5

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc

B‡Zvg‡a¨B Avcbviv cwimsL¨v‡bi aviYv Ges Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi wewfbœ †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
†R‡b‡Qb| G BDwb‡U Avcwb †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv Ges Gi cwigvc m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
Z_¨we‡k¦i Dcv`v‡bi †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ bgybv Pqb Kivi ci gvb¸‡jv‡K we‡klfv‡e j¶¨
Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, G‡`i GKwU msL¨vi Lye KvQvKvwQ _vKvi cÖeYZv Av‡Q| G NUbv‡K †K›`ªxq
cÖeYZv e‡j| Giƒc‡¶‡Î †h gv‡bi Lye wbKUeZ©x Ab¨vb¨ gvb¸‡jv we`¨gvb _v‡K Zv‡K †K›`ªxq
gvb e‡j| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cÖavb cwigvcK¸‡jv n‡jv Mo (Mean), ga¨K (Median) Ges
cÖPyiK (Mode)| cwimsL¨v‡b Gme cwigvcK wbY©q LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| G BDwb‡U wewfbœ cv‡V
wewfbœ ai‡bi Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK Kx, Kxfv‡e G‡`i wbY©q Kiv nq Ges G‡`i cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

cvV-5.1 t †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I Mo

cvV-5.2 t ga¨K wbY©q : mvaviY I we‡kl †¶‡Î

cvV-5.3 t cÖPziK wbY©q

cvV-5.4 t Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki Zzjbv
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV-5.1
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I Mo

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

■ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
■ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
■ ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Dëb Mo Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
■ wewfbœ ai‡bi Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, G‡`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv (Central Tendency)

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwimsL¨v‡bi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi
c~‡e© Avmyb G wel‡q GKwU D`vniY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi| g‡b Kiyb Avcwb †Kvb GKwU GjvKvq
PvlK…Z wewfbœ K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z BR3 av‡bi djb KZ Zv msMÖn Ki‡jb| GLb hw` Avcbv‡K
†Kn cÖkœ K‡i †h, H GjvKvq BR3 av‡bi Mo djb KZ? ZLb Avcwb wbðqB Ggb GKwU
msL¨v ej‡eb hv H GjvKvq PvlK…Z mKj K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z BR3 Gi dj‡bi KvQvKvwQ GKwU
gvb n‡e| A_©vr H wbw`©ó gvbwU H GjvKvq mKj K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z BR3 av‡bi dj‡bi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q hvi gva¨‡g H GjvKvq BR3 av‡bi djb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| G‡¶‡Î
mKj K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z cÖvß dmj msL¨v hviv GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi w`‡K cywÄf~Z nevi cÖeYZv
RxebhvÎv, cwiKíbv MÖnY †`Lvq ZvB n‡jv †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv| Avgv‡`i RxebhvÎv, cwiKíbv MÖnY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Avgiv
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R †K›`ªxq †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv e¨envi K‡i _vwK| †hgb- Mo djb, Mo eqm, Mo Avq BZ¨vw`| GmKj
cÖeYZvi e¨envi i‡q‡Q|
Z_¨mg~‡ni h_v_© we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ msL¨vMZ we‡kølY Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, msL¨vMZ we‡kølY
Rvb‡Z cvi‡j Avcwb Z_¨ivwk‡K GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj msL¨v †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡j wewfbœ Z_¨mvwii Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges wm×všÍ
MÖnY m¤¢e n‡e|

Av`k© †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc‡Ki wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb -

• GwU Lye ¯úófv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
• GwU mn‡R eySv Ges wn‡me Kiv hvq|
• GwU me¸‡jv ch©‡e¶‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i MwVZ nq|
• G‡K exR‡hvwRZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
• bgybvi gvbmg~‡ni n«vm-e„w×i Øviv GwU cÖfvweZ nq|

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcKmg~n (Measures of Central Tendency)

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv we‡kl c×wZ i‡q‡Q| c×wZ¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-

1| Mo (Mean) : Mo Avevi wZb ai‡bi| h_v-

• †hvwRZ Mo (Arithmatic Mean)

• ¸wYZK Mo (Geometric Mean)

BDwbU - 5 55
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

• Dëb Mo (Harmonic Mean)

2| ga¨K (Median)
3| cÖPziK (Mode)

†hvwRZ Mo (Arithmatic Mean)

†Kvb ch©‡e¶‡Y KZK¸‡jv ivwki mgwó‡K ivwk¸‡jvi msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h fvMdj cvIqv †Kvb ch©‡e¶‡Y KZK¸‡jv
hvq Zv‡K H ivwk¸‡jvi †hvwRZ Mo e‡j| †hgb- ivwki mgwó‡K ivwk¸‡jvi
n msL¨K `je×nxb (ungrouped) ch©‡e¶Y x1, x2, x3 ............... xn Gi †hvwRZ Mo msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h
fvMdj cvIqv hvq Zv‡K H
x n‡e wb¤œiƒct ivwk¸‡jvi †hvwRZ Mo
e‡j|

x1 + x2 + x3 ......................... + xn
x=
n
n
1
= ∑ xi
n i =1

NUbmsL¨v web¨vm ev `je× WvUvi †¶‡Î †hvwRZ Mo wb¤œiƒct

f x + f 2 x2 + f 3 x3 ......................... + f n xn
x= 1 1
n
n

∑fx
i =1
i i
= n

∑f
i =1
i

1 n n
= ∑ f i xi
n i =1
[Q ∑ f i = n]
i =1

ch©‡e¶Y wd«Kz‡qÝx/NUbmsL¨v
x1 f1
x2 f2
x3 f3
. .
. .
. .
xn fn
‡gvU n = ∑fi

D`vniY
Rbve Avjg mv‡n‡ei gvwmK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ cY¨¸‡jv µq K‡i-

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 56
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cY¨ cÖwZ †KwRi `vg cwigvY

(UvKv) (†KwR)
Pvj 13 20
AvUv 12 6
Wvj 30 2
jeY 7 4
†Zj 50 4

cwieviwUi Mo µqg~j¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

mgvavb
cÖwZ †KwRi `vg (UvKv) cwigvY xifi
(xi) (fi)
13 20 260
12 6 72
30 2 60
7 4 28
50 4 200
∑xi = 112 ∑fi = 36 ∑xifi = 620

∑ xi fi
†KwR cªwZ Mo µqg~j¨ =
∑ fi
620
=
36
= 17.22

†hvwRZ M‡oi myweav

• mvwe©Kfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ges mn‡R wnmve Kiv hvq|
†hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z
• mnR‡eva¨ nIqvq GwU †hvwRZ I exRMwY‡Zi cÖwµqvq Av‡iv‡ci Dc‡hvMx| d‡j
n‡j ch©‡e¶‡Yi me KqwU cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi e¨envi me©vwaK|
ivwk‡K we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z
nq| • †hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j ch©‡e¶‡Yi me KqwU ivwk‡K we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z nq|
• GwU mnR‡eva¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y mvaviYfv‡e †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK wnmv‡e me©vwaK
e¨eüZ nq|
• Abyµ‡gi ivwk¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi cÖK…Z gvb †`qv bv _vK‡jI †KejgvÎ Gi mgwó Ges
msL¨v Rvbv _vK‡jB †hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• bgybvi ZviZg¨ Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq|

BDwbU - 5 57
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†hvwRZ M‡oi Amyweav

• cÖvwšÍK ev Pig gvbmg~n Øviv h‡_ó cÖfvweZ nq|
• hw` NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi Pig †kªYxmg~‡ni cÖvš— †Lvjv nq| Z‡e †hvwRZ Mo wn‡me Kiv
hvq bv|
• †hvwRZ M‡oi gvbmg~n wmwiR AvKv‡i N‡U bv|
†hvwRZ M‡oi ˆewkó¨mg~n
†hvwRZ Mo †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi GKwU cwigvcK| Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi †K›`ª¯’‡j Gi Ae¯’vb| d‡j Gi
KZ¸‡jv ‡hvwRZ ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| ˆewk󨸇jv n‡jv- †hvwRZ Mo †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
GKwU cwigvcK| Z_¨
• †Kvb GKwU cwimsL¨vb Z_¨mvwii Mo †_‡K cÖwZwU msL¨vgv‡bi wePz¨wZ wbY©q Ki‡j mg¯Í Abyµ‡gi †K›`ª¯’‡j Gi
Ae¯’vb|
wePz¨wZi mgwó k~b¨ nq| m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j ˆewkó¨wU wb¤œiƒc, ∑ ( x − x) = 0
D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, hw` cuvPRb kªwg‡Ki cÖvß gRyix h_vµ‡g 5, 6, 7, 8,9
∑x 35
UvKv nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i Mo gRyix x = = = 7 UvKv Mo †_‡K Ab¨ iwk¸‡jvi
n 5
wePz¨wZi mgwó, ∑ ( x − x) = 0 .

