Lecture: 4-5: Non Linear Partial Differential Equation

Theorem If F ( x, y , z , p, q )  0 be a nonlinear partial differential equation then the Charpit’s auxiliary

dp dq dz dx dy
equations are:    
F F F F F F F F
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

Problem 1: Find the complete integral of the given partial differential equation by Charpit’s method
p2  y 2q  y 2  x 2

Solution: Given that, p 2  y 2 q  y 2  x 2

Let, F ( x, y, z, p, q )  p 2  y 2 q  y 2  x 2  0 ..............(i)
We know the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
F F F F F F F F
p q p q  
x z y z p q p q
dp dq dz dx dy
or,     2
2 x  0  2 yq  2 y  0  2 p  y q  2 p y
2 2

From 1st and 4th ratio, we get,

dp dx

2x  2 p
or , pdp  xdx  0

or, p 2  x 2  c1 .................(ii) [By integrating]

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, c1  y 2 q  y 2  0

c1  y 2 c1
or, q   2 1
y2 y
and p  c1  x 2
z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
or, dz  pdx  qdy

c 
or, dz  c1  x 2 dx   12  1dy
y 
c 
or,  dz   c1  x 2 dx    12  1dy
y 
c1  x 2
c1  x  c1
or, z  sin 1 
    y  k [By integrating]
2c1 2  c  y
 1
which is the required complete integral/ Solution of (i).
1
Problem 2: Solve z 2 ( p 2 z 2  q 2 )  1 by Charpit’s method

Solution: Given that, z 2 ( p 2 z 2  q 2 )  1

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q )  p 2 z 4  q 2 z 2  1  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
0  p (4 p z  2 zq ) 0  q (4 p z  2 zq )  p.2 pz  q.2qz
2 3 2 2 3 2 4 2
 2 pz 4
 2qz 2
From 1st and 2nd ratio, we get,
dp dq

p q
or , Logp  Logq  Logc [By integrating]
or, p  qc .................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, c 2 q 2 z 4  z 2 q 2  1  0

1 c
or, q  and p 
z c z 1
2 2
z c2 z 2 1
z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
or, dz  pdx  qdy
c 1
or, dz  dx  dy
z c z 1
2 2
z c z 2 1
2

or, z c 2 z 2  1dz   c dx  1 dy
3
1
or, (c 2 z 2  1) 2  cx  y  k [By integrating] which is the required complete Solution.
3c 2
Problem 3: Solve pxy  pq  qy  yz by Charpit’s method
Solution: Given that, pxy  pq  qy  yz
Let, F ( x, y , z , p, q )  pxy  pq  qy  yz  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
py  p ( y ) q  px  qy  z  pxy  pq  pq  qy  xy  q  ( p  y )
From 1st ratio, we get,
dp  0
or, p  c .................(ii) [By integrating]
Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, cxy  cq  qy  yz  0
2
 yz  cxy
or, q  and p  c
c y
z z
We know, dz  dx  dy
x y
or, dz  pdx  qdy
yz  cxy
or, dz  cdx  dy
c y
y ( z  cx)
or, dz  cdx  dy
c y
dz  cdx y
or,  dy
z  cx c y

dz  cdx  c 
or,  1  dy
z  cx  c y
or, Log ( z  cx)  y  cLog (c  y )  Logk [By integrating]
or, 𝑧 − 𝑐𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘(𝑐 + 𝑦)
or, 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑘(𝑐 + 𝑦) which is the required complete Solution.
Problem 4: Solve 16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0 by Charpit’s method and identifying the surface.

Solution: Given that, 16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  16 p 2 z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
32 p z  18 pq z  8 pz 32 p qz  18q z  8qz  32 p z  18q z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
 32 pz 2
 18qz 2
Choosing 4 z , 0, 4 p , 1, 0 as multiplier,
dp dq dz dx dy dx  4 pdz  4 zdp
    
32 p z  18 pq z  8 pz 32 p qz  18q z  8qz  32 p z  18q z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
 32 pz 2
 18qz 2
0
i.e, dx  4 pdz  4 zdp  0
or, dx  4 d ( pz )  0
or, x  4 pz  a [By integrating]
ax
or, p  .................(ii)
4z

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, 16

a  x 2 .z 2  9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0
16 z 2
or, a  x   9q 2 z 2  4 z 2  4  0
2

or, 9q 2 z 2  4  4 z 2  a  x 
2

3
  41 2
1  z  a  x  
or, q 2  2

 9z 2
4 
2 1
1  z 2  a  x 
2
or, q 
3z 4
We know, dz  pdx  qdy

ax 2 1
1  z 2  a  x  dy
2
or, dz  dx 
4z 3z 4

ax 2 1
dx  1  z 2  a  x  dy
2
or, zdz 
4 3 4

1
or, zdz  a  x dx  2 1  z 2  1 a  x 2 dy
4 3 4
1
3
zdz  a  x dx
or, 4  dy
2 1
1  z  a  x 
2 2

