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Coagulation

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8 views

Coagulation

Uploaded by

Tahreem Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH-410

NED UNIVERSITY

WAT E R

P U R I F I C AT I O N
ENGR. SYED MUHAMMAD HASNAIN
COAGULATION
COAGULATION
• Coagulation aims to capture SS particles (≤50 mm) which escapes plain settling
operations and colloidal substance also.
• Colloidal particles are charged particles. They acquire charge on their surface
while travelling in water. Most of the colloidal particles carry –ve charge.
• Negatively charged colloidal particles attract +ve ions present in water.
• A layer of +ve ions surrounding the colloidal particles is know as stern layer.
• Stern layer further attracts counter and co-ions. A layer containing +ve and –ve
ions surrounding the stern layer is known as diffuser layer.
• The colloidal stability is measured in terms of zeta potential. Higher the zeta potential,
more stable particle is.
• The Electrical potential between the actual shear plane and the bulk solution is called
the zeta potential. See diag.
• Coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized charged
particle. Meanwhile flocculation is a mixing technique that promotes conglomeration
and assists is settling of particles.
O R I G I N O F PA R T I C L E S U R FA C E C H A R G E

• Most particulates have complex surface chemistry and surface charges may arise
from several sources. Surface charge arises in four principal ways;
• Isomorphous replacement (crystal imperfections)
• Structural imperfections
• Preferential adsorption of specific ions
• Ionization of inorganic groups on particulate surface.
O R I G I N O F PA R T I C L E S U R FA C E C H A R G E

• Isomorphous replacement (crystal imperfections)


• Under geological conditions, metals in metal oxide minerals can be replaced by
metal atoms with lower valence and this will impact a negative charge to the
crystal material.

• Structural imperfections
• In Clay and similar mineral particles, imperfections that occur in the formation of
the crystal and broken bonds on the crystal edge can lead to the development of
surface charge.
O R I G I N O F PA R T I C L E S U R FA C E C H A R G E

• Preferential adsorption of specific ions


• Particles adsorb NOM (natural organic matters eg. Fulvic acid) and these large
macro molecules typically have a negative charge because the contain carboxylic
acid groups.

• Ionization of inorganic groups on particulate surface.


• Many mineral surfaces contain surface functional groups (eg; hydroxyl) and their
charge depends on pH.
PA R T I C L E - PA R T I C L E I N T E R A C T I O N

• An interaction between two particle is represented.


• Two principle forces involved are force of repulsion due to the electrical properties of
the charged plates and the Van der Waals forces of attraction.
• Both zeta potential and Van der wall forces decrease with increase in distance between
colloids.
• Vander waals forces decrease more rapidly than zeta potential but is stronger force at
close distance.
PA R T I C L E - PA R T I C L E I N T E R A C T I O N

• The net force is repulsive at greater distance and becomes attractive only after passing
through maximum net repulsive force.
• To agglomerate the particles we have to overcome this energy barrier also known as
threshold energy.
M E C H A N I S M O F C O A G U L AT I O N
• Ionic layer compression
• Adsorption and charge neutralization
• Sweep coagulation
• Inter particle bridging
I O N I C L AY E R C O M P R E S S I O N

• A high ion concentration compress the layer composed predominantly of +ve


charge ion towards the surface of colloid.
• If this layer is sufficiently compressed then attractive wander (vander wall
force) will be predominant and due to this particle will come together and will
grow in size and finally they will be removed in sedimentation tanks.
A D S O R P T I O N & C H A R G E N E U T R A L I Z AT I O N

• Trivalent aluminum ion react immediately with water to form various


aqua metallic cations like Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+ , Al2(OH)7+4, Al(OH)3 , H+
• These cations are absorbed on surface of colloidal particles due to which
charge on colloidal particle is neutralized. Thus size increases and settling
takes place.
S W E E P C O A G U L AT I O N

• Aluminum hydroxide is formed when alum is added to water. It is an


amorphous and gelatinous precipitate. These are heavier than water and
have a tendency to settle down by gravity.
• During course of settlement all colloidal particles will get entrapped due to
gelatinous nature of floc.
• This process by which colloids are swept away from the system is called
sweep coagulation.
I N T E R PA R T I C L E B R I D G I N G

• Large molecule may be formed when Al of Ferric Sulphate dissociate in


water like Al7(OH)17+4
• Several colloids may become attached to one molecule or various molecules
may get enmeshed in settle able mass.
• Synthetic polymers are also used for inter particle bridging.
COMMON COAGULANTS
• Alum (universal coagulant)
• Copperas (Ferrous sulphate)
• Chlorinated copperas
• Sodium Aluminate
ALUM (UNIVERSAL COAGULANT)

• Very commercial and easy to handle & store.


• It also removes color, odor and improve the taste of water.
• Alum is effective only in pH range of 6.5 to 8.5 and it also needs alkalinity in
water.
Alum + alkalinity → NCH + Floc + Gas + water
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 →2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O + 6CO2
ALUM (UNIVERSAL COAGULANT)
• Commonly used coagulant with chemical formula Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
• Many water sources have bicarbonate alkalinity which is required for Alum
coagulation. Water insoluble compound Aluminum hydroxide is formed, which is a
floc
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 →2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O + 6CO2

• Natural alkalinity is insufficient to react with alum so lime is added which forms
calcium hydroxide or hydrated lime Ca(OH)2

Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(OH)2 →2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 18H2O


Sodium carbonate is also added to form alkalinity but its expensive.

Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Na2CO3 →2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 18H2O + 3CO2


C O P P E R A S ( F E R R O U S S U L P H AT E )

• It is effective if pH is >8.5.
• It does not react properly with color water. So water should be free from color. It
is cheaper than alum.
• Ferrous sulphate (Copperas) reacts with natural bicarbonate alkalinity slowly.
Lime is added to copperas to speed up flocculation.
FeSO4.7H2O + Ca(OH)2 →Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4 + 7H2O
Formed ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2 floc is oxidized by dissolved oxygen in water to
ferric hydroxide
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4Fe(OH)3
C H L O R I N AT E D C O P P E R A S

• It is effective if pH is >8.5 and < 6.5.


• No color constraint.
C H L O R I N AT E D C O P P E R A S
S O D I U M A L U M I N AT E

• Very expensive.
• Doesn’t produce hardness in
water.
• It is used for boiler feed water
which permits very low value
of hardness.
OPTIMUM DOSE OF COAGULANT

• Minimum dose which remove


maximum colloids.
• Optimum dose fixed by
conducting jar test.
• When coagulant is added in more
amount then reversal of charge
occur in colloidal paticles.
C L A R I F L O C C U L AT O R

• Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation operation carried together in a single


reactor known as clariflocculator.
• It consists of three units;
• Rapid mixing unit (flash mixer)
• Slow mixing unit (flocculator)
• Settling unit (sedimentation unit)
DESIGN OF RAPID MIXER

• It is a mechanical mixing unit.


• It is based on DT= 1 to 3 min
• Velocity gradient G= 100 to 1000 s-1

𝑃
• G=
𝑉∗𝑢

• P= power (watt)
• V= volume of unit m3
• u= dynamic viscosity (NS/m2)
D E S I G N O F F L O C C U L AT O R

• It is also a mechanical mixing unit.


• It is based on DT= 20 to 40 min
• Velocity gradient G= 20 to 80 s-1
• Depth = 2-4m
D E S I G N O F S E D I M E N T AT I O N U N I T

• Sedimentation employed follows type II settling.


• Type II settling deals with flocculent particles settlement in dilute suspensions.
• Flocculent particles are the ones which change size, mas, specific gravity with
time and space.
• DT=2-4 hr
• G(increases), t(decreases) → Floc formation will be small but heavy floc.
• G(decreases), t(increases) → Floc formation will be large but light floc.
R E L AT I O N S H I P

Turbidity Alkalinity Dose of coagulant Predominant Mechanism


High Low Small Adsorption & charge
neutralization
High High Large Sweep coagulation
Low High Moderate Both but 2nd is more
effective
Low Low Can’t be coagulated **

* Low turbid, low alkali water may be converted into;


• High turbid and low alkaline water by adding bentonite clay.
• Low turbidity and high alkalinity by adding lime.
THANK'S FOR
WATCHING NED UNIVERSI TY

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