Mo †_‡K iwk¸‡jvi wePz¨wZi mgwó wbY©q K‡i wb‡¤œi ZvwjKvq cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv-
x x−x
5 -2
6 -1
7 0
8 1
9 2
∑ ( x − x) = 0

• GKwU Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi cÖwZwU Z‡_¨i e`‡j Mo e¨envi Ki‡j Zv‡`i †hvMdj Z_¨mvwii GKwU Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi cÖwZwU
msL¨vgvbmg~‡ni mgwói mgvb| Z‡_¨i e`‡j Mo e¨envi
Ki‡j Zv‡`i †hvMdj
wP‡ýi gva¨‡g welqwU ∑ x = Nx Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Mo gRyix 7 UvKv| Abyµ‡gi Z_¨mvwii msL¨vgvbmg~‡ni
ivwk¸‡jvi mgwó ∑ x = 35| Avevi ivwk¸‡jvi cwie‡Z© Mo emv‡j Zv‡`i mgwó nq mgwói mgvb|
∑ x = Nx = 5 × 7 = 3 5 | †mRb¨ ejv P‡j †h, †hvwRZ Mo Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi h_v_©
cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj ivwk|
• N msL¨K aªyeK gvb a Gi Mo a|
cÖgvY: g‡bKwi aªyeK a, n msL¨K evi we`¨gvb|
∑ a na
G‡¶‡Î, x = = = a ; cÖgvwYZ|
n n
• †hvwRZ Mo †_‡K Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi cÖwZwU msL¨vgv‡bi wePz¨wZi e‡M©i mgwó me©wb¤œ| wP‡ýi
gva¨‡g welqwU wb¤œiƒct

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 58
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

∑ ( x − x) 2 ≤ ∑ ( x − A ) 2 | †hLv‡b A n‡”Q Mo e¨ZxZ †h †Kvb GKwU msL¨vgvb|

Dc‡ii D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv, g‡bKwi, A = 8
x x−x ( x − x) 2 x−A (x − A) 2
5 -2 4 -3 9
6 -1 1 -2 4
7 0 0 -1 1
8 1 1 0 0
9 2 4 1 1
∑ ( x − x) = 10
2
∑ ( x − A ) 2 = 15

Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq †`Lv hv‡”Q, ∑ ( x − x) 2 = 10 Ges ∑ ( x − A ) 2 = 15

myZivs , ∑ ( x − x) 2 ≤ ∑ ( x − A ) 2
• hw` K ¸”Q gv‡bi msL¨v I Mo h_vµ‡g
nj I xi (i = 1, 2, .............. n I j = 1, 2, ................... k) nq Z‡e, ¸”Q gvb
n x 1 + n2 x 2 + ....................... + nk x n
x= 1
n1 + n2 + ................. + nk
†hvwRZ M‡oi e¨envi
G cv‡V Avcwb wbðqB †hvwRZ Mo m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ †R‡b‡Qb| Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
Avgiv wewfbœ e³e¨ †hgb, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Mo µqg~j¨, †Kvb c‡Y¨i Mo Avg`vwb, gvwmK Mo Avq,
wkí c‡Y¨i Mo Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` welqK aviYvi m¤§yLxb nB| G‡¶‡Î cÖK…Zc‡¶ †hvwRZ Mo
e¨eüZ nq| †Kvb wel‡qi mg‡qi wfwˇZ mvRv‡bv Z_¨‡K mylg Kivi Rb¨ A_©vr wewfbœ gv‡m
Drcv`b wewfbœ iKg n‡jI cÖwZgv‡m GKwU cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© eySv‡bvi †¶‡Î †h
Mo e¨eüZ nq, Zv n‡jv †hvwRZ Mo| m~PK msL¨v cwiMYbvqI †hvwRZ Mo e¨eüZ nq|
†hvwRZ Mo Qvov mw¤§wjZ Mo †ei Kiv m¤¢e bq|
¸wYZK Mo (Geometric mean)
†Kvb wmwi‡Ri n msL¨K †Kvb wmwi‡Ri n msL¨K Ak~b¨ abvZœK ivwk¸‡jvi ¸Yd‡ji n Zg g~j‡K ¸wYZK Mo e‡j|
Ak b¨ abvZœK ivwk¸‡jvi g‡b Kwi, x1, x2, x3 ......................... xn GKwU n msL¨K Ak~b¨ FYvZœK ivwki wmwiR|
¸Yd‡ji n Zg g~j‡K 1
¸wYZK Mo e‡j| n
Gi ¸wYZK Mo n‡e G = (x1 × x2 × .................... × xn)
G wbq‡g wZbwUi †ewk msL¨v wmwiR Zvi g~j †ei Kiv KóKi e‡j log Gi mvnvh¨ †bqv nq|
1
log G = log( x1 × x2 × x3 × ........................ × x n )
n

1
ev, log G = (log x1 + log x2 + log x3 + ........... + logxn )
n
1 n
= ∑ log xi
n i =1
1 n 
∴ G = Anti log  ∑ log xi  (ungrouped data)
 n i =1 

BDwbU - 5 59
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

NUbmsL¨v web¨vm ev `je× WvUvi †¶‡Î ¸wYZK Mo wb¤œiƒct

ch©‡e¶Y NUbmsL¨v
x1 f1
x2 f2
x3 f3
. .
. .
xn fn
‡gvU n = ∑fi
1 n
f1 f2 fn
G = ( x1 × x2 × ....................... × xn ) †hLv‡b n = ∑ f i
n

i =1

1
log G = log( x1 1 × x2 2 × ............... × xn n )
f f f

n
1
[
= f1 log x 1 + f 2 log x2 + ..................... + f n log xn
n
]
1 n
= ∑ f i log xi
n i =1
 n 
G = Anti log ∑ f i log xi  / n
 i =1 
D`vniY
wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡m `kwU †Kv¤úvwb‡K jv‡fi kZKiv Abymv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
jv‡fi kZKiv nvi †Kv¤úvwbi msL¨v
0-5 1
5 - 10 2
10 - 15 4
15 - 20 2
20 - 25 1
†gvU 10
GLb NUbmsL¨v web¨vmwUi ¸wYZK Mo wbY©q Kiyb|
mgvavb
NUbmsL¨v mviwY †_‡K ¸wYZK Mo wbY©q
jvf fi xi logxi fi logxi
(kZKiv nvi) ga¨K
0-5 1 2.5 0.3979 0.3979
5 - 10 2 7.5 0.8751 1.7502
10 - 15 4 12.5 1.0969 4.3876
15 - 20 2 17.5 1.2430 2.4860
20 - 25 1 22.5 1.3522 1.3522
10.3739
∴ ∑ fi log x i = 1 0 .3 7 3 9

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 60
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

 ∑ log xi 
¸wYZK Mo = G = Anti log 
 n 
 1 0 .3 7 3 9 
= Anti log 
 1 0 
= Anti log[1 .0 3 7 3 9 ]
= 1 0 .8 99
∴¸wYZK Mo = 10.899
¸wYZK M‡oi myweav
¸wYZK Mo‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e
msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq| GwU • ¸wYZK Mo‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
ch©‡e¶‡Yi mKj gv‡bi • GwU ch©‡e¶‡Yi mKj gv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i Kiv nq|
Ici wfwË K‡i Kiv nq|
• GwU bgybvi n«vme„w× Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Kg|
• GwU †QvU ch©‡e¶‡Yi †¶‡Î †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
¸wYZK M‡oi Amyweav
• GwU mn‡R eySv hvq bv Ges MwY‡Zi we‡kl Ávb bv _vK‡j wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
• hw` NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi Pig †kªwYmg~‡ni cÖvšÍ †Lvjv nq Z‡e GwU wnmve Kiv hvq bv|
• ¸wYZ‡Ki gvbmg~n‡K wmwiR AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv|
• ¸wYZK M‡oi †¶‡Î †Kvb GKwU Z_¨gvb k~b¨ n‡j wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
Dëb Mo (Hermonic mean)
Ak~b¨ †Kvb wmwi‡Ri Dëb Ak~b¨ †Kvb wmwi‡Ri Dëb msL¨v¸‡jv †hvwRZ M‡oi Dëb‡K Dëb Mo e‡j|
msL¨v¸‡jv †hvwRZ M‡oi
Dëb‡K Dëb Mo e‡j| g‡b Kwi, x1, x2, x3 ....................... xn GKwU n Zg Ak~b¨ ivwki wmwi‡Ri Dëb Mo
n‡e-
1
H=
1 1 1 1
( + + .................. + )
n x1 x2 xn
n
=
1 1 1
+ + .................. +
x1 x2 xn
n
= n
(ungrouped data)
1
∑
i =1 xi
NUbmsL¨v web¨vm ev `je×WvUvi †¶‡Î Dëb Mo wb¤œiƒct
ch©‡e¶Y NUbmsL¨v
x1 f1
x2 f2
x3 f3
. .
xn fn
‡gvU n = ∑fi

