10 Data Displays

10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots

10.2 Histograms

10.3 Shapes of Distributions

10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots

?”
you think
“What do
n how
owners o eat
k a su rvey of pet sh o u ld tr
“I too y you
a ny ti m es per da biscuit.”
m to a
your dog

“I’ve completed a circle

graph
analyzing what you do
each day.”
What You
Learned Before
“Okay, I ha
I need you ve the box. But
r he
my box-an lp to complete
d-whisker
plot.”
(MACC.3.MD.2.3)
Example 1 The bar graph shows the Favorite Color
favorite colors of the
9
students in a class. How 8

Number of students
many students said their 7
favorite color is blue? 6
5
The height of the bar labeled “Blue” is 8. 4
3
2
So, 8 students said their favorite color
1
is blue. 0
Orange Blue Green Red Yellow
Color

1. What color was chosen the least?

2. How many students said green or red is their favorite color?
3. How many students did not choose yellow as their favorite color?
4. How many students are in the class?

(MACC.6.RP.1.3c)
Favorite Fruit
Example 2 The circle graph shows the favorite fruits of
the students in a class. There are 20 students
in the class. How many students said their 40%
favorite fruit is an orange?
35%
Find 25% of 20.
5
1
⋅ ⋅
1 20
25% of 20 = — 20 = — = 5
25%

4 4
1

So, 5 students said their favorite fruit is an orange.

5. How many students said their favorite fruit is an apple?

6. How many students said their favorite fruit is a banana?
 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots

How can you use place values to represent

data graphically?

1 ACTIVITY: Making a Data Display

Work with a partner. The list below gives the ages of these women when they
became first ladies of the United States.

a. The incomplete data display shows the ages Ages of First Ladies
of the first ladies in the left column of the 2 1
list above.
3
What do the numbers to the left of the line
4 0 4 8 8 9
represent? What do the numbers to the right
COMMON of the line represent? 5 2 4 6
CORE 6 0 0
Data Displays b. This data display is called a stem-and-leaf plot.
In this lesson, you will
What numbers do you think represent the
● make and interpret

stem-and-leaf plots. stems? leaves? Explain your reasoning.

Applying Standard
MACC.6.SP.2.4 c. Complete the stem-and-leaf plot using the remaining ages in the right
column. Order the numbers to the right of the line in numerical order.

d. REASONING Write a question about the ages of first ladies that would
be easier to answer using a stem-and-leaf plot than a dot plot.

434 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 2 ACTIVITY: Making a Back-to-Back Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Work with a partner. The table below shows the ages of presidents of the
United States from 1885 to 2009 on their first inauguration day.

Ages of Presidents
47 55 54 42 51 56 55 51 54 51 60
62 43 55 56 61 52 69 64 46 54 47

a. On your stem-and-leaf plot from

Activity 1(c), draw a vertical line to
the left of the display. Represent the
ages of the presidents by including
numbers to the left of the line.
b. Find the median ages of both the
first ladies and the presidents of
the United States.
c. Compare the distribution of each
data set.

3 ACTIVITY: Conducting an Experiment

Work with a partner. Use two number cubes to conduct the
Math following experiment.
Practice
Interpret
Results ● Toss the cubes and find the product
How can you use of the resulting numbers.

1
the stem-and-leaf
plot to interpret ● Repeat this process 30 times. Record
your results? your results.
Explain.

a. Use a stem-and-leaf plot to organize your results.

b. Describe the distribution of the data.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use place values to represent
data graphically?
5. How can you display data in a stem-and-leaf plot whose values range
from 82 through 129?

Use what you learned about stem-and-leaf plots to complete

Exercises 4 and 5 on page 438.

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 435

10.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
stem-and-leaf plot,
p. 436 Stem-and-Leaf Plots
stem, p. 436 A stem-and-leaf plot uses the digits of Stem Leaf
leaf, p. 436 data values to organize a data set. Each
2 0 0 1 2 5 7
data value is broken into a stem (digit or
3 1 4 8
digits on the left) and a leaf (digit or digits
4 2
on the right).
5 8 9
A stem-and-leaf plot shows how data Key: 2 | 0 = 20
are distributed.
The key explains what the
stems and leaves represent.

EXAMPLE 1 Making a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the length of the 12 cell phone calls.
Step 1: Order the data.
2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 14, 18, 23, 23, 30, 36, 55
Step 2: Choose the stems and the leaves. Because the data values
range from 2 to 55, use the tens digits for the stems and the
ones digits for the leaves. Be sure to include the key.
Step 3: Write the stems to the left of the vertical line.
Step 4: Write the leaves for each stem to the right of the vertical line.
Cell Phone Call Lengths

Order the stems vertically.

Stem Leaf
0 2 3 5 6 Write the leaves
The stem for data values
1 0 4 8 horizontally.
less than 10 is 0.
2 3 3
3 0 6
Include stems
4
without leaves.
5 5
Key: 1 | 4 = 14 minutes

1. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the hair lengths.

Exercises 4–9
Hair Length (centimeters)
5 1 20 12 27 2 30 5 7 38
40 47 1 2 1 32 4 44 33 23

436 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 EXAMPLE 2 Interpreting a Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Test Scores The stem-and-leaf plot shows student test scores. (a) How many
students scored less than 80 points? (b) How many students
Stem Leaf
scored at least 90 points? (c) How are the data distributed?
6 6
7 0 5 7 8 a. There are five scores less than 80 points:
8 1 1 3 4 4 6 8 8 9 66, 70, 75, 77, and 78.
9 0 2 9 Five students scored less than 80 points.
10 0
b. There are four scores of at least 90 points:
Key: 9 | 2 = 92 points 90, 92, 99, and 100.
Four students scored at least 90 points.

c. There are few low test scores and few high test scores.
So, most of the scores are in the middle.

2. Use the grading scale at the right. A: 90 –100

Exercises 12–15 a. How many students received a B on B: 80 – 89
the test? C: 70 –79
D: 60 – 69
b. How many students received a C on
F: 59 and below
the test?

EXAMPLE 3 Making Conclusions from a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Which statement is not true? Plant Heights
○
A Most of the plants are less Stem Leaf
than 20 inches tall. 0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9
○
B The median plant height is 1 0 1 1 5 7
11 inches. 2 2 5
3 6
○
C The range of the plant heights
is 35 inches. Key: 1 | 5 = 15 inches
○
D The plant height that occurs
most often is 11 inches.
There are 15 plant heights. So, the median is the eighth
data value, 10 inches.

The correct answer is ○

B .

3. You are told that three plants are taller than 20 inches.
Is the statement true? Explain.

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 437

10.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY The key for a stem-and-leaf plot is 3 | 4 = 34. Which number

is the stem? Which number is the leaf ?
2. WRITING Describe how to make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data values
14, 22, 9, 13, 30, 8, 25, and 29.
3. WRITING How does a stem-and-leaf plot show the distribution of data?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

1 4. Books Read 5. Hours Online
26 15 20 9 8 12 21 14
31 25 29 32 18 6 15 24
17 26 19 40 12 17 2 0

6. Test Scores (%) 7. Points Scored

87 82 95 91 69 58 50 42 71 75
88 68 87 65 81 45 51 43 38 71
97 85 80 90 62 42 70 56 58 43

8. Bikes Sold 9. Minutes in Line

78 112 105 99 4.0 2.6 1.9 3.1
86 96 115 100 3.6 2.2 2.7 3.8
79 81 99 108 1.6 2.0 3.1 2.9

✗
10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error
Stem Leaf
in making a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
2 5 6
51, 25, 47, 42, 55, 26, 50, 44, 55 4 2 4 7
5 0 1 5 5
Key: 4 2 = 42

11. PUPPIES The weights (in pounds) of eight puppies

at a pet store are 12, 24, 17, 8, 18, 31, 24, and 15.
Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. Describe the
distribution of the data.

438 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 VOLLEYBALL The stem-and-leaf plot shows Stem Leaf
the number of digs for the top 15 players at 4 1 1 3 3 5
a volleyball tournament. 5 0 2 3 4
2 12. How many players had more than 60 digs? 6 2 3 3 7
7 5
13. Find the mean, median, mode, range, and
8
interquartile range of the data.
9 7
14. Describe the distribution of the data. Key: 5 | 0 = 50 digs
15. Which data value is the outlier? Describe how
the outlier affects the mean.

16. REASONING Each stem-and-leaf plot below has a mean of 39.

Without calculating, determine which stem-and-leaf plot has
the lesser mean absolute deviation. Explain your reasoning.
Stem Leaf Stem Leaf
2 3 7 2 2 4 5 8 9
3 0 2 6 9 3 3 8
4 1 2 5 8 4 5
5 1 4 5 3 6 7 8
Key: 4 | 1 = 41 Key: 5 | 3 = 53

17. TEMPERATURE The stem-and-leaf plot shows the daily Stem Leaf
high temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for the first 6 7 8
15 days of a month. 7 0 0 3 4 6 8 9
8 2 3 6 7 8 9
a. Find and interpret the mean absolute deviation of
the data. Key: 6 | 7 = 67°F
b. After you include the daily high temperatures for the rest of the
month in the stem-and-leaf plot, the mean absolute deviation
increases. Where do you think most of the data values for the rest
of the month are located in the stem-and-leaf plot? Explain.

18. The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot Rich Will

shows the 9-hole golf scores for two golfers. Only 7 5 3
one of the golfers can compete in a tournament. 8 5 4 3 2 1 4 2 3 4 4 6 7 7 8 9
Use measures of center and measures of variation 5 0 5 0
to give reasons why you would choose each golfer.
Key: 1 | 4 | 2 = 41 and 42 strokes

Draw the solid. (Section 8.1)

19. square pyramid 20. hexagonal prism

21. MULTIPLE CHOICE In a bar graph, what determines the length of each bar?
(Skills Review Handbook)

○
A frequency ○
B data value ○
C leaf ○
D change in data

Section 10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots 439

 10.2 Histograms

How can you use intervals, tables, and graphs

to organize data?

1 ACTIVITY: Conducting an Experiment

Work with a partner.
Tally Chart
a. Roll a number cube 20 times.
1
Record your results in a tally chart.
2
b. Make a bar graph of the totals.
3
c. Go to the board and enter your
4
totals in the class tally chart.
5
d. Make a second bar graph showing
the class totals. Compare and 6
contrast the two bar graphs.
Key: ̇∣̇ = 1 ∣∣̇∣∣∣ =̇ 5
̇̇̇̇
̇̇̇̇

2 ACTIVITY: Using Intervals to Organize Data

Work with a partner. You are judging a paper airplane contest. A contestant
flies a paper airplane 20 times. You record the following distances:
20.5 ft, 24.5 ft, 18.5 ft, 19.5 ft, 21.0 ft, 14.0 ft, 12.5 ft, 20.5 ft, 17.5 ft, 24.5 ft,
19.5 ft, 17.0 ft, 18.5 ft, 12.0 ft, 21.5 ft, 23.0 ft, 13.5 ft, 19.0 ft, 22.5 ft, 19.0 ft
a. Complete the tally chart and the bar graph of the distances.

Tally Chart Paper Airplane Contest

Interval Tally Total 9
8
10.0−12.9
7
13.0−15.9 6
Totals

16.0−18.9 5
COMMON
4
CORE 19.0−21.9
3
Data Displays 22.0−24.9 2
In this lesson, you will 1
● make histograms.

● use histograms to
b. Make a different tally chart and 0
.9

.9

.9

.9

.9

bar graph of the distances. Use

12

15

18

21

24

analyze data.
−

−
.0

.0

.0

.0

.0
10

13

16

19

22

Learning Standards the following intervals:

MACC.6.SP.1.2 Interval
MACC.6.SP.2.4 10.0–11.9, 12.0–13.9, 14.0–15.9,
16.0–17.9, 18.0–19.9, 20.0–21.9,
22.0–23.9, 24.0–25.9
c. Which graph do you think represents the distances better? Explain.

440 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 The tally chart in Activity 2 is also called a frequency table. A frequency table groups
data values into intervals. The frequency is the number of values in an interval.

3 ACTIVITY: Developing an Experiment

Work with a partner.
Math 1
a. Make the airplane shown from a single sheet of 8 —-by-11-inch paper. Then
Practice design and make your own paper airplane.
2
Specify Units
What units will you
use to measure
the distance flown
each time? Will the
units you use affect
the results in your
frequency table?
Explain.

1. Fold in half. 2. Fold corners. 3. Fold corners

Then unfold. again.

5. Fold wings out

on both sides. 6. Fold wing edges
4. Fold in half. up.

b. PRECISION Fly each airplane 20 times. Keep track of the distance flown
each time.
c. MODELING Organize the results of the flights using frequency tables and
graphs. Which airplane flies farther? Explain your reasoning.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use intervals, tables, and graphs to
organize data?
5. What intervals could you use in a graph that displays data whose values
range from 40 through 59?

Use what you learned about organizing data into intervals to

complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 445.

Section 10.2 Histograms 441

10.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
frequency table,
p. 441 Histograms
frequency, p. 441 A histogram is a bar graph CDs Owned
histogram, p. 442 that shows the frequency of 5
data values in intervals of the

Frequency
4
same size. 3
2
The height of a bar represents 1
the frequency of the values in 0
0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39
the interval.
Number of CDs

EXAMPLE 1 Making a Histogram

The frequency table shows the numbers Number of Laps Frequency
of laps that people in a swimming class
1– 3 11
completed today. Display the data in
a histogram. 4–6 4
7– 9 0
Step 1: Draw and label the axes.
10 –12 3
Step 2: Draw a bar to represent the 13 –15 6
frequency of each interval.

Laps Completed Include any interval

12 with a frequency of 0.
10 The bar height is 0.
Frequency

8
6
4
2
There is no space between
0
1–3 4–6 7–9 10–12 13–15 the bars of a histogram.
Number of laps

1. The frequency table shows the ages of people riding a

Exercises 6 – 8 roller coaster. Display the data in a histogram.

Age 10 –19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59
Frequency 16 11 5 2 4

442 Chapter 10 Data Displays

EXAMPLE 2 Using a Histogram
The histogram shows the winning speeds at the Daytona 500.
(a) Which interval contains the most data values? (b) How many of the
winning speeds are less than 140 miles per hour? (c) How many of the
winning speeds are at least 160 miles per hour?

Daytona 500 Winning Speeds

20

Frequency
16
12
8
4
0
120–129 130–139 140–149 150–159 160–169 170–179
Speed (miles per hour)

a. The interval with the tallest bar contains the most data values.

So, the 150 –159 miles per hour interval contains the most
data values.

b. One winning speed is in the 120 –129 miles per hour interval, and
four winning speeds are in the 130 –139 miles per hour interval.

So, 1 + 4 = 5 winning speeds are less than 140 miles per hour.

c. Seven winning speeds are in the 160–169 miles per hour

interval, and five winning speeds are in the 170–179 miles
per hour interval.

So, 7 + 5 = 12 winning speeds are at least 160 miles per hour.

2. The histogram shows the numbers of hours that students

Exercises 10–13 in a class slept last night.
a. How many students slept at least 8 hours?
b. How many students slept less than 12 hours?

Amount of Sleep
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
0–3 4–7 8–11 12–15
Time (hours)

Section 10.2 Histograms 443

 EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Data Displays
The data displays show how many push-ups students in a class
completed for a physical fitness test. Which data display can you
use to find how many students are in the class? Explain.

Push-Ups Push-Ups
Number of students
12 40–49 0–9
10 4%
8 30–39 12% 10–19
6
4 24% 20%
2
0
0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 40%
Number of push-ups
20–29

You can use the histogram because it shows the number of students
in each interval. The sum of these values represents the number of
students in the class. You cannot use the circle graph because it does
not show the number of students in each interval.

EXAMPLE 4 Making Conclusions from Data Displays

Which statement cannot be made using the data displays in Example 3?
○
A Twelve percent of the class completed less than 10 push-ups.
○
B Five students completed at least 10 and at most 19 push-ups.
○
C At least one student completed more than 39 push-ups.
○
D Twenty-nine percent of the class completed 30 or more push-ups.

The circle graph shows that 12% completed 0 –9 push-ups.

So, Statement A can be made.
In the histogram, the bar height for the 10–19 interval is 5, and the bar
height for the 40– 49 interval is 1. So, Statements B and C can be made.
The circle graph shows that 24% completed 30–39 push-ups, and
4% completed 40– 49 push-ups. So, 24% + 4% = 28% completed
30 or more push-ups. Statement D cannot be made.

The correct answer is ○

D .

3. In Example 3, which data display should you use to describe the

Exercises 14 and 15 portion of the entire class that completed 30–39 push-ups?
4. Make two more conclusions from the data displays in
Example 3.

444 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Which Expense Report Test Scores

graph is a histogram?
100 50

Amount ($)
Explain your reasoning.

Number of
75 40

students
50 30
2. REASONING Describe
25 20
the outliers in the 10
0
histogram. Rent Food Car Other
0
Expenses

0
0
20

00
–6

–8
–4
1–

–1
3. REASONING How can

41

61
21

81
you tell when an Score
interval of a histogram
has a frequency of zero?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Make a tally chart and a bar graph of the data.

4. Members of Book Clubs 5. Points Scored
6 17 13 19 42 45 57 39 55
13 9 18 24 38 48 36 48 46
11 15 21 14 51 29 45 54 42

Display the data in a histogram.

1 6. States Visited 7. Chess Team 8. Movies Watched
States Frequency Wins Frequency Movies Frequency
1– 5 12 10 –13 3 0 –1 5
6 –10 14 14 –17 4 2–3 11
11–15 6 18 – 21 4 4–5 8
16 – 20 3 22 – 25 2 6–7 1

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error made in displaying the data
in a histogram. ✗ 14
12
Frequency

10

Confirmed Flu Cases per School 8

6
Cases Frequency 4
0–2 3 2
0
3–5 7 0–2 3–5 6–8 9–11

6–8 9 Cases

9–11 12

Section 10.2 Histograms 445

 2 10. MAGAZINES The histogram shows the
Magazines
number of magazines read last month
18
by the students in a class.
15

Frequency
a. Which interval contains the fewest 12
9
data values?
6
b. How many students are in the class? 3
c. What percent of the students read 0
0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7
less than six magazines? Magazines read
d. Can you find the mean or the median
of the data? Explain.

Amount of Time to Download Songs

11. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error made in reading the histogram.
14

✗
12
Frequency

10 12% of the songs took

8
5 –8 seconds to download.
6
4
2
0
1–4 5–8 9–12 13–16
Time (seconds)

12. VOTING The histogram shows Presidential Election

the percent of the voting-age 18
Number of states

population that voted in a recent 15

presidential election. Explain 12
whether the graph supports 9
each statement. 6
3
a. Only 40% of one state voted. 0
40–44.9 45–49.9 50–54.9 55–59.9 60–64.9 65–69.9 70–74.9
b. In most states, between Percent of voting-age population
50% and 64.9% voted.
c. The mode of the data is between 55 and 59.9.

13. PROBLEM SOLVING The histograms show the areas of counties in Pennsylvania
and Indiana. Which state do you think has the greater area? Explain.

Pennsylvania Indiana
40 48
Number of counties

Number of counties

35 42
30 36
25 30
20 24
15 18
10 12
5 6
0 0
0–399 400–799 800–1199 1200–1599 0–199 200–399 400–599 600–799
Area (square miles) Area (square miles)

446 Chapter 10 Data Displays

3 14. GARBAGE The data displays show how many pounds of garbage apartment
residents produced in 1 week. Which data display can you use to find how many
residents produced more than 25 pounds of garbage? Explain.

Garbage Garbage
12
Stem Leaf
10
Number of 0 9
residents
8
6 1 0 5 8 8 9
4 2 1 2 5 5 6 7 7 7 9 9 9
2 3 2 3 3
0
0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39
Key: 1 | 5 = 15 pounds
Pounds

15. REASONING Determine whether you can make each statement by using
the data displays in Exercise 14. Explain your reasoning.
a. One resident produced 10 pounds of garbage.
b. Twelve residents produced between 20 and 29 pounds of garbage.

16. NUMBER SENSE Can you find the range and the
interquartile range of the data in Exercise 7? If so, find
them. If you cannot find them, explain why not.

17. CRITICAL THINKING The table shows the

weights of guide dogs enrolled in a
Weights (pounds)
training program.
81 88 57 82 70 85
a. Make a histogram of the data starting 71 51 82 77 79 77
with the interval 51– 55.
83 80 54 80 81 73
b. Make another histogram of the data 59 84 75 76 68 78
using different-sized intervals.
83 78 55 67 85 79
c. Compare and contrast the
two histograms.

18. Logic What are the possible values for the median in Exercise 10?

Find the percent of the number. (Section 5.6)

19. 25% of 180 20. 30% of 90 21. 16% of 140 22. 64% of 80

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which is the solution of the inequality represented by

“Four times a number n is at least 28”? (Section 7.7)
A n<7
○ B n>7
○ C n≤7
○ D n≥7
○

Section 10.2 Histograms 447

 10 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a word magnet to organize information associated with a vocabulary word.
Here is an example of a word magnet for histogram.

Histogram

A histogram is a bar graph

that shows the frequency of
data values in intervals of
the same size. The histogram shows
the number of times
students were absent
The height of a bar from homeroom this year.
represents the frequency of
Homeroom Absences
the values in the interval.
15

Frequency
10
You can make a histogram 5
from a frequency table. 0
0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7
A frequency table groups
Number of absences
data values into intervals.
The frequency is the number
of data values in an interval.

Make a word magnet to help you study

this topic.
1. stem-and-leaf plot

After you complete this chapter, make

word magnets for the following topics.
2. shapes of distributions
3. box-and-whisker plot
4. Choose three other topics that you
studied earlier in this course. Make
a word magnet for each topic. “How do you like the word magnet I made
for ‘Beagle’?”

448 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10.1–10.2 Quiz
Progress Check

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. (Section 10.1)

1. Cans Collected Each Month 2. Miles Driven Each Day
80 90 84 92 21 18 12 16 10
76 83 79 59 16 9 15 20 28
68 55 58 61 35 50 37 20 11

3. Ages of Tortoises 4. Kilometers Run Each Day

86 99 100 124 6.0 5.6 6.2 3.0 2.5
92 85 110 130 3.5 2.0 5.0 3.9 3.1
115 129 83 104 6.2 3.1 4.5 3.8 6.1

Display the data in a histogram. (Section 10.2)

5. Soccer Team Goals 6. Minutes Practiced 7. Poems Written for Class
Goals per Minutes Frequency Poems Frequency
Frequency
Game 0 –19 8 0–4 6
0 –1 5 20 – 39 10 5–9 16
2–3 4 40 – 59 11 10 –14 4
4–5 0 60 – 79 2 15 –19 2
6–7 1 20 – 24 2

8. WEIGHTS The weights (in ounces) of nine packages are 7, 22, 16, 12, 6, 18, 15,
13, and 25. Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data. Describe the distribution
of the data. (Section 10.1)

9. REBOUNDS The histogram shows the number Rebounds per Game

of rebounds per game for a middle school 7
basketball player this season. (Section 10.2) 6
Frequency

5
a. Which interval contains the most 4
data values? 3
2
b. How many games did the player
1
play this season? 0
0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7
c. What percent of the games did the Rebounds
player have 4 or more rebounds?

Stem Leaf 10. STAGE CREW The stem-and-leaf plot shows the
0 6 8 8 9 number of hours 11 stage crew members spent
1 0 1 2 3 7 8 building sets. Find the mean, median, mode, range,
2 0 and interquartile range of the data. (Section 10.1)

Key: 0 | 9 = 9 hours

Sections 10.1–10.2 Quiz 449

 10.3 Shapes of Distributions

How can you describe the shape of the

distribution of a data set?

1 ACTIVITY: Describing the Shape of a Distribution

Work with a partner. The lists at the left show the last four digits
of a set of phone numbers in a phone book.
a. Create a list that represents the last digit of each phone number
shown. Make a dot plot of the data.
b. In your own words, how would
you describe the shape of the
distribution? What single word do
you think you can use to identify
this type of distribution? Explain
your reasoning.

2 ACTIVITY: Describing the Shape of a Distribution

Work with a partner. The lists at the right show
the first three digits of a set of phone numbers
in a phone book.
a. Create a list that represents the first digit of
COMMON each phone number shown. Make a dot plot
CORE of the data.
Data Displays
b. In your own words, how would you describe the
In this lesson, you will
● describe shapes
shape of the distribution? What single word do
of distributions. you think you can use to identify this type of
Learning Standards distribution? Explain your reasoning.
MACC.6.SP.1.2
MACC.6.SP.2.4 c. In your dot plot, draw a vertical line through the
middle of the data set. What do you notice?
d. Repeat part (c) for the dot plot you constructed
in Activity 1. What do you notice? Compare the
distributions from Activities 1 and 2.

450 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 Skewed
When something is skewed, it has a slanted direction or position.

3 ACTIVITY: Describing the Shape of a Distribution

Work with a partner. The table shows the Ages of Cellular Phones
ages of cellular phones owned by a group (years)
of students. 0 1 0 6 4
a. Make a dot plot of the data. 2 3 5 1 1
b. In your own words, how would you describe 0 1 2 3 1
the shape of the distribution? Compare it 0 0 1 1 1
to the distributions in Activities 1 and 2.
7 1 4 2 2
c. Why do you think this type of distribution is
0 2 0 1 2
called a skewed distribution?

4 ACTIVITY: Finding Measures of Center

Work with a partner.
Math
Practice a. Find the means and the medians of the data sets in Activities 1−3.
Use Prior b. What do you notice about the means and the medians of the data sets and
Results the shapes of the distributions? Explain.
How is the c. Which measure of center do you think best describes the data set in
distribution of the
Activity 2? in Activity 3? Explain your reasoning.
data related to
the mean and d. Using your answers to part (c), decide which measure of variation you think
the median? best describes the data set in Activity 2. Which measure of variation do you
think best describes the data set in Activity 3? Explain your reasoning.

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you describe the shape of the
distribution of a data set?
6. Name two other ways you can describe the distribution of a data set.

Use what you learned about shapes of distributions to complete

Exercises 3 and 4 on page 454.

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 451

10.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

You can use dot plots and histograms to identify shapes of distributions.

Symmetric and Skewed Distributions

Study Tip
tail
If all the dots of a tail
dot plot or bars of a
histogram are about the
same height, then the
distribution is a flat, or Skewed left Symmetric Skewed right
uniform, distribution.
A uniform distribution ● The “tail” of the graph ● The left side of the ● The “tail” of the graph
is also symmetric. extends to the left. graph is a mirror extends to the right.
● Most data are on image of the right ● Most data are on
the right. side of the graph. the left.

EXAMPLE 1 Describing the Shapes of Distributions

Describe the shape of each distribution.
a. Daily Snowfall Amounts b. Passes Thrown
20
Frequency

15
5
10
0
5
0
9

9
0–

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6
Snowfall
10

20

30

40

50

60
(inches)
0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of passes

Most of the data are on the The left side of the graph is
left, and the tail extends to approximately a mirror image
the right. of the right side of the graph.
So, the distribution So, the distribution
is skewed right. is symmetric.

Daily Spam Emails Received

1. Describe the shape
Exercises 5–8 of the distribution.

Number
of emails
1 2 3 4 5 6

452 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 EXAMPLE 2 Describing the Shape of a Distribution

Ages Frequency The frequency table shows the ages of people watching a comedy
in a theater. Display the data in a histogram. Describe the shape
10–13 1
of the distribution.
14–17 3 Comedy Attendance
Draw and label the axes. Then draw
18–21 7 24
a bar to represent the frequency of
22–25 12 20
each interval.

Frequency
16
26–29 20
12
30–33 18 Most of the data are on the right,
8
and the tail extends to the left. 4
34–37 3
So, the distribution is 0

7
–1

–1

–2

–2

–2

–3

–3
skewed left.

10

14

18

22

26

30

34
Ages

EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Shapes of Distributions

The histogram shows the ages of Animated Movie Attendance
people watching an animated movie 24
in the same theater as in Example 2. 20

Frequency
a. Describe the shape of 16
12
the distribution.
8
Most of the data are on the left, 4
and the tail extends to the right. 0

7
–1

–1

–2

–2

–2

–3

–3
10

14

18

22

26

30

34
So, the distribution is
Ages
skewed right.

b. Which movie has an older audience?

The intervals in the histograms are the same. Most of the data
for the animated movie are on the left, while most of the data
for the comedy are on the right. This means that the people
watching the comedy are generally older than the people
watching the animated movie.
So, the comedy has an older audience.

2. The frequency table shows the ages of people watching a

Exercise 9 historical movie in a theater.

Ages 10−19 20−29 30−39 40−49 50−59 60−69

Frequency 3 18 36 40 14 5

a. Display the data in a histogram. Describe the shape of

the distribution.
b. Compare the distribution of the data to the distributions
in Examples 2 and 3. What can you conclude?

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 453

10.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How does the shape of a symmetric distribution differ from

the shape of a skewed distribution?
2. VOCABULARY For a distribution that is skewed right, which direction does
the tail extend? Where do most of the data lie?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Make a dot plot of the data. In your own words, how would you describe the
shape of the distribution?
3. Miles Run per Day 4. Raffle Tickets Sold
1 4 2 0 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 15 12 16 15 13 14 16 13
2 1 6 3 2 4 0 5 3 1 5 13 16 14 12 15 12 14

Describe the shape of each distribution.

1 5. Class Sizes 6. Heights of Plants

Number of Height
students (inches)
25 26 27 28 29 30 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

7. Travel Time to School 8. Ages of People at a Concert

60 120
50 100
Frequency
Frequency

40 80
30 60
20 40
10 20
0 0
9

9
4

24

29

0–

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6
5–

–1

–1
0–

10

20

30

40

50

60
10

15

20

25

Minutes Age

2 3 9. POLICE The frequency table shows the years of service for the police officers
of Jones County and Pine County. Display the data for each county in a
histogram. Describe the shape of each distribution. Which county’s
police force has less experience? Explain.

Years of Service 0–3 4–7 8–11 12–15 16–19 20–23 24–27

Frequency for Jones County 7 15 17 12 8 5 3
Frequency for Pine County 3 5 9 14 10 6 2

454 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10. REASONING What is the shape of the Restaurant Waiting Times
distribution of the restaurant waiting 30
times? Explain your reasoning. 25

Frequency
20
11. LOGIC Are all distributions either 15
approximately symmetric or skewed? 10
Explain. If not, give an example. 5
0

9
12. REASONING Can you use a stem-and-leaf plot

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5
0–

10

20

30

50
40
to describe the shape of a distribution? Explain Minutes
your reasoning.

13. CHARITY The table shows the donation amounts received by a charity
in one day.

Donations (dollars)
20 15 40 70 20 5 25 50 47 20 62 55 40
10 50 18 20 100 40 80 60 20 80 3 30 50
25 30 10 33 20 50 7 35 40 25 70

a. Make a histogram of the data starting with the interval 0–14. Describe the
shape of the distribution.
b. A company adds $5 to each donation. Make another histogram starting
with the same first interval as in part (a). Compare the shape of this
distribution with the distribution in part (a). Explain any differences
in the distributions.

14. Describe the shape of the distribution of each bar graph. Match
the letters A, B, and C with the mean, the median, and the mode of the data
set. Explain your reasoning.
a. A b. C
20 30
B B
Frequency
Frequency

16 24
C A
12 18
8 12
4 6
0 0

Find the median, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range of the
data. (Section 9.4)
15. 68, 74, 67, 72, 63, 70, 78, 64, 76 16. 39, 48, 33, 24, 30, 44, 36, 41, 28, 53

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE Sixty people participate in a trivia contest. How many
four-person teams can be formed? (Section 7.3)

○
A 15 ○
B 56 ○
C 64 ○
D 240

Section 10.3 Shapes of Distributions 455

Extension
10.3 Choosing Appropriate Measures Lesson Tutorials

You can use a measure of center and a measure of variation to describe

the distribution of a data set. The shape of the distribution can help you
choose which measures are the most appropriate to use.

Choosing Appropriate Measures

Math The mean absolute deviation (MAD) uses the mean in its calculation.
Practice So, when a data distribution is symmetric,
Understand ● use the mean to describe the center and
Quantities
● use the MAD to describe the variation.
What effect can
outliers have on The interquartile range (IQR) uses quartiles in its calculation.
the mean? on the
median? Explain. So, when a data distribution is skewed,
● use the median to describe the center and
● use the IQR to describe the variation.

EXAMPLE 1 Choosing Appropriate Measures

The dot plot shows the average number of hours students in a class
sleep each night.

Amount of Sleep

Time (hours)
6 7 8 9 10

a. What are the most appropriate measures to describe the center

and the variation?
Most of the data values are on the right clustered around 9, and the
COMMON tail extends to the left. The distribution is skewed left.
CORE
Data Displays So, the median and the interquartile range are the most
In this extension, you will appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation.
● choose appropriate

measures of center and b. Describe the center and the variation of the data set.
variation to represent
data sets. The median is 8.5 hours. The first quartile is 7.5, and the third
Learning Standard quartile is 9. So, the interquartile range is 9 − 7.5 = 1.5 hours.
MACC.6.SP.2.5d
The data are centered around 8.5 hours. The middle half of the
data varies by no more than 1.5 hours.

456 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 EXAMPLE 2 Choosing Appropriate Measures

Bordering The frequency table shows the number of states that border
Frequency each state in the United States.
States
0–1 3 a. Display the data in a histogram. Number of Bordering States
2–3 13 for Each State in the U.S.
Draw and label the axes. Then
25
4–5 22 draw a bar to represent the

Frequency
20
6–7 10 frequency of each interval.
15
8–9 2 10
5
0

9
0–

2–

4–

6–

8–
Number of bordering states

b. What are the most appropriate measures to describe

the center and the variation?
The left side of the graph is approximately a mirror image of
the right side of the graph. The distribution is symmetric.

So, the mean and the mean absolute deviation are the
most appropriate measures to describe the center
and the variation.

Choose the most appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation.
Find the measures you chose.
1. Prices of Jeans 2. Weekly Biking Times

Price Time
(dollars) (hours)
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3. REASONING Can you find the exact values of the mean and the mean
absolute deviation for the data in Example 2? Explain.

4. GAS MILEAGE The frequency table shows the gas mileages

Mileage
of several vehicles made by a company. Frequency
(miles per gallon)
a. What are the most appropriate measures to describe 10–14 2
the center and the variation? 15–19 1
b. What conclusions can you make? 20–24 6
25–29 8
5. OPEN-ENDED Construct a dot plot for which the mean 30–34 10
is the most appropriate measure to describe the center
35–39 3
of the distribution.

Extension 10.3 Choosing Appropriate Measures 457

 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots

How can you use quartiles to represent

data graphically?

1 ACTIVITY: Drawing a Box-and-Whisker Plot

Work with a partner.
Numbers of Pairs of Footwear
The numbers of pairs of footwear 2 5 12 3
owned by each student in a sixth grade 7 2 4 6
class are shown. 14 10 6 28
5 3 2 4
9 25 4 10
8 15 5 8

a. Order the data set from least to greatest. Then write the data on a strip of
grid paper with 24 boxes.

b. Use the strip of grid paper to find the median, the first quartile, and the
third quartile. Identify the least value and the greatest value in the data set.
c. Graph the five numbers that you found in part (b) on the number line below.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

d. The data display shown below is called a box-and-whisker plot. Fill in the
missing labels and numbers. Explain how a box-and-whisker plot uses
quartiles to represent the data.

COMMON
CORE
Data Displays
Pairs of
In this lesson, you will footwear
● make and interpret 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
box-and-whisker plots.
● compare box-and-whisker
e. Using only the box-and-whisker plot, which measure(s) of center can you
plots.
Learning Standards
find for the data set? Which measure(s) of variation can you find for the
MACC.6.SP.1.2 data set? Explain your reasoning.
MACC.6.SP.2.4
MACC.6.SP.2.5c f. Why do you think this type of data display is called a box-and-whisker plot?
Explain.

458 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 2 ACTIVITY: Conducting a Survey
Have your class conduct a survey. Each student will write
on the chalkboard the number of pairs of footwear that
he or she owns.
Now, work with a partner to draw a box-and-whisker
plot of the data.

3 ACTIVITY: Reading a Box-and-Whisker Plot

l
Work with a partner. The box-and-whisker plots
Math show the test score distributions of two sixth grade
de
Practice achievement tests. The same group of students
View as took both tests. The students took one test in the
Components fall and the other in the spring.
What do the different
components of a a. Compare and contrast the test results.
box-and-whisker
plot represent? b. Decide which box-and-whisker plot
represents the results of which test.
How did you make your decision?

52 65 75 80 100

30 45 55 70 100
Test score
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use quartiles to represent data
graphically?
5. Describe who might be interested in test score distributions like those
shown in Activity 3. Explain why it is important for such people to
know test score distributions.

Use what you learned about box-and-whisker plots to complete

Exercise 4 on page 463.

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 459

10.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
box-and-whisker plot,
p. 460 Box-and-Whisker Plot
five-number A box-and-whisker plot represents a data set along a number line
summary, p. 460 by using the least value, the greatest value, and the quartiles of
the data. A box-and-whisker plot shows the variability of a data set.

first quartile median third quartile

box
whisker whisker
least greatest
value value

The five numbers that make up the box-and-whisker plot are called
the five-number summary of the data set.

EXAMPLE 1 Making a Box-and-Whisker Plot

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the ages (in years) of the
spider monkeys at a zoo:
15, 20, 14, 38, 30, 36, 30, 30, 27, 26, 33, 35

Step 1: Order the data. Find the median and the quartiles.
lower half upper half
least greatest
14 15 20 26 27 30 30 30 33 35 36 38
value value
first quartile, 23 median, 30 third quartile, 34

Step 2: Draw a number line that includes the least and greatest
values. Graph points above the number line that represent
the five-number summary.
Step 3: Draw a box using the quartiles. Draw a line through the median.
Draw whiskers from the box to the least and the greatest values.

Age
(years)
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

1. A group of friends spent 1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 3, 6, 1, 0, 1, 2, and 2 hours

Exercises 5–8 online last night. Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

460 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 The figure shows how data are distributed in a box-and-whisker plot.

About 1 of the data About 1 of the data About 1 of the data

4 2 4
are in each whisker. are in the box. are in each whisker.
Study Tip
A long whisker or box
indicates that the data
are more spread out.
first third
quartile quartile

EXAMPLE 2 Analyzing a Box-and-Whisker Plot

The box-and-whisker plot shows the body mass index (BMI)
of a sixth grade class.

BMI
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

a. What fraction of the students have a BMI of at least 22?

The right whisker represents students who have a BMI of at least 22.
1
So, about — of the students have a BMI of at least 22.
4
b. Are the data more spread out below the first quartile or above the
third quartile? Explain.
The right whisker is longer than the left whisker.
So, the data are more spread out above the third quartile than
below the first quartile.

c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

interquartile range = third quartile − first quartile
= 22 − 19 = 3
So, the middle half of the students’ BMIs varies by no more than 3.

2. The box-and whisker plot shows the heights of the roller coasters
Exercises 11 at an amusement park. (a) What fraction of the roller coasters are
and 12 between 120 feet tall and 220 feet tall? (b) Are the data more spread
out below or above the median? Explain. (c) Find and interpret the
interquartile range of the data.

Height
(feet)
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 461

 A box-and-whisker plot also shows the shape of a distribution.

Shapes of Box-and-Whisker Plots

Study Tip
If you can draw a line
through the median Skewed left Symmetric Skewed right
of a box-and-whisker
plot, and each side ● Left whisker longer ● Whiskers about ● Right whisker longer
is a mirror image of than right whisker same length than left whisker
the other, then the
distribution is ● Most data on the right ● Median in the ● Most data on the left
symmetric. middle of the box

EXAMPLE 3 Comparing Box-and-Whisker Plots

The double box-and-whisker plot represents the prices of snowboards
at two stores.
Store A

Store B
Price
(dollars)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

a. Identify the shape of each distribution.

For Store A, the whisker lengths are equal. The median is in the
middle of the box. The data on the left are the mirror image of the
data on the right. So, the distribution is symmetric.
For Store B, the right whisker is longer than the left whisker,
and most of the data are on the left side of the display. So, the
distribution is skewed right.
b. Which store’s prices are more spread out? Explain.
Both boxes appear to be the same length. So, the interquartile range
of each data set is equal. However, the range of the prices in Store B
is greater than the range of the prices in Store A. So, the prices in
Store B are more spread out.

3. The double box-and-whisker plot represents the life spans of

Exercises 13–17 crocodiles and alligators at a zoo. Identify the shape of each
distribution. Which reptile’s life spans are more spread out? Explain.

Crocodile

Alligator
Life span
(years)
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

462 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Explain how to find the five-number summary of a data set.

2. NUMBER SENSE In a box-and-whisker plot, what fraction of the data is
greater than the first quartile?
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Is the distribution skewed right?

Age (years)
Is the left whisker longer than
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
the right whisker?

Are the data more spread out below the first quartile than above the third quartile?

Does the lower fourth of the data vary more than the upper fourth of the data?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

4. The box-and-whisker plots represent the daily attendance at two beaches

during July. Compare and contrast the attendances for the two beaches.
Beach 1

Beach 2

Attendance
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

1 5. Ages of teachers (in years): 30, 62, 26, 35, 45, 22, 49, 32, 28, 50, 42, 35
6. Quiz scores: 8, 12, 9, 10, 12, 8, 5, 9, 7, 10, 8, 9, 11
7. Donations (in dollars): 10, 30, 5, 15, 50, 25, 5, 20, 15, 35, 10, 30, 20
8. Ski lengths (in centimeters): 180, 175, 205, 160, 210, 175, 190, 205, 190, 160, 165, 195

9. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and

correct the error in making a
✗ 2, 6, 3, 3, 7, 4, 6, 9, 6, 8, 5, 8

box-and-whisker plot for the data.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10. CAMPING The numbers of days 12 friends went camping during the summer
are 6, 2, 0, 10, 3, 6, 6, 4, 12, 0, 6, and 2. Make a box-and-whisker plot for the
data. What is the range of the data?

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 463

 2 11. DUNK TANK The box-and-whisker plot
represents the numbers of gallons of water
needed to fill different types of dunk tanks
offered by a company.

350 450 500 600 750

Water
(gallons)
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750

a. What fraction of the dunk tanks require at

least 500 gallons of water?
b. Are the data more spread out below the first
quartile or above the third quartile? Explain.
c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

12. BUILDINGS The box-and-whisker plot represents the heights (in meters) of
the tallest buildings in Chicago.

250 261 293 345 442

Height
(meters)
250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450

a. What percent of the buildings are no taller

than 345 meters?
b. Is there more variability in the heights above
345 meters or below 261 meters? Explain.
c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of
the data.

Identify the shape of the distribution. Explain.

3 13. 14.

15. 16.

17. RECESS The double box-and-whisker plot represents the

start times of recess for two schools.

School 1

School 2
Recess
start time
10 A.M. 11 A.M. 12 P.M. 1 P.M. 2 P.M.

a. Identify the shape of each distribution.

b. Which school’s start times for recess are
more spread out? Explain.
c. Which school is more likely to have recess
before lunch? Explain.

464 Chapter 10 Data Displays

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.
18. Temperatures (in °C): 5, 1, 4, 0, 9, 0, −8, 5, 2, 4, −1, 10, 7, −5
19. Checking account balances (in dollars): 30, 0, −10, 50, 20, 90, −15, 40, 100, 45, −20, 70
20. REASONING The data set in Exercise 18 has an outlier. Describe
how removing the outlier affects the box-and-whisker plot.
21. CHOOSE TOOLS What are the most appropriate measures
to describe the center and the variation of the distribution
in Exercise 12?
22. OPEN-ENDED Write a data set with 12 values that has a
symmetric box-and-whisker plot.
23. CRITICAL THINKING When would a box-and-whisker plot
not have one or both whiskers?
24. STRUCTURE Draw a histogram that could represent the
distribution shown in Exercise 15.
25. REASONING The double box-and-whisker plot represents the runs
scored per game by two softball teams during a 32-game season.

Team 1

Team 2
Runs scored
per game
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

a. Which team is more consistent at scoring runs? Explain.

b. In how many games did Team 2 score 6 runs or less?
c. Team 1 played Team 2 once during the season. Which
team do you think won? Explain.

d. Which team do you think has the greater mean? Explain.

26. A market research company wants to summarize the variability of the

SAT scores of graduating seniors in the United States. Do you think the company
should use a stem-and-leaf plot, a histogram, or a box-and-whisker plot? Explain.

Copy and complete the statement using < or >. (Section 6.3)
2 3 1 1
27. −— −— 28. −2 — −2 — 29. −5.3 −5.5
3 4 5 6
30. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following items is most likely represented by
a rectangular prism with a volume of 1785 cubic inches? (Section 8.4)
○
A closet ○
B computer tower
○
C filing cabinet ○
D your math book

Section 10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots 465

 10.3–10.4 Quiz
Progress Check

Describe the shape of each distribution. (Section 10.3)

1. Hours Worked 2. Museum Attendance
80

Frequency
60
40
20
Time
0
(hours)

9
5 6 7 8 9 10

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6
0–
10

20

30

40

50

60
Age

Choose the most appropriate measures to describe the center and the variation.
Find the measures you chose. (Section 10.3)
3. Prices of Shoes 4. Commute Times

Price Time
(dollars) (minutes)
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data. (Section 10.4)

5. Science test scores: 85, 76, 99, 84, 92, 95, 68, 100, 93, 88, 87, 85

6. Shoe sizes: 12, 8.5, 9, 10, 9, 11, 11.5, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10.5, 8

7. MOVIES The box-and-whisker plot represents the lengths (in minutes) of

movies being shown at a theater. (Section 10.4)

90 110 120 130 160

Length
(minutes)
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

a. What percent of the movies are no longer than 120 minutes?

b. Is there more variability in the movie lengths longer than 130 minutes or
shorter than 110 minutes? Explain.
c. Find and interpret the interquartile range of the data.

8. EXPERIENCE The frequency table shows the years of experience of employees

at two branches of a company. Display the data for each branch in a
histogram. Describe the shape of each distribution. Which branch has less
experience? Explain. (Section 10.3)

Years of Experience 0–2 3–6 7–10 11–14 15–18 19–22 23–26

Frequency at Branch A 10 25 14 20 8 5 2
Frequency at Branch B 3 6 8 10 15 25 8

466 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

stem-and-leaf plot, p. 436 frequency table, p. 441 box-and-whisker plot, p. 460
stem, p. 436 frequency, p. 441 five-number summary, p. 460
leaf, p. 436 histogram, p. 442

Review Examples and Exercises

10.1 Stem-and-Leaf Plots (pp. 434–439)

DVDs Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the number of DVDs rented each day at a store.
Day
Rented Step 1: Order the data. 19, 25, 28, 39, 50, 50, 53
Sun 50
Step 2: Choose the stems and the leaves. Because the data range from
Mon 19 19 to 53, use the tens digits for the stems and the ones digits for
Tue 25 the leaves. Be sure to include the key.
Wed 28
Step 3: Write the stems to the left of the vertical line.
Thu 39
Fri 53 Step 4: Write the leaves for each stem to the right of the vertical line.
Sat 50 DVDs Rented
Order the stems vertically.
The stem for data values Stem Leaf
less than 10 is 0. 1 9 Write the leaves
2 5 8 horizontally.
3 9
Include stems
4
without leaves.
5 0 0 3
Key: 2 | 5 = 25 DVDs

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

1. 2.
Hats Sold Each Day Ages of Park Volunteers
5 18 12 15 13 17 40 15
21 30 8 12 48 21 19 52
13 9 14 25 13 55 60 20

The stem-and-leaf plot shows the weights Stem Leaf

(in pounds) of yellowfin tuna caught during 7 6
a fishing contest. 8 0 2 5 7 9
3. How many tuna weigh less than 90 pounds? 9 5 6
10 2
4. What is the median weight of the tuna?
Key: 8 | 5 = 85 pounds

Chapter Review 467

 10.2 Histograms (pp. 440–447)

The frequency table shows the number of Crafts Made

crafts each member of a craft club made for
12
a fundraiser. Display the data in a histogram. 10

Frequency
8
Crafts Frequency Step 1: Draw and label 6
0–2 10 the axes. 4
3–5 8 2
Step 2: Draw a bar to 0
6–8 5 represent the 0–2 3–5 6–8 9–11 12–14

9 –11 0 Crafts
frequency of
12 –14 2 each interval.

Display the data in a histogram.

5. Heights of Gymnasts 6. Minutes Studied
Heights (in.) Frequency Minutes Frequency
50 – 54 1 0 –19 5
55 – 59 8 20 – 39 9
60 – 64 5 40 – 59 12
65 – 69 2 60 – 79 3

10.3 Shapes of Distributions (pp. 450–457)

Describe the shape of each distribution.

a. Pets Owned b. Biology Test Scores
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
Number
0
of pets
0

96 5
00

0 1 2 3 4 5
–7

–7

–8

–8

–9

–9
–1
71

76

81

86

91
66

Score

Most of the data are on the Most of the data are on the
left, and the tail extends to right, and the tail extends to
the right. the left.
So, the distribution is So, the distribution is
skewed right. skewed left.

468 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 7. Describe the shape of 8. Choose the most appropriate
the distribution. measures to describe the center
and the variation. Find the measures
Daily High Temperatures you chose.
100
Students’ Heights

Frequency
80
60
40
20
0

9
–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9
40

50

60

70

80

90
30

Height
Temperature (ºF) (inches)
58 59 60 61 62

10.4 Box-and-Whisker Plots (pp. 458–465)

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the weights

(in pounds) of pumpkins sold at a market.

16, 20, 14, 15, 12, 8, 8, 19, 14, 10, 8, 16

Step 1: Order the data. Find the median and the quartiles.
es.
lower half upper half
least value 8 8 8 10 12 14 14 15 16 16 19 20 greatest value

first quartile, 9 median, 14 third quartile, 16

Step 2: Draw a number line that includes the least and the greatest values.
Graph points above the number line that represent the
five-number summary.

Step 3: Draw a box using the quartiles. Draw a line through the median.
Draw whiskers from the box to the least and the greatest values.

Weight
(pounds)
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

9. Ages of volunteers at a hospital: 10. Masses (in kilograms) of lions:
14, 17, 20, 16, 17, 14, 21, 18 120, 200, 180, 150, 200, 200, 230, 160

Chapter Review 469

 10 Chapter Test Test Practice

Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.

1. Quiz Scores (%) 2. CDs Sold Each Day
96 88 80 72 45 31 29 38 38
80 94 92 100 67 40 62 45 60
76 80 68 90 40 39 60 43 48

3. Find the mean, median, mode, 4. Display the data in a histogram.

range, and interquartile range
Television Watched Per Week
of the data.
Hours Frequency
Cooking Time (minutes)
0–9 14
Stem Leaf
10 –19 16
3 5 8
20 – 29 10
4 0 1 8
5 0 4 4 4 5 9 30 – 39 8
6 0
Key: 4 | 1 = 41 minutes

5. WATER The dot plot shows the number of glasses

Water Consumed
of water that the students in a class drink in one day.

a. Describe the shape of the distribution.

b. Choose the most appropriate measures to
describe the center and the variation. Find Glasses of
water
the measures you chose. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data.

6. Ages (in years) of 7. Lengths (in 8. Hours practiced

dogs at a vet’s inches) of fish in a each week: 7, 6,
office: 1, 3, 5, 11, pond: 12, 13, 7, 8, 5, 4.5, 3.5, 7, 7.5,
5, 7, 5, 9 14, 6, 13, 10 2, 8, 7, 7.5, 6.5

9. CELL PHONES The double box-and-whisker plot compares

the battery life (in hours) of two brands of cell phones.
a. What is the range of the upper 75% of each brand?
b. Which battery has a longer battery life? Explain.

Brand A

Brand B
Battery
life
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 (hours)

470 Chapter 10 Data Displays

10 Standards Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
Read Que y
1. Research scientists are measuring the number stion Bef
ore Answ
of days lettuce seeds take to germinate. In a ering
study, 500 seeds were planted. Of these, 473
seeds germinated. The box-and-whisker plot
summarizes the number of days it took the
seeds to germinate. What can you conclude
from the box-and-whisker plot?
(MACC.6.SP.2.4, MACC.6.SP.2.5c)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

A. The median number of days for the “Be sure

seeds to germinate is 12. choosin to read the qu
gy esti
word th our answer. Yo on before
at chan u
ges the may find a
meanin
B. 50% of the seeds took more than g.”
8 days to germinate.

C. 50% of the seeds took less than 5 days to germinate.

D. The median number of days for the seeds to germinate was 6.

2. You are comparing the costs of buying bottles of water at the supermarket.
Which of the following has the least cost per liter? (MACC.6.RP.1.3b)

F. six 1-liter bottles for $1.80

G. one 2-liter bottle for $0.65

1
H. eight —-liter bottles for $1.50
2
1
I. twelve —-liter bottles for $1.98
2

3. What number belongs in the box to make the equation true? (MACC.6.NS.1.1)

1 2 7
3— ÷ 5— = — ×
2 3 2

17 3
A. — C. —
3 17
13 3
B. — D. —
2 2

Standards Assessment 471

 4. What is the mean number of seats? (MACC.6.SP.2.5c)

Seats in an SUV

5
Number of seats

F. 2.4 seats H. 6.5 seats

G. 5 seats I. 7 seats

5. On Wednesday, the town of Mims received 17 millimeters of rain. This

was x millimeters more rain than the town received on Tuesday. Which
expression represents the amount of rain, in millimeters, the town received
on Tuesday? (MACC.6.EE.1.2a, MACC.6.EE.2.6)

A. 17x C. x + 17

B. 17 − x D. x − 17

6. One of the leaves is missing in the Stem Leaf

stem-and-leaf plot.
1 3 4
The median of the data set represented by 2
the stem-and-leaf plot is 38. What is the
3 4 5 7 7 7 ? 9
value of the missing leaf ? (MACC.6.SP.2.4,
MACC.6.SP.2.5c) 4 0 1 1 4
5 0 2 3
Key: 1 | 4 = 14

7. Which property is demonstrated by the equation below? (MACC.6.EE.1.3)

723 + (884 + 277) = 723 + (277 + 884)

F. Associative Property of Addition

G. Commutative Property of Addition

H. Distributive Property

I. Identity Property of Addition

472 Chapter 10 Data Displays

 8. A student took 5 tests this marking period and had a mean score of 92.
Her scores on the first 4 tests were 90, 96, 86, and 92. What was her score
on the fifth test? (MACC.6.SP.2.5c)

A. 92 C. 96

B. 93 D. 98

9. At the end of the school year, your teacher counted up the number of
absences for each student. The results are shown in the histogram below.

Student Absences

9
8
7
Frequency

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–24
Number of absences

Based on the histogram, how many students had fewer than 10 absences?
(MACC.6.SP.2.4)

10. The 16 members of a camera club have the ages listed below. (MACC.6.SP.2.4,
MACC.6.SP.2.5c)

40, 22, 24, 58, 30, 31, 37, 25, 62, 40, 39, 37, 28, 28, 51, 44

Part A Order the ages from least to greatest.

Part B Find the median of the ages.

Part C Make a box-and-whisker plot for the ages of the camera club members.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Standards Assessment 473