International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research

Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024

ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

A COMBINATION OF OPTIMIZATION-BASED MACHINE LEARNING AND

BLOCKCHAIN MODEL FOR ENHANCING SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN THE
MEDICAL SYSTEM

Ajay Chandra MK
Technical ERP Program Manager
ABSTRACT
Blockchain technology has emerged in recent years as a cutting-edge method for carrying out
operations in an open environment, storing data, building trust, and carrying out transactions.
Furthermore, the security and privacy of healthcare data is a major challenge due to third parties
and attacks, but the blockchain is one of the most recent revolutions in safe computing without a
centralized authority. So, create the Hybrid Ant Lion and Grey Wolf-based Symmetric Key
Encryption (HALGW-SKE) model using Blockchain to enhance the security and privacy of
medical data. User data is recorded and grouped into blocks according to the blockchain's hash
value. As a result, to improve key generation performance, the HALGW is employed to create
the optimum key. Additionally, a model called Ensemble Machine Learning with Firefly
Optimization (EML-FFO) is designed to identify cloud threats. Additionally, launch attacks in
the cloud environment to prove the efficiency of the designed model to identify and detect
attacks. The results obtained from the created model are compared to various cutting-edge
methods for processing time, accuracy, precision, and decryption and encryption times. The
optimized model achieved a 99.23 percent accuracy rate and a reduced encryption time of 0.05
ms.
KEYWORDS: Blockchain, Advanced Standard Encryption, Hybrid Optimization, Privacy-
Preserving, Healthcare Data, Cloud Security, Machine Learning
1. INTRODUCTION
Blockchain-based healthcare provides a sophisticated method of storing medical records,
establishing trust for healthcare data integration and exchange, and carrying out medical
transactions in a decentralized healthcare setting [1]. Although blockchain technology with a
focus on healthcare has garnered the most interest and attention from academia, business, and
government [2]. The main goal of information sharing through blockchain implementation in

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

corporate operations and the healthcare sector is privacy and security concerns [3].Within the
healthcare industry, patient data and important patient information are created and kept up to
date in modified healthcare departments and organizations [4]. The medical professionals failed
to get in touch with the vital information that would have allowed them to provide diagnoses,
suggestions, treatment decisions, and high-quality care services [5]. In general, the Healthcare
Information System (HIS) manages a great deal of complicated data, and to improve HIS, it
needs safe, rapid access to the healthcare data [6]. Additionally, a blockchain known as a secure
distributed ledger provides a possible means of exchanging medical data along with data
exchange, data verification, safe storage, and historical patient records [7].
As a result, blockchain offers a novel method for carrying out operations in an open
environment, storing data, building trust, and carrying out transactions [8]. Moreover, one of the
most recent developments in decentralized, secure computing is blockchain [9]. By arranging the
logs for changing medical records into a hierarchical chain of blocks, the distributed database is a
blockchain [10]. Compared to other traditional encryption methods, it provides greater
protection.Additionally, blockchain enables new standards in patient data management,
insurance claim processing, and medical record management [11, 12]. Two major risks,
including information manipulation and leaks, are present in the isolated information found in
the medical data [13]. In particular, EHR is crucial when handling discrete data such as medical
demand information, inspection symptoms, non-text investigation data, patient fundamental data,
and relevant medical records [14]. Additionally, a network of hospitals managed by the
organization is housed on the hospital server, which stores private data [15].
A growing interest in using blockchain technology to advance medical services and e-health has
emerged [16]. The adoption of blockchain technology also has promising opportunities to
streamline healthcare delivery [17]. The patient's health data is then gathered at home using
mobile devices, such as smartphones and wearable sensors, and shared in a cloud system [18].
Healthcare professionals’ access, review, and provide prompt medical assistance based on the
medical records in the interval [19]. Numerous methods have been devised to improve
blockchain security and performance, but assaults, low reliability, high error rates, and a lack of