BDwbU - 5 61
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

H=

 f
f f 
 + +.....................+ n 
f
+ f+............+ f n  x
x xn 

 n

=

fi n Q

∑f i = n

∑
n i =
xi
i =

n
= n
fi
∑i =
x i

D`vniY
wb¤œwjwLZ NUbmsL¨v web¨vm n‡Z Dëb Mo wbY©q Kiyb|
†kªwYe¨vwß 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
NUbmsL¨v 2 3 12 15 9 6

mgvavb
n
Avgiv Rvwb, Dëb Mo = n
fi
∑x
i =1 i

GLb,
Mo wbY©q mviwY
†kªwYe¨vwß ga¨K NUbmsL¨v fi
xi
0-5 2.5 2 0.8000
5-10 7.5 6 0.79998
10-15 12.5 12 0.96000
15-20 17.5 15 0.85710
20-25 22.5 9 0.39996
25-30 27.5 6 0.21816
n =∑fi = 50 fi
∑ =4.0352
xi
n 50
∴Dëb Mo = = = 12.39
f i 4.0352
∑
xi
Abykxjb (Activities) t wb‡¤œi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm mviwY n‡Z Dëb Mo, ¸wYZK Mo Ges
†hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Kiyb|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 62
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

†kªwYe¨vwß NUbmsL¨v
0-10 9
10-20 42
20-30 61
30-40 140
40-50 250
50-60 102
60-70 71
70-80 23
80-90 2

Dëb M‡oi myweav

Dëb M‡oi myweav n‡”Q
GwU‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e msÁvwqZ • GwU mvwe©Kfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
Kiv hvq Ges GwU bgybvi • GwU wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j ch©‡e¶‡Yi meKwU ivwk‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
n«vm e„w× Øviv cÖfvweZ nq
bv| • bgybvi n«vme„w× Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
• †QvU ch©‡e¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Gi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK|

Dëb M‡oi Amyweav

• GwU mn‡R eySv hvq bv I wnmve Kiv hvq bv|
• NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi Pig †kªwYmg~‡ni cÖvšÍ †Lvjv n‡j Dëb Mo †ei Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o|
• Dëb M‡oi gvbmg~n‡K wmwiR AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv|
e¨envit
hLb ch©‡e¶Ymg~n‡K nvi, †eM Ges g~j¨ BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Dëb Mo e¨envi Kiv
nq|

mvigg© t †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwimsL¨v‡bi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨| Av`k© †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
cwigvc‡Ki †hme ˆewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡”Q - GwU Lye ¯úófv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq, GwU
mn‡R eySv Ges wn‡me Kiv hvq, GwU me¸‡jv ch©‡e¶‡Yi Ici wfwË K‡i MwVZ nq, bgybvi
gvbmg~‡ni n«vm-e„w×i Øviv GwU cÖfvweZ nq| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv we‡kl
c×wZ i‡q‡Q| c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv- Mo, ga¨K Ges cÖPziK|

BDwbU - 5 63
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|

1| †Kvb&wUi Ici †hvwRZ Mo Gi cwieZ©b wbf©i K‡i?

K) †¯‹j Ges AwiwR‡bi Dci
L) †¯‹‡ji Ici
M) AwiwR‡bi Ici
N) †¯‹j I AwiwRb †KvbwUi Ici bq

2| ¸wYZK M‡oi m~Î †Kvb&wU?

1 n
K) ¸wYZK Mo = ∑ X i
N i =1
1 n
L) ¸wYZK Mo = Anti log ∑ log xi
n i =1
M) ¸wYZK Mo = (∑ X i − x )
N
N) ¸wYZK Mo = n
1
∑i −1 X 1

3| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wUi †¶‡Î ¸wYZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv?

K) †Kvb GKwU Z_¨ gvb we‡qvM †evaK nq
L) †Kvb GKwU Z_¨ gvb †hvM †evaK nq
M) †Kvb GKwU Z_¨ gvb k~b¨ nq
N) †Kvb GKwU Z_¨ gvb mmxg nq

4| N msL¨K gvb a Gi Mo †Kvb&wU?

K) N + a
L) a
M) a/N
N) N - a

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 64
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV-5.2
ga¨K wbY©q : mvaviY I we‡kl †¶‡Î

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

ga¨K Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kvb Aweb¨¯Í Z_¨ Abyµg †_‡K ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kvb web¨¯— DcvË †_‡K ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †Kvb Z_¨mvwii ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ga¨‡Ki myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ga¨K
ga¨K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi Ab¨ GKwU cwigvcK| †hme †¶‡Î †hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq
A_ev, †hvwRZ Mo †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK wnmv‡e Kg Dc‡hvMx †mme †¶‡Î ga¨K
cwigvcK e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

gv‡bi DaŸ© A_ev wb¤œµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv †Kvb Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi †h msL¨vwU AbyµgwU‡K mgvb
`yfv‡M wef³ K‡i Zv‡K ga¨K e‡j| ga¨K cwimsL¨vb mvwi‡K mgvb `yfv‡M fvM K‡i, GKw`‡K
_v‡K ga¨K †_‡K Kg gv‡bi me msL¨v Ges Ab¨w`‡K _v‡K ga¨K †_‡K e„nËi gv‡bi mg¯Í
msL¨v| ZvB †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡K mvRv‡bvi ci mgvb `yfv‡M fvM Ki‡j †h ga¨eZ©x ivwkwU cvIqv
hvq †m gvbB n‡”Q ga¨K| GKwU D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ welqwU‡K AviI mnRfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv
n‡jv|

D`vniY 1
cuvPRb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi kª‡gi gRyix wb‡P †`qv n‡jv,
7, 9, 11, 8, 10
Z_¨ AbyµgwUi ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgvavb
Z_¨mvwiwU‡K gv‡bi DaŸ©µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡j AbyµgwU wb¤œiƒc `uvovq,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11
GLb Z_¨mvwiwU fvjfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Z_¨mvwii ga¨g msL¨v n‡jv 9|
myZivs ga¨‡Ki msÁv Abymv‡i G Z_¨mvwii ga¨K n‡”Q 9|

Aweb¨¯Í Z_¨ Abyµg †_‡K ga¨K wbY©q

†Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z we‡Rvo †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z we‡Rvo msL¨K ivwk _vK‡j GKwU we‡kl msL¨v mvwiwU‡K mgvb `yfv‡M wef³
msL¨K ivwk _vK‡j GKwU K‡i| †mRb¨ we‡Rvo msL¨K ivwk wewkó Z_¨mvwii †¶‡Î ga¨‡Ki Ae¯’vb wPwýZKiY mnR
we‡kl msL¨v mvwiwU‡K mgvb
`yfv‡M wef³ K‡i| nq| †hgb, Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y mvRv‡bv Z_¨mvwii wVK gvSLv‡b 9 msL¨vwUi Ae¯’vb| †mRb¨ 9
n +1
B n‡”Q Z_¨mvwii ga¨K| cÖZx‡Ki gva¨‡g we‡Rvo msL¨v wewkó Z_¨mvwii ga¨K n‡”Q
2
5 +1
Zg msL¨vgvb, †hLv‡b n n‡”Q Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi ivwk msL¨v| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Zg msL¨v
2
ev 3q msL¨v, 9 n‡”Q ga¨K| GLb ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cÖkœ Av‡m Abyµ‡g †Rvo msL¨v _vK‡j Gi

BDwbU - 5 65
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

n n
ga¨K Kx n‡e? †Rvo msL¨v wewkó Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi ga¨‡Ki msÁv n‡”Q Zg Ges + 1 Zg
2 2
ivwki Mo, †hLv‡b n n‡jv Abyµ‡gi ivwki msL¨v| welqwU GKwU D`vni‡Y Dc¯’vcb Kiv
hvK|

