Data Sheet: Bevel Gear

Number of teeth in gear for which geometry factor J is desired

Fig.3.1 Geometry Factor for bending, Pressure angle 200 and shaft angle 900

o o
Fig.3.2 Geometry Factor for bending, spiral angle 35 and shaft angle 90
 Fig.3.3 Dynamic Factor KV for bevel gear

Fig. 3.4: Mounting Factor Km for bevel gear

Table 3.1: Overload Factor Ko for bevel gear

Character of Character of Load on Driven Machine

Prime Mover Uniform Light Shock Medium Shock Heavy Shock
Uniform 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 or higher
Light shock 1.10 1.35 1.60 1.85 or higher
Medium shock 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 or higher
Heavy shock 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 or higher

Note: This table is for speed decreasing drives. For speed-increasing drives, add 0.01(N/n)2 or
0.01(Zg/Zp)2 to the above factors.
 Geometry Factor, I

Number of teeth in pinion, Zp

o o
Fig.3.4: Geometry Factor I for straight bevel gear pressure angle 20 and shaft angle 90
Geometry Factor, I

Number of teeth in pinion, Zp

o o
Fig.3.6 : Geometry factor I for spiral bevel gear pressure angle 20 , spiral angle 35 and
o
shaft angle 90
 Hardness Ratio K = HBp/HBg
Hardness Ratio Factor, CH

Reduction Gear Ratio, Zg/Zp

Fig.3.7a: Hardness ratio factor, C

H for through hardened pinion and gear
K = Brinell hardness ratio of pinion and gear, CH = 1.0 for values of K below 1.2
Hardness Ratio factor, CH

Brinell Hardness of the Gear, HB

Fig. 3.7b: Hardness ratio factor, C for surface hardened pinion and gear
H
 Allowable Contact Strength, Sfc’ MPa
Allowable Contact Strength, Sfc’ kpsi
Maximum for grade 2
Sfc’= 2.51 HB + 203.86 MPa

Maximum for grade 1

Sfc’= 2.35 HB + 162.89 MPa

Brinell Hardness, HB

Fig. 3.8 Allowable Contact Strength for through Hardened Steel Gears, S’fc, Reliability = 0.99
Temperature less than 1200C

Allowable Bending Strength, Sfb’ MPa

Allowable Bending Strength, Sfb’ kpsi

Maximum for grade 1

Maximum for grade 2 Sfb’= 0.30 HB + 14.48
Sfb’= 0.33 HB + 41.24 MPa MPa

Brinell Hardness, HB

Fig. 3.9 Allowable Bending Strength for through Hardened Steel Gears, S’fb, Reliability = 0.99
Temperature less than 1200C
Table 3.4 Reliability factors

Reliability Factors for Steel

Requirements of Application CR KR *
Fewer than one failure in 10 000 1.22 1.50
Fewer than one failure in 1000 1.12 1.25
Fewer than one failure in 100 1.00 1.00
Fewer than one failure in 10 0.92 0.85^
Fewer than one failure in 2 0.84 0.70#
* Tooth breakage is sometimes considered a greater hazard than pitting. In such cases a greater vulue of
KR (YZ) is selected for bending.
^At this value plastic flow might occur rather than pitting
#From test data extrapolation
 Table 3.5 Allowable Contact Strength for steel Gears

Material Heat Treatment Minimum Allowable Contact Strength S’fc lbf/in2

Designation Surface (N/mm2)
Hardness* Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Steel Through-hardened# Fig.3-8 Fig. 3-8 Fig. 3-8
Flame or induction hardened 50 HRC 175 000 190 000
(1210) (1310)
Carburized and case 2003-B97 200 000 225 000 250 000
hardened Table B (1380) [1550] (1720)
AISI 4140 Nitrided 84.5 HR 15N 145 000
[1000]
Nitrallay Nitrided$ 90.0 HR15N 160 000
135m [1100]

*Hardness to be equivalent to that at the tooth mid-depth in the center of the width.
^See ANSI/AGNA 2003-B97 for metallurgical factors for each stress grade of steel gears.
#These materials must be annealed or normalized as a minimum.
$The allowable stress numbers indicated may be used with the case depths prescribed in 21.1,ANSI/AGMA 2003-B97.

