ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS

UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

UNIT III: REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

Real-time Operating Systems : Introduction – Applications of Real

Time Systems – Basic Model of Real Time System – Characteristics –
Safety and Reliability - Real Time Task Scheduling

Introduction to Real-time Operating Systems:

 RTOS is an operating system that is used for real-time applications.

 It responds to inputs immediately (Real-Time).

 Here the task is completed within a specified time delay.

 In real life situations like controlling traffic signal or a nuclear reactor or

an aircraft.

 The operating system has to respond quickly.

 RTOS is compact in size and requires fewer resources.

 Examples of real-time operating systems are airline traffic control

systems, Command Control Systems, airline reservation systems, Heart

pacemakers, Network Multimedia Systems, robots, etc.

 There are three types of RTOS:

1. Hard Real-Time Operating System

2. Soft Real-Time Operating System

3. Firm Real-Time Operating System

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 1|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Hard Real-Time Operating System
 A hard real-time system has time-critical deadlines that must be met;
otherwise a catastrophic system failure can occur.
 Absolutely, positively, first time every time
 Requires formal verification/guarantees of being to always meet its
hard deadlines (except for fatal errors).
 Examples:
o Air traffic control
o Vehicle subsystems control
o Nuclear power plant control

2. Soft Real-Time Operating System

 In a soft real-time system, it is considered undesirable, but not
catastrophic, if deadlines are occasionally missed.
 Also known as "best effort" systems
 Most modern operating systems can serve as the base for soft real
time systems.
 Examples:
o Multimedia transmission and reception,
o Networking, telecom (cellular) networks,
o Web sites and services
o Computer games.

3. Firm Real-Time Operating System:

 RTOS of this type have to follow deadlines as well.
 In spite of its small impact, missing a deadline can have unintended
consequences, including a reduction in the quality of the product.
 Examples:
o Multimedia applications.

Functions of RTOS:
 Task management
 Scheduling.
 Resource Allocation.
 Interrupt Handling.

Characteristics of RTOS:
 Reliability
 Scalability
 Predictability
 Consistency
 Performance

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 2|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Advantages:

1. Maximum consumption:
o Maximum utilization of devices and systems.
o Thus more output from all the resources.
2. Task Shifting:
o Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very less.
o For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds.
Shifting one task to another and in the largest systems, it takes 3
microseconds.
3. Focus on Application:
o Focus on running applications and less importance to applications
that are in the queue.
4. Real-Time Operating System in Embedded System:
o Since the size of programs is small, RTOS can also be embedded
systems like in transport and others.
5. Error Free:
o These types of systems are error-free.
6. Memory Allocation:
o Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited Tasks:
o Very few tasks run simultaneously, and their concentration is very
less on few applications to avoid errors.
2. Use Heavy System Resources:
o Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are
expensive as well.
3. Complex Algorithms:
o The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write
on.
4. Device Driver and Interrupt signals:
o It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signals to respond
earliest to interrupts.
5. Thread Priority:
o It is not good to set thread priority as very less prone to switching
tasks.
6. Minimum Switching:
o RTOS performs minimal task switching.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 3|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Applications of RTOS:
1. Industrial Application:
 Systems are made real time based so that maximum and accurate
output can be obtained.
 In order to such things real-time systems are used in maximum
industrial organizations.
 Some of the examples of industrial applications are:
o Automated Car Assembly Plant
o Chemical Plant, etc.,

2. Medical Science Application:

 In the field of medical science, real-time system has a huge impact on
the human health and treatment.
 Due to the introduction of real-time system in medical science, many
lives are saved and treatment of complex diseases has been turned
down to easier ways.
 Some of the examples of medical science applications are:
o Robot
o MRI Scan
o Radiation therapy, etc.,

3. Peripheral Equipment Applications:

 Real-time system has made the printing of large banners and such
things very easier.
 Peripheral equipment is used for various purposes. These systems are
embedded with micro chips and perform accurately in order to get the
desired response.
 Some of the examples of peripheral equipment applications are:
o Laser printer
o Fax machine
o Digital camera, etc.,

4. Telecommunication Application:
 Real-time systems map the world in such a way that it can be
connected within a short time.
 Real-time systems have enabled the whole world to connect via a
medium across internet.
 These systems make the people connect with each other in no time and
feel the real environment of togetherness.
 Some examples of telecommunication applications of real-time
systems are:
o Video Conferencing,
o Cellular system, etc.,