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

confidentiality and privacy remain the key problems [20]. Therefore, create a novel blockchain-
based hybrid optimization with the SKE model to secure patient data in the cloud and improve
the security and privacy of healthcare data. Create an EML model with FFO optimization to
identify threats in the healthcare setting.
Below is a description of the designed model's primary contribution,
 Initially, a Python program is used to gather and train the system with many patient
datasets.
 Next, create a cloud-based HALGW-SKE model with the necessary parameters to
encrypt data and improve security.
 Utilizing HALGW, generate the best possible SKE key, then encrypt the data with the
private key.
 After that, a hash value algorithm is computed to divide the data into blockchain blocks.
 The data is then divided into blocks in the blockchain by calculating the hash value.
 Launch an attack on the developed model to demonstrate its effectiveness.
 The obtained findings are then contrasted with various methods that are currently in use
for the following metrics: encryption time, F-measure, processing time, accuracy,
precision, decryption time, and recall.
This research study is structured in the following ways. Section 2 covered relevant work based
on blockchain security, Section 3 provided a full description of problem statements.
Additionally, section 4 provides more detail on the suggested methodology's procedure. Finally,
the results and discussion are covered in Section 5, and the established model's conclusion is
covered in Section 6.
2. RELATED WORKS
For anomaly detection, Mishra et al. [21] created the Hybrid Decision Tree Method (HIDT),
which combines blockchain principles and machine learning. With the maximum attack
detection accuracy of 99.95 percent for the KD99 dataset, the suggested method (HIDT)
forecasts attacks in the lowest period across all datasets. The suggested solution lowers end-to-
end delay and routing overhead by quickly identifying rogue nodes. This solution can be used by

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

organizations and governments to increase security and resilience by protecting data from hostile
threats.
Based on the utilization of blockchain-enabled Federated Learning, Hamouda et al. [22]
introduced a unique privacy-preserving safe framework called PPSS with increased privacy,
verification, and accessibility. To protect multi-party processing, the PPSS approach includes
Proof-of-Federated Deep-Learning (PoFDL) and a permission blockchain architecture. The
findings show that the PPSS architecture has high classification results for detecting industrial
IIoT assaults.
To guarantee the security and privacy of sensor-IoT-based infrastructures employing sampled
ECS data, Bora et al. [23] suggest privacy-preserving blockchain-based federated learning
(PPFchain). FL and cryptographic protocol have been combined in the off-chain fog node to
protect privacy. Moreover, offers improved security, increased accuracy, and a comparison of
performance with conventional blockchain systems.
Aitizaz et al. [24] present a novel method that combines blockchain technology with
homomorphic encryption (HE) algorithms to improve privacy protection in Internet of Things-
based healthcare systems. HE protects the secrecy of encrypted material during computation by
enabling calculations to be performed on it without the need for decryption. Smart contracts are
integrated into the blockchain network by the specified model to establish data-sharing
guidelines and control access. These settings give the management a safe and open environment
while shielding the data from observation by unauthorized parties.
A blockchain-based lightweight encryption algorithm with federated learning is introduced by
Manisha et al. [25] to solve the scalability and trust issues with electronic health data (EHR). The
EHR data is fully encrypted during the entire communication with FL and is kept in a
decentralized cloud system. To guarantee data privacy between the user and the owner while the
contract is being executed, a highly efficient proxy re-encryption method with FL is utilized.
To improve security in the healthcare sector, Ramesh et al. [26] created a blockchain-based data
broadcast method that includes a categorization mechanism. The HE system is utilized to
guarantee a secure and safe learning environment. The optimal key for the HE method was found

