North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology

Arunachal Pradesh

POWERGRID MISA 400/220/33KV SUBSTATION

Summer Training Project Report submitted by:

The concept in images content in this summer training report is a sincere manifest

to a learning process, acquisition of practical knowledge after theoretical

understanding. A systematic report on the different parts of a substation with their

basic roles, maintenance, and operation has been emphasized.

The concept of transmission and distribution hold equal importance to that of

generation. The MISA substation provides grid connectivity to various power

input from Ranganadi hydro power station, Kathalguri gas-based power station,

Kopili hydro power station etc. It also supplies power to various state utilities like

ASEB, MeECL etc.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I would like to take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude

and deep regards to Sir Prashanta Kanungo, Sr. General Manager, Sir

Santosh Kumar, Chief Manager for their exemplary guidance

monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the entire process

of this summer industrial program. The help and guidance given by

them from time to time shall be an impetus in the journey of the life on

which I am about to embark. This project would have not been possible

without their inputs and unyielding efforts.

I am obliged to staff members of PGCIL, for the valuable information

provided by them in their respective fields. I'm grateful for their

cooperation during the period of my summer training.

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CONTENTS:

Serial Particulars Page

No No

1. ABOUT MISA SUB

STATION

2. ASSET DETAILS OF

MISA SUBSTATION

3. SLD OF MISA

SUBSTATION

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 4. SWITCHYARD

EQUIPMENTS:

1. Introduction

2. Lightning Arrestor

3. CVT

4. CT

5. Wave Trap

6. Isolators

7. Transformers

8. Bus Reactors

9. Circuit Breakers

10. Control Panel

11. PLCC

BUS BAR SCHEMES

5.

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 RELAYS AND THEIR

6. ROLE IN PROTECTION

SCHEMES

TRANSFORMER OIL

7. TESTS

SUBSTATION

8. AUXILARY

EQUIPMENTS

1. Battery bank

2. Fire fighting system

3. Diesel generating

set

9. GIS

10. CONCLUSION

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 1.ABOUT MISA SUBSTATION

Initially proposed to be set up at Misa (35 km from Nagaon town on NH-37) the

substation was ultimately established at Veluguri village near Kathiatoliat a distance of 30 km

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 from Nagaon town, the substation retains its proposed name – often creating confusion among

first time visitors.

• Strategically positioned in the centre of the Region, Misa substation provides vital

connectivity for all major generating stations to load centres both within and outside NER.

• Located on the foothills of the Rengma Hills, the substation presents a picturesque view

to the onlookers.

• Co ordinates: 26°8'42"N 92°47'3"E

HOW TO REACH

• Misa Substation is situated beside National Highway 27 connecting Guwahati and

Silchar.

• From Guwahati it will take around 3 hrs to reach by road.

• Nearby towns: Nagaon (30 km), Hojai (30 km)

• Nearby Airport: Guwahati (166 km), Tezpur (92 km)

• Nearby Railway Stations: Hojai (34 km), Nagaon (28 km), Kampur (19 km)

Misa substation is an important element in the NE Regional Grid.In 1989,PGCIL took over

NEEPCO and was commissioned on 31 December 1995. The transformation capacity of

misa substation is 2*315 MVA,400/220/33 kV in the bank of single phase auto transformer

units along with the one 3 phase transformer.

Misa Substation is directly connected to the following generating stations-

A) Kopilli Hydro Electric Station

B) Kathalguri Gas based Station

Following Lines are connected with Misa Substation-

400 kV Misa-Balipara Double Circuit line

• 220 kV Misa-Kathalguri Single Circuit line

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• 220 kV Misa-Mariani Single Circuit line

• 220 kV Misa-Kopili Double Circuit line

220 kV Misa-Kopili Single Circuit line

220 kV Misa-Dimapur Double Circuit line

220 kV Misa-Samaguri Double Circuit line

220 kV Misa-Byrnihat Double Circuit line

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 2.ASSET DETAILS OF MISA SUBSTATION

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 3. SLD OF MISA SUBSTATION

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 4.SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS

1.INTRODUCTION:

Switchyard is a switching station which is the main link between the generating plant and the

transmission system. It can be considered as the heart of the power plant, the generated power will only

be worthy if it can be transmitted and received by the consumers. Switchyard is a junction which carries

the generated power to the destination, it plays a major part in the security of the system, it can control

the reactive power devices which plays a major role in power quality. It is mostly an assemblage of

switches, power circuits, breakers, and the auxiliary equipment which is used to collect power from the

generators at the power plant and then it will be distributed to the transmission lines at a load point.

