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Human Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemically, absorbed, and waste is eliminated.

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18 views35 pages

Human Digestive System

The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemically, absorbed, and waste is eliminated.

Uploaded by

yumenapaul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMAN

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Prepared by: Michelle M. Dela Rosa
OBJECTIVES:
1.Explain ingestion, absorption,
assimilation, and excretion (S8LT-IVa-
13)
1.1describe the process of digestion;
1.2identify and locate the organs and
substances that are involved in the
digestion process, and give the
functions of each;
1.3identify healthful practices that
affect the digestive system.
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Large intestine
• Teeth
• Liver
• Small intestine
• Salivary glands
• Stomach
• Rectum
• Pharynx
• Pancreas
• Anus
•The digestive system is
responsible for the processing
and uptake of nutrition.
Humans ingest a variety of
foods; these can be classified
by their nutrition content as
carbohydrates (sugars), lipids
(fats), and proteins. Your body
generally cannot utilize food in
its most complex form as a
source of energy. There is a
need for food to be broken
down.
MAIN FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Function of the digestive system is to help convert large
food molecules into simpler molecules (monomers)
that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
Three main functions:
✓digestion of food,
✓absorption of nutrients, and
✓ elimination of solid food
waste.
•The digestive
system includes
the digestive tract
and its accessory
organs, which
process food into
molecules that
can be absorbed
and utilized by the
cells of the body.
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
• The digestive tract, also called
the alimentary canal or
gastrointestinal tract, consists
of long continuous tube that
extends from the mouth to the
anus.
• The accessory organs, which
include salivary gland, liver,
gall bladder, and pancreas,
secrete fluids into the digestive
tract that helps in digestion.
The mouth: salivary
glands…
Three pairs of glands open
into the oral cavity,
producing saliva: the
parotid, sublingual, and The sensory organs such as the nose
submandibular glands. and eyes send a message to the
brain, the brain sends the message to
the salivary glands, and they secrete
the chemicals to begin the digestive
process.
Digestive System
• Includes:
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Accessory structures:
salivary glands, pancreas,
liver add secretions
Mouth
1. Ingests food
2. Chews and mixes food
3. Begins chemical
breakdown of
carbohydrates.
4. Begins breakdown of lipids
via lingual lipase.
5. Moves food into the
pharynx
Mouth
Saliva – salivary glands
• Helps to moisten food and make
it easier to chew
• Begins chemical digestion →
enzyme amylase breaks down
bonds in starches and releases
sugars
• Also contains lysozyme →
enzyme that fights infection by
breaking down cell walls of
many bacteria
• Lipase → for lipid digestion
PHARYNX
•Common
passageway of food
and air
•Propels food from
the oral cavity to the
esophagus
Esophagus
• Long tube of smooth muscle
that connects the pharynx
with the stomach
• Chewed clump of food =
bolus
• Tongue and muscles push
bolus down throat
• Epiglottis closes over trachea
to keep food out
Esophagus carries
food to stomach
Esophagus
• Contractions of smooth
muscles (peristalsis)
• Peristalsis- Squeeze food thru
esophagus into stomach
• Reverse peristalsis = vomiting
• Cardiac sphincter (thick ring of
muscle) closes and prevents
stomach contents from
moving back up esophagus
Stomach
• The largest and highly
muscular part of the
digestive tube
• Internally lined with
numerous folds or
rugae where gastric
glands are located
• It has three parts:
cardiac sphincter,
fundus and pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
• Mixes and churns food
with gastric juices to
form chyme
• Begins chemical
breakdown of proteins
• Releases food into the
duodenum as chyme
• Absorbs some fat-
soluble substances (for
example, alcohol,
aspirin)
• Possesses antimicrobial
function
Stomach
• Chemical digestion
• Gastric glands secrete substances
• Mucus lubricates and protects stomach
wall
• Hydrochloric acid/pepsin (breaks down
proteins)

• Mechanical digestion (smooth muscle


contractions)
• Mixture called chyme
• After an hour or two, pyloric valve opens
and chyme begins to flow into small
intestine
Small Intestine
• The longest and most coiled
part of the digestive tube
• Site of final digestion
• About 22 feet long; food
stays around 4.5 hours
• Internally lined with
numerous folds or villi that
increase its surface for
absorption
• It has three parts:
duodenum, jejunum and
ileum
• Duodenum-First part of the
small intestine where chemical
digestion begins to take place
• Jejunum and ileum are
remaining parts of small
intestine (average about 6
meters long)
• Villi are fingerlike projections
covering surface of small
intestine
• Absorption of nutrients
occurs here
Small Intestine
• Almost all of digestive
enzymes enter the
intestine
• Most of chemical digestion
and absorption of
nutrients occurs in the
small intestine
• Mixes with fluids and
enzymes from pancreas
and liver
• Pancreas:
1. Produces hormones
that regulate blood
sugar levels
2. Produces enzymes
that break down
carbs, proteins, lipids
and nucleic acids
3. Produces sodium
bicarbonate (base
which neutralizes
stomach acid) so
enzymes can be
effective
• Liver:
• Located above and
to the right of the
stomach
• Produces bile (fluid
loaded with lipids
and salts)
• Bile acts as a
detergent, dissolving
droplets of fats from
food
• Bile is stored in
gallbladder
Large Intestine
• By time it leaves small
intestine, food is basically
nutrient-free water,
cellulose and other
undigestible substances
• Appendix: in humans does
little to promote digestion,
but in other mammals it
stores cellulose and other
materials
Large Intestine
•Posterior part of
the digestive tube
• Food stays for
about 5 to 25 hours
or more
• It has three parts:
cecum, colon,
rectum
Large Intestine
•Further breaks down
food residues
• Absorbs most residual
water, electrolytes, and
vitamins
• Propels feces toward
rectum
• Eliminates feces
Rectum
•Exit of fecal
matter,
regulated by
the anal
sphincter
The rectum and anus…
The rectum is where
feces are stored until
they leave the
digestive system,
through the anus as a
As the rectal walls expand bowel movement.
with waste material, receptors
from the nervous system
stimulate the desire to
defecate. For defecation or
egestion, we consciously
relax the external anal
sphincter muscle to expel the
waste through the anus.

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