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

using the oppositional-based harmony search (OHS) algorithm. A convolutional neural network
is utilized with blockchain technology to securely transfer data to the cloud server and detect the
presence of sickness.
Using blockchain technology, Chaoyang et al. [27] present an effective privacy-preserving
methodology to create a safe mechanism for transferring data between various device nodes. The
lightweight barrier secret-sharing technique helps to increase the efficiency and security of
medical data sharing. By erasing the semantic meaning of the data, it can preserve privacy.
Furthermore, the suggested model's high degree of stability is demonstrated by the transaction
processing performance assessments in IoMT.
A blockchain-based privacy-preserving authentication management approach is proposed by
Zhaoshun et al. [28]. The protocol employs three-factor authentication and a blockchain. further
presents the Chebyshev chaotic map to guarantee user authentication and login security. The
proposed technique is secure, according to standard security proof and assessment that makes use
of the adversary model and Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic. The suggested protocol may result
in higher communication, computing, and storage costs.
Innovative blockchain technology is introduced by Verma et al. [29] to secure health data in the
cloud, helping to provide integrity and authenticity for medical information. Develop an
enhanced blowfish model that ensures authentication features with the best encryption possible.
Additionally, a novel method known as Elephant Herding Optimization with Opposition-Based
Learning (EHO-OBL)generates keys in the best possible way. As a result, the suggested
technique's key generation time has decreased in value.
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
There is an increased danger of storing medical details in hospitals due to restricted storage
capacity in the public medical system. The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive
patient information are threatened by the serious security and privacy issues facing the healthcare
system today [30]. Concerns regarding system vulnerabilities put patients at risk of privacy
violations and undermine the data integrity of healthcare data. Data privacy, data sharing and
storage, authentication, interoperability, data security, and so forth are the most difficult jobs in

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

the health service. The primary concerns are scalability and data access since storing data in a
chain signifies the blockchain's specialization [31]. However, due to attacks and unauthorized
access that could compromise personal health data, data integrity, security, and privacy are more
crucial [32]. Thus, to protect the EHR from outside parties and threats, a unique blockchain-
based optimization-based cryptography technique has been devised. Additionally, an
optimization model and ensemble machine learning were constructed to identify systemic threats
and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Designing a Hybrid Ant Lion and Grey Wolf-based Symmetric Key Encryption (HALGW-SKE)
with Blockchain would help to increase the safety and confidentiality of healthcare data, which is
the most difficult task in the medical profession. Furthermore, HALGW techniques are used to
produce the ideal keys. Furthermore, an ensemble machine learning technique utilizing the
optimization technique was created called EML-FFO to recognize and detect cloud-based
threats. First, the system and system administrator may access is used to gather and train the
patient dataset. Subsequently, initiatesan attack within the developed system to assess the
effectiveness of the developed method and demonstrate its efficiency. Figure 1 shows the
proposed model's architecture.

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

EHR Patient
HALGW

SME encryption

Best
Plain text Key optimal
generation Block chain
key
Hash Hash Hash
1 2 n

Data decryption Data encryption

FFO
Ensemble ML
1 2

Cloud storage

Detect attack
Launch attack

Fig.1 Proposed methodology

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
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As a result, the EHR is kept in a cloud database that employs a single public key cryptography
method to encrypt and decrypt data using SKE, producing a reliable blockchain solution for the
EHR. The best and most optimal keys are generated during the key generation phase utilising
HALGW to safeguard the healthcare data. Blockchain blocks are also validated, and every block
has a hash function arranged chronologically. Then the hash value is generated using
hash12  hash hash1  hash2   hash Tx1 .hash   Tx 2 .hash  . Additionally, the earlier hash is useful for

block validation because it is the hash of the earlier block. The block's creation time is also
indicated by the timestamp. The Merkle tree is the architecture used to store a set of data in each
block; Nonce is useful for producing hash values at a challenging level. The proposed technique
encrypts EHR data and stores it in a cloud database while logging hash values.
4.1 HALGW-basedSME
Healthcare data that needs to be encrypted and decrypted using the same key is typically
encrypted using the symmetric technique. For hospitals, service providers, and other approved
medical institutions to exchange data, key generation is initially more crucial.
Key generation phase:It contains K MK primary key used to produce the session key. Update the

HALGW model during this phase to produce the best possible key K g and improve key

generation performance.
 Hybrid ant lion and grey wolf model for best key generation

The ALO approach [33] is used to model the interactions with ant lions and ants in a trap. To
assist them become more adept at handling these encounters, ants are required to traverse the
search area, and antlions are allowed to hunt and set traps. The ALO program simulates the
interactions between caged ants and ant lions. A random walk is chosen to replicate the
unpredictable behavior of ants during their food quest, as indicated by equation (1).
   