Switchyard makes available the generated power at the plant to the people. The power generated at a

power station is transmitted via a switchyard. When there is sudden damage outside the plant switchyard

can protect the plant. A Switchyard consists of many equipment such as Current transformer (CT),

Voltage transformer (VT), Lightning arrester (LA), Power transformers, Isolators support structure,

Circuit breaker (CB), Wave traps, Earthing switch, Bus bar etc.

2. LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

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The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against travelling waves,

such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning arrester diverts

the abnormals high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of supply. It is connected

between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation. The

device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against travelling waves,

such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning arrester diverts

the abnormals high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of supply. It is connected

between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation.

The lightning arrester is located close to the equipment that is to be protected. They are usually

connected between phase and ground in an AC system and pole and ground in case of the DC system.

In an AC system, separate arrester is provided for each phase. There are many types of lightning arrester

which are used to protect the power

system. The choices of the lightning

arrester depend on the factor like,

voltage and frequency of the line,

cost, weather condition and reliability.

3.CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(CVT)

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CVT Capacitive Voltage Transformer is a step down transformer just like potential transformer which

converts high voltage in to low voltage. Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class

voltages to standardized low and easily measurable values, which are used for metering, protection and

control of the high voltage system. Normally in high voltage system, the line voltage or current cannot

be measured. Therefore, instrument transformer such as Potential transformer and current transformers

are generally used. At that same time in EHV lines (Extra high voltage lines) the cost of a potential

transformer is high because of its insulation. In order to reduce the cost of the insulation the capacitive

voltage transformers are used instead of standard voltage transformer. The Capacitive voltage

transformer (CVT) is also called capacitive potential transformer. Capacitive voltage transformers

(CVTs) are used on higher voltage levels, starting from 72.5 kV and upwards.

CVT is working under principle of potential divider. It consists of two capacitors to form a potential

divider, line reactor and a step down transformer. Here line reactor is used to compensate the capacitor’s

phase shift. The value of inductances is adjustable. The inductance compensates the voltage drops

occurs in the transformer because of the reduction of the current from the potential divider. But, in

actual practice, the compensation is not possible because of the inductance losses.

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4.CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformers (CT) are used in High Voltage (HV) and Medium Voltage (MV) installations to

give an image of electrical current to protection relays and units and metering equipment and they are

designed to provide a current in its secondary proportional to the current flowing in its primary. CT are

connected in series and protection devices and metering equipments are connected to the secondary of

the CT in series association, as shown in Figure 1

or indoors, in GIS substations (Gas Insulated Substation) MV CT are usually installed indoors, in MV

Switchgears.

Two types of CT are manufactured:

Figure 1 – Schematic connection of a current transformer

HV CT are commonly installed outdoors, in AIS substations (Air Insulated Substation)

• “On line” (straight-through) CT – bar primary type and wound primary type.

• “Ring type” (doughnut) CT

“Ring type” CT is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the transformer, and is wound

with secondary turns. The doughnut fits over the primary conductor, which constitutes one primary

turn. Ring type CT are commonly used in cables, busbars and transformers bushings.

Usually HV CT use oil or gas (SF6) as insulation medium and MV CT use synthetic resins.

CT may have one or more cores; typical applications of these cores are:

Core 1 – metering; energy metering; recording.

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Cores 2 and 3 – protection.

The use of more than one core for protection is justified when the installation has two protections

sets – main and backup.

5.WAVETRAP

Wave trap is used to create a high impedance to the carrier wave high-frequency communication

entering into unwanted destinations typically substation.Carrier wave communication uses up to

150kHz to 800kHz frequency to send all the communication. These high-frequency damages the power

system components which are designed to operate 50 or 60 Hz. Wave traps are also called line traps.

It consists of an inductor coil which is connected in series with the high voltage power system.

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 Wave trap circuit diagram

Wave trap circuit consists of three major components such as:

• Main Coil

• Tuning Device

• Protective Device

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 6.ISOLATORS

The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the system as

when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe

maintenance works. So the definition of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually

operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power.

