PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
OBJECTIVES
Select relevant literature
(CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1
 Definition of the Literature Review
As cited from Bloomsburg University of
Pennsylvania (2020), literature review requires for a survey of scholarly
•articles,
.
books, and other sources which will later be enumerated, summarized, and
evaluated in order to form a concrete basis and support for the current
study.
When it is done, the selected literature may appear on various sections of
the study such
as in the introduction, related literature section, and the discussion of
results.
 Purposes of Reviewing a Literature
The following are the purposes of literature review (University of
South Carolina
Library, 2020):
1. It provides the researcher a clear understanding of the study to be investigated.
Through literature review, the researcher can boost his/her confidence by clearly
understanding the phenomenon and be able to clarify essential variables of the
study.
2. It justifies the need for conducting the study. Review of literature allows the
researcher to identify the existing gaps in knowledge. Thus, further investigation
to be conducted by the researcher will be justified.
 Purposes of Reviewing a Literature

3. It serves as the basis for establishing concepts presented in the study.

Reviewing
literature relevant to the current study of the researcher enables him/her
To substantiate his/her work. Concepts presented from the study which
Are supported by literature can make the work of the researcher more
credible.
 Selecting the Literature for a Study
Once the researcher has a clear problem as well as a rationale for conducting a study
he/she may now begin selecting literature such as theories, conceptual framework,
and related studies that will serve as the foundation of the work.
In selecting the literature for a study, the following questions should be
considered:
1. Can this literature help me clearly present the delimitation of my study?
2. Can this literature give me insights to present properly essential variables of my
study?
3. Is this literature up-to-date?
4. Does this literature provide perceptive and accurate results and conclusions?
5. Does this literature present contrasting ideas which can be used in identifying
research gaps?
 Conducting a Review of Literature
When the researcher is about to engage himself/herself in doing literature review,
he/she must do it in a systematic procedure so as to arrive with a comprehensive
output which can later be used in substantiating the work. Boza(2015) of University
of California presents six steps in conducting a literature review. These steps are as
follows:

1. Decide on the area of research. The first step always begins with the clear
Problem in mind of the researcher. He/she must clearly know the topic as well
As the rationale of the study to be conducted. This will allow the researcher to
Focus on articles and books that are relevant and can help him/her substantiate
the work.
 Conducting a Review of Literature

2. Search for the literature. In searching for the literature

Which can be used for a study, the researcher may utilize
printed materials and references
Which can normally be found in the libraries. On the other
hand, online sources, which also offer scholarly articles and
books, must likewise be considered for these can make the
researcher saves more time.
 Conducting a Review of Literature
3. Find relevant excerpts in books and articles. Reading the abstract of a scholarly
work will help the researcher determine whether it is relevant or not to the study
under investigation. Meanwhile, other sections of a scholarly source as in articles
and books can also be skimmed in order to get the excerpts of important data
which can be used as bases of the study. Definition of terms, prevalent claims,
findings, and conclusions are some of those which the researcher should observe
and read carefully. Further, employing different levels and types of reading can
help the researcher to scrutinize efficiently the data and information presented
from a reference. Wilson (1990) identified four types of reading. These are as
follows:
 Wilson (1990) identified four types of reading. These are as
follows:

* Elementary reading. This type of reading pertains to word-recognition type of

reading wherein sentences are literally comprehended.
* Systematic reading. This type of reading employs skimming strategy wherein
the researcher-reader may focus on the highlighted terms in the sample source
manuscript. Similarly, he/she may also look into the title of the sample and will
try to see if similar variables of the current study are presented. If yes, he/she
may consider the sample as relevant to his/her own work.
 Analytic reading. This type of reading requires the researcher-reader to break the
whole scholarly work into parts for better understanding. In addition, it may also
observe here that the researcher-reader establishes connection with the author by
asking the 5Ws and 1H questions through annotation. Use of a dictionary for concept
clarification is also often considered in this type of reading. The notes made from the
Analysis are then synthesized and will serve as an output.