D`vniY 2
GKwU KviLvbvi AvURb kªwg‡Ki †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡b Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i msL¨v wb¤œiƒc| G
Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
68, 44, 60, 75, 64, 55, 48, 50
mgvavb
G Z_¨mvwii ivwk msL¨v 8| GwU GKwU †Rvo msL¨v wewkó Z_¨ Abyµg| msÁv Abymv‡i Gi
n n
ga¨K n‡jv, Zg Ges + 1 Zg ivwki Mo| gv‡bi DaŸ©µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv mvwiwU n‡jv-
2 2
44, 48, 50, 55, 60, 64, 68, 75
n n
+ ( + 1)
myZivs ga¨K = 2 2
2
8 8
+ ( + 1)
4+5
†hLv‡b n = 8, = 2 2 =
2 2
55 + 60 115
= = = 57.5
2 2
myZivs kªwgK‡`i Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ msL¨vi ga¨K n‡”Q 57.5|

Abykxjb (Activity): wb‡Pi Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi ga¨K wbY©q Kiyb|

10 Rb Qv‡Îi g„wËKv weÁv‡b cÖvß b¤^i t 50, 42, 37, 60, 53, 75, 82, 44, 37, 61

web¨¯Í DcvË †_‡K ga¨K wbY©q

web¨¯Í Z_¨ mvaviYZ NUbmsL¨v mviwY‡Z cÖKvk Kiv nq| †Kvb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi ga¨K wbY©q †Kvb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi
ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j
Ki‡Z n‡j NUbmsL¨v¸‡jv †hvR‡bi gva¨‡g web¨v‡mi †kªYx¸‡jvi †KvbwU‡Z ga¨K Ae¯’vb NUbmsL¨v¸‡jv †hvR‡bi
Ki‡Q - Zv cÖ_‡g wbiƒcY Kiv nq| web¨v‡mi †hvRb NUbmsL¨v wbY©q K‡i †h ‡kªYxi †hvwRZ gva¨‡g web¨v‡mi ‡kªYx¸‡jvi
NUbmsL¨vi gvbwUi mgvb ev †ewk Zv wbY©q Kiv nq| †mB ‡kªYxi g‡a¨ ga¨‡Ki Ae¯’vb a‡i †KvbwU‡Z ga¨K Ae¯’vb
†bqv nq| ga¨K ‡kªYx wbiƒwcZ nIqvi ci ga¨K ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨v H ‡kªYx‡Z mgfv‡e wb‡ewkZ Ki‡Q - Zv cÖ_‡g wbiƒcY
Kiv nq|
- G Abygv‡bi wfwˇZ ga¨K wbiƒc‡Yi †¶‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ m~Î e¨envi Kiv nq|

n
− fc
ga¨K = L1 + 2 ×C
fm
‡hLv‡b L1 = ga¨K ‡kªYxi wbæmxgv
C = cÖwZwU Dc-Abyµ‡gi ivwk msL¨v ev ‡kªYx e¨vwß
L2 = ga¨K ‡kªYxi D”Pmxgv
n = †gvU NUbmsL¨v

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 66
Gm Gm GBP Gj

fm = ga¨K ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨v

fc = ga¨K ‡kªYxi c~e©eZ©x ‡kªYxi †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v
D`vniY 3
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weGMGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi gv‡Qi Pvl I e¨e¯’vcbv (weGB 1306)
†Kvm© eB Gi cix¶vq GK`j Qv‡Îi cÖvß b¤^i wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v mviwY‡Z †`qv n‡jv| mviwY
†_‡K Qv·`i cÖvß b¤^‡ii ga¨K †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
b¤^i Qv‡Îi msL¨v
0-10 1
10-20 4
20-30 6
30-40 8
40-50 10
50-60 20
60-70 24
70-80 18
80-90 6
90-100 3

mgvavb
b¤^i QvÎmsL¨v NUbmsL¨v †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v
0-10 1 1
10-20 4 1+4=5
20-30 6 5+6=11
30-40 8 11+8=19
40-50 10 19+10=29 = fc
50-60 20 = fm 29+20=49
60-70 24 49+24=73
70-80 18 73+18=91
80-90 6 91+6=97
90-100 3 97+3=100
n = 100
n 100
= = 50
2 2

myZivs †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v 50 nIqvq a‡i †bqv hvq ga¨‡Ki †kªYxe¨vwß (50-60) Gi g‡a¨
Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|

myZivs ga¨K †kªYx = (50 - 60)

ga¨K ‡kªYxi wb¤œmxgv = 60, ga¨K ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨v = 20
n
− fc
ga¨K = L1 + 2 ×C
fm

BDwbU - 5 67
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

50 - 29
= 50 + × 10
20
21
= 50 + × 10 = 50 + 10.5 = 60.50
20
myZivs, Qv·`i b¤^‡ii ga¨K = 60.50

Abykxjb (Activity) : wb‡Pi web¨¯Í Dcv‡Ëi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨K wbY©q Kiyb|

evbvb fz‡ji msL¨v c„ôv msL¨v
0-2 2
2-4 2
4-6 3
6-8 2
8-10 1

wew”Qbœ Abyµ‡gi ga¨K wbY©q

n wew”Qbœ Abyµg Z_¨mvwii Rb¨
wew”Qbœ Abyµg Z_¨mvwii Rb¨ ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Zg msL¨vi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB
2 n
Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡g µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨vi GKwU Kjvg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡Z nq| Gfv‡e Zg msL¨vi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ
2
NUbmsL¨vi ga¨¯’j wbe©vwPZ n‡j Zv †h gv‡bi wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i †m gvb‡K ga¨K e‡j Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡g
wPwýZ Kiv nq| GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wemqwU‡K AviI mnR Kiv hvq Gfv‡e - µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨vi GKwU
Kjvg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡Z nq|

D`vniY 4
wb‡Pi web¨v‡m GKwU wPswoi Lvgv‡ii 100 Rb kªwg‡Ki Kv‡Ri mgqmxgv †`qv n‡jv| web¨v‡mi
ga¨K wbY©q Kiyb|
Kv‡Ri mgq mxgv (ermi) 5 6 7 8 9
kªwg‡Ki msL¨v 10 20 40 20 10

mgvavb
ga¨K wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g µg‡hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡i m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kv‡Ri mgq mxgv NUbmsL¨v (f) µg‡hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v
cf
5 10 10
6 20 10+20=30
7 40 30+40=70
8 20 70+20=90
9 10 90+10=100
n
ga¨K = Zg ivwki gvb, GLv‡b n = 100
2
ga¨K = 50 Zg ivwk
GLb †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨vi Kjvg j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, 50Zg msL¨vi Ae¯’vb Kv‡Ri Rxeb
mxgvi 7 (mvZ) Gi wecix‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| AZGe, kªwgK‡`i Kv‡Ri mgqmxgvi ga¨K = 7
ermi|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 68
Gm Gm GBP Gj

ˆjwLK cÖwµqvq ga¨K wbY©q

†jL wP‡Îi gva¨‡gI †Kvb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi ga¨K wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖwµqvi ga¨K wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g GKwU AwRf ev †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcbvi wbðqB
AwRf AsKb cÖYvjx g‡b Av‡Q hv Avcwb BDwbU 2 Gi cvV 5 G †R‡b‡Qb| AwR‡fi gva¨‡g
ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z †M‡j †h me avc AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †R‡b †bqv hvK| AwR‡fi Y-
A‡¶ _vK‡e †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v Ges X- A‡¶ _vK‡e Pj‡Ki ‡kªwYmxgv| †Kvb NUbmsL¨v
n n
web¨v‡mi †gvU NUbmsL¨v n n‡j Gi Ae¯’vb cÖ_‡g Y- A‡¶ wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB
2 2
we›`y †_‡K X- A‡¶i mgvš—ivj GKwU †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e| X- A‡¶i mgvš—ivj †iLv †h
we›`y‡Z AwRf‡K †Q` K‡i †m †Q` we›`y †_‡K X- A¶ †iLvi Ici GKwU j¤^ AsKb Ki‡Z
n‡e| hv wPÎvbyhvqx M we›`y‡Z X A¶‡K †Q` Ki‡e| †mB †Q` we›`yi Ae¯’v‡b ga¨K wPwýZ
n‡e Ges †Q` we›`ywUi gvbB n‡e ga¨K|

n
)v̈120
100

L
s 80
m 60
b 40
U 20
N
( 0
¶
A
- 14-18 18-24 M=
24-28
ga¨K 28-34 34-38 38-44
Y

X-A¶ (†kªwY e¨eav‡bi DŽPmxgv

wPÎ- AwR‡fi gva¨‡g ga¨K wbY©q

D`vniY 5
`kRb kªwg‡Ki cÖwZ N›Uvi gRyix wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡m †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| AwRf AsKb K‡i
Zvi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
N›Uv cÖwZ gRyix (UvKv) kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
0-5 1
5-10 2
10-15 4
15-20 2
20-25 1
‡gvU 10