3 1
1  z 2  a  x   y  c [By integrating] which is the required Solution
2
or, 
2 4
9 1 2
1  z  a  x     y  c 
2 2
or,
4 4 
1
or, 1  z 2  a  x 2  4  y  c 2
4 9
4
or,  y  c 2  1 a  x 2  z 2  1 it is represent an ellipsoid.
9 4
Problem 5: Solve p 2  q 2  py  qx by Charpit’s method

Solution: Given that, p 2  q 2  py  qx

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q)  p 2  q 2  py  qx  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    
q  p  2 p  yp  2q  qx  2 p  y  2q  x
2 2

dp dq
From 1st and 2nd ratio, we get 
q p
or, pdp  qdq  0

or, p 2  q 2  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, a  q 2  q 2  a  q 2 y  qx  0

or, a  qx  a  q 2 y

4
 or, a 2  2aqx  q 2 x 2  ay 2  q 2 y 2 [by Squaring]
or, q 2 ( x 2  y 2 )  2aqx  a 2  ay 2  0
 2ax  4a 2 x 2  4( x 2  y 2 )(a 2  ay 2 )
or, q 
2( x 2  y 2 )
 ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a)
or, q 
(x2  y 2 )
1
    2
2
  ax  ay 2
( x 2
 y 2
 a )
and p  a    
  (x2  y2 )  
  

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

1
   
2 2
  ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a ) 
  ax  ay 2
( x 2
 y 2
 a )
or, dz  a     dx   dy
  (x2  y2 )    (x2  y 2 ) 
    
1
   
2 2
  ax  ay 2 ( x 2  y 2  a ) 
  ax  ay 2
( x 2
 y 2
 a )
or, z   a   
 dx    dy  k
  (x2  y2 )    (x2  y2 ) 
  
[By integrating] which is the required Solution

H.W. Example 6: Find the complete integral of the given partial differential equation by Charpit’s method
(i) 2 z  p 2  qy  2 y 2  0 [Hints,Taking 1st and 4th ratio and 2 y 2 z  y 2 ( x  a) 2  y 4  c Ans]

Problem 7: Find the complete and singular integral of p 2  q 2 y  qz  

 
Solution: Given that, p 2  q 2 y  qz

 
Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q )  p 2  q 2 y  qz  0 ..............(i)
We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,  2   
 pq p  q  q
2 2
 2 p y  2q y  qz  2 py  2qy  z
2 2

dp dq
From first and 2nd ratio, we get 
q p
or, pdp  qdq  0

or, p 2  q 2  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, ay  qz
ay
or, q 
z

5
 az 2  a 2 y 2
and p
z

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

az 2  a 2 y 2 ay
or, dz  dx  dy
z z

or, = 𝑎𝑑𝑥

or, az 2  a 2 y 2  ax  b [By integrating] which is the complete Solution

or, az 2  a 2 y 2  ax  b  .............(iii)

2

Differentiating equation (iii) with respect to a and b respectively

z 2  2ay 2  2 xax  b  .....................(iv)
and 0  2ax  b  or, ax  b  0 ................(v)

z2
From (iv), z 2  2ay 2  0 or , a 
2y2

 xz 2
and from (v) , b
2y2
2
z4 z4 2  z2x z2x 
Putting these values of a and b in (iii) we get,  y   2  2 
2 y2 4 y4  2y 2y 

or, z 4  0 which is the required singular solution.

Problem 8: Find the complete and singular integral of 2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0

Solution: Given that, 2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0

Let, F ( x, y, z , p, q )  2 xz  px 2  2qxy  pq  0 ..............(i)

We know, the Charpit’s auxiliary equations are
dp dq dz dx dy
   
Fx  pFz Fy  qFz  pFp  qFq  Fp  Fq

dp dq dz dx dy
or,    2 
2 z  2 px  2qx  2 px  2qx  2qx 2qxy  pq  2 x p  pq x  q 2 xy  p
2

From 2nd ratio, we get dq  0

or, q  a [By integrating].................(ii)

Now, solving (i) and (ii) we get, 2 xz  px 2  2axy  pa  0

or, p(a  x 2 )  2axy  2 xz
2axy  2 xz
or, p 
a  x2

We know, dz  pdx  qdy

6
 2axy  2 xz
or, dz  dx  ady
a  x2
2 x ( z  ay )
or, dz  ady  dx
x2  a
dz  ady 2x
or,  2 dx
z  ay x a

or, Log ( z  ay )  Log ( x 2  a )  Logb [By integrating] which is the complete Solution

or, z  ay  b( x 2  a )

or, z  ay  b( x 2  a ) .............(iii)
Differentiating equation (iii) with respect to a and b respectively
0  y  b or, b  y .....................(iv)

and 0  x 2  a or , a  x 2 ................(v)

Putting these values of a and b in (iii) we get, z  x 2 y  y ( x 2  x 2 )

or, z  x 2 y which is the required singular solution.

H.W. Problem 9: Find the complete and singular integral of q 2  z 2 p 2 1  p 2 .  

a2  z2 a a2  z2
Hints: Taking 1st and 2nd Ratio then q  pa so, p  and q 
z z

hence complete solution  a 2  z 2  x  ay  b and singular solution z 2  0