nv‡i †e‡o‡Q me©wb¤œ 5% Gi Avq †m nv‡i K‡g‡Q (Avby †gvnv¤§` 2000)2|
Av‡iKwU wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq †h evsjv‡`‡k 1975 mv‡j GK †KvwU UvKvi e¨vsK e¨vjvÝ Av‡Q Ggb
†jv‡Ki msL¨v wQj gvÎ `yBRb, 1977 mv‡j eviRb, 1985 mv‡j lvURb Ges 1990 mv‡ji c‡i
Zv‡`i msL¨v nvRvi Qvwo‡q †M‡Q (i½jvj †mb 1997)3 | Gi A_© evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZvi ci wZb
`k‡K GKwU ¶gZvkvjx †kªYxi m¤ú` ùxZ n‡q‡Q|

GKwU ¶z`ª abx †kªYx evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¶z`ª abx †kªYx wecyj abm¤ú‡`i gvwjK n‡q GKwU †fvMev`x Rxebaviv wbg©vY
†fvMev`x Rxeb aviv K‡i‡Q| Mvox, evox, we‡`kx cY¨ µq, we‡`‡k ågY, we‡bv`b, AcPq BZ¨vw` wgwj‡q Zviv †fv‡Mi
wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| `yb©xwZ I gvb`Û m„wó K‡i‡Q| GB †kªYxwUi Avevi i‡q‡Q k³ NvuwU| iv‡óªi kvmK †Mvôxi m‡½ Zv‡`i m¤úK©
†kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g evowZ Nwbô| we‡`kx eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi m‡½ Av‡Q Zv‡`i AvuZvZ| Ges Zv‡`i c‡¶ kû‡i I MÖvgxY
Avq-‡ivRMv‡i e¨¯Í n‡q GwjU‡`i mg_©b Av‡Q| jy‡Uiv abx †kªYx GB my‡hv‡Mi e¨envi K‡i e¨vsK †_‡K wecyj A_© FY wb‡q
D‡V‡Q myweavev`x `j| †diZ w`‡”Qb bv| mgvR Rxe‡b `ybx©wZ ¯’vqxfv‡e evmv evua‡Q| †fvM wejv‡mi cÖeYZv e„w× cvIqvq,
`ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× cvIqvq I µq ¶gZv n«vm cvIqvq `ybx©wZ e„w× cv‡Q| ga¨weË †kªYx Pig myweavev`x c_
Aej¤^b Ki‡Q| Nyl, jyUZivR, I †kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g evowZ Avq †ivRMv‡i e¨¯Í n‡q D‡V‡Q myweavev`x
`j| PvKzix I e¨emv evwY‡R¨i m‡½ hy³ _vKvq Zv‡`i `ybx©wZi cÖPzi my‡hvM Av‡Q| `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× I
bvbvwea cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨q e„w× cvIqvi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L †eZb e„w× cvq wb| d‡j mxwgZ Av‡qi gvby‡li
RxweKv wbe©vn Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o‡Q| KviY Zv‡`i cÖK…Z Av‡qi cwigvY K‡g hv‡”Q| Avi Gfv‡eB
ga¨weË †kªYxi m¼U Zxeª n‡”Q|

mvivsk
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j †kªYxi weKvk NU‡Q f‚wgi gvwjKvbv I Drcv`b m¤úK©‡K †K›`ª K‡i| f‚wgi
gvwjKvbvi m‡½ mivmwi m¤úK© Av‡Q mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Avwac‡Z¨i| MÖvgv‡j
†RvZ`vi, abx K…lK I gnvRb †kªYxwU ¶gZvq AwawôZ| iv‡óªi ¶gZv KvVv‡gvi m‡½ GB †kªYxi m¤úK©
Av‡Q wKš‘ Zviv ivóªxq ¶gZvq AwawôZ bq| ivóªxq ¶gZv PP©vq kû‡i ga¨weË †kªYxi f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©|
e„wUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j GB ga¨weË †kªYxi D™¢e N‡U| GB †kªYxwU cÖavbZ ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZvq
†e‡o DV‡Q| ga¨weË †kªYxi g‡a¨ e¨emvqx †kªYxwU kvmK‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q|

2
Avby †gvnv¤§`, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvjwPÎ, kªveb cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2000|
3
†mb i½jvj, evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨vm, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 1997|

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-98
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| gyrmyÏx Kviv?
K. abx K…lK †kªYx
L. †RvZ`vi
M. miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix I e¨emvqx
N. F‡Yi e¨emvqx

2| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q †h kvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg nq Zvi bvg wK?
K. BDwbqb cwil`
L. MÖvg cÂv‡qZ
M. eywbqv`x MYZš¿
N. Bmjvgx MYZš¿

3| evsjv‡`‡k wkí weKv‡ki m¤¢vebv †Kb ¶xY n‡q †M‡Q?

K. wkí F‡Yi my‡hvM Kg nIqvq
L. K…wl Drcv`‡bi DØ„Ë wk‡í wewb‡qvM bv nIqvq
M. FY †LjvcxMY F‡Yi A_© †diZ bv †`Iqvq
N. wk‡íi Dc‡hvMx KvuPvgv‡ji Afve _vKvq

4| ga¨weË †kªYxi m¼U wK Kvi‡Y m„wó n‡”Q?

K. Zv‡`i `ybx©wZ Kivi my‡hvM K‡g hv‡”Q
L. Zv‡`i Kg©ms¯’vb n‡”Q bv
M. Zv‡`i cÖK…Z Av‡qi cwigvY K‡g hv‡”Q
N. Zv‡`i †fvMevw`Zv wUwK‡q ivLvi †hvMvb K‡g hv‡”Q

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †kªYx wK?
2| evsjv‡`‡k ga¨weË †kªYxi PwiÎ wK ai‡bi?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j †kªYx wefvR‡bi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| evsjv‡`‡k ga¨weË †kªYxi weKvk Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| ivóªxq ¶gZvi m‡½ GB †kªYxi m¤úK©
wKiƒc?

mgKvjxb evsjv‡`k : mgvR I ms¯‹w… Z c„ôv-99