X  t   0, Cs  2r  t1   1 , Cs  2r  t2   1 ,.....Cs  2r tn  1 (2)

Let, Cs is considered as cumulative sum, and random walk r  t  is calculated using eqn. (2).

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
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
 1 ifrand  0.5
r t      (3)
0 frand  0.5 
The location of the antlions is stored using equation (3).
 al1,1 al1,2 .... al1, f 
  al al2,2 .... al2, f 
L  al   
2,1
(4)
 . . . . 
 
 aln ,1 aln,2 ... aln, f 

An equation. (2) is used to modify the ant locations. The equation. (5) is used to normalize the
random walks to keep them within the area of the search.
   
t
Xi 
 t 
 
X i t  Zi  Ei  Ci t 
 Ci
 (5)

Ei  Zi 
Ants' random migration is impacted by ant lion traps. Equations (6) and (7) are utilized to
capture the pits of ant lions.
 
Ci t  al tj  C t (6)
 
Ei t  al tj  E t (7)
 
The C and E create a hypersphere around a chosen ant lion, with the ants moving randomly
within it.
During the key process selection, the following equations were supplied to replicate the social
hierarchy of grey wolves [34]. The target location vector L , and the next position g  i  1 are

measured using eqn. (8) and (9).

L  V  gvt  i   gv  i  (8)

g  i  1  gvt  i   U  L (9)

Let g vt is denoted as target position vector, i is considered as current iteration, g v is denoted as

UAV position vector,  is denoted as an operator for multiplication of elements by elements, U

and V are represented as coefficient vectors. Next, utilize Eqn. (10) to find a new position to
simulate group behavior in the search space.
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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
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g  i  1 
 gv1  gv 2  gv3  (10)
3
Let, g v1 , g v 2 , and g v 3 are the best three corresponding positions  ,  ,  .

Tomaximize the chance of catching a new ant, if the ant has a higher level of work function than
the selected ant lion, it will move on to the pursued ant's most recent site. To identify the best
ideal key, the ALO's GW hunting behavior is updated during this step in the ALO prey-catching
phase. Equation. (11) determines the fusion of GW hunting behavior in ALO.

iff  alit   f  al tj 
t
   ali
t


Fs    (11)

 g  i  1 iff  g  i  1   f  g  i  1  
i

Let, alit is denoted as the new position of the AL, g  i  1 is denoted as the updated new position

of GW. Using these two updated positions, the developed model selects the best optimal key
using eqn. (12)
 K
K g  Fs  MK  hash1  hash 2  B1B2 (12)
Sky

Let, Fs is denoted as the fitness of antlion, S ky is represented as a session key, B1 and B2 are

considered as a bilinear pairing. Moreover, generated keys define the healthcare data using
attributes A0, A1, A2, ..... An . Furthermore, session key generation is selecting the random numbers

rn0, rn1, rn2........rnn, An  S ky for the main key K MK .

Hash value generation:The generated key selects the hash by calculating the hash value
hash12  hash hash1  hash2   hash Tx1 .hash   Tx 2 .hash  . Based on the hash value patient selects two

random numbers as  and  from K MK . Then the patient calculates the key proportional value
which is obtained by Eqn. (13)

SK g  G  D     /  mod B1 B2  (13)

Lastly, give patients and medical organizations access to the secured key for patient information.
A session key S ky is generated so that the same key may be used to both encrypt and decrypt

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Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
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data. Thus, the session key is equivalent to the xy  x yB   xyB likewise yX  yxB   xyB .
Thus, this devised technique was used by doctors, system administrators, staff, and patients to
share the key via a secure network. Figure 2 depicts the designed model's process.

Hospital HALGW-SME Cloud server Blockchain

User
request Encrypted data

Best optimal key Send file Hash of data

Session key

File location

Send information
Session key and encrypted
data to blockchain

Access

Fig.2 Process of the designed HALGW-SKEmodel

The hash function of the cryptographic technique takes in the data and outputs a fixed output of
arbitrary size. The hash function hash is also useful for message authentication and other types of

authentications. In general, it is difficult to pinpoint the original messages using the hash value.
Thus, Eqn. (14) is used to obtain the hash function.
hash x   hash  y  (14)

Let, x and y are the two different messages. The data encryption of the healthcare data to the
patients based on the attributes also the patient creates the appropriate pair of private keys to
access the patient details Qs t  . Then the generated details are encrypted g k s  and the

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ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
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Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
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description of the patient information is signed by a private key Qs t  . Afterward, patient

information is utilized on the blockchain.

