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CHAPTER ONE
Internet Technologies and
Protocols

Mulugeta G..
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Contents
Internet

World Wide Web

Client Server Architecture

Types of Web page

Static vs. Dynamic

Web page Design Issues

Website Evaluation

Website Design Tools

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Internet
• Has been coined from two terms, Interconnection and
Network
• Is a huge network of computers that links many different
types of computers all over the world.
• It is a network of networks that share a common
mechanism for addressing (identifying) computers for
communications between two computers on the network
• A Network is simply a group of computers that are
connected together for sharing information and resources.
• Several such networks have been joined together across the globe
to form what is called as the Internet.
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There is no single, generally agreed-upon answer to the question

because the Internet is different for each of us:
• It is a set of computers talking over fiber optics, phone
lines, satellite links, and other media.
• It is a place where you can talk to your friends and family
around the world.
• It is an ocean of resources waiting to be mined.
• It is a place to do research for your thesis or a business.
• It is a worldwide support group for any problem or need.
• It is a gold mine of professionals in all fields sharing
information about their work.
• It is hundreds of libraries and archives that are open to
your fingertips.
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Who Owns the Internet

• No single entity owns the Internet.
• Any single person, service, corporation, university, or
government does not fund it.
• Every person who makes a connection, every group who‟s
Local Area Network (LAN) becomes connected, owns a
slice of the Internet.
• The owner of the connected equipment therefore “owns” a
piece of the Internet.
• The telephone companies “own” the pieces that carry the
packets (blocks of information).
• The service providers “own” the packet routing equipment.
So, while no one person or entity owns the Internet, all
who use it or supply materials for it play a part in its
existence.
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Services of Internet
• May be four things, basically:

1. Communication Services

2. World Wide Web (WWW)

3. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

4. E-commerce
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1. Communication Services

• Electronic Mail [E-Mail]

• is a paperless method of sending messages, notes or letters from

one person to another or even many people at the same time via the
Internet.
• Used to send electronic message over the internet.
• Telnet
• Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.
• Newsgroup
• Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.
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2. World Wide Web (WWW)

• It is also commonly known as „The Web‟.

• is a collection of data stored and shared in the digital space.

• One can easily surf the Web by jumping from one document to

another using the links in those documents.

• These documents can be in many formats, such as text,

graphics, animation, sound and latest is video.

• All the information on Internet are presented to the user as a

document or more popularly known as Web Page.

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• All these Web Pages are link to each other or even to section

within a Web Page. And these links are known as Hyper Links.

• Hyperlink, also called link – an element used to connect one

Web page to another Web page that‟s located on the same

server or different Web server located anywhere in the world

• The group of web pages which are interlinked is called web site.

• The tool used to view these Web Pages on Internet is known as

Internet browser or simply browser.

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• www (world wide web)

• A collection of websites
• A website
• A collection of resources:
• Web pages (static / dynamic)
• Media files (images, animations, sound, …)
• Style files (CSS)
• Documents (pdf, doc, txt, rtf, …)
• …

• Has a globally unique name DNS (Domain Name System)

• Resolves a human friendly name (eg www.google.com) to a machine
friendly IP address (eg 64.233.187.99)
• “Phone book” of the Internet
• E.g. www.sims.ddu.edu.et 10.235.5.35
• Stored on machines called web servers
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3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• an Internet utility software used to upload and download files.

• It gives access to directories or folders on remote computers and
allows software, data and text files to be transferred between
different kinds of computers.
The basic objectives of FTP are
• To give flexibility and promote sharing of computer programs,
files and data
• To transfer data reliably and more efficiently over network
• To encourage implicit or indirect use of remote computers using
Internet
• To shield a user from variations in file storage systems among
hosts.
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4. E-Commerce

• also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce

• refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the

internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these

transactions.

• These business transactions occur either as

• business-to-business (B2B),

• business-to-consumer (B2C),

• consumer-to-consumer (C2C) or

• consumer-to-business (C2B).
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Internet Address (Web Address)

• Just like every house, every office, every location has an address;
• every page on the Internet has a unique address. This address is used
to get the web page for user from Internet.
• Just as the address of a house or office is known as its postal address,
the address on the Internet is known as URL (Uniform Resource
Locator).
URL is like; <protocol>://<host>[:<port>][<path>][?<query>]
http://www.nos.org/computers/internet/url.htm
• The URL contains the components that specify the protocol, server,
and pathname of an item.
• The protocol is followed by a colon (http:),
• the server is preceded by two slashes (//www.nos.org), and each
segment of the pathname is preceded by a single slash
(/computers/internet/).
• url.htm is a file name or webpage.
• A protocol is set of rules that tells the computer how to interpret the
information at that address.
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Client Server Architecture

• architecture of a computer network in which many clients

request and receive service from a centralized server.

• refers to a system that hosts, delivers, and manages most of the

resources and services that the client requests.

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How the Web Works

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Types of Web pages

• There are basically two main types of web pages: Static and
Dynamic.