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 4|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
5. Defense Applications:
 In the new era of atomic world, defense is able to produce the missiles
which have the dangerous powers and have the great destroying
ability.
 All these systems are real-time system and it provides the system to
attack and also a system to defend.
 Some of the applications of defense using real time systems are:
o Missile guidance system,
o Anti-missile system,
o Satellite missile system, etc.,

6.Aerospace Applications:
 The most powerful use of real time system is in aerospace applications.
 Basically, hard real-time systems are used in aerospace applications.
 Here the delay of even some nano second is not allowed and if it
happens, system fails.
 Some of the applications of real-time systems in aerospace are:
o Satellite tracking system,
o Avionics,
o Flight simulation, etc.,

Applications of Real-time operating system (RTOS):

 RTOS is used in real-time applications that must work within specific
deadlines.
 Following are the common areas of applications of Real-time
operating systems are given below.
o Real-time running structures are used inside the Radar gadget.
o Real-time running structures are utilized in Missile guidance.
o Real-time running structures are utilized in on line inventory trading.
o Real-time running structures are used inside the cell phone switching gadget.
o Real-time running structures are utilized by Air site visitors to manipulate
structures.
o Real-time running structures are used in Medical Imaging Systems.
o Real-time running structures are used inside the Fuel injection gadget.
o Real-time running structures are used inside the Traffic manipulate gadget.
o Real-time running structures are utilized in Autopilot travel simulators.

Basic Model of a Real-Time System:

 The basic model of a real-time system presents the overview of all the
components involved in a real-time system.
 Real-time system includes various hardware and software embedded in
such a way that the specific tasks can be performed in the time
constraints allowed.
 The accuracy and correctness involved in real-time system makes the
model complex.
 There are various models of real-time system which are more complex
and are hard to understand.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 5|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
 Here we will discuss a basic model of real
real-time
time system which has some
commonly used terms and hardware.
 Following diagram represents a Basic Model of Real-Time
Time System:
System

Sensor:
 Sensor is used for the conversion of some physical events or
characteristics into the electrical signals. There are hardware devices
that take the input from environment and gives to the system by
converting it.
 For example, a thermometer takes the temperature as physical
characteristic and then converts it into electrical signals for the
system.

Actuator:
 Actuator is the reverse device of sensor, where sensor converts the
physical events into electrical signals, actuator d
does
oes the reverse.
 It converts the electrical signals into the physical events or
characteristics.
 It takes the input from the output interface of the system.
 The output from the actuator may be in any form of physical action.
 Some of the commonly used ac actuators
tuators are motors and heaters.

Signal Conditioning Unit:

 When the sensor converts the physical actions into electrical signals,
then computer can’t use them directly.
 Hence, after the conversion of physical actions into electrical signals,
there is need
d of conditioning.
 Similarly, while giving the output when electrical signals are sent to
the actuator, then also conditioning is required.
 Therefore, Signal conditioning is of two typestypes:
 Input Conditioning Unit: It is used for conditioning the electrical
signals coming from sensor.
 Output Conditioning Unit: It is used for conditioning the electrical
signals coming from the system.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram.

Chidambaram 6|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Interface Unit:
 Interface Units are basically used for the conversion of digital to analog
and vice-versa Signals coming from the input conditioning unit are
analog and the system does the operations on digital signals only, then
the interface unit is used to change the analog signals to digital
signals.
 Similarly, while transmitting the signals to output conditioning unit
the interface of signals are changed i.e. form digital to analog.
 On this basis, Interface unit is also of two types:
 Input Interface: It is for conversion of analog signals to digital.
 Output Interface: It is for conversion of digital signals to analog.

Characteristics of Real-time System:

1. Time Constraints:
 Time constraints related with real-time systems simply means that
time interval allotted for the response of the ongoing program.
 This deadline means that the task should be completed within this
time interval.
 Real-time system is responsible for the completion of all tasks within
their time intervals.
2. Correctness:
 Correctness is one of the prominent Parts of real-time systems.
 Real-time systems produce correct result within the given time
interval.
 If the result is not obtained within the given time interval, then also
result is not considered correct.
 In real-time systems, correctness of result is to obtain correct result in
time constraint.
3. Embedded:
 All the real-time systems are embedded now-a-days. Embedded system
means that combination of hardware and software designed for a
specific purpose.
 Real-time systems collect the data from the environment and passes to
other components of the system for processing.
4. Safety:
 Safety is necessary for any system but real-time systems provide
critical safety.
 Real-time systems also can perform for a long time without failures.
 It also recovers very soon when failure occurs in the system and it does
not cause any harm to the data and information.
5. Concurrency:
 Real-time systems are concurrent that means it can respond to a
several different tasks going on within the system and it responds
accordingly to every task in short intervals.
 This makes the real-time systems concurrent systems.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 7|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
6. Distributed:
 In various real-time systems, all the components of the systems are
connected in a distributed way.
 The real-time systems are connected in such a way that different
components are at different geographical locations.
 Thus, all the operations of real-time systems are operated in
distributed ways.
7. Stability:
 Even when the load is very heavy, real-time systems respond in the
time constraint i.e. real-time systems does not delay the result of tasks
even when there are several tasks going on a same time.
 This brings the stability in real-time systems.
8. Fault tolerance:
 Real-time systems must be designed to tolerate and recover from faults
or errors.
 The system should be able to detect errors and recover from them
without affecting the system’s performance or output.
9. Determinism:
 Real-time systems must exhibit deterministic behavior, which means
that the system’s behavior must be predictable and repeatable for a
given input.
 The system must always produce the same output for a given input,
regardless of the load or other factors.
10. Real-time communication:
 Real-time systems often require real-time communication between
different components or devices.
 The system must ensure that communication is reliable, fast, and
secure.
11. Resource management:
 Real-time systems must manage their resources efficiently, including
processing power, memory, and input/output devices.
 The system must ensure that resources are used optimally to meet the
time constraints and produce correct results.
12. Heterogeneous Environment:
 Real-time systems may operate in a heterogeneous environment, where
different components or devices have different characteristics or
capabilities.
 The system must be designed to handle these differences and ensure
that all components work together seamlessly.
13. Scalability:
 Real-time systems must be scalable, which means that system must be
able to handle varying workloads and increase or decrease its
resources as needed.
14. Security:
 Real-time systems may handle sensitive data or operate in critical
environments, which make security a crucial aspect.
 The system must ensure that data is protected and access is restricted
to authorized users only.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 8|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Safety and Reliability in Real-Time Operating Systems:

Safety in Real-Time Operating Systems:

1. Deterministic Behavior:
 Safety-critical systems require predictable and deterministic behavior.
 RTOS ensures that tasks meet their deadlines consistently, preventing
unpredictable delays that could compromise safety.

2. Fault Tolerance:
 RTOS often incorporates fault tolerance mechanisms such as
redundancy, error detection, and error recovery to mitigate the impact
of failures. Redundant components and voting algorithms can be
employed to ensure that critical functions continue even in the
presence of faults.

3. Memory Protection:
 Memory protection mechanisms in RTOS prevent tasks from accessing
unauthorized memory regions, reducing the risk of memory
corruption and ensuring the integrity of critical system data.

4. Safety-Critical Certification:
 RTOS used in safety-critical applications often undergo rigorous
certification processes, such as DO-178C for avionics software.
 These certifications ensure that the RTOS meets specific safety
standards and regulatory requirements.

5. Safety-Critical Features:
 RTOS may include specialized features to support safety-critical
applications, such as partitioning, time and space partitioning, and
safety-critical communication protocols.
 These features help isolate critical tasks and ensure that they operate
independently of non-critical components.

6. Real-Time Monitoring and Diagnostics:

 RTOS provides real-time monitoring and diagnostics capabilities to
detect and respond to potential safety hazards.
 Monitoring tools can track system performance metrics, detect
anomalies, and trigger appropriate responses to prevent failures.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 9|Page
 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Reliability in Real-Time Operating Systems:

1. Robust Task Scheduling:

 RTOS employs robust task scheduling algorithms to ensure that
critical tasks meet their deadlines reliably.
 Scheduling policies such as Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) or
Earliest Deadline First (EDF) prioritize tasks based on their criticality
and deadline requirements.

2. Resource Management:
 Effective resource management mechanisms in RTOS prevent
resource conflicts and ensure fair access to system resources.
 Features such as priority inheritance protocols, mutexes, and
semaphores facilitate reliable resource sharing among tasks.

3. Error Handling and Recovery:

 RTOS includes mechanisms for error handling and recovery to
maintain system reliability in the face of transient faults or errors.
 Error detection algorithms, exception handling mechanisms, and
graceful degradation strategies help prevent system-wide failures.

4. Predictable Performance:
 RTOS provides predictable performance characteristics, ensuring
consistent response times and minimal variability in task execution.
 Deterministic behavior enables developers to analyze and predict
system behavior accurately, enhancing overall system reliability.