Encryption:Moreover, the designed model generates a random key S ski for processing

encryption which encrypts the data and transfersit to the patient Pat . Then the encryption is

obtained using Eqn. (15)

g k s   S ky , Qs t   S ski , K g  Pat iS  Pt   ct  (15)
ky

Let, Pt  is denoted as input data and ct  is considered as cipher text. Additionally, patient data
are encrypted via random cloud locations using the private key Qs t  . Furthermore,

modifications to the original data result in a hash value that is unable to guarantee the updated
medical data.
Blockchain:Subsequently, the encrypted data is sent to the blockchain, where medical records
are indexed chronologically. As a result, every block has a hash, and the contents are
unchangeable. As a result, the healthcare patient receives the encrypted health data safely, which
generates the session key S ky . Additionally, if a patient is registered with the hospital, this

enables the data to be kept in the blockchain and provides a file ID based on the IDs stored.
Equations (16) and (17) provide the hash ID generated by the EHR in terms of
Pa ID, S ky , Address, folder , access  (16)

storeID, S ky , EHR  hash _ ID (17)

The encrypted data is stored under, file address, folder address, and hash ID. Moreover, the
patient encrypts and uploads the healthcare data of EHR to the cloud database which generates
the session key and uploads the data into cloud storage. For the decryption process, the designed
model verifies the session key, whether it is matched to the session key means to grant access to
the patient and decrypt the data. Finally, the developed model secures medical data information
or data and attains low processing time, encryption time, and decryption time.

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4.2 Atack detection using ensemble ML and FFO

A cloud-based attack is launched to demonstrate the effectiveness of the built model, and the
attack is identified through the use of EML and the FFO model. Three machine learning
techniques—naïve Bayes, random decision trees, and simple logistic regression—were employed
in the model's development. Ultimately, the approach of majority voting is employed to identify
threats by analysing the output of each classifier. To improve the created model's prediction
results, the FFO optimization is used in this phase.

4.2.1 Simple Logistic Regression Model

One prominent option for modeling binary classifications is the LR classification method [35]. It
is believed for this approach that a correlation between the input features equals the likelihood
function of one of the two output categories. A full version of the logistic equation for the
classification model is detailed in Eqn. (18).
 Wi 
Lr  ln   (18)
 1  Wi 
W is the likelihood that an attack will occur i .
4.2.2 Random Decision Tree

One of the well-liked supervised ML algorithms for the graphical illustration of every possible
answer is the random decision tree [36]. The decisions are easily interpreted and are predicated
on certain conditions. It recognizes and selects the important characteristics that aid in
classification. It only chooses characteristics that yield the most information gain ( I g ). I g is

defined as eqn. (19).

I g  e  pn   Avge  chn  (19)

Let, pn is denoted as the parent node, and v is considered as the child node. The Entropy ( e ) is
defined as eqn. (20).
e    pi  log 2 pi  (20)
i

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pi is shown as the class's likelihood i .

4.2.3 Naïve Bayes Classification

The Naïve Bayes classification technique is usually recognized for its efficiency and ease of use.
The Naïve Bayes classification system [37] is quick to construct and produces predictions
quickly. A statistical classifier, Naïve Bayes calculates feature probabilities according to the
target class. It assumes that the presence of one attribute does not affect the presence of the
others. Naïve Bayes can perform much better though it relies on other attributes because it
doesn't need precise probability estimations as long as the maximum probability is assigned to
the right class. The foundation of it is the Bayes theorem, which asserts that Eqn. (21).
p  y x p  x
p  x y  (21)
p  y