Comparative reading. This type of reading considers two or more scholarly

works which will be analyzed for comparing-contrasting purposes. Here, the
various viewpoints of the authors regarding the particular concepts and
principles will be carefully observed. The generalized summary of the analysis
from this type of reading then serves as an output.
 Conducting a Review of Literature

4. Code the literature Categorizing the themes of the concepts found in different
literature must be done for better analysis and evaluation. Themes can be
categorized from the similarities to the differences found among those relevant
works. Meanwhile, tools for reading and reviewing should also be considered by
the researcher in order to save more time since these allow him/her to easily
revisit the concepts that may be a help in the process of literature review. Two of
the commonly used tools for reading and review purposes are as follows:

*1.Highlighting. This tool uses marks and symbols that will help the researcher to
easily revisit the important ideas found in a scholarly work. This can also aid
the researcher to easily distinguish the similarities and differences found in
various sources.
Two Of the commonly used tools for reading and review purposes are as follows:

2. Annotation. This tool uses words, phrases, and sentences which serve as
written remarks of the researcher reflecting his/her understanding and
questions regarding the scholarly work.
5.Create conceptual schema. After coding the concepts perceived to be important
By the researcher in the conduct of the study, he/she may then organize them in
order to see in a wider perspective the relevance, including their similarities and
differences, to the current work. The researcher may utilize a literature review
synthesis matrix to better see how the gathered data from literature review will
be presented in the study. As cited from Ashford University (2020), synthesis
matrix refers to a table used for organizing important ideas found in the literature.
This matrix further allows the researcher to see overlapping ideas among the
authors. Here below is an example of a synthesis matrix:
6. Begin writing literature review. With a complete vision of necessary data that came
from reading and reviewing literature, the researcher may now begin the draft of
the manuscript for review of the related literature section. He/she must not forget
to cite the author of any data that will be used for the study. The use of
transitional words will also be helpful in order to arrange ideas accordingly (e.g.,
the use of “similarly” to present that ideas have in common).
Example of literature review presented in a research manuscript entitled, Emojiology:
A Study of Functions of Emojis in the Virtual Community (Tabernero, 2020):
To properly cite your sources, you need to learn first the types of plagiarism.
Plagiarism is often committed when you use words and ideas without making credit
to the person who formulated it, making those words and ideas your own (Sulaiman2018)

Types of Plagiarism:
1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-forword
a section of others’ works without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).
Example:
The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified.
from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T.
Sicat, Ph.D.
This is the proper way of citing a direct quotation.
“The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified”.
 Types of Plagiarism:
2. Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your previous works
to come up with new article without proper citation and permission to the teacher you previously
submitted the work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014; Plagiarism.org, 2011).

Example:
3. Mosaic Plagiarism It is
committed when you take
phrases from a source without
using quotation marks or
citation; thus, you just find
synonyms to the authors’
words while keeping the same
though as it is in the original
(Roka, 2017).
4. Accidental Plagiarism. This is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite
A source or quoted by using similar words or sentence structure. This can be
avoided through responsible writing and running your work in an initial plagiarism p
available in internet (Learning Services Writing Center, 2018).
• .
 Lesson 2 – Proper Paraphrasing
Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase
1. Take time to read. Careful reading of the text enables you to grasp the
meaning of the sentence you are going to paraphrase.it is
recommended to read it three times. or even more. This is to give you
enough time to comprehend the meaning of what you are reading
(University of New England, 2020).

2. Take note of the key points. This is done through highlighting or listing the
points or ideas presented in the text that you are reading. Through this, you will
See the things that the author wanted to impart in his or her write ups. However,
For you as a reader, those will also be the bases on how you will explain the
Ideas that were presented (Chi & Nguyen, 2017).
 Lesson 2 – Proper Paraphrasing
Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase
3. Rewrite what you have read but use your own words. Rewriting what
You have read does not mean you will just copy it. Nevertheless, you are
Going to write what you have read based from what you have understood.
From it. However, you need to be careful not to eliminate the ideas of what
you have paraphrased (Oshima,1999).