Types of Electrical Isolators

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as

1. Double Break Isolator

2. Single Break Isolator

3. Pantograph type Isolator.

Depending upon the position in the power system, the isolators can be categorized as

1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus

2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder

3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.

Earthing Switches:

Earthing switches are mounted on the base of line side isolator. Earthing switches are usually

vertically broken switches. Earthing arms (contact arm of earthing switch) usually are aligned

horizontally at off condition during switching on the operation, these earthing arms rotate and move

to vertical position and make contact with earth female contacts fitted at the top of the post insulator

stack of the isolator at its outgoing side. The earthing arms are so interlocked with the main isolator

moving contacts that it can be closed only when the primary contacts of the isolator are in open

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 position. Similarly, the main isolator contacts can be closed only when the earthing arms are in

open position.

Operation of Electrical Isolator:

As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no chance

current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or open by isolator operation.

A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation, and also a live circuit must

not be closed and completed by isolator operation to avoid huge arcing in between isolator contacts.

That is why isolators must be open after circuit breaker is open, and these must be closed before

circuit breaker is closed. The isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by motorized

mechanism from a remote position. Motorized operation arrangement costs more compared to hand

operation; hence decision must be taken before choosing an isolator for the system whether hand

operated or motor operated economically optimum for the system. For voltages up to 145 KV

system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV

and above motorized isolators are used.

7.TRANSFORMERS:

POWER TRANSFORMER:

A power transformer is used primarily to couple electrical energy from a power supply line to a circuit

system, or to one or more components of the system. A power transformer used with solid state circuits

is called a rectifier transformer. A power transformer's rating is given in terms of the secondary's

maximum voltage and current-delivering capacity.

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 Fig No: 7 Parts of a Power Transformer

A transformer is made of several different parts that function in their own different ways to enhance the

overall functioning of a transformer. These include core, windings, insulating materials, transformer

oil, tap changer, conservator, breather, cooling tubes, Buchholz Relay and explosion vent. The core,

windings, insulating materials and transformer oil are seen in almost every transformer, while the other

components are seen in transformers that are more than 50 KVA.

• Core:

The core of the transformer is used to support the windings. It is made of soft iron to reduce eddy current

loss and Hysteresis loss, and provides low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The diameter

of a transformer’s core is directly proportional to copper loss and inversely proportional to iron loss.

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 • Windings:

Windings consist of several copper coil turns bundled together, each bundle connected to form a

complete winding. Windings can be based either on the input-output supply or on the voltage range.

Windings that are based on supply are classified into primary and secondary windings, meaning the

windings to which the input and output voltage is applied respectively. On the other hand, windings

based on voltage range can be classified into high voltage and low voltage windings.

• Insulating materials:

Insulating materials like papers and card boards are used to isolate primary and secondary windings

from each other as well as the transformer core. These windings are made of copper due to high

conductivity and ductility. High conductivity minimizes the amount of copper needed and minimizes

losses. Moreover, high ductility results in easy bending of conductors into tight winding around the core

that also minimizes the amount of copper and volume of winding.

• Transformer Oil:

The transformer oil insulates as well as cools the core and coil assembly. The core and windings of the

transformer must be completely immersed in the oil that normally contains hydrocarbon mineral oils.

• Conservator:

The conservator is an airtight metallic cylindrical drum fitted above the transformer that conserves the

transformer oil. It is vented at the top and is filled only half with the oil to allow expansion and

contraction during temperature variations. However the main tank of the transformer with which the

conservator is connected is completely filled with the oil through a pipeline.

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 • Breather:

The breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel, which is used to keep the air that enters the

tank moisture-free. This is because the insulating oil when reacts with moisture can affect the insulation

and cause internal faults, which is why it is a must to keep the air free from moisture. In the breather,

when the air passes through the silica gel, the moisture contents are absorbed by the silica crystals.

• Tap changer:

To balance voltage variations within the transformer, tap changers are used. There are two types of tap

changers – on load and off load. In on load tap changers, tapping can be changed without isolating

transformer from the supply, while in off load, the transformer needs to be disconnected from the

supply.

• Cooling tubes:

As the name suggests, cooling tubes are used to cool the transformer oil. The circulation of oil within

the transformer may be natural or forced. In the case of natural circulation, when the oil temperature

rises, the hot oil naturally moves to the top and cold oil moves down, while in case of forced circulation,

an eternal pump is used.