Let, p  x y  , and p  y x  are the contingent likelihoods that an attack will occur x given that

attack y is true and vice versa.Moreover, p  x  is denoted as prior probability, p  y  is denoted

as posterior probability, p  y x  is considered as a proposition, and p  x y  is represented as the

possibility of classification.
4.2.4Majority voting
Voting by majority is a common method in ensemble categorization. Another name for it is
plurality voting [38]. The method suggested a majority-based vote system to enhance the
classification results following the application of the three previously stated classification
algorithms. For every test case, these model classification values are computed, and the final
output is anticipated using the results of the majority. In majority voting, each classifier's
plurality vote using eqn. (22) is used to anticipate the target class attack.
z  mod e Lr , I g , p  x y  (22)

Update the FFO during the majority voting phase to efficiently identify and detect any attacks
that may be present in the system through the use of firefly flashing behavior. The presented

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model uses the trend toward attractive firefly performance to identify optimal categorization
outcomes.
FFO: The FFO is a heuristic approach [39] that draws inspiration from the bioluminescent
transmission phenomena and the flashing behavior of fireflies. Since they are unisexual, fireflies
will be drawn to one another irrespective of gender. The brightness of a firefly determines its
attractiveness; a firefly with lower brightness will be drawn to one with higher brightness. But as
the two fireflies got farther apart, the appeal diminished. The fireflies will fly at random if their
brightness levels are the same. By chance stroll and firefly fascination, new solutions are
generated.
The brightness of its attractiveness, K of the firefly i inside the firefly j is determined by how
brilliant the firefly i and the distance kij between the fireflies i and j as in Eqn. (23)

Ks
K  x  (23)
x2
The firefly brightness i , is connected to the goal function f  pi  using ki is equivalent to the

firefly solution i .
A firefly's brightness K is selected to display the most current location of its fitness value f  p 

as in Eqn. (24).
Ki  f  pi  (24)

Each firefly has a unique appeal rating, and the brighter one attracts and moves the less elegant
one  . However, the value of appearance  depends on how far apart the fireflies are from one
another.The firefly's attraction function is determined by Equation (25).

  x   o e x
2
(25)

where o is denoted as the firefly attractiveness value at k  0 and  is considered as the light

absorption coefficient of the medium.

The firefly's movements i at position ki shiftto a firefly that is more luminous j at position k j

byeqn. (26).

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pi  t  1  pi  t   o e x  p  p    , 0
2

i j i o (26)

where o e x  p  p  is owing to the firefly's attraction p j and  i is considered asa

2

i j

randomization parameter;if o  0 then it appears to be just a basic, random movement.The new

firefly position's attractiveness is compared to the previous one by the algorithm. The firefly is
relocated to the new location if it yields a higher attraction rating; if not, it stays in its existing
location. The FA's termination criterion is based on either a predetermined fitness value or an
arbitrary predetermined number of iterations.
Using Equation, the brightest firefly travels at random (27).
pi  t  1  pi  t    i (27)

Lastly, use eqn. (23) to adjust the brightest firefly's random movement during the majority voting
phase torecognize and detect attacks.
z  mod e Lr , I g , p  x y   pi  t  1 (28)

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Start

Initialize dataset //electronic health dataset

//enhance the security

Design HALGW -SKE
of medical data

// optimal best key is generated to

Key generation
enhance security

//store data in blockchain Hash

Hashvalue
valuegeneration
generation Ant lion optimization
usinh hash values

Encryption
Encryption Grey
Greywolf
wolfoptimization
optimization
// generate Cipher text

Blockchain
Blockchain
// Store data in separate blocks

Securely
Securelystored
storedinincloud
cloudserver
server

Launch
Launchattack
attack
// to prove efficeincy

Design
DesignEML-FFO
EML-FFO

// to identify and detect attack

Simple
SimpleLogistic
LogisticRegression
Regression

Random
RandomDecision
DecisionTree
Tree

Naïve
NaïveBayes
Bayes

Majority
Majorityvoting
voting
// Final prediction
Firefly
optimization
Detect
Detectattack
attack

Better
Betterperformnace
performnace

Enhance
Enhancesecurity
security

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Fig.3 Flowchart of the developed model process

The created EML-FFO model uses majority voting and FFO behavior to efficiently identify the
assaults that are present in the system. Furthermore, it is capable of recognizing and detecting
assaults within the cloud environment. This method is aimed at protecting medical data on the
cloud and improving people's lives at the same time. The flowchart representation of the
developed model process is shown in fig.3.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The suggested HALGW-SKE scheme is first implemented in a Python tool, and the effectiveness
of the generated model is evaluated in comparison to other existing methods in terms of
processing, decryption, and encryption times. The newly proposed solution uses blockchain
technology to encrypt and secure data, and it employs the EML-FFO model to detect attacks and
protect the data from unauthorized access. To confirm the efficacy of the proposed scheme, a
subsequent score of the planned model is validated using other existing models.
5.1 Performance Assessment for HALGW-SKE model
Python is used to implement the developed HALGW-SKE paradigm. Acquired performance
measurements are also verified concerning accuracy, processing time, precision, encryption time,
decryption time, etc. Thus, the achieved performance is validated with other prevailing methods
such asHIDT [21], PoFDL [22], EHO-OBL [29], and HE-OHS [26].
5.1.1 Encryption Time (ET)
ET is defined as the amount of time required by the designed system to convert plain text into
ciphertext. It is employed in the computation of the encryption technique. The effectiveness of
the established approach and the rate of encryption is also shown by the encryption time.

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Fig.4 Comparison of encryption time

Additionally, the created technique's encryption time of 0.05 ms was achieved by utilizing 50
data points, and the obtained findings are contrasted with those of other current approaches,
including HIDT, PoFDL, EHO-OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, the HIDT
model achieves 0.19s, PoFDL achieves 0.28s, EHO-OBL achieves 0.2s, and the HE-OHS model
gains 0.1ms. The created framework achieves reduced ET when compared to other strategies; the
ET comparison is displayed in Figure 4.
5.1.2 Decryption Time (DT)
DT is often determined by measuring the amount of time needed to decrypt a text and then
extract the plain text from the decrypted text. Moreover, one of the methods used to translate
encrypted data is decryption, which is the reverse of encryption. The processing time comparison
is displayed in Figure 5.

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Fig.5 Comparison of decryption time

Additionally, the created technique's DT of 0.02 ms was achieved by utilizing 50 data points, and
the obtained findings are contrasted with those of other current approaches, including HIDT,
PoFDL, EHO-OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, the HIDT model achieves
0.1s, PoFDL achieves 0.15s, EHO-OBL achieves 0.27s, and the HE-OHS model gains 0.2ms.
The created framework achieves reduced DT when compared to other strategies.
5.1.3 Processing time
The time elapsed between a patient's request for healthcare data and when that data is accessed at
a specific point in time is known as the processing time. Additionally, the overall amount of time
spent collecting and storing patient data. The total time spent on the blockchain during the entire
procedure is used to compute the processing time.

Fig.6 Comparison of processing time

Additionally, the proposed technique's processing time reached 60 ms for 50 data points, and the
obtained results are contrasted with those of other currently in use approaches including HIDT,
PoFDL, EHO-OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, HIDT achieved 165 ms,
PoFDL 130 ms, EHO-OBL 170 ms, and HE-OHS 152 ms. The created framework achieves a

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lower processing time when compared to previous methodologies; the processing time
comparison is displayed in Figure 6.
5.1.4 Accuracy
The ability of a system to accurately detect and categorize attacks while reducing false prediction
results is referred to as accuracy.Accuracy is 'the extent to which the outcome of a measurement
adheres to the accurate value. It basically means the proximity of a test to its desired value.

Fig.7 Comparison of accuracy

Additionally, employing 50 data, the proposed technique's accuracy reached 99.23%, and the
findings are compared to those of other existing approaches like HIDT, PoFDL, EHO-OBL, and
HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, HIDT achieved 90.63 percent, PoFDL attained 92.54
percent, EHO-OBL attained 86.53 percent, and HE-OHS attained 94.44 percent. The created
framework achieves excellent accuracy when compared to previous methodologies; the accuracy
comparison is displayed in Figure 7.
5.1.5 Precision
One important indicator of a detection system's effectiveness is precision. Precision is a metric
used to evaluate a system's accuracy. It counts the percentage of attacks that are correctly
recognized among all cases.

