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Lecture - 06 - Elements of Civil Engineering

The document discusses different topics related to hydraulics, water resources, and irrigation engineering. It defines hydraulics and describes how it deals with water flow mechanics. It also defines water resource engineering and its goals. Additionally, it discusses irrigation engineering and how it deals with managing water for agriculture. It provides details on various water sources, types of precipitation, irrigation methods and their advantages/disadvantages.

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SanthoshMBSanthu
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9 views

Lecture - 06 - Elements of Civil Engineering

The document discusses different topics related to hydraulics, water resources, and irrigation engineering. It defines hydraulics and describes how it deals with water flow mechanics. It also defines water resource engineering and its goals. Additionally, it discusses irrigation engineering and how it deals with managing water for agriculture. It provides details on various water sources, types of precipitation, irrigation methods and their advantages/disadvantages.

Uploaded by

SanthoshMBSanthu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 06

Hydraulics, Water resources, Irrigation


Engineering

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• Hydraulics deals with mechanics of water (fluid) flow.
• Water resource engineering deals with identification & utilization
of available water resources minimizing the loss.
• This also deals with ground water utilization, ground water
recharge and rain water harvesting.
• Irrigation engineering deals with water management for agriculture
purpose.

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Sources of water

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Precipitation and Its type
Precipitation denotes all form of water that reaches the earth surface from the
atmosphere.
Types-
 Rainfall
 Snow
 Drizzle
 Glaze
 Sleet
 Hail

Note: In India, rainfall data is collected everyday at 8:30 am and if the rainfall on a
particular day is more than 2.5 mm then that day is called as rainy day.

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• Rainfall- This is the most dominant form of precipitation in India and it denotes the
water droplets with size ranging from 0.5-6mm. On the basis of intensity rainfall is
classified as: Intensity (mm/hr) Type
0-2.5 Light
2.5-7.5 Medium
>7.5 Heavy

• Snow- It denotes ice crystal having a density of 0.1 gm/cc.

• Drizzle- These are fine droplets of water whose size is less than 0.5 mm and
intensity is less than 1 mm/hr.

• Glaze- When droplets of water comes in contact with cold ground surface(approx.
at 0oC) then the droplet of water is converted into ice which is called as glaze.

• Sleet- These are frozen droplets of transparent nature.

• Hail- These are lumps of ice whose size is more than 8mm.

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Irrigation and its advantages
Irrigation is the science of artificial application of water to the agricultural
field in accordance with crop requirements throughout the period of growth
for full maturity of crop.
Advantages:
• Increase in food production.
• Insuring optimum growth or maximum yield.
• mixed cropping.
• Generation of hydropower.
• Improving domestic water supply.
Disadvantages:
• Over irrigation may cause water clogging which can reduce crop yield.
• Irrigation may lead to creation of climatic condition which favourable for
public health diseases.

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Irrigation Methods

Perennial
Flow
Surface Flood
Lift
Irrigation
Natural
Subsurface
Artificial

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Irrigation Methods

Surface Irrigation Sub Surface Irrigation

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Surface Irrigation- In this method of irrigation the water directly wet the soil surface
that is directly applied for the surface of agricultural field. It can be classified as:
• Flow Irrigation: When the water is available at higher elevation and it is supplied to
lower elevation by simple action of gravity then it is called as flow irrigation.
• Lift Irrigation: If the water is lifted up by some mechanical or manual mean from
ground water and then it is applied on the surface of agricultural field then it is called as
lift irrigation.
Subsurface Irrigation- In this method, water is directly applied into the root zone of a
given crop in agricultural fields so the runoff losses will be very less. That’s why this method
is more efficient compare to surface irrigation. It can be classified as:
• Natural Subsurface: Leakage water from channel etc. goes underground and during
passage through the subsoil, it may irrigate crops on lower elevation. When underground
irrigation is achieved by this simple natural process then its called as natural process.
• Artificial process: When a system of perforated pipes or drains is artificial laid below the
surface so as to supply water directly into the root zone. Then it is called as artificial
subsurface irrigation.

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