Control No: _______________

SLK for GRADE 10 SCIENCE

QUARTER 4 WEEK 2

I. PRELIMINARIES

Competency Explain the relationships among volume, pressure and temperature of gases (Gas Laws)
using the kinetic molecular theory. (S10MT-IVa-b-21)
Objectives The students are expected to:
 state and enumerate the assumptions/postulates of the kinetic molecular theory
of gases;
 apply the kinetic molecular theory to explain the gas laws; and
 demonstrate how the temperature affect the volume of the gas.
Topic/
Subject KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY of GASES
Matter
Textbook Science- Grade 10 Learner’s Material First Edition 2015
Materials Pencil, Pen, Paper, 2 balloons, 2 buckets, ice water, hot water
Copyrights DepEd Talisay City Division
Total Points 55 points
Date May 24 – 28, 2021

II. CONTENT MAP

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Microscopic Properties Macroscopic Properties

Gas particles are constantly moving.

VOLUME
Gas particles have no definite volume,
but they have definite mass.

Gas particles move in constant, random,

straight-line motion. Collision between
these particles is elastic.
PRESSURE
There is no attractive or repulsive force
among the gas particles, or between the
container and the gas particles.

The average KE of the gas particles

TEMPERATURE
depends on the temperature of the gas.

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III. CONTENT NOTES

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

 Gases behave in certain ways that are described by so-called ‘gas laws.’ Laws in science are not
the same as how we normally think about laws. These laws simply describe behavior; they do
not offer any explanations.
 Particle behavior at the molecular level were proposed in independent works by August Kroning
(1856) and Rudolf Clausius’s 1857 work titled "the theory of moving molecules." This work
became the foundation of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases.
 To provide an explanation, a theory is needed. The theory used to explain how gases behave is
called the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gases. This theory helps us understand the behavior
of gases.
 The following are the assumptions/postulates (things we think are true) that form the basis for
the theory:

Postulates/Assumptions of Kinetic Molecular Theory Gas Properties Observations

1. A gas consists of very small particles (molecules), that can be An inflated basketball weighs
considered as spherical bodies which possess negligible volume more than a deflated basketball.
but each of which has a mass.

2. The distances from one molecule to another molecule are • Gases are easily compressed.
far greater than the molecules’ dimensions. The distance • Gases have low densities.
separating gas particles is relatively large.

3. Gas particles are in constant, rapid, random linear motion, Gases quickly diffuse. Collisions
continually colliding with each other and with the walls of the slow diffusion.
container.

4. Collisions of gas particles with each other or with the walls of • Gases exert pressure. Pressure
the containers are perfectly elastic. That is, energy may is force per unit area. (add more
transfer from molecule to molecule as the result of collision gas, get more pressure)
but the total energy of all the molecules in the system remains • No kinetic energy is lost.
the same/constant.
5. Gas particles exert no force on one another. They do not Gas particles do not slow down
attract or repel each other. and condense into a liquid
because they exert only very
weak attractive forces upon
each other.
6. Movement of gas molecules is affected by temperature. The Kinetic energy is energy of
average kinetic energy of gas particles depends only on the motion. Gas particles speed up
temperature of the gas. as the temperature increases.

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 How the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) Explains the Gas Laws

 The Link Between P (pressure) and n (number of particles)

 The pressure of a gas results from collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the
container.
 Each time a gas particle hits the wall, it exerts a force on the wall.
 An increase in the number of gas particles in the container increases the frequency of collisions
with the walls and therefore the pressure of the gas.

 Amontons' Law (P  T)
 The last postulate of the kinetic molecular theory states that the average kinetic energy of a gas
particle depends only on the temperature of the gas. Thus, the average kinetic energy of the
gas particles increases as the gas becomes warmer.
 Because the mass of these particles is constant, their kinetic energy can only increase if the
average velocity of the particles increases.
 The faster these particles are moving when they hit the wall, the greater the force they exert
on the wall. Since the force per collision becomes larger as the temperature increases, the
pressure of the gas must increase as well.

 Boyle's Law (P = 1/v)

 Boyle’s Law states that at constant temperature, the absolute pressure and volume of a given
mass of confined gas are inversely proportional.
 Gases can be compressed because most of the volume of a gas is empty space. If we compress
a gas without changing its temperature, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles stays the
same.
 There is no change in the speed with which the particles move, but the container is smaller.
Thus, the particles travel from one end of the container to the other in a shorter period of time.
This means that they hit the walls more often.
 Any increase in the frequency of collisions with the walls must lead to an increase in the
pressure of the gas. Thus, the pressure of a gas becomes larger as the volume of the gas
becomes smaller.

 Charles' Law (V  T)
 Charles’ Law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a gas increases or decreases by the
same factor as its temperature.
 The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is proportional to the temperature of the
gas. Because the mass of these particles is constant, the particles must move faster as the gas
becomes warmer.
 If they move faster, the particles will exert a greater force on the container each time they hit
the walls, which leads to an increase in the pressure of the gas. If the walls of the container are
flexible, it will expand until the pressure of the gas once more balances the pressure of the
atmosphere. The volume of the gas therefore becomes larger as the temperature of the gas
increases.

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 KMT's Limitations
 While KMT is a useful tool for understanding the linked behaviors of molecules and matter,
particularly gases, KMT does have limitations related to how its theoretical assumptions differ
from the behavior of real matter.
 In particular, KMT’s assumptions that intermolecular forces are negligible, and the volume of
molecules is negligible, aren’t always valid. Real gas molecules do experience intermolecular
forces. As pressure on a real gas increases and forces its molecules closer together, the molecules
can attract one another. This attraction slows down the molecules just a little bit before they
slam into one another or the walls of a container, so that the pressure inside a container of real
gas molecules is slightly lower than we would expect based on KMT. These intermolecular forces
are particularly influential when gas molecules are moving more slowly, such as at low
temperature.
 While growing pressure on a real gas initially allows its intermolecular forces to have more
influence, a different factor gains more influence as the pressure continues to grow. While KMT
assumes that gas molecules have no volume, real gas molecules do have volume. This gives a
real gas greater volume at high pressure than would be predicted from KMT. Furthermore, as a
real gas is compressed, the mean free path (average distance that a molecule travels between
collisions) of its molecules decreases and the molecules collide more often—thereby increasing
the pressure exerted by a real gas compared to KMT’s prediction.
 Ultimately, KMT is most useful and accurate when gases are under conditions that cause
molecules to behave consistently with KMT’s assumptions.
 These conditions often happen at low pressure, where molecules have lots of empty space to
move in, and the molecule volumes are very small compared to the total volume.
 And the conditions often occur at high temperature, when the molecules possess a high kinetic
energy and fast speed, which lets them overcome the attractive forces between molecules.

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IV. ACTIVITIES
Activity 1 HPS: 10 points
Date: May 25, 2021
Directions: Analyze each given picture below. State the postulate/assumption of the Kinetic
Molecular Theory depicted by each picture. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Example:

Postulate #3. Gases diffuse quickly because the particles are in constant, rapid, and random linear motion.

1. __________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2 HPS: 10 points
Date: May 26, 2021
Directions: Read each scenario carefully. Defend your answer using the concepts/assumptions/
postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Example:
Each of these flasks is the same size and at the same temperature. Which one contains the fewest
molecules? atm= unit of pressure. Why?

Answer: Flask 1. Based on Postulate #4, gases exert pressure. All

other things (volume & temperature) being the same, the pressure in the flasks varies. If there are smaller number of
molecules, then there are few collisions on the wall of the container. Few collisions would mean low pressure.
Therefore, the lowest pressure would mean that the flask contains the fewest molecules.

1. Each of these flasks contains the same number of gas molecules. In which would the pressure be
highest? Why? K = unit of temperature. (3points)

______________________________________________

2. Each of these flasks contain the same amount of molecules at different pressures. Which one is
at the highest temperature? (3points)

_______________________________________________

3. Each of these flasks is the same size and at the same temperature. Which one weighs the most?
Why? (3points)

____________________________________________

4. Which of the following changes to a system will not result in an increase in pressure?
A. Raising the temperature
B. Increasing the volume of the container
C. Adding more gas molecules
D. Decreasing the volume of the container

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Activity 3 HPS: 20 points
Date: May 27, 2021
Directions: Perform the activity below. Answer the guide questions that follow. Write your answers on
the Answer Sheet.

Objective: demonstrates how temperature impacts the volume of the gas.

Materials: Two balloons (blown up to the same size), Bucket of ice water, Bucket of hot water

Procedures:

1. Blow up the two balloons up to the same size.

2. Fill a bucket with cold water/ ice water. And another bucket with hot water. (Note: Be careful in handling
hot water. You may ask assistance from an adult).

3. Submerge one balloon into the cold water and the other balloon into the hot water at the same time.

4. Wait several minutes (until you see some changes in the balloons) and then compare the sizes of the
balloons.

5. Draw what has taken place in the balloon (before and after submerging it in cold and hot water).

Before submerging After Submerging in:

Cold Water

Hot Water

6. Answer the following questions:

Q1. How did temperature impact the molecules?

Q2. Why did changes in temperature affect the size of the balloons?

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V. EVALUATION HPS: 15 points
Date: May 28, 2021
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answers on the Answer Sheet.
1. Kinetic-molecular theory makes several assumptions about
A. the size and energy of molecules. C. the motion and energy of molecules.
B. the motion and size of molecules. D. the size and weight of molecules.
2. Clausius proposed that heat is a form of _____ that affects the temperature of matter by changing the
motion of molecules.
A. gas B. velocity C. molecular mass D. energy
3. The average distance that a molecule travels between collisions is known as its _____ .
A. kinetic energy B. mean restricted path C. mean free path D. velocity
4. One limitation of kinetic-molecular theory for real gases is that real gases _____.
A. are in periodic, calculated, circular motion C. are not affected by the volume of molecules
B. do not experience intermolecular forces D. do experience intermolecular forces
5. Kinetic-molecular theory is most useful and accurate when gases are at _____ or at _____ .
A. high temperature; high pressure C. high temperature; low pressure
B. low temperature; high pressure D. low temperature; low pressure
6. Which of the following is an assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases?
A. Collisions between gas particles are inelastic.
B. Gases consist of closely spaced particles.
C. Gas particles move around in an orderly manner.
D. The temperature of a gas depends on the average kinetic energy of the gas particles.
7. The energy of an object as it is in motion is defined as
A. Kinetic Theory B. Kinetic energy C. Potential energy D. Electric energy
8. Gas molecules can easily be compressed because ___________.
A. gas molecules are soft C. gas molecules are far apart
B. gas molecules follow the shape of the container D. all of the above
9. The movement of gas molecules is greatly affected by _________.
A. the shape of the container C. size of the container
B. temperature of the container D. the mass of the molecules
10. The kinetic theory states that
A. particles won't move if you don't apply energy to it.
B. particles only move in liquids and gases.
C. particles are always in motion.
D. at the same temperature, the object that has the most mass heats quicker.
11. If you place a balloon in a freezer what happens to the size of the balloon?
A. doubles B. increases C. decreases D. stays still
12. Which is NOT an assumption made by the kinetic molecular theory of gases?
A. Gas particles are small and take up little volume
B. Particles travel in constant, random, straight-line motion until colliding
C. When particles collide, their total kinetic energy is decreased
D. Particles do not attract or repel each other
13. Each of these flasks contains the same number of gas molecules.
In which would the pressure be highest?
A. Flask 1 B. Flask 2 C. Flask 3 D. Flask 4
14. Which of the following changes to a system WILL NOT result in an increase in pressure?
A. Decreasing the volume of the container C. Increasing the volume of the container
B. Raising the temperature D. Adding more gas molecules
15. Gas pressure is caused by:
A. gas molecules colliding with surfaces C. gas molecules hitting other gas molecules
B. intermolecular forces D. gas molecules condensing to a liquid

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VII. ADDITIONAL READINGS/ACTIVITY

Diffusion

 According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, gaseous particles are in a constant state of motion,
moving at random speeds and in many different directions. Because of their kinetic energy at
temperatures above absolute zero, all particles undergo diffusion.
 Diffusion refers to the process of particles moving from an area of high concentration to one of
low concentration. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the
medium, and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion results in the gradual mixing of materials,
and eventually, it forms a homogeneous mixture.

Effusion

 Not only do gaseous particles move with high kinetic energy, but their small size enables them
to move through small openings as well; this process is known as effusion.
 For effusion to occur, the hole’s diameter must be smaller than the molecules’ mean free path
(the average distance that a gas particle travels between successive collisions with other gas
particles).
 The opening of the hole must be smaller than the mean free path because otherwise, the gas
could move back and forth through the hole.
 Effusion is explained by the continuous random motion of particles; over time, this random
motion guarantees that some particles will eventually pass through the hole.

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 10
Activity 1
1. Postulate #1. A gas consists of very small particles (molecules), which possess negligible volume but each of which
has a mass.
2. Postulate #4. Collisions of gas particles with each other or with the walls of the containers are perfectly elastic.
3. Postulate #6. Movement of gas molecules is affected by temperature.
4. Postulate #2. The distance separating gas particles is relatively large.
5. Postulate #3. Gas particles are in constant, rapid, random linear motion, continually colliding with each other and
with the walls of the container.
Activity 2
1. Flask 4. (Reasons may vary)
2. Flask 4. (Reasons may vary)
3. Flask 4. (Reasons may vary)
4. B
Activity 3
Before submerging After Submerging in:
Cold Water
(Drawings may vary) (Drawings may vary)
Hot Water
(Drawings may vary)
(Drawings may vary)
1. When the temperature is low, the movement of the molecules is slow thus they exert lower pressure. If
there is a high temperature, there will be an increase in the movement of the molecules. Their kinetic
energy increases.
2. Changes in temperature resulted in changes of the movement/collision of the molecules with each other
and with the walls of the balloon. Low temperature will result into less collision thus the molecules will just
be nearer and will occupy smaller volume. High temperature will result into the fast movements of the
molecules, thus, their collisions would bring them farther from each other and exert more pressure on the
walls of the balloon causing the balloon to expand.
VI. ANSWER KEY
VIII. REFERENCES

Acosta, Herma D., et.al. 2015. Science - Grade 10 Learner's Material. Pasig City,
Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc., pp.392-393
Sevini Shahbaz and Andrew Cooley. n.d. Kinetic Moleculary Theory of Gases. Accessed
April 19, 2021.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_M
aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_o
f_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Kinetic_Molecul
ar_Theory_of_Gases

n.d. Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws. Accessed April 19, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/kinetic-molecular-theory-and-gas-
laws/

n.d. The Kinetic Molecular Theory. Accessed April 19, 2021.

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/kinetic4.html#how

January 17, 2020. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases. Accessed April 19, 2021.
https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/kinetic-molecular-theory-gases

n.d. The Kinetic Molecular Theory. Accessed April 19, 2021. https://teach.educeri.com/lesson/880/
Julie Zundel. n.d. Kinetic Molecular Theory Activities. Accessed April 19, 2021.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/kinetic-molecular-theory-activities.html

Megan Cartwright, Ph.D. 2017. “Kinetic-Molecular Theory” Visionlearning Vol. CHE-4 (2).
Accessed April 19, 2021. https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Kinetic-
Molecular-Theory/251

Prepared by:
Name: JUVELYN C. LIMPAG
School: Mohon (Divino Amore) National High School
Contact No: 09566401881
kdm04/23/2021

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IX. FEEDBACK NOTES (SCIENCE 10 Quarter 4 Week 2)

X. ANSWER SHEET (SCIENCE 10 Quarter 4 Week 2)

Control No: _______________
Name: _______________________________ Grade & Sec.: ____________ Contact No: __________
School: ____________________________ Subject Teacher: ____________________

Activity 1 EVALUATION
1.
1.
2.
2. 3.
4.
5.
3. 6.
7.
8.
4. 9.
10.
11.
5.
12.
13.
14.
Activity 2 15.
1.

2.

3.

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4.

Activity 3
Before submerging After Submerging in: 1.
Cold Water

2.
Hot Water

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