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Fig.8 Comparison of accuracy

Additionally, employing 50 data, the proposed technique's precision reached 99.11 percent, and
the findings are compared to those of other current techniques such as HIDT, PoFDL, EHO-
OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, HIDT achieved 90.45 percent, PoFDL
attained 92.77 percent, EHO-OBL attained 86.78 percent, and HE-OHS attained 94.21 percent.
The created framework achieves excellent precision when compared to previous techniques; the
precision comparison is displayed in Figure 8.
Recall
Recall is an assessment that assesses a system's capacity to accurately recognize all pertinent
attack incidents. The ratio of precisely recognized attacks to the total number of missed attacks is
used to compute recall.

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Fig.9 Comparison of recall

Additionally, employing 50 data, the created technique's recall rate reached 99.06 percent. The
obtained findings are compared to those of other current approaches, including HIDT, PoFDL,
EHO-OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, HIDT achieved 90.20 percent, PoFDL
attained 92.21 percent, EHO-OBL attained 86.65 percent, and HE-OHS attained 94.56 percent.
The created framework achieves high recall when compared to previous methodologies; the
recall comparison is displayed in Figure 9.
F-measure
A machine learning algorithm's effectiveness is assessed using a metric called the F-measure. It
yields a single score that incorporates recall and precision.

Fig.10 Comparison of F-measure

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Additionally, the developed technique's F-measure reached 99 percent with 50 data, and the
results obtained are compared with those of other current techniques such as HIDT, PoFDL,
EHO-OBL, and HE-OHS. Additionally, utilizing 50 data, HIDT achieved 89.56 percent, PoFDL
achieved 90.45 percent, EHO-OBL achieved 87.43 percent, and HE-OHS achieved 92.43
percent. The developed framework achieves a high F-measure when compared to previous
methodologies; the comparison of F-measures is displayed in Figure 10.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This study proposes a blockchain-based HALGW-SKE system to safeguard and secure cloud-
based medical data. Additionally, the EML-FFO framework was created by recognizing and
detecting cloud-based threats. Here, the developed technique makes use of optimization, ML,
and encryption techniques. Additionally, the best optimum key is chosen using a hybrid ALO
and GWO technique to increase security. The hash values are produced to securely store
encrypted data in the blockchain. Furthermore, the cloud assault using FFO is identified and
predicted by three machine learning classifiers. The suggested method produced superior
outcomes. The encryption, decryption, accuracy, F-measure, processing time, precision, recall,
and encryption and decryption times of the suggested technique are also compared. As a result,
the developed model achieved a high accuracy of 99.23 percent and a reduced processing time of
60 ms. The developed method raises the attack detection rate and strengthens the security and
privacy of medical data in this way.

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48 International Journal of Engineering& Scientific Research

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.12 Issue 03, March 2024
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at:
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

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Author Biography
Ajay Chandra MK( Ajay Chandra Manukondakrupa) is a seasoned professional with a master’s degree
in computer science and a remarkable career spanning over 24 years in the technology space. His
journey through various domains, including Automobile, Pharma, Retail, Banking, and Telecom, has
established him as a versatile and accomplished leader. Throughout his career, Ajay has honed his
expertise in automation and the implementation of Enterprise Applications and ERP systems, playing a
pivotal role in digital transformation projects across industries. His ability to conceptualize and execute
comprehensive tech strategies, coupled with a strong aptitude for communication and response
management, has been a hallmark of his success. Ajay has held influential positions at renowned
organizations, including the World Bank, AbbVie, Ford Motors, Sephora, and currently working as
Global Technical Program Manager for a telecommunications and satellite Organization. In these roles,
he served as a technical program manager, overseeing cloud computing and SAP S4 HANA
implementations. His leadership and technical acumen have contributed significantly to these
companies' growth and digital evolution. Ajay Manukonda's career is a testament to his dedication to
the ever-evolving world of technology and his profound impact on digital transformation in diverse
sectors. His commitment to innovation and excellence continues to drive his career forward, making
him a true luminary in the field of technology and enterprise solutions.

49 International Journal of Engineering& Scientific Research

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]