• Buchholz Relay:

Placed over the connecting pipe that runs from the main tank to conservator tank the Buchholz Relay

senses the faults occurring within the transformer. It operates by the gases emitted due to decomposition

of transformer oil during internal faults. Thus, this device is used to sense and in turn protect the

transformer from internal faults.

• Explosion vent:

The boiling hot oil from the transformer is expelled during internal faults through the explosion vent to

avoid explosion of the transformer. This is generally placed above the level of the conservatory tank.

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Understanding all these parts of a transformer will help you understand transformers and their functions

much better. With a wide variety of transformers available, you need to know which transformer type

is the most suitable for you. However, for any kind of transformer purchase, you can get in touch with

Miracle Electronics who manufactures the best-in-class power transformers in India since over the past

20 years and has been successfully supplying its products to over 20 countries across the globe.

AUTO-TRANSFORMER:

The autotransformer is a special type of power transformer. It consists of a single, continuous winding

that is tapped on one side to provide either a step-up or a step-down function. This is different from a

conventional two-winding transformer, which has the primary and secondary completely isolated from

each other, but magnetically linked by a common core. The autotransformer's windings are both

electrically and magnetically interconnected. An autotransformer is initially cheaper than a similarly-

rated two-winding transformer. It also has better regulation (smaller voltage drops), and greater

efficiency. Furthermore, it can be used to obtain the neutral wire of a three-wire 240/120-volt service,

just like the secondary of a two0winding transformer. The autotransformer is considered unsafe for use

on ordinary distribution circuits. This is because the high-voltage primary circuits are connected directly

to the low-voltage secondary circuit.

Fig: ICT 1 in MISA substation

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8.BUS REACTORS:

A bus reactor is an air core inductor, or oil filled inductor, connected between two buses or two sections

of the same bus to limit the voltage transients on either bus. It is installed in a bus to maintain system

voltage when the load of the bus changes. It adds Inductance to the system to offset the Capacitance of

the line.

Line reactors:

A line reactor is placed in line at the point of use or just after a transformer to maintain a stable amperage

to the user. When a line is disconnected from the system, the line reactor is also disconnected from the

system. Line reactors are often used to compensate line capacitance, mitigate voltage transients due to

switching, and to limit fault currents, especially in case of underground transmission lines. A bus reactor

and a line reactor are interchangeable as long as they are rated for the same voltage which is dependent

upon substation's physical layout, and bus configuration.

Shunt reactors:

Shunt reactors are used in power systems to counteract the effect of the line parasitic capacitance,

thereby stabilizing the system voltage within acceptable limits. For short lines, we can basically ignore

the impact of capacitive current from a voltage regulation point of view, but medium and long lines can

have voltages at their receiving end much higher than the sending end, thus creating issues such as over-

fluxing of power transformers and over stressing of line insulators. Under light-load conditions, the line

produces more VARs, resulting in receiving end voltage being higher than sending end voltage. In order

to consume the excess VARs when system is lightly loaded, an inductor is added to the system.

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Controlled shunt reactors:

A controlled shunt reactor (CSR) is a variable inductance, smoothly regulated by magnetic biasing of

ferromagnetic elements of magnetic circuit. The magnetic system of a CSR single phase consists of two

cores. Each core is equipped with control and power windings. In case of regulated DC voltage source

connection to the control windings, biasing flow is increasing and directed to different sides in the

adjacent cores. This resulted in saturation of CSR cores at relevant half-period of the current. Core

saturation is resulted in initiation and increase of the current in the power winding due to non-linear

characteristics of the magnetic core. Change in biasing current value leads to the power winding current

change, due to which a stepless variation of voltage levels in CSR connection point as well as the value

of reactive power consumed by the reactor is ensured.

Series reactors:

Series reactors are used as current limiting reactors to increase the impedance of a system. They are

also used for neutral earthing. Such reactors are also used to limit the starting currents of synchronous

electric motors and to compensate reactive power in order to improve the transmission capacity of

power lines.

9.CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current. It is a mechanical

device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in additions performs the function of

a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for closing or opening of an electrical circuit, thus

protects the electrical system from damage.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts are touching each

other and carrying the current under normal conditions when the circuit is closed. When the circuit

breaker is closed, the current carrying contacts, called the electrodes, engaged each other under the

pressure of a spring.

During the normal operating condition, the arms of the circuit breaker can be opened or closed for

a switching and maintenance of the system. To open the circuit breaker, only a pressure is required

to be applied to a trigger.