mgvavb
N›Uv cÖwZ gRyix NUbmsL¨v †hvwRZ NUbmsL¨v
(UvKv) f cf
0-5 1 1

BDwbU - 5 69
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

5-10 2 3
10-15 4 7
15-20 2 9
20-25 1 10

n 10
GLv‡b, = =5
2 2

10
NUbmsL¨v

8 n
6
2
Y- ‡hvwRZ

0
M= 13.75
5 10 15 20 25
X-
‡k wªY e¨ea v‡bi DŽPmxg

wPÎ- AwR‡fi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨K wbY©q

∴ga¨K, M = 13.75|

Abykxjb (Activity) : wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm n‡Z AwRf AsKb K‡i ga¨K wbY©q Kiyb|
ZvcgvÎv (wWwMÖ) w`‡bi msL¨v
15-19 20
19-23 31
23-27 35
27-31 44
31-35 37
35-39 29
39-43 20

ga¨K Gi myweavmg~n Z_¨mvwi‡Z we`¨gvb

A¯^vfvweKfv‡e eo ev †QvU
• ga¨K GKwU Ae¯’vb wfwËK †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK| GwU mnR‡eva¨ Ges mvRv‡bv msL¨v Øviv ga¨K Kg
cÖfvweZ nq|
Z_¨mvwi †_‡K Kg mg‡q wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• Z_¨mvwi‡Z we`¨gvb A¯^vfvweKfv‡e eo ev †QvU msL¨v Øviv ga¨K Kg cÖfvweZ nq|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 70
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

• mxgvwenxb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi †¶‡Î †hLv‡b †hvwRZ Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv †m‡¶‡Î ga¨K
wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| Gme †¶‡Î ga¨KB †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi h_v_© cwigvcK|
• ga¨K †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq|
• ga¨‡Ki Ae¯’vb †h‡nZz mvRv‡bv Z_¨mvwii gvSLv‡b, †m‡nZz †Kvb †¶‡Î †KejgvÎ †Pv‡L
†`‡LB ga¨K wbe©vPb Kiv m¤¢e|

ga¨K Gi Amyweavmg~n
• ga¨K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g ivwk¸‡jv‡K gvb‡bi DaŸ© ev wb¤œµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡Z nq|
Z_¨mvwi‡Z AZ¨waK ivwk msL¨v _vK‡j G KvR Kómva¨ nq|
†Kvb web¨v‡mi ga¨‡Ki gvb • †Kvb web¨v‡mi ga¨‡Ki gvb Ges ivwk¸‡jvi msL¨v Rvbv _vK‡j ivwk¸‡jvi mgwó wbY©q Kiv
Ges ivwk¸‡jvi msL¨v Rvbv
_vK‡j ivwk¸‡jvi mgwó m¤¢e bq| Z‡e †hvwRZ M‡oi †¶‡Î Zv m¤¢e|
wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| • ga¨K †hvwRZ cÖwµqv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx bq| Z_¨ Abyµ‡gi K‡qKwU Dc-Abyµg _vK‡j
Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ Mo wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘ mw¤§wjZ ga¨K wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq|
• AwbqwgZ Z_¨mvwii †¶‡Î ga¨K A‡bK mgq h_v_©fv‡e †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK wnmv‡e
cÖKvk cvq bv| †hgb, cuvP e¨w³i ˆ`wbK Avq h_vµ‡g 20, 21, 22, 90, 100 UvKv|
Zv‡`i Av‡qi ga¨K 22 UvKv| G 22 UvKv 20, 21 UvKvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj msL¨v n‡jI 90
I 100 UvKv h_v_© cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK bq|

mvigg© t ga¨K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci GKwU cÖavb cwigvcK| †hvwRZ Mo I Ab¨vb¨ Mo
†hLv‡b wbY©q Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e †mLv‡b ga¨K mnR I mwVK djvdj w`‡q _v‡K| GQvov ˆjwLK
Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨gI ga¨K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq e‡j ga¨K †evSv mnR nq| mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb
†Kvb mgq ïaygvÎ mviwYe× msL¨v †`‡LB ga¨K wbY©q Kiv hvq| ga¨K wbY©‡qi GKvwaK myweav
_vKvq cwimsL¨vbwe`‡`i Kv‡Q w`b w`b ga¨K wbiƒcY RbwcÖq n‡”Q| †Kbbv †kªwYwenxb
NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi †¶‡Î ga¨‡Ki e¨envi djcÖmy djvdj w`‡q _v‡K|

BDwbU - 5 71
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.2

mwUK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|

1| wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi ga¨K‡K wb‡`©k K‡i?
K) cÖZxK
L) cwigvcK
M) ZzjbvKvix Ask
N) kZKiv nvi

2| we‡Rvo msL¨vi †¶‡Î Z_¨gvb µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡j ga¨K Gi †¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mwVK?
N +1
K) Zg gvbwU
2
n
L) Zg gvbwU
2
N −1
M) Zg gvbwU
2
n
N) + 1 Zg gvbwU
2

3| †Rvo msL¨vi †¶‡Î Z_¨gvb µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡j ga¨K Gi †¶‡Î †Kvb&wU mwVK?
N +1
K) Zg gvbwU
2
n
L) Zg gvbwU
2
n n
M) Ges + 1 Zg ivwki Mo
2 2
N +2 N +4
N) Ges Zg ivwki Mo
2 2

4| ga¨K †Kvb& †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv nq?

K) AvqZ‡jL
L) AwRf †jL
M) cvB PvU©
N) `Û wPÎ

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 72
Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV-5.3

cÖPziK wbY©q

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

cÖPziK Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kvb Aweb¨¯Í Z_¨ Abyµg †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†Kvb AwbqwgZ ‡kªwYe× DcvË †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

web¨¯Í Z_¨ ev NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †Kvb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi cÖPziK †ei Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK wn‡m‡e cÖPzi‡Ki myweav-Amyweav wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖPziK
†Kvb cwimsL¨vb Z_¨mvwi‡Z †h msL¨vwU ev ivwkwU me©vwaK cwijw¶Z nq Zv‡KB H Z_¨ivwki
cÖPziK ejv nq| g‡b Kiyb, †Kvb Mv‡g©›Um& KviLvbvq 6, 7, 9, 11 I 12 mvB‡Ri kvU© ˆZwi Kiv
nq| H cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb GKwU weµq †K‡›`ªi GKwU w`‡b wewfbœ mvB‡Ri kv‡U©i weµq wb¤œiƒc-
mvBR weµxZ kv‡U©i msL¨v
6 15 wU
7 25 wU
9 55 wU
11 30 wU
12 20 wU

Dc‡ii Z‡_¨ 9 mvB‡Ri weµxZ kv‡U©i weµq me©vwaK| A_©vr wewµZ kv‡U©i g‡a¨ 55wUB 9
mvB‡Ri kvU©| AZGe kv‡U©i g‡Wj mvBR n‡”Q 9| g‡Wj mvBR n‡”Q †mB mvBR †h mvB‡Ri
Pvwn`v me©vwaK| Aweb¨¯Í Z_¨mvwii cªPziK wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î mvwiwU‡K gv‡bi µg Abymv‡i mvwR‡q
me‡P‡q †ewkevi msNwUZ msL¨vwU Luy‡R †ei K‡i cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| GKwU D`vni‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ welqwU AviI mnR K‡i Zz‡j aiv hvK|

D`vniY 1
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weGMGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi g„wËKv weÁvb †Kvm© eB Gi cix¶vq `kRb
Qv‡Îi cÖvß b¤^i wb¤œiƒc| G Z_¨ AbyµgwUi cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
75, 62, 80, 77, 80, 80, 65, 73, 90, 85

mgvavb
cÖ_‡g AbyµgwUi gv‡bi wbæiƒc µg Abymv‡i mvwR‡q wbb
62, 65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 80, 80, 85, 90
GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q †h 80 b¤^iwU Abyµ‡g wZbevi G‡m‡Q| A_©vr G cix¶vq me©vwaK QvÎ 80
b¤^i †c‡q‡Q| AZGe G AbyµgwUi cÖPziK n‡”Q 80|