4. Compare what you have written with the original text. Through this, you
May able to see the similarities and difference between the original text
And what you have paraphrased. You need to remember that the
Paraphrased sentence or paragraph has structural difference from the
original even the choice of words.
However, the thought presented in the original text must not be different
from the paraphrased text.
 Lesson 2 – Proper Paraphrasing
Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase
5. Make citation. There are so many citation styles available to you. But,
Always refer back to what is prescribed to you by the organization or
institution you are writing.
If they prescribe you to use a particular citation style, then you need to
Follow that standard. For example, many colleges and universities in the
Philippine use American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition
citation style.
On the other hand, in the Department of Education (DepEd), they use
DepEd Manual of Style and Chicago Manual of Style.
OBJECTIVE
In-text citation with single author used in the beginning
Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed
among novice researchers.

In-text citation with single author used at the end

Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice
researchers (Fernandez, 2020).
How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course,
You can do it. However, title has to be in quotation marks.

In-text citation with article title

In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper
citation has to be observed among novice researchers.

Another example:
In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on
Ways plagiarism can be avoided.
• In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal
• Articles and the like are italicized. However, when you italicized
the title, omit the quotation marks.
• In-text citation without quotation
• In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism,
discussed on ways plagiarism can be avoided.
• Can we use citation in the middle?
• It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end
• of the referenced statement. However, there are instances that citation
appears in the middle of the cited statement.
• In-text citation in the middle of the statement
• Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the
• Beginning and end of the sentence, whereas Munez(2020)
claimed otherwise.
• Another example:
• Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on
• Practical aspect of education (Fernandez, 2020), as well as the
theoretical foundations of different
• philosophies.
• When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which
• means “and others”. This is used when you have multiple authors. Multiple
• authorship is authorship composed of six (6) or more authors. Thus, when you
• Have less than six authors, you need to write their surname. If you use in-text
• Citation at the beginning, just connect their surname with a comma and “and”.
• However, if it is at the end of the statement, you connect the authors’ surname
with the use of comma and ampersand.
• In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)
• Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation
• Can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement.

• In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)

• It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning
• and end of the statement (Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).
• In-text citation with six (6) or more authors
• Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at
the beginning and end of the statement.

• In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)

• It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning
• And end of the statement (Fernandez, et al., 2020).
• What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or
• Information in dealing with this scenario, all of them are placed on the same
parenthesis. However, they are separated with a semicolon. Likewise, authors’
name has to be listed in alphabetical order.
• Multiple entry with similar information
• It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning
• And end of the statement (Fernandez, 2020; Munez, 2019;
Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).
• What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by
• An author ? In circumstance like this, it can be done it two (2) ways.
• In-text citation already cited by an author
• Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the
• beginning and end of the statement.
• Another example:
• Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and
• End of the statement (as cited in Pitt, 2020)
• How about when you are going to cite a website article without authorship or
• organizational author? If you are going to cite a website article without
• Authorship, you need to use the webpage title or few words of the title in the
parentheses.

• In-text citation using website article without author

• “Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time
for our love ones.
• Another example:
• Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man
in need,” 2020).

• How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text
• Citations omit page numbers. However, it is encouraged to declare even the
• Page number Aside from it, this adds credibility to your sources if you are going
to declare it.
• In-text citation with page numberFernandez (2020),
• eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).
• In-text citation using paragraph number
• According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our
• Love ones (para. 99).
• Another example:
• It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our
• Love ones (Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).
 Reference Citation Style

• 1. Books
• Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company
• Pres .If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first
• Letter of the name, middle initial) then followed by a period. After that, the date
• Of publication and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book
• ( remember that the whole title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized).
There is an exemption, all proper
• names are capitalized. After the title, write the publishing company.
Reference Citation Style
 Reference Citation Style

• When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book
• With one to five authorship takes the usual format.
• b. Three authors
• Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for
• happiness .New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.
• Note:
• Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and
• ampersand.
Reference Citation Style
 Reference Citation Style

• 2. Journal Articles
• a. Single Author
• Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.
• Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
• If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it
• different is that it includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is
• capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and page number and digital object
• identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication is italicized
• and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.
Reference Citation Style
Reference Citation Style
Reference Citation Style
Reference Citation Style