Fig No :11 Circuit Breaker

Whenever a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coil of the breaker gets energized and

the moving contacts are getting apart from each other by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.

Two types of circuit breakers are:

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical device used to provide Overcurrent and short-circuit

protection for electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K Amps. These are usually used in low voltage

applications below 450V. We can find these systems in Distribution Panels (below 450V). Here in this

article, we will discuss the working of Air Circuit Breaker.

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An air circuit breaker is a circuit operation breaker that operates in the air as an arc extinguishing

medium, at a given atmospheric pressure. There are several types of air circuit breakers and switching

gears available in the market today that are durable, high-performing, easy to install and maintain. The

air circuit breakers have completely replaced oil circuit breakers.

The external parts of ACB mainly include the ON & OFF button, an indicator for the position of the

main contact, an indicator for the mechanism of energy storage, LED indicators, RST button, controller,

rated nameplate, handle for energy storage, displays, shake, fault trip rest button, rocker repository, etc.

Fig No :12 Air Circuit Breaker

The internal parts of ACB mainly include supporting structure with steel sheet, the current transformer

used to protect the trip unit, pole group insulating box, horizontal terminals, arcing chamber, trip unit

for protection, terminal box, closing springs, CB opening & closing control, plates to move arcing and

main contacts, plates for fixed main & arcing contacts.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

A breaker which used vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit breaker. In this

circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter.

The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high vacuum. It is mainly used for medium voltage

ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV.

It is very simple in construction as compared to any other circuit breaker. Their construction is mainly

divided into three parts, i.e., fixed contacts, moving contact and arc shield which is placed inside the

arc interrupting chamber.

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Fig No: 13 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

The outer envelope of vacuum circuit breaker is made up of glass because the glass envelope help in

the examination of the breaker from outside after the operation. If the glass becomes milky from its

original finish of silvery mirror, then it indicates that the breaker is losing vacuum.

10.CONTROL PANEL:

A control & relay panel is designed to provide to control the associated line or transformer through

outdoor switchgear at various 11KV and 33KV zonal substations. The control & Relay panels are

complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary relays, annunciation relay, fuses, links, switches,

wiring, labels, terminal blocks, earthing terminals, base frame, foundation bolts, illumination, cable

glands etc. These panels are used for the control & monitoring of electrical equipments such as

transformers, generators and circuit breakers. Indoor Control panel for Outdoor VCB includes IDMT

Numerical relay, Master Trip Relay, Trip circuit Supervision Relay, Indications & meters etc.

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SINGLE CIRCUIT PANELS:

Feeder Panels: A feeder panel scheme consists of feeder circuits for either 11KV or 33KV switchgear.

These panels are available in the form of over current & Earth fault relay having two O/C and one E/F

element. Single point annunciator is provided for generating the alarm during fault condition as well as

annunciation to indicate the type of faults and breaker status indication.

Transformer Panels: A transformer panel scheme consists of transformer circuits for either 11KV or

33KV switchgear. These panels are available in the form of over current & Earth fault relay having two

O/C and one E/F element for 11kV and three O/C elements for 33kV rating. Single point annunciator

is provided for generating the alarm during various types of transformer fault condition as well as

annunciation to indicate the type of faults and breaker status indication.

MULTI CIRCUIT PANELS:

One Transformer & One Feeder Panels: A multi circuit one transformer & one feeder panel is a

combination of a transformer & a feeder circuit in a single panel built for either 11KV or 33KV

Switchgear.The transformer circuit shall be same as in single circuit transformer panel. Similarly the

feeder circuit shall be same as in single circuit feeder panel.

Two Feeder Panels: A Multicircuit two feeder panel consists of 2 feeder circuits in a single panel. These

panels are exact replica of multi circuit one transformer & one feeder panel in that there shall be

additional feeder circuit in place of transformer circuit.

Two transformer Panels: A Two transformer control & relay panel consists of two transformer circuits

in a single panel. These panels are exact replica of multi circuit one transformer & one feeder panel in

that there shall be additional transformer circuit in place of feeder circuit.

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11.POWER-LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

PLCC carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission.

It is also known as power-line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power-line

telecommunications, or power-line networking (PLN). A wide range of power-line communication

technologies are needed for different application). Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one type

of wires (such as premises wiring within a single building). Typically transformers prevent propagating

the signal, which requires multiple technologies to form very large networks. Various data rates and

frequencies are used in different situations.

