Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 0

 Icduhfl Edtz

Cd kilmloïd odrxfstd, bly

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 8

ilckiifùm ICDQKY ^DPD ILO^PKMHKP

CD KILM
KILMLOÏ
LOÏD
D
hfrkitlr HFK
HFKJL
JL J[K
J[KPPK
PPKPL
PL

Iudcqufkr alrod hk rkprlhuiifùm, hfstrf`uifùm, iloumfidifùm p÷`cfid l trdmsalrodifùm

hk kstd l`rd sùcl pukhk skr rkdcfzdhd ilm cd dutlrfzdifùm hk sus tftucdrks, sdcvl kxikp-
ifùm prkvfstd plr cd cky. Hfrïgdsk d IKHPL (Ikmtrl Kspdôlc hk Hkrkibls Pkprljräafils,
www.ikhrl.lrj) sf mkiksftd altlilpfdr l ksidmkdr dcj÷m ardjokmtl hk kstd l`rd.

© Icduhfl Edtz, 0>>6

© ODFD Khfiflmks, 0>>6

pdrd tlh
tlhls
ls cls pdïs
pdïsks
ks hk ckmjud
ckmjud kspd
kspdôlc
ôlcdd
Idcck hkc Jl`krmdhlr, 42
02>48 Odhrfh
tkc.7 64 806 1220

dx7 64 806 :;>:

awww.odfdkhfiflmks.ilo
 hf
hfskôl Kstuhfl Gldquïm Jdcckjl
skôl
prlhuiifùm Judhd
Judhdcupk
cupk Jfs`krt

fs`m 6:2-28-60:08-xx-x
hkpùsftl ckjdc o-xxxxx-0>>6

prkfoprksfùm Ksidrlcd Ckizfmsed

foprks
fopr fùm Cdvkc
ksfùm

Icduhfl Edtz
Cd kilmloïd odrxfstd, bly
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 1
 FMXPLH[IIFÙM

Kc cf`rl quk prkskmtdols d`lrhd vdrfls hk`dtks tkùrfils

sl`rk kc idpftdcfsol ilmtkoplrämkl hkshk um kmalquk
odrxfstd,
bktkrlhlxfdkm ekymksfdmd.
plcæofid ilm cd lrtlhlxfd
Hksirf`k mklcf`krdc
cds vfsflmks y cd
km gukjl,
rksdctd cds ofrdhds hk dutlrks rkckvdmtks y gkrdrqufzd cd
hfokmsfùm ilmtkoplrämkd hk prl`ckods hk vfkgd hdtd.
Cds ilmtrlvkrsfds hkmtrl hkc prlpfl äo`ftl odrxfstd
 liupdm um cujdr prkkofmkmtk km tlhls cls idpïtucls.
Kc tkxtl ilofkmzd ilm um rktrdtl hkc idopl hk cls
kilmlofstds k fmhdjd cd sfmjucdrfhdh hk cls odrxfstds
arkmtk d cds ilrrfkmtks prkhlofmdmtks, su`rdydmhl pum-
tls hk ilmtditl ilm cls pkmsdhlrks irïtfils. Kvdc÷d cds
hfstfmtds plsturds hkmtrl hk umd prlaksfùm hlofmdhd
plr kmalquks mklcf`krdcks, quk jclrfafidm kc okridhl y
ckjftfodm cd hksfjudchdh slifdc. Cds ilmtrdhfiiflmks hkc
idpftdcfsol y kc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cds icdsks slifdcks
slm kstuhfdhls, km lplsfifùm d cds tklrïds quk kcuhkm cd
prl`ckoätfid hk cd kxpcltdifùm.
Kc cf`rl ilmtfm÷d ilm um dmäcfsfs hk cd tklrïd hkc vdclr
ilol kxpcfidifùm jkmkrdc hk cd diuoucdifùm idpftdcfstd y
ilol cky hk alrodifùm hk cls prkifls. Pktlod cls hk`d-
tks sl`rk cd alrod hkc vdclr y kc aktfibfsol hk cd okridm-
iïd y su`rdyd cd rkckvdmifd hkc trd`dgl ilol aumhdokmtl
hkc prliksl kilmùofil. Hksirf`k kc pdpkc hk cd utfcfhdh
ilol sustkmtl l`gktfvl hkc ilmsuol, hk`dtfkmhl su
ilmlifhd prkskmtdifùm ilol pdräoktrl hk cd sdtfsadi-
ifùm pkrslmdc. Xdo`fæm skôdcd cls cïoftks quk kmarkmtd cd

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 2

2 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

odmfpucdifùm hk cls prkifls plr pdrtk hkc kstdhl l cls

olmlplcfls `dgl kc idpftdcfsol y rksdctd cd foplrtdmifd
hkc vdclr pdrd kmtkmhkr cd hfmäofid hk cds vdrfd`cks hfs-
trf`utfvds.
Kc tkxtl fmtkrprktd plstkrflrokmtk cls rdsjls hkc prl-
p rl-
iksl hk trd`dgl, d pdrtfr hk cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc.
Hksirf`k cd ilmtfmufhdh hkc tdyclrfsol km ditfvfhdhks
prkidrfzdhds y su rkpcdmtkl dmtk mlvkhlsds alrods hk
skjokmtdifùm cd`lrdc. Dquï plckofzd ilm cd prkskmtd-
 ifùm mklicäsfid hkc trd`dgl ilol umd kckiifùm vlcumtdrfd
y ilm cd rkfvfmhf
rkfvfmhfidifù
idifùm
m bktkrlhl
bktkrlhlxd
xd hk cd ouctfpc
ouctfpcfifhd
fifhdhh hk
olhkcls cd`lrdcks. Xdo`fæm hfsiutk cls prl`ckods hk
su`gktfvfhdh, rksfstkmifd y ilmskmtfofkmtl y dmdcfzd cds
tkmhkmifds hk cd idcfafidifùm, iukstflmdmhl cd tklrïd hkc
idpftdc buodml. Km hfstfmtds pdrtks su`rdyd cd ikmtrdcf-
hdh hkc trd`dgl,
cd prljrksfvd arkmtk dhk
kxtfmifùm cdskstd
ilmikpiflmks
ditfvfhdh. quk prlicdodm
Kc cf`rl sk fmtkrmd cukjl km kc kstuhfl hk cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd, okhfdmtk umd kvdcudifùm hk cd tkmhkmifd
hkirkifkmtk hk ksd vdrfd`ck quk plstucd cd ilmikpifùm
odrxfstd. Dmdcfzd cd alroucdifùm fmfifdc hk ksk prfmifpfl
y kvdc÷d cds irïtfids y hkakmsds trdhfiflmdck
trdhfiflmdckss quk rkif`fù
kstk pcdmtkl. Xdo`fæm hk`dtk su sfjmfafidhl
sfjmfafidhl ilol prl-
iksl hktkrofmdmtk, mkiksdrfl l prkvfsf`ck y plstucd rkfm-
tkrprktdr kstd
cdrjl pcdzl. tkmhkmifd
^drtfkmhl hk km
kstkumkmalquk
skmtfhlfmhdjd
acuitudmtk y hk
cds idusds
quk ilmhugkrlm d cd rkiupkrdifùm hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd
km cds ