Human Health & Disease

Earlier black bile concept meant hot personality have fevers but proven wrong by William Harvey by telling
normal body temperature & blood circulation. It disproved the ‘good humor’ hypothesis of health. Along
with nervous,endocrine & immune system mental state also affect health & is also affected by genetic
disorders, infections,lifestyle,economic prosperity,increases life span. Things responsible for maintaining
state of health are yoga,vaccination,awareness about disease,lifestyle improvement.
DISEASE —> any body organ is not working properly. They can be infectious(aids) or non infectious(cancer)

Common diseases in humans (Caused by pathogen/parasite)

Typhoid (Salmonella typhi) sosus Common cold (rhino virus) sosus
Infect nose & respiratory
Enter into small intestine &
tract but not lungs.
transported by blood. Caused by Pneumonia (Streptococcus Symptoms are nasal Malaria (plasmodium
contaminated food.
SYMPTOMS-39-40°C fever,
pneumonia & Haemophilus congestion & discharge,
protozoa)
influenza bact.) sore throat and
weakness, stomach pain,
hoarseness, cough, Eg- p. Vivax, p. Malaria, p.
constipation, headache,loss of
Alveoli is affected,fluid gets headache, tiredness that Falciparum causes different
appetite. In severe cases
filled in alveoli. Symptoms:- last for 3-7 days. Droplets malaria. Malignant malaria
intestinal perforations & death
fever,chills,cough,headache or infected object can caused by plasmodium
may occur. WIDAL TEST!. MARY
,in severe cases lips,finger spread as it is most falciparum is most serious
MALLON (typhoid mary)
nails may turn grey to bluish infectious. and can be fatal.
spreaded it to customers by
in color. Sppread by Life cycle of plasmodium is
food.
aerosols/droplets, sharing completed in 2 host (vector is

news
utensils with infected. anopheles) {shown in
Dysentery,plague & diagram}
sunso diphtheria are common
bacterial diseases.

Amoebiasis/ amoebic Elephantiasis or filariasis

dysentery (entamoeba (wucheria brancofti, w. now
histolytica)
Protozoan parasite in large
sususu Malayi)
Filarial worm mainly causes
intestine. Symptoms are inflammation of lymphatic
constipation, abdominal vessel of lower limb or
Ringworms (genera
pain, cramps, stools with Ascariasis (ascaris/round sometime genital organ are microsporum, trichophyton,
mucous & blood clots. also affected causing gross epidermophyton)
Housefly sit on faecus of
worm helminth)
deformities & transmitted
infected person & spreads Intestinal parasite, symptoms Symptoms are dry scaly lesions
through female mosquito
it. are internal bleeding, muscular on skin,nails,scalp. Which are
vector.
pain, fever, anemia, blockage accompanied by itching.
of intestinal passage. Eggs Heat,moisture support fungi to
ofparasite is released in fecus grow hence also grows in skin

rsvsvso
which infects soil & water &
spreads via contaminated
sosaw folds (groin or b/w toes). Acquired
by using infected towel,cloth,
veggies,fruit & water comb or soil.

Personal hygiene & public hygiene (proper disposal and disinfecting of water reservoir) should be maintained to be protected from these
diseases like typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis. For airborne diseases (pneumonia,cold) contact with infected ones should be maintained &
for malaria,filariasis we need to control or eliminate vector & their breeding places. Dengue and chikungunya is supported by vector Aedes
mosquito. Proper vaccination should be provided to be prevented from these disease.

IMMUNITY
Ability to fight disease causing organisms & is of 2 types
innate and acquired.

Innate immunity Acquired immunity Active immunity Passive immunity

Provides different barriers to It is characterised by memory. Antibodies are produced in host Ready made antibodies are
entry of foreign agents by Secondary response is anamnestic against antigens. Injecting directly given to protect the
physiological barrier (skin, (powerful). Taken by B & T microbes during vaccination body from foreign agent.
mucous), physiological lymphocytes. T help B to produce induce active immunity. Yellowish fluid (colostrum)
barriers (acid,saliva,tears), antibodies. present in initial days of
cellular barriers (pmnl Antibody have 4 poly peptide chain lactation has IgA to protect
neutrophil, monocyte & H2L2 AND they are of diff types infant.
macrophages phagocytose), like IgG,IgA,IgM,IgE,IgD.
cytokine barriers (interferon Antibodies found in blood is
secretion) humoral immune system. Cell
mediated immunity is mediated by
T lymphocytes & is responsible for
graft rejection.
 Vaccination and immunisation Allergy Auto immunity
Response of immune system to certain antigen
Based on memory of immune system. present in environment. The subst. Or that Memory based acquired immunity based
Vaccine generates memory -B & -T cells antigens to which response is given are called on ability to differentiate between self
that recognise pathogen. In cases like allergens (IgE type antibodies are produced) . and nonself cells which is evolved in
tetanus, snake bites preformed Allergens can be mites in dust, pollen, animal higher vertebrates. Higher vertebrates
antibodies/antitoxin are given (passive dander. Symptoms can be sneezing, watery can distinguish hence dealt in many
immunisation). rDNA technology has eyes, difficulty in breathing. Due to release of immunological experiments but
allowed the production of antigenic histamine/seratonin from mast cells. Use of sometimes due to genetic reason body
polypeptide (vaccine) of pathogen in antihistamine,adrenaline & steroids quickly attack self cells (auto immune disorder)
bact. or yeast. Eg- hepatitis B vaccine reduce symptoms of allergy. Many children get eg- rheumatoid arthritis
from yeast. allergy & asthma due to protected environment
given in early life.

Immune system in the body (lymphoid organs)

Origin,maturation & proliferation of lymphocyte occur there. Primary lymphoid organ are bone marrow & thymus where immature
lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes & then it transfers to secondary lymphoid organ (spleen,lymph node, tonsil,
peyers patches of small intestine, appendix) where interaction of lymphocyte to antigen occur which then proliferate to form effector cell.
All blood cells including lymphocytes are formed in bone marrow. Thymus is lobed organ present near heart & beneath breast bone which
reduces its size with age. Bone marrow & thymus provide micro environment for development of T lymphocytes. Spleen is large bean
shaped organ mainly containing lymphocytes & phagocytes which act as filter of blood trapping blood borne microbes. Spleen is also a
large reservoir of RBC. Lymph nodes are solid structure located at diff areas. They trap antigen which get into tissue fluid & which causes
activation of lymphocyte & cause immune response. There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of major tracts called mucosa
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It constitute about 50% of lymphoid tissue in human body.

AIDS (acquired immuno deficiency syndrome)

Not a congenital disease. Syndrome means a group of symptoms. AIDS was first reported in 1981 & in last 25 years killed 25 million
people. It is caused by HIV (human immuno deficiency virus) i.e. a group of viruses called retrovirus. Retrovirus have an envelope
enclosing RNA genome. Transmission is due to sexual contact,transfusions,infected needle,infected mother to child. Time lag b/w
infection and symptoms can be frim few month to 5-10 years. Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) is used to test for aids. It can
be partially treated by anti retroviral drug that increase life span. Prevention of aids :- NACO (national aids control organisation) teaches
people about aids. Dispensable needles,controlling drug abuse, safe sex, are some preventive measures. (Note:- infected cell can survive
while viruses are being replicated & released.

CANCER
Major cause of death because more than 1 million people suffered from it in india. Cancerous cells loose contact inhibition & divide
to form masses of cell called tumor. Tumors are of 2 types:-
BENIGN TUMOUR- remain confined at original location & cause less damage
MALIGNANT TUMOUR- mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic/tumour cells which damage normal tissue. They starve
surrounding cells by competing for nutrients.
> Causes of cancer- may be physical,chemical or biological agent called carcinogens, ionisation radiation like X ray, γ- rays, non
ionisation radiation like UV cause dna damage. For eg- Carcinogen (chemical) in tobacco causes lung cancer. Oncogenic viruses
with viral oncogene causes cancer or normal cells having cellular oncogene (c-onc) or proto oncogenes get activated under certain
condition & lead to oncogenic transformation of cells.
> Cancer detection & diagnosis- biopsy & histopathalogical studies of tissue,blood & bone marrow test for increasing cell count in
case of leukaemia.. In biopsy suspected tissue is cut,stained & studied. Radiography(x rays), CT(computed tomography) & MRI
(magnetic resource imaging). Antibodies against cancer specific antigens, techniques of molecular biology ti detect genes inherited
with cancer,identification of genes, which predispose one cancer sk that people can learn.
> treatment of cancer- surgery, radiation therapy (tumour cells are irradiated lethally),immunotherapy,chemitherapeutic drugs side
effect are hairloss & ansmia, patients are given biological response modifier eg- a-interferon which activates immune system &
destroy tumour.

Drug and alcohol abuse

Commonly abused drugs are as follows:-

Opioids Cannabinoids Coca alkaloid / cocaine

Bind to opioid receptor in CNS & Group of chemicals interact with
GIT. Heroin (commonly smack) is cannabinoid receptors in brain which are Obtained from coca plant erythroxylem
diacetyl morphine which is a obtained from inflorescence of cannabis coca, native to south america which
white,odourless bitter crystalline sativa. Flower top, leaves & resin of interferes with transport of neurotransmitter
compound & obtained by cannabis is used in various combination to dopamine. Cocaine/coke/crack is snorted
acetylation of morphine (extracted produce marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja. and has potent stimulating action on CNS
from poppy plant (papaver Generally taken by inhalation or oral producing sense of euphoria & increased
somniferum)). Taken by snorting & ingestion & affect on cardiovascular system. energy and its excess causes hallucination.
injection. Heroin is depressant i.e. They are also abused by some sports Atropa belladona & datura also have
slows down body function. person. hallucinogenic property.

Barbiturates amphetamines and benzodiazepines are used ti treat depression, insomnia & mental illness. Morphine is sedative &
painkiller (advised after surgery). Some hallucinating plant, fruit seed have been used in religious & rituals. When these are taken other
than medicinal use then it becomes drug abuse. Smoking paves way to hard drugs. Tobacco has been used by humans since 400 years.
Tobacco contains nicotine (alkaloid) which stimulates releasing of adrenaline or nor adrenaline hence increases heartbeat/blood
pressure. Smoking leads to cancer of lung, urinary bladder, throat, bronchitis,emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, etc.
Tobacco chewinh leads ti oral cancer & smoking increases CO in blood.
 Adolescence & drug abuse Addiction & dependence
Adolescence means both period and Addiction is psychological attachment to certain effects such as euphoria
process and adolescence is a vulnerable & a temporary feeling of well being associated with drugs & alcohol.
phase. First it is due to excitement or Receptor present in body increase their tolerance level hence respond
curiosity but then it is to escape from only to higher doses. Withdrawal syndrome:- dependence, unpleasant &
problems. characterised by anxiety, shakiness, nausea, sweating.

Effects of drug/ alcohol abuse Prevention and control

Main effects are reckless behaviour, vandalism & violence. Excessive doses can Parenting is essential.
lead to coma or death due to respiratory failure, cerebral haemorrhage or heart Some measures of prevention can be:-
failure. Drug can make one thief and can drop its academic performance. > avoid undue peer pressure
Intravenous drugs may lead to AIDS & Hepatitis B by infected needle. Excessive > education and counselling (mentoring)
abuse leads to damage to NS & liver (cirrhosis) drug abuse during pregnancy can > seeking help from parents and peers
adversely affect foetus. Sports person use narcotic analgesics, anabolic > looking for danger signs
steroids, diuretics to increase muscle strength, bulk, aggressiveness & athletic > seeking professional & medical health
performance.
SIDE EFFECTS IN FEMALE-
masculinisation, aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal menstrual
cycle, enlargement of clitoris.
SIDE EFFECTS IN MALE-
Acne,aggressive, mood swings, depression, reduction of size of testicles, less
sperm count, kidney, liver dysfunction, breast enlarge, baldness , enlargement of
prostate gland.
It may also lead stunted growth in adolescents.
NCERT Diagrams for reference