5.BUS BAR SCHEMES:

MISA substation has a double bas bar arrangment and also one and a half breaker bus bar arrangment.

A substation bus scheme is the arrangement of overhead bus bar and associated switching equipment

(circuit breakers and isolators) in a substation. The operational flexibility and reliability of the

substation greatly depends upon the bus scheme. The first requirement of any substation design is to

avoid a total shutdown of the substation for the purpose of maintenance, or due to fault somewhere out

on the line. A total shutdown of the substation means complete shutdown of all the lines connected to

the substation

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 1. Single bus bar scheme:

As the name implies, the sigle bus substation configuration consists of all circuits connected to a main

bus. A fault on the bus or between the bus and circuit breaker will result in an outage of the entire bus

or substation. Failure of a single circuit breaker will also result in an outage of the entire bus

2. Main and transfer bus bar scheme:

In this arrangement one or more busses is added to the single bus substation scheme. One or more circuit

breakers may be used in this arrangement to make connections between the main and transfer bus.

When no Tie CB is present, for maintenance of a circuit breaker, the transfer bus is energized by closing

the isolator switches to the transfer bus, then the circuit breaker to be maintained is opened and isolated

on both sides. Circuit protection will be disabled in this maintenance arrangement.

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When a tie circuit breaker is present, circuit breaker maintenance is achieved by closing the tie breaker.

The transfer bus is energized and the isolator nearest the transfer bus of the breaker to be maintained is

closed.

3.Double bus double breaker scheme:

This configuration utilizes two buses and two breakers per circuit, both buses are normally energized

and any circuit can be removed for maintenance without an outage on the corresponding circuit. Failure

of one of the two buses will not interrupt a circuit because all of the circuits can be fed from the

remaining bus and isolating the failed bus.

4.One and a half breaker scheme:

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This configuration uses two main buses, both of which are normally energized with three breakers

connected between the buses. In this bus configuration, three breakers are required for every two circuits

- hence the "one and half" name. Think of it as, to control one circuit requires one full and a half breaker.

The middle breaker is shared by both circuits, similar to a ring bus scheme where each circuit is fed

from both sides.

6.RELAY AND THEIR ROLES IN PROTECTION SCHEMES:

PROTECTIVE RELAY:-

A protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The first

protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide

detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current, over-voltage, reverse power flow,

over- and under-frequency.

Digital Protective Relay:-

The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by microprocessor-based

digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays". A microprocessor-based digital protection

relay can replace the functions of many discrete electromechanical instruments. These convert voltage

and currents to digital form and process the resulting measurements using a microprocessor.

Numerical Relays:-

The distinction between digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine technical detail, and is rarely

found in areas other than Protection. They can be viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a

result of advances in technology. Typically, they use a specialized digital signal processor (DSP) as the

computational hardware, together with the associated software tools.

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7.TRANSFORMER OIL TESTING METHODS:

Transformer oil testing methods-ASTM Methods-Significance of Transformer Oil Testing Method-

Units

Color-D1500-Used to observe darkening of the oil by comparing it to previous samples of oil from the

same transformer. Transformer oil colour is determined by means of transmitted light and given a

numerical value (0-5) based on comparison with a series of color standards. Noticeable darkening oil

indicates either contamination or that arcing is taking place.-0-5

Dielectric breakdown voltage-D877-Measures the voltage at which the oil fails electrically, which is

indicative of the amount of contaminant (usually moisture) in the oil. The dielectric breakdown voltage

is measured by applying a voltage between two electrodes under the oil. New oil should have a

minimum dielectric strength of 35 kV by ASTM Transformer Oil Testing Methods. -kV

Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)-D3612-Identifies various gas ppm levels that are present in transformer

insulating oil. Different gasses will dissolve in the oil that indicate various types of thermal and

electrical stress occurring within the transformer. An oil sample tube and syringe is used to draw, retain

and transport the oil sample in the same condition as it is inside a transformer with all fault gases

dissolved in it.-ppm

Flash point, fire point-D92-Indicates the volatility of insulating oil by measuring the minimum

temperature at which the heated oil gives of sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air.-°C

Moisture (Water) Content-D1533-Measured in parts per million (ppm) using the weight of moisture

divided by the weight of oil. Moisture content in oil lowers the insulating system dielectric strength and

allows flashover that can damage a transformer. For mineral oil, a generally accepted maximum

moisture content is 35 ppm. This test does not measure the water content in the transformer paper i

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8.SUBSTATION AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS

BATTERY BANK AND BATTERY CHARGER

It is used to keep the protection system in the energized form despite of any failure in the power system.

Lead acid batteries are mainly used in the substations and this type of batteries are also called floating

cells.There are basically two ranges of the battery system available in the substation i.e 220 volts and

48 volts. In every substation two sets of batteries are kept for more reliability and each set is connected

with the separate battery chargers. The capacity of the batteries are defined in terms of the Ampere

hour(Ah).

FIRE- FIGHTING SYSTEM-

Firefighting is the act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to

prevent loss of life, and/or destruction of property and the environment.

Type of Fire Fighting System:-

Extinguishing Agent

1. Passive fire protection (use of integral, fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies that are

used to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread of fire, or occupancy separations,

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 or firewalls, to keep fires, high temperatures and flue gases within the fire compartment of

origin, thus enabling firefighting and evacuation.

2. . Active fire protection (manual and automatic detection and suppression of fires, as in using

and installing a fire sprinklersystem or finding the fire (fire alarm) and/or extinguishing it)

Education (ensuring that building owners and operators have copies and a working

understanding of the applicable building and fire codes, having a purpose-designed fire safety

plan and ensuring that building occupants, operators and emergency personnel know the

building, its means of Active fire protection and Passive fire protection, its weak spots and

strengths to ensure the highest possible level of safety)

DIESEL GENERATING SET

A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (often

an alternator) to generate electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator.

Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to the power grid, as

emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex applications such

as peak-lopping, grid support and export to the power grid.

It is use because of the following reasons: -

To provide LTAC power backup.

There are two sources of LTAC power from SEB and from Auxiliary transformer

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connected to tertiary of ICT, SEB power is not always reliable. Power supply through

the other source i.e. froni auxiliary transformer is more reliable but still there can be

interruption in case of Grid failure, ICT tripping, shut down of aux transformer or ICT

for maintenance work (planned of forced), or fault in transforiner.

In case of long outage of LTAC power supply: -

Batteries will be getting discharged. If batteries get drained, protection and control

circuit, PLCC may be rendered out of service. At night switchyard and control room

premises will be dark may hamper maintenance works.

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 8.GIS INTRODUCTION:

A Gas-insulated substation is a station in which no live part is exposed to human touch or environmental

atmosphere, except from point of interfacing with overhead or environmental atmosphere, except from

point of interfacing with overhead transmission lines.

All bus bars and other live parts of the system are enclosed in gas space enclosed in a metal enclosure.

A gas-insulated substation (GIS) uses a superior dielectric gas, SF6, at moderate pressure for

phase-to phase and phase-to-ground insulation. The high voltage conductors, circuit breaker

interrupters, switches, current transformers, and voltage transformers are in SF6 gas inside grounded

metal enclosures.

The atmospheric air insulation used in a conventional, air-insulated substation (AIS) requires meters

of air insulation to do what SF6 can do in centimetres.

GIS can therefore be smaller than AIS by up to a factor of 10. A GIS is mostly used where space is

expensive or not available. In a GIS the active parts are protected from the deterioration from

exposure to atmospheric air, moisture, contamination, etc.

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 SLD of GIS at Misa Substation:

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Properties of SF6:

• It is colourless.

• It is heavier than air.

• Its density is about 5 times higher than air.

• It is Non-flammable. Structure of SF6

• It is a stable gas up to 500°C.

• Its dielectric strength is about 2.5 times higher than air.

• It is a brittle gas in case of very steep rate of rise of voltage.

List of Chemical Properties of Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas:

Specific heat 96.6 j/mole K

Density at 20oC 6.14 kg/m3

Color of Gas Colourless

Molecular Weight 146.06

Thermal Conductivity 0.0136 w/mK

Critical Temperature 45.55oC

Critical Density 730 Kg/m3

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 Critical Pressure 3.78 Mpa

Sound Velocity in SF6 136 m/s. It is 3 times less than that in air

Refractive Index 1.000783

Formation Heat -1221.66 Kg/mol

Testing of SF6:

v Dew point – moisture content should be less. Ppm should be less than 350

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 v Purity – percentage of SF6 in the gas should be more than 98%. Kits are available to check the

purity

Dimensional difference between AIS and GIS:

1. Dimensional comparison at 400KV of a support insulator on its frame, within an air-insulated

substation (AIS) and a (GIS) element is shown in the fig(i).