AwbqwgZ ‡kªwYe× DcvË †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q

BDwbU - 5 73
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

A‡bK mgq cwimsL¨vb Z_¨mvwi‡Z msL¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AwbqwgZ Ae¯’vb cwijw¶Z nq| A_©vr
GKvwaK msL¨v mgvbfv‡e ev Kg †ewk GKB cÖKv‡i msNwUZ nq| †m‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i †KvbwU
cÖPziK n‡e Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g DcvËwU‡K wewfbœfv‡e ‡kªwYK…Z K‡i, wewfbœ †kªwYKi‡Y
†Kvb †Kvb msL¨v cÖPziK iƒ‡c cwiMwYZ n‡”Q Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e wbY©xZ cÖPziK nIqvi
m¤¢vebv c~Y© msL¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hwU †ewk cÖPziKiƒ‡c MY¨ nq †mwU‡K H Dcv‡Ëi cÖPziK wn‡m‡e
w¯’i Kiv nq| D`vniY 2 Gi gva¨‡g welqwU AviI mnRfv‡e †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY 2
evsjv‡`k K…wl M‡elYv BbwówUDU G Kg©iZ wKQy msL¨K Awdmv‡ii PvKzixi mgqKvj I Zv‡`i
NUbmsL¨v †`qv n‡jv| G AwbqwgZ ‡kªwYe× DcvË †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
PvKzixi mgqKvj 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
X (ermi)
NUbmsL¨v f 3 5 9 10 14 15 12 10 12 8 3 2

mvgvavb
AwbqwgZ ‡kªwYe× DcvË †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q t
PvKzixi mgqKvj NUbmsL¨v c~btK…Z ‡kªwYKi‡Y NUbmsL¨vi ZviZg¨
(ermi) 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 3
3 5 8
4 9 14 17
5 10 19 24 33
6 14 24 39
7 15 29 41 37
8 12 27 34
9 10 22 30 23
10 12 22 13
11 8 20
12 3 11
13 2 5

G mviwY †_‡K Kx K‡i cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv n‡jv Zvi eY©bv wb¤œiƒc-
Av‡jvP¨ web¨v‡m me©vwaK NUbmsL¨v 7 Gi wecix‡Z †`Lv †M‡jI 6 Gi wecix‡Z Ges Avevi 8
I 10 Gi wecix‡ZI AwaK NUbmsL¨v cwijw¶Z n‡”Q| ZvB GwU GKwU AwbqwgZ (irregular)
web¨v‡mi `„óvšÍ| myZivs, GLv‡b Z_¨mvwii †Kvb msL¨vgvb cÖPziK n‡e Zv wVK Kivi Rb¨
web¨vmwUi bZzb bZzb ‡kªYxKiY K‡i KLb †Kvb&wU cÖPziK n‡”Q Zv †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| †mB D‡Ï‡k¨
1g Kjv‡gi `ywU GKÎ K‡i (3+5, 9+10 BZ¨vw`) GKwU ‡kªYx Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e 2q KjvgI
c~Y© Kiv n‡q‡Q| 3q Kjv‡gI `ywU NUbmsL¨v GKwÎZ K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î 1gwU ev`
w`‡q 2qwU †_‡K (5+9, 10+14 BZ¨vw`) ïiy Kiv n‡q‡Q| 4_© Kjv‡g wZbwU NUbmsL¨v GKwÎZ
K‡i GK GKwU ‡kªYx Kiv n‡q‡Q| 5g Kjv‡gI wZbwU NUbmsL¨v

GKwÎZ K‡i GK GKwU ‡kªYx Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î 1gwU ev` w`‡q Avi¤¢ Kiv n‡q| 6ô
Kjv‡gI wZbwU NUbmsL¨v GKwÎZ K‡i GK GKwU ‡kªYx Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î 1g I 2qwU
ev` w`‡q ïiy Kiv n‡q‡Q|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 74
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

GLb wewfbœ ‡kªYxK…Z Ae¯’vq †Kvb †Kvb msL¨v cÖPziK n‡jv Zv wba©viY K‡i Zv‡`i g‡a¨
me©vwaK †h msL¨v cÖPziK iƒ‡c MY¨ n‡jv †mwU‡KB G web¨v‡mi cÖK…Z cÖPziK aiv n‡q‡Q| welqwU
we‡kølY ZvwjKvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv -
Kjv‡gi msL¨v †h †h gv‡bi wecix‡Z me©v‡c¶v †ewk NUbmsL¨v cwijw¶Z n‡jv
1g - - 7 - -
2q - 6 7 - -
3q - - 7 8 -
4_© 5 6 7 - -
5g - 6 7 8 -
6ô - - 7 8 9
†Kvb gvbwU KZevi 1 3 6 3 1
msNwUZ n‡jv
we‡kølY ZvwjKv

we‡kølY ZvwjKv †_‡K mn‡RB †evSv hv‡”Q †h, 7 msL¨vwU GLv‡b me©vwaKevi msNwUZ n‡q‡Q|
ZvB ejv hvq G D`vni‡Y cÖPziK n‡jv 7|

Abykxjb (Activity) : wb‡Pi AwbqwgZ ‡kªYxe× DcvË n‡Z we‡kølY ZvwjKvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK
wbY©q Kiyb|
†Mvj msL¨v †Ljvi msL¨v
1 10
2 8
3 12
4 6
5 12
6 7
7 4
8 1

NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q

†Kvb web¨v‡mi †h As‡k †Kvb NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K web¨vmwUi cÖPziK ‡kªYx wbY©q
NUbmsL¨v me©vwaK †K›`ªxf‚Z
_v‡K †mB As‡kB cÖPziK Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb web¨v‡mi †h As‡k NUbmsL¨v me©vwaK †K›`ªxf‚Z _v‡K †mB As‡kB cÖPziK
Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ae¯’vb K‡i| NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ m~ÎwUi e¨envi Kiv
nq|
A1
cÖPziK = L+ ×C
A1 + A2
†hLv‡b, L = cÖPziK ‡kªYxi wb¤œmxgv
A1 = cÖPziK ‡kªYx Ges cÖPzi‡Ki c~e©eZ©x ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
A2 = cÖPziK ‡kªYx Ges cÖPzi‡Ki cieZ©x ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

C = cÖPziK ‡kªYxi e¨vwß

GKwU mnR D`vniY w`‡q †R‡b †bB, Kx K‡i NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv nq|

BDwbU - 5 75
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D`vniY 3
GKwU gyiMxi Lvgv‡ii `kRb kªwg‡Ki N›Uv cÖwZ gRyixi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|
NUbmsL¨v web¨vmwUi cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
N›Uv cÖwZ gRyix kªwg‡Ki msL¨v
(UvKv) f
0-5 1
5 - 10 2
10 - 15 4
15 - 20 2
20 - 25 1
‡gvU 10

mgvavb
web¨vmwU‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, N›Uv cÖwZ 10 †_‡K 15 UvKv cÖvß kªwg‡Ki msL¨v Pvi Ges GwUB
me©vwaK kªwgK msL¨v| myZivs cÖPziK G ‡kªwY‡ZB Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb| m~Î Abymv‡i,

A1
cÖPziK = L+ ×C
A1 + A2
†hLv‡b, L = 10
A1 = 4 - 2 = 2
A2 = 4 - 2 = 2
C = 15 - 10 = 5
2
myZivs cÖPziK = 1 0 + ×5
2 +2
= 10 + 2.5
= 12.5 UvKv

Abykxjb (Activity): GKwU KvíwbK web¨¯— Dcv‡Ëi mviwY †_‡K m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Ges Mo I
ga¨‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q K‡i `ywU djvd‡ji Ici gšÍe¨ Kiyb|

†jL-wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q

G cÖwµqvq cÖPziK wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi GKwU AvqZ †jL
ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †jLwP‡Î X- A‡¶i gva¨‡g ‡kªYxi gvb Ges Y- A‡¶i mvnv‡h¨ NUbmsL¨vi
gvb †`Lv‡Z nq| AvqZ‡j‡Li m‡e©v”P AvqZ‡¶Î n‡”Q me©vwaK NUbmsL¨vi cÖZxK| G ‡kªYxB
n‡”Q cÖPziK ‡kªYx| AvqZ‡¶‡Îi we¯Z……wZi †Kvb ¯’v‡b cÖPziK n‡e - Zv wbf©i K‡i Dnvi Dfq
cv‡ki `ywUi ‡kªYxi NUbmsL¨vi Ici| cÖPziK -Gi c~e©eZ©x Ges cieZ©x ‡kªYx؇qi NUbmsL¨v
we¯Ív‡i AmgZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ G `ywU AvqZ‡¶‡Îi `ywU D”Pmxgv †_‡K m‡e©v”P AvqZ‡¶‡Îi `ywU
gv_vq `ywU mij‡iLv AsKb Kiv nq, hv ci¯úi‡K GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Gici †Q`
we›`y †_‡K X- A‡¶i Ici GKwU j¤^ AsKb Kiv nq| GLb †h we›`y‡Z j¤^wU X- A¶‡K †Q`
K‡i †mB we›`yi msL¨vgvbB n‡jv H ‡kªYxweb¨v‡mi cÖPziK|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 76
Gm Gm GBP Gj

welqwU wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

10
9
8

y-A¶ (NUb msL¨v)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 M= cÖPziK
2 0-3 0 3 0-40 40-5 0 5 0-60 60-70 70-8 0
x- A¶ (†k wªY e ¨e avb)

wPÎ - AvqZ‡¶‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q

D`vniY 4

wb‡P eqm Abymv‡i †Kvb KviLvbvi kªwgK‡`i GKwU web¨vm †`qv n‡jv| NUbmsL¨v web¨vmwUi
cÖPziK †jL -Gi gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

eqm (ermi) kªwg‡Ki msL¨v

20 - 25 10
25 - 30 20
30 - 35 40
35 - 40 20
40 - 45 10

mgvavb

cÖ_‡g NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi AvqZ‡jL AsKb Kiv hvK|