Table 3.6 Allowable Contact Strength for Iron Gears

Material Designation Typical Minimum Allowable Contact

Heat
ISO Surface Strength, S’fc
Material ASTM Treatment
Hardness lbf/in2 (N/mm2)
Cast iron ASTM A48 ISO/DR 185
Class 30 Grade 200 As cast 175 HB 50 000 [345]
Class 40 Grade 300 As cast 200 HB 65 000 [450]
Ductile ASTM A536 ISO/DIS 1083
(nodular) Grade 80-55-06 Grade 600-370-03 Quenched 180 HB 94 000 [650]
iron Grade 120-90-02 Grade 800-480-02 And tempered 300 HB 135 000 [930]

Table 3.7 Allowable Bending Strength for Steel Gears

Minimum Bending Strength (Allowable), S’fb lbf/in2 (N/mm2)

Material
Heat Treatment Surface
Designation Grade 1^ Grade 2^ Grade 3^
Hardness
Steel Through-hardened Fig. 3-9 Fig. 3-9 Fig. 3-9
Flame or induction
hardened
• Unhardened 50 HRC 15 000 [85] 13 500 [95]
roots
• Hardened roots
22 500 [154]
Carburized and case
hardened 2003-B97 30 000 [205] 35 000 [240] 40 000 [275]
AISI 4140 Nitrided* 84.5 HR 15N 22 000 [150]
Nitralloy Nitrided* 90.0 HR 15N 24 000 [165]
*The overload capacity of nitride gears is low. Since the slope of the effective S-N curve is flat, the sensitivity to
shock should be investigated before proceeding with the design
^See ANSI/AGNA 2003-B97 for metallurgical factors for each stress grade of steel gears
 Table 3.8 Allowable Bending Strength for Iron Gears

Material Designation Typical Bending

Heat Minimum Strength
ISO
Material ASTM Treatment Surface (Allowable), S’fb
Hardness lbf/in2 (N/MM2)
Cast Iron ASTM A48 ISO/DR 185
Class 30 Grade 200 As cast 175 HB 4500 [30]
Class 40 Grade 300 As cast 200 HB 6500 [45]
Ductile ASTM A536 ISO/DIS 1083
(nodular) Grade 80-55-06 Grade 600-370-03 Quenched 180 HB 10 000 [70]
iron Grade 120-90-02 Grade 800-480-02 And tempered 300 HB 13 500 [95]

• For Figure 3.8

S’fc = 2.35HB +162.89 MPa grade 1

S’fc = 2.51 HB +203.86 MPa grade 2

• For Figure 3.9

S’fb =0.30HB+14.48 MPa grade 1

S’fb =0.33HB + 41.24 MPa grade 2

• Constants A and B for Velocity Factor [Dynamic Factor]

A=50+56(1-B)
B=0.25(12-Qv)2/3

• Size Factor for Pitting Resistance, Cs

0.5 F > 12.7mm

Cs = 0.004 92b+0.4375 12.7 < F < 114.3 mm
1 F > 114.3 mm
• Size Factor for Bending Ks
0.5 m < 1.6 mm
Ks= 0.4867+0.008 339m 1.6 < m < 50 mm

• Load-Distribution Factor Km

Km =Kmb +5.6(10-6)b2

• Stress-Cycle Factor for Pitting Resistance CL

2 103 < [Life] < 104

CL = 3.4822[Life]-0.0602 104 < [Life] < 1010
 • Stress-Cycle Factor for Bending Resistance KL

2.7 102 < NL < 103

6.1514NL-0.1182 103 < NL < 3 (106)
KL= 1.6831NL-0.0323 3 (106) < NL < 1010 general
1.3558NL-0.0178 3 (106) < NL < 1010 critical

Where NL is Life
• Hardness-Ratio Factor CH

CH = 1 + B1 (Zp/Zg - 1) B1 = 0.008 98 (HBp/HBg) – 0.008 29

CH = 1 + B2 (450 – HBg) B2 = 0.000 75 exp ( -0.52fp)
fp = Pinion Surface Hardness in µm
• Temperature Factor, KT

1 00C < θ < 1200C

KT = (273 + 0) /393 θ > 1200C