Static Web page

• Is one that is written in plain HTML and features the same
presentation and content, regardless of user identity.
• Each web page is a separate document and there are no
databases or external files that are drawn upon.
• The only way to edit is to go into each page and edit HTML
(do yourself using a web page editor or pay your web
developer to updates)
• Useful for displaying data that doesn‟t change often
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Advantages of Static Web page

• Flexibility is the main advantage of a static site

• Every page can be different if desired, to match the layout to

different content, and the designer is free to put in any special

• Allows theming - for instance an author may want a different theme

for a different book and associated pages or perhaps for a series of

books, in order to match the cover designs or the context of the
stories.

• Cost is generally lower up-front than a dynamic site (Less Cost)

• Improved performance for end users compared to dynamic websites

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Disadvantages of Static Web page

• The main problem is to update the content.

• Unless you are familiar with HTML and the design methods used in the

site then you have to go back to the designer to have any content changes
made.

• The second main problem is scalability.

• If you wish to sell products on your site and you have a lot of them then

you may have to construct individual pages for each one, which can take
considerable time, effort and cost.

• Costs - there are ongoing costs for updating the content.

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Dynamic Web page

• Is one that is written using a server-side scripting language such

as PHP, Python, Ruby, Asp.net etc.
• In a dynamic site the content is called in by the scripting
language from other files or from a database depending on
actions taken by the user.
• Presents different information to different visitors.

• Can be controlled by a content management system

• Content Management System is a software application that

can be used to manage the creation and modification of digital
content.
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Advantages of Dynamic Web page

• You can easily pull in information in an organized way

• You can also create a content management system - an interface

which allows the client to input and manage data via a web-
based series of administration pages.

• Reduce ongoing maintenance costs, b/c u will enable u to

maintain your own content

• Make data management very efficient

• Much easier to update

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Disadvantages of Dynamic Web page

• The design of a dynamic site is more fixed than a static one

because many of the pages are essentially a template into which
data and content is poured to create multiple pages of a similar
type.
• A change to the page design will be evident on every page.

• Costs are higher initially than for a static site because they
require more complex coding, as well as for maintenance
• Need to obtain web hosting which supports databases and
dynamic languages
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Static Vs Dynamic
Static Website Dynamic Website
Prebuilt content is same every time Content is generated quickly and
the page is loaded. changes regularly.

It uses the HTML code for It uses the server side languages
developing a website. such as PHP, ASP.NET etc. for
developing a website.

It sends exactly the same response It may generate different HTML for
for every request. each of the request.

The content is only changed when The page contains "server-side" code
someone publishes and updates the file which allows the server to generate the
(sends it to the web server). unique content when the page is loaded.

Flexibility is the main advantage of Content Management System (CMS)

static website. is the main advantage of dynamic
website.
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Web page Design Issues

1. Users are scanners
• If you think a typical user will read the entire content of your web
pages, you are wrong.
• No matter how much useful information you put into a webpage, a
visitor will only spend a few seconds scanning it before they decide
whether to leave or stay.
• If you want a visitor to read your text, be sure to make your point
in the very first sentence of the page.
• After that you should try to keep them occupied with short
paragraphs and interesting new headers all the way down the page.
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2. Less is more
• Try to keep all sentences as short as possible.

• Try to keep your paragraphs as short as possible.

• Try to keep your pages as short as possible

3. Use a lot of space between your paragraphs

• Pages overload with text will kill your audience.

4. Don’t place too much content on a single page

• If you have a lot to say, try to break your information into smaller

chunks and place it on different pages.

• Don‟t expect any visitor to scroll all the way down to bottom of a

page with thousands of words.

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5. Navigation
• Try to create a navigation structure that is common for all the pages
in your web.

6. Download speed
• A common mistake made by web designers is to develop a site on a
local machine with direct access to the data, or to develop the site
over a high speed internet connection.
• Sometimes developers are not aware of the fact that some of their
pages take a long time to download.
• Before you publish any content heavy pages, make sure they are
tested over a low speed modem connection.

7. Let your audience to speak

• Feedback from your users is very good thing.
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Website Evaluation
What makes a good website
• Know your audience- what will they use your page for?
• Content- is the content that they want?
• Timely, current and relevant
• Accurate and trustworthy
• Appropriate links for your form
• Design for readability
• Design for attractiveness (Layout, Coloring…..)
• Design for easy of understanding
• Design for efficiency
• Design to meet your goals
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Steps to Develop Website

• Once you have decided to establish a web site there are 3
steps to develop website.
1. Obtain the appropriate equipment
 Web Server – hardware and software
2. Register Web Server to an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 Obtain the IP address and DNS address
3. Develop the contents
 Internet Programming (HTML, CSS, JS, CMS)
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Website Design Tools

A. Client side scripting [HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Applet]
B. Server side scripting [ PHP, Asp.net, Ruby]
Text Editors
• Notepad, Notepad++
• Sublime Text
• Dreamweaver
• Visual studio code
• Fireworks
• Microsoft FrontPage
• Macromedia flash
• Microsoft office publisher
• WAMP or XAMP
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END OF CHAPTER ONE
Next: Chapter Two: HTML