BDwbU - 5 77
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

40
35
A¶ (NUbmsL¨v)

30
25
20
15
Y-

10
5
0 M= 32.50
2 0-2 5 2 5 -3 0 3 0-3 5 3 5 -40 40-45
X-
A¶ (†k ªwY e¨ea vb)

wPÎ- AvqZ‡j‡Li gva¨‡g cÖPziK wbY©q

myZivs ejv hvq, G NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡mi cÖPziK, M = 32.50 ermi|

Abykxjb (Activity): wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v web¨vm n‡Z †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q Kiyb|

weµq (nvRvi UvKv) w`‡bi msL¨v

10 - 20 2
20 - 30 4
30 - 40 7
40 - 50 5
50 - 60 2

cÖPzi‡Ki myweav
• †Kvb Abyµ‡gi cÖPziK H Abyµ‡gi me©vwaK msNwUZ ivwk| ZvB GwU wbY©q mnR Ges mn‡R †Kvb Abyµ‡gi cÖPziK H
Abyµ‡gi me©vwaK msNwUZ
eyS‡Z cviv hvq| ivwk| ZvB GwU wbY©q mnR
• †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Gi Ae¯’vb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq| Ges mn‡R eyS‡Z cviv
hvq|
• †h NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡m mxgvnxb ‡kªYxe¨vwß _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î †hvwRZ Mo wbY©q m¤¢e bq|
G‡¶‡Î cÖPziK wbY©‡q †Kvb Amyweav nq bv|
• ¸YevPK ˆewk‡ó¨i eY©bv w`‡Z cÖPzi‡Ki mnR e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb- †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi
Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨ ÎywUc~Y© `ª‡e¨i msL¨v KZUv †ewk Zv mn‡R aiv hvq|
• evwYwR¨K wm×vš— MÖn‡Y cÖPziK GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ Mo| †hgb, GKB cÖK…wZi kvoxi g‡a¨
†Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi kvox ˆ`wbK †ewk weµh nq Zv mn‡RB cÖPzi‡Ki gva¨‡g wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
GKBfv‡e evRv‡i †h mvB‡Ri RyZv †ewk P‡j Zv mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq| †m wPwýZ
mvBRwUB n‡”Q g‡Wj mvBR|

cÖPzi‡Ki Amyweav
• †Kvb Abyµ‡g me©vwaK msNwUZ ivwki msL¨v `yB ev Zvi AwaK n‡j cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e
nq bv|

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 78
Gm Gm GBP Gj

• cÖPziK wbY©q kªg mv‡c¶ KviY G‡Z Z‡_¨i myk„•Lj web¨vm, ‡kªYxe×KiY Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î
cybt‡kªYxe×Ki‡Yi `iKvi nq|
• cÖPziK exR‡hvwRZ cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx bq| †hgb, `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK msL¨K Z_¨mvwii
cÖPziK Rvbv _vK‡jI mw¤§wjZ Z_¨mvwii cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
• wbY©q cÖwµqv cÖPziK gv‡bi Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †hgb, ‡kªYxe×Ki‡Yi cÖK…wZi Ici
cÖPzi‡Ki gv‡bi cÖfve _v‡K|

mvigg© t cÖPziK †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cwigvcK| ga¨‡Ki gZ cÖPziK‡KI
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv mnR| mxgvnxb ‡kªYxe¨vwß m¤^wjZ NUbmsL¨vi †¶‡Î †hvwRZ Mo
wbY©q m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î GKRb cwimsL¨vbwe`‡K cÖPziK mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| ¸YevPK
ˆewk‡ó¨i †¶‡ÎI cÖPzi‡Ki e¨envi i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b
1| Z_¨ mvwii †Kvb& gvbwU‡K cÖPziK ejv nq?
K) me©wb¤œ gvbwU
L) me©vwaK cwijw¶Z gvbwU
M) m‡e©v”P gvbwU
N) ga¨ gvbwU

2| NUbmsL¨v web¨vm †_‡K cÖPziK wbY©q m~Î †Kvb&wU?

∆1
K) cÖPziK = L +
∆1 + ∆ 2
∆1
L) cÖPziK = L + ×C
∆1 + ∆ 2
N
+ fe
M) cÖPziK = L + 2 ×C
fm
N
+ fe
N) cÖPziK = L + 4 ×C
fm

3| †Kvb& †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv nq?

K) AvqZ †jL
L) AwRf †jL
M) `Û wPÎ
N) cvB wPÎ

BDwbU - 5 79
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV-5.4
Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki Zzjbv
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

wewfbœ ai‡bi Mo (h_v- ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb Mo), ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki g‡a¨ wgj
I Awgjmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki Zzjbv

c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Avgiv ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
†R‡bwQ| Ime cv‡V wewfbœ ai‡bi Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq, Kxfv‡e Gme †K›`ªxq
cÖeYZv †ei Kiv nq, e¨envwiK †¶‡Î G‡`i cÖ‡qvM, G‡`i cÖwZwU cwigvc‡Ki myweav I Amyweav
cÖf…wZ Avjv`vfv‡e AZ¨šÍ mnRfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cv‡V Avgiv †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
DwjøwLZ cwigvc‡Ki ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| wb‡P
‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb Mo, ga¨K Ges cÖPzi‡Ki ga¨Kvi wgj I Awgjmg~n GKwU
ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-

Zzjbvi wfwË ‡hvwRZ Mo ¸wYZK Mo Dëb Mo ga¨K cÖPziK

1| msÁv †Kvb †Kvb wmwi‡Ri Ak~b¨ †Kvb †Kvb Z_¨gvjvi
Z_¨mvwii n msL¨K wmwi‡Ri wmwi‡Ri g‡a¨
AvIZvfz³ Ak~b¨ abvZœK Dëb gvbmg~n Aew¯’Z †h
msL¨v¸‡jvi ivwk¸‡jvi msL¨v¸‡jvi †QvU †_‡K Z_¨gv‡bi
†hvMdj‡K H ¸Yd‡ji n †hvwRZ eo A_ev NUbmsL¨v
Z‡_¨i †gvU Zg g~j‡K M‡oi eo †_‡K me©vwaK
msL¨v Øviv fvM ¸wYZK Mo Dëb‡K †QvU AvKv‡i †mwUB
Ki‡j †h e‡j| Dëb Mo mvRv‡bvi cÖPziK|
fvMdj cvIqv e‡j| ci wVK
hvq Zv‡K ga¨KwUB
‡hvwRZ Mo ga¨K|
e‡j|
2| wbY©q c×wZ mnR ZZ mnR bq ZZ mnR mnR mnR, Lye
bq ZvovZvwo
wbY©q m¤¢e|
3| †Lvjv ‡kªYx †Lvjv †kªYx †Lvjv ‡kªYx †Lvjv ‡kªYx ga¨K ‡kªYx e¨vwß †Lvjv
e¨vwßi Ici e¨vwß bv n‡j e¨vwß, k~b¨ I e¨vwß, k~b¨ e¨vwß †Lvjv bv n‡j G
gv‡bi ZviZg¨ mKj †¶‡Î FYvZœK gv‡bi gv‡bi Rb¨ bv n‡j G Mo wbY©q
wbY©q Mo wbY©q Rb¨ G Mo G Mo wbY©q Mo wbY©q m¤¢e|
m¤¢e| wbY©q m¤¢e m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e|
bq|
4| cieZ©x m¤¢e| m¤¢e| m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e bq|
exRMwYwZK
cwiMYbvi †¶Î

