1. Fruit juice can be produced by crushing and squeezing fresh fruit.

The juice
produced in this way is often cloudy.
The enzyme pectinase is used to produce clear fruit juice. This process is called
clarification.
Fig. 1.1 shows fruit juice before and after clarification.

Fig. 1.1

A student investigated the effect of pectinase concentration on the clarification of

apple juice.
The student was provided with freshly prepared apple juice, water and a 5%
pectinase solution.

Step 1 Four test-tubes were labelled P1, P2, P3 and P4.

Step 2 Syringes were used to add the volumes of water and 5% pectinase
solution shown in Table 1.1 to each of the test-tubes.

Table 1.1

(a) Calculate the final concentration of the pectinase solution in test-tube P3.
Show your working and write your answer, to one decimal place, in Table 1.1.
[2]

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Step 3 5 cm3 of apple juice was added to each of test-tubes P1, P2, P3 and P4.
Step 4 The contents of each test-tube were carefully mixed using a glass rod.
Step 5 A stop-clock was immediately started.
Step 6 After five minutes, the height of the precipitate formed was measured
using a ruler, as shown in Fig. 1.2. If no precipitate had formed in the
test-tube, it was recorded as ‘0’.

Fig. 1.2

Care was taken not to shake the test-tubes.

Step 7 After a further five minutes, the student repeated the measurement of
the precipitates in the test-tubes.

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 Fig. 1.3 shows the test-tubes at 0, 5 and 10 minutes.

Fig. 1.3

(b) Prepare a table to record the results. Measure the height of the precipitate in each
test-tube in Fig. 1.3. Record the measurements in your table. [4]

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(c) State a conclusion for the results.

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(d)
(i) State the variable that was changed (independent variable) in this investigation.

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(ii) State two variables that should have been kept constant in this investigation.

1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Identify one possible error in step 6 and suggest an improvement.

error .........................................................................................................................
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improvement ............................................................................................................
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(e) Explain the purpose of test-tube P4.

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(f) A student stated the hypothesis:
“Treating fruit juice with pectinase reduces the vitamin C content of the
fruit juice”.
Plan an investigation to test this hypothesis.

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(g) Fig. 1.4 shows a cross-section of a ripe banana.

Fig. 1.4
(i) Make a large drawing of the cross-section of the banana fruit as shown in the
photograph. [4]

(ii) Draw a straight line on the photograph joining the lines labelled A and B to show
the diameter of the banana. Measure your line and record the measurement.

......................................................... mm

Draw a straight line in the same position on your drawing. Measure this line on
your drawing and record the measurement.

......................................................... mm

Calculate the magnification of your drawing in comparison with the actual banana
shown in the photograph. Show your working.

...........................................................[4]
[Total: 29]

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2. Vegetarian sources of protein, for example seeds and single cell proteins, are
increasingly being used throughout the world.
Fig. 2.1 shows the surface view of half of a peanut seed with the embryo attached.

Fig. 2.1
(a)
(i) Describe how you could test a peanut seed for the presence of protein.

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(ii) A group of students wanted to compare the protein content of peanut seeds with
that of fresh meat. Suggest three variables that would need to be controlled to
make a comparison.

1 ...............................................................................................................................
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2 ...............................................................................................................................
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3 …………………………………………………………………………………………….
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 Table 2.1 shows the protein content of some plant crops and single cell protein.
Table 2.1

(b)
(i) Construct a bar chart of the data in Table 2.1. [3]

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(ii) The average adult requires approximately 50 g of protein per day to maintain good
health.
Calculate the mass of single cell protein needed, per day, to provide 50 g of protein.
Show your working.

............................................................. g
[2]
[Total: 11]

Prepared by Tan Seok Hoon Checked by Ng Jo Han

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