2. GIS technology enables us to divide the area of a HV switchyard by a magnitude ranging from

10 to 25.

3. Dimensional comparison at 400KV of an AIS main busbar crossing, and a GIS busbar crossing

is shown in fig(ii)

4. GIS technology enables us to divide the height of a HV switchyard by a magnitude of minimum

AIS Vs.

GIS:

Fig - i Fig - ii

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44 | P a g e
GIS MODULES:

1. Busbar

2. Disconnector

3. Maintenance Earthing Switch

4. Current Transformer

5. Circuit Breaker

6. Current Transformer

7. Maintenance Earthing Switch

8. Disconnector

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9. Earthing Switch

10. Voltage Transformer

11. Bushing

12.

GIS MODULES:

Types of defects affecting the dielectric performance of GIS:

§ Inadequatenn Precautions during assembly.

§ Contamination by free moving metallic particles.

§ Loose electrical and mechanical contact between conducting parts, including electrostatic

shields and other floating components.

§ Fixed defects such as metallic protrusions and particles attached to solid insulator (spacer)

surfaces.

§ Manufacturing insulator defects and surface tracks caused by testing flashovers.

§ Contaminants which affect the quality of the SF6 gas (by-products, moisture content, erroneous

gas filling).

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Partitioning of GIS:

§ As we know GIS comes in Modular manner and these Modules are connected with each other.

GIS is broadly partitioned at the joint of these modules and some time in between also.

§ During repair and Maintenance taking out of affected module mainly depends on these

partitioning further service continuities during repair and maintenance is also very much

depends on the portioning of GIS.

§ Both Mechanical and Electrical segregation of GIS Module are of great importance to handle

repair and maintenance keeping service continuity requirement in view.

§ Subdivide the equipment into several compartments:

§ - Leakage will be easier to locate

§ - Limit the consequences of any internal defect

§ - Adapted if a sub-assembly is extended, modified or replaced

§ Limit the contamination of SF6 if any fault occurs.

§ Each compartment is equipped with indispensable devices such as:

§ - Filling valve – for filling of SF6 for each individual separated gas zone.

§ - SF6 density switch – for continuous measuring of SF6 density and provide alarm when the

density is low.

§ - Bursting disk or PRD – Burting at 11 bar. Nominal pressure of SF6 in GIS is 6.3 bar but

pressure of the gas increase when fault occurs as the temperature increases. PV=nRT. P

increases when T increases

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Advantages of GIS:

1. The earthed metal enclosure makes for a safe working environment for the attending personnel

2. Compartmentalized enclosure of the live parts makes for a very reliable system due to reduced

disruption of the insulation system.

3. By reducing the distance between active and non-active switchgear parts, less space is required

than in the normal AIS system: this comes in handy in densely populated areas and

unfavourable terrain (minimum requirements for an AIS is about 47,000m2, while GIS with

the same power properties will require approx. 523m2). For the AIS, the highest element is

approximately 28m, whereas for GIS you have 11m at the highest point for a 400kV substation.

4. Low maintenance requirements due to expedient design and protection against external

elements.

5. Under scheduled maintenance, SF6 neither ages nor depletes. There is no need to top up the

gas levels throughout the equipment lifetime (approx. 40 years).

Disadvantages:

1. High installation costs compared to AIS systems.

2. Procurement and supply of SF6 gas can be a problem especially in rough terrain and off site

locations. This further increases the costs.

3. High level of maintenance is required. This requires highly skilled personnel.

4. Internal faults tend to be very costly and severe when they occur. They often lead to long outage

periods. For example, the use of impure gas, as well as leakage due to ‘O’ ring failure, as well as

presence of dust can lead to flashovers and explosions.

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 CONCLUSION

We have categorized the different parts of a substation and hence, studied their role, operation and

maintenance. We have also seen the various ways of protecting the costly and important devices used

in the transmission of high voltages(400kV/220kV/33kV). The 220kV uses double main cum transfer

busbar arrangement where as the 400kV uses one and a half bus bar scheme. A redundant set is always

kept to keep a continuous supply of power in case the primary set fails.

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