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 80
 Gm Gm GBP Gj

Zzjbvi wfwË ‡hvwRZ Mo ¸wYZK Mo Dëb Mo ga¨K cÖPziK

wbY©q
5| ¸YMZ m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e| m¤¢e|
ˆewk‡ó¨i
†¶‡Î wbY©q
6| †QvU gv‡bi cÖfvweZ| cÖfvweZ bq| †QvU gvb cÖfvweZ cÖfvweZ
‡¶‡Î AwaK ¸iyZ¡ bq| bq|
cÖfvweZ enb K‡i|
7| mKj gv‡bi mKj gvb mKj gvb mKj gvb ïaygvÎ mKj gvb
†¶‡Î we‡ePbv Kiv we‡ePbv Kiv we‡ePbv ga¨K we‡ePbv bv
we‡ePbv nq| nq| Kiv nq| we‡ePbv Kiv K‡i †h
nq| gv‡bi
NUbmsL¨v
†ewk Zv
we‡ePbv
Kiv nq|
8| bgybvi AwZ mvgvb¨| AwZ mvgvb¨| AwZmvgvb¨| †ewk| †ewk|
ZviZg¨
9| wP‡Îi wbY©q Kiv hvq wbY©q Kiv hvq wbY©q Kiv wbY©q Kiv wbY©q Kiv
mvnv‡h¨ bv| bv| hvq bv| hvq| hvq|
wbY©q

†hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Dëb M‡oi g‡a¨ m¤úK©

GKB cwimsL¨vb Z_¨mvwi †_‡K wbY©xZ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi wewfbœ cwigvcKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ GK
†hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo cÖKvi ‡hvwRZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| GKB Z_¨mvwii msL¨vgvb cÖwZwU hw` mgvb nq, Z‡e
Ges Dëb Mo‡K h_vµ‡g
A, G, H cÖZxK wPý Øviv †mB Z_¨mvwii †hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Dëb Mo mgvb n‡e| Z_¨mvwii ivwk¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ
wPwýZ Ki‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ gv‡bi n‡j ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo A‡c¶v eo Ges ‡hvwRZ Mo Dëb Mo A‡c¶v eo n‡e|
m¤úK© n‡e A ≥ G ≥ H. †hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo Ges Dëb Mo‡K h_vµ‡g A, G, H cÖZxK wPý Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡j
G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡e A ≥ G ≥ H.
GLb Avmyb †`Lv hvK G †h Avgiv ejwQ, Z_¨mvwii ivwk¸‡jvi gvb wfbœ n‡j †hvwRZ Mo,
¸wYZK Mo I Dëb M‡oi g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡e A ≥ G ≥ H. -G m~ÎwU cÖgvY Kwi| D`vniY-5 G
m~ÎwUi cÖgvY †`qv n‡jv|
D`vniY 1
GKkZ Qv‡Îi b¤^i wb‡Pi NUbmsL¨v web¨v‡m cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv| web¨vmwUi †hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo
Ges Dëb Mo wbY©q Kiyb Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤úK© †`Lvb|

b¤^i Qv‡Îi msL¨v

40 - 50 10
50 - 60 20
60 - 70 40
70 - 80 20
80 - 90 10

BDwbU - 5 81
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgvavb
†hvwRZ Mo wbY©q
b¤^i NUbmsL¨v f ga¨K X fX
40 - 50 10 45 450
50 - 60 20 55 1100
60 - 70 40 65 2600
70 - 80 20 75 1500
80 - 90 10 85 850
∑ f = 100 ∑ fX = 6500

n = ∑ f = 100

∑ fX = 6500

∑ fx 65 0 0
‡hvwRZ Mo, A = = = 65
n 1 00
¸wYZK Mo wbY©q -
b¤^i NUbmsL¨v f ga¨K X logX flogX
40 - 50 10 45 1.6532 1.6532
50 - 60 20 55 1.7404 34.808
60 - 70 40 65 1.8129 72.516
70 - 80 20 75 1.8751 37.502
80 - 90 10 85 1.9294 19.294
∑f = 100 180.652

∴∑f logX = 180.652

 ∑ log x 
G = Anti log 
 n 
8 0 .65 2
= Anti log = Anti log(1 .8 0 65 2 ) = 64 .0 5
10
∴¸wYZK Mo = 64.05

Dëb Mo wbY©q -
b¤^i NUbmsL¨v f ga¨Kb X 1 f
x x
40 - 50 10 45 0.0222 0.2220
50 - 60 20 55 0.0182 0.3640
60 - 70 40 65 0.0154 0.6160
70 - 80 20 75 0.0133 0.2660
80 - 90 10 85 0.0118 0.1180
100 1.5806

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 82
Gm Gm GBP Gj

f
∴∑ = 1.5860
x
n 1 100
H= n = = = 63.05
1 1.5860 1.5860
∑i =1 x i

∴ Dëb Mo = 63.05

myZivs, †hvwRZ Mo = 65
¸wYZK Mo = 64.05
Dëb Mo = 63.05

myZivs, GLb Avcwb cÖgvY¯^iƒc ej‡Z cv‡ib, A ≥ G ≥ H

Abykxjb (Activity) : cÖ_g 15wU µwgK msL¨vi †hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Dëb Mo wbY©q
Kiyb Ges djvd‡ji Ici Avcbvi gZvgZ wjLyb|

mvigg© t ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb Mo, ga¨K I cÖPziK Gi g‡a¨ wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î wgj
Avevi AwgjI i‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci †h wZbwU AZxe cÖ‡qvRbxq Mo Av‡Q G‡`i
g‡a¨ ‡hvwRZ Mo (A), ¸wYZK Mo (G), Ges Dëb Mo (H) cÖavb| G Mo wZbwUi g‡a¨
m¤úK©‡K A ≥ G ≥ H Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| cÖwZwU MoB †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigvcK‡K
eûjfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i e‡j, wewea cwigvc‡K G‡`i eûj e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|

BDwbU - 5 83
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b

1| †Kvb&wU Dëb Mo wbY©‡qi mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i?
1
K) H = ∑ f i xi
n
L) H = Anti log[∑ f i log xi ] / n
1
M) H=
∑ f i / xi
1
N) H = ∑ fi
∑ xi

2| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc‡Ki †Kvb&wU wP‡Îi (MÖv‡di) mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e?
K) †hvwRZ Mo
L) Dëb Mo
M) cÖPziK
N) ¸wYZK Mo

3| ‡hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo I Dëb M‡oi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i †Kvb&wU?
K) A ≥ G ≥ H
L) A ≤ G ≤ H
M) A ≥ G ≤ H
N) A ≥ H ≥ G

÷¨vwUw÷Km& di BK‡bvwgKm& 84
Gm Gm GBP Gj

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb - BDwbU 5

msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx

1| †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv ej‡Z Kx eySvq| Av`k© †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Kiyb|
2| ‡hvwRZ M‡oi msÁv wjLyb| ‡hvwRZ M‡oi gvb †¯‹j I AwiwRb cwieZ©b Ki‡j cÖfvweZ
nq, cÖgvY Kiyb|
3| ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb M‡oi msÁv wjLyb| G‡`i myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wjLyb|
4| †hvwRZ Mo, ¸wYZK Mo, Dëb Mo, ga¨K I cÖPzi‡Ki Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
5| ga¨Ki msÁv wjLyb| AvqZ‡¶‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Kxfv‡e ga¨K wbY©q Kiv hvq wjLyb|
6| cÖPzi‡Ki msÁv wjLyb| AwRf †iLv n‡Z Kxfv‡e cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
7| cÖPziK Kv‡K e‡j? cÖPziK Ges ga¨Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx? cÖPziK †Kv_vq †Kv_vq e¨eüZ
nq?
8| wØ cÖPziK I eû cÖPziK mgm¨vwU Kx e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
9| cÖgvY Kiyb : AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
†hLv‡b, AM = ‡hvwRZ Mo
GM = ¸wYZK Mo
HM = Dëb Mo
10| GKwU AwbqwgZ ‡kªYxe× DcvË †_‡K we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖPziK wbY©q Kiyb|
AwbqwgZ ‡kªYx
eqm X 8 10 12 13 16 17 19 20 22
NUbmsL¨v f 4 6 10 14 11 12 11 10 11

DËigvjv - BDwbU 5
cvV 5.1
1| K 2| L 3| M 4| L

cvV 5.2
1| L 2| L 3| M 4| L

cvV 5.3
1| L 2| L 3| K

cvV 5.4
1| M 2| M 3| K

BDwbU - 5 85