5. Redundancy and Diversity:

 Redundancy and diversity techniques, such as redundant task
execution, diverse task scheduling, and diverse software/hardware
implementations, are employed in RTOS to improve reliability and
fault tolerance.

6. Continuous Testing and Validation:

 RTOS undergoes continuous testing, validation, and verification to
ensure that it meets reliability requirements.
 Testing methodologies such as unit testing, integration testing, and
system-level testing help identify and address potential reliability
issues before deployment.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 10 | P a g e

 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
Real-Time Task Scheduling:

Real-time task:
 Real-time tasks are the tasks associated with the quantitative expression
of time.
 This quantitative expression of time describes the behavior of the real-
time tasks.
 Real-time tasks are scheduled to finish all the computation events
involved in it into timing constraint.
 The timing constraint related to the real-time tasks is the deadline.
 All the real-time tasks need to be completed before the deadline.
 For example,
o Input-output interaction with devices
o Web browsing, etc.
 Types of Real-Time Tasks:
1. Periodic Task
2. Dynamic Task
3. Critical Task
4. Non-Critical Task
1. Periodic Task:
 In periodic tasks, jobs are released at regular intervals.
 A periodic task repeats itself after a fixed time interval.
 A periodic task is denoted by five tuples: Ti = < Φi, Pi, ei, Di >
o Where,
o Φi: It is the phase of the task, and phase is the release time of the
first job in the task. If the phase is not mentioned, then the release
time of the first job is assumed to be zero.
o Pi: It is the period of the task, i.e., the time interval between the
release times of two consecutive jobs.
o ei: It is the execution time of the task.
o Di: It is the relative deadline of the task.
2. Dynamic Task:
 It is a sequential program that is invoked by the occurrence of an
event.
 Dynamically arriving tasks can be categorized on their criticality and
knowledge about their occurrence times.
1. Aperiodic Tasks:
 In this type of task, jobs are released at arbitrary time intervals.
 Aperiodic tasks have soft deadlines or no deadlines.
2. Sporadic Tasks:
 They are similar to aperiodic tasks, i.e., they repeat at random
instances.
 The only difference is that sporadic tasks have hard deadlines.
 Three tuples denote a sporadic task: Ti = (ei, gi, Di)

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 11 | P a g e

 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
 Where
 ei: It is the execution time of the task.
 gi: It is the minimum separation between the occurrence of
two consecutive instances of the task.
 Di: It is the relative deadline of the task.
3. Critical Task:
 Critical tasks are those whose timely executions are critical.
 If deadlines are missed, catastrophes occur.
 For example
o Life-support systems
o Stability control of aircraft.
 If critical tasks are executed at a higher frequency, then it is
necessary.
4. Non-Critical Task:
 Non-critical tasks are real times tasks.
 As the name implies, they are not critical to the application.
 However, they can deal with time, varying data, and hence they are
useless if not completed within a deadline.
 The goal of scheduling these tasks is to maximize the percentage of
jobs successfully executed within their deadlines.

Task Scheduling:
 Real-time task scheduling essentially refers to determining how the
various tasks are the pick for execution by the operating system.
 Every operating system relies on one or more task schedulers to prepare
the schedule of execution of various tasks needed to run.
 Each task scheduler is characterized by the scheduling algorithm it
employs.
 A large number of algorithms for real-time scheduling tasks have so far
been developed.

Classification of Task Scheduling:

 Here are the following types of task scheduling in a real-time system,
such as:

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 12 | P a g e

 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Valid Schedule:
 A valid schedule for a set of tasks is one where at most one task is
assigned to a processor at a time, no task is scheduled before its
arrival time, and the precedence and resource constraints of all
tasks are satisfied.
2. Feasible Schedule:
 A valid schedule is called a feasible schedule only if all tasks meet
their respective time constraints in the schedule.
3. Proficient Scheduler:
 A task scheduler S1 is more proficient than another scheduler S2 if
S1 can feasibly schedule all task sets that S2 can feasibly schedule,
but not vice versa.
 S1 can feasibly schedule all task sets that S2 can, but there is at
least one task set that S2 cannot feasibly schedule, whereas S1 can.
 If S1 can feasibly schedule all task sets that S2 can feasibly
schedule and vice versa, then S1 and S2 are called equally
proficient schedulers.
4. Optimal Scheduler:
 A real-time task scheduler is called optimal if it can feasibly
schedule any task set that any other scheduler can feasibly
schedule.
 In other words, it would not be possible to find a more proficient
scheduling algorithm than an optimal scheduler.
 If an optimal scheduler cannot schedule some task set, then no
other scheduler should produce a feasible schedule for that task
set.
5. Scheduling Points:
 The scheduling points of a scheduler are the points on a timeline at
which the scheduler makes decisions regarding which task is to be
run next.
 It is important to note that a task scheduler does not need to run
continuously, and the operating system activates it only at the
scheduling points to decide which task to run next.
6. Preemptive Scheduler:
 A preemptive scheduler is one that, when a higher priority task
arrives, suspends any lower priority task that may be executing and
takes up the higher priority task for execution.
 Thus, in a preemptive scheduler, it cannot be the case that a higher
priority task is ready and waiting for execution, and the lower
priority task is executing.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 13 | P a g e

 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
7. Utilization:
 The processor utilization (or simply utilization) of a task is the
average time for which it executes per unit time interval.
 In notations: for a periodic task Ti, the utilization ui = ei/pi, where
o ei is the execution time and
o pi is the period of Ti.
For a set of periodic tasks {Ti}: the total utilization due to all tasks
U = i=1∑ n ei/pi.
8. Jitter:
 Jitter is the deviation of a periodic task from its strict periodic
behavior.
 The arrival time jitter is the deviation of the task from the precise
periodic time of arrival.
 It may be caused by imprecise clocks or other factors such as
network congestions.
 Similarly, completion time jitter is the deviation of the completion of
a task from precise periodic points.

Real Time Task Scheduling:

 In an Advanced Operating System (AOS), real-time task scheduling
becomes even more critical due to the complexity and diverse
requirements of modern computing environments.
 Real-time task scheduling in an AOS involves sophisticated algorithms
and mechanisms to ensure timely and predictable execution of tasks
while efficiently utilizing system resources.

 Here's how real-time task scheduling is approached in an AOS:

1. Advanced Scheduling Algorithms:

 AOS may incorporate advanced scheduling algorithms tailored to meet
the diverse requirements of real-time tasks.
 While traditional algorithms like Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) and
Earliest Deadline First (EDF) remain relevant, AOS may introduce
enhancements or hybrid approaches to address specific challenges such
as multicore scheduling, energy efficiency, and mixed-criticality systems.

2. Multicore Scheduling:
 AOS supports multicore processors, requiring scalable and efficient
scheduling algorithms to exploit parallelism while meeting real-time
constraints.
 Multicore scheduling strategies such as partitioned scheduling, global
scheduling, and asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) are employed to
balance workload distribution and minimize contention.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 14 | P a g e

 ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNIT 3- REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
3. Mixed-Criticality Scheduling:
 AOS often hosts applications with diverse criticality levels, where tasks
have different timing requirements and safety assurances.
 Mixed-criticality scheduling ensures that high-criticality tasks meet their
deadlines while providing adequate resources to low-criticality tasks
without compromising safety.
 Techniques such as priority partitioning, slack stealing, and mode-based
scheduling are employed to manage mixed-criticality workloads.
4. Quality of Service (QoS) Guarantees:
 AOS may provide QoS guarantees to ensure that real-time tasks receive
the necessary resources and performance levels to meet their timing
requirements.
 QoS-aware scheduling policies consider factors such as task deadlines,
priorities, resource reservations, and service-level agreements (SLAs) to
enforce performance guarantees and prevent resource contention.
5. Dynamic Resource Management:
 AOS incorporates dynamic resource management mechanisms to
adaptively allocate system resources based on workload variations and
real-time demands.
 Dynamic CPU and memory management, task migration, and load
balancing techniques optimize resource utilization while maintaining
responsiveness and predictability.
6. Virtualization Support:
 AOS may offer virtualization support for real-time tasks, enabling
isolation, resource partitioning, and time-division multiplexing (TDM) of
resources.
 Real-time hypervisors and virtualization techniques ensure temporal and
spatial separation between tasks, enhancing reliability and security in
mixed-criticality environments.
7. Integration with System Services:
 Real-time task scheduling in AOS integrates with system services such
as networking, storage, and I/O to ensure end-to-end real-time
performance.
 Scheduling policies consider the impact of system services on task
execution and coordinate resource access to minimize delays and meet
deadlines.
8. Fault Tolerance and Recovery:
 AOS incorporates fault tolerance mechanisms to ensure system
resilience and reliability in the presence of faults or failures.
 Techniques such as check pointing, replication, and error recovery
ensure continuous operation and maintain real-time guarantees despite
transient or permanent failures.

Dr. S.Sivakumar, Assistant Professor, PG Department of Computer Science, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. 15 | P a g e