STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Prepared by: Marielle.Bugarin

HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a premise or a claim that
we want to test.

NULL ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. 1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

2. 2. Choose the level of significance.
3. 3. Compute the test statistic.
4. 4. Determine the critical value.
5. 5. Draw a conclusion
NULL HYPOTHESIS
statement saying there is no significant
difference between population parameter and
the value that is being claimed
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
statement saying that there is significant
difference between the population and the
parameter and the value that is being claimed.
It is believed that a candy machine makes
chocolate bars that are on average 5g. A worker
claims that the machine after maintenance no
longer makes 5g bars.
H0: A candy machine makes chocolate bars that
are on average 5g.
Ha: The candy machine after maintenance no
longer makes 5g chocolate bars.
 • Reject Null Hypothesis

• Fail to Reject Null Hypothesis

NOTE:
𝐻𝑜 always has equal (=) symbol
in it. 𝐻𝑎 never has an equal (=)
symbol in it.
HOW TO STATE Ho AND Ha?
1. Identify the parameter and value in a given
problem.
2. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols.
3. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
based on the guidelines.
The average height of adult Filipinos 20 years old is
163 cm.
Parameter: Average height of adult Filipinos 20
years old.
Value: 163 centimeters
HOW TO STATE Ho AND Ha?
1. Identify the parameter and value in a given
problem.
2. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols.
3. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis
based on the guidelines.
WAYS IN WRITING HYPOTHESIS
a. 𝐻𝑜 : Parameter = Value versus 𝐻𝑎 : Parameter ≠ Value
b. 𝐻𝑜 : Parameter ≤ Value versus 𝐻𝑎 : Parameter > Value
c. 𝐻𝑜 : Parameter ≥ Value versus 𝐻𝑎 : Parameter < Value
A survey conducted the college students in their
study stated that cell phone owners received an
average of 65 texts every day. What parameter
should these students consider proving this claim?
State the null and alternative hypotheses.
A nutritionist wants to estimate the mean amount
of sodium consumed by children under the age of
10. From a random sample of 75 children under the
age of 10, the nutritionist obtains a sample mean of
2993 milligrams of sodium consumed.
The average height of Grade 11 female students is
above 158 cm. Their adviser wants to test the
students’ claim.
Determine the parameter and value. State the null and
alternative hypothesis in notations for each given situation.
1. The average weight of senior high school students 16 years
and older is 55 kilograms.
2. The average price per square meter of residential lot in an
exclusive subdivision is above Php 15,000.
3. The average waiting time of all costumers in a restaurant
before being served is less than 20 minutes.
4. An academic organization claimed that Grade 11 students’
study time is at most 240 minutes per day, on average.
5. The treasurer of a municipality claims that the average net
worth of families in the municipality is at least Php
730,000.
 STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. 1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.

2. 2. Choose the level of significance.
3. 3. Compute the test statistic.
4. 4. Determine the critical value.
5. 5. Draw a conclusion
LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE
The level of confidence tells how
confident are we in our decision.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
The level of significance denoted by
alpha or a refers to the degree of
significance in which we accept or
reject the null hypothesis.
It is a random variable that is calculated from
sample data and used in a hypothesis test.

z-test and t-test

If the sample size is large, where 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the
population standard deviation (𝜎) is known, use
z-test.
ഥ−𝝁
𝒙
𝒛= 𝝈
𝒏
t- test is used when 𝑛 < 30, the population is
normal or nearly normal, and population
standard deviation (𝜎) is unknown.
ഥ−𝝁
𝒙
𝒕= 𝒔
𝒏
A manufacturer claimed that the average life of
batteries used in their electronic games is 150 hours. It
is known that the standard deviation of this type of
battery is 20 hours. A consumer wished to test the
manufacturer’s claim and accordingly tested 100
electronic games using the battery. It was found out
that the mean is equal to 144 hours.
Here, the sample size (n) is 100 (extremely large) and
population standard deviation (20 hours) is known,
then the appropriate test statistic to be used is z-test.
An English teacher wanted to test whether the mean
reading speed of students is 550 words per minute. A
sample of 12 students revealed a sample mean of 540
words per minute with a standard deviation of 5 words
per minute. At 0.05 significance level, is the reading
speed different from 550 words per minute?
The sample size (n) is 12 which is less than 30 and
sample standard deviation (5 words per minute) was
given. Therefore, the appropriate test is t-test.
A study was conducted to look at the average time
students exercise. A researcher claimed that in average,
students exercise less than 15 hours per month. In a
random sample size n=115, it was found that the mean
time students exercise is 𝑥̅= 11.3 hours per month with
s = 6.43 hours per month.
Since n=115, the sample size is large and variance is
unknown. Hence, z-test is the appropriate tool. (Central
Limit Theorem)
In each problem, underline the population standard
deviation/sample standard deviation and circle the
number of samples. Identify the test statistic
appropriate in each problem.
A sample of 160 people has a mean age of 27 with a
population standard deviation (σ) of 5. Test the
hypothesis that the population mean is 26.7 at α=0.05.
An electric lamps manufacturer is testing a new
production method that will be considered acceptable
if the lamps produced by this method result in a normal
population with an average life of 1,300 hours and a
standard deviation equal to 120. A sample of 100 lamps
produced by this method has an average life of 1,250
hours.
The cholesterol levels in a certain population have a
mean of 210 and standard deviation of 21. The
cholesterol levels for a random sample of 9 individuals
are measured and the sample mean x is determined.
What is the z-score for a sample mean x=180?
Mabunga Elementary School has 1,000 students. The
principal of the school thinks that the average IQ of
students at Mabunga is at least 110. To prove her point,
she administers an IQ test to 20 randomly selected
students. Among the sampled students, the average IQ
is 108 with a standard deviation of 10.
A new energy-efficient lawn mower engine was
developed by a well-known inventor. He claims that the
engine will run continuously for 5 hours on a single
gallon of regular gasoline. From his stock of 2,000
engines, the inventor selects a simple random sample
of 50 engines for testing. The engines run for an
average of 295 minutes with a standard deviation of 20
minutes.
 Compute the z-value given the following
information. Use one-tailed test and 0. 05
level of significance.
𝑥̅= 71.5 𝜇 = 70 𝜎 = 8 𝑛 = 100
In the first semester of the school year, a
random sample of 200 students got a
mean score of 81.72 with a population
standard deviation of 15 in Statistics and
Probability test. The population mean is
79.83. Use 0.05 level of significance.
In the past, the average length of an outgoing call from
a business office has been 140 seconds. A manager
wishes to check whether that average has decrease
after the introduction of policy changes. A sample of
150 telephone calls produced a mean of 135 seconds,
with a standard deviation of 30 seconds. Perform the
relevant test at 1% level of significance
 Compute the t-value given the
following information:
𝑥̅= 129.5 𝜇 = 127 𝑠 = 5 𝑛 = 12
 The government claims that the monthly
average expenses of a Filipino family with four
members is P10,000. A sample of 26 family’s
expenses has a mean of P10,900 and a
standard deviation of P1,250. Is there enough
evidence to reject the government’s claim at 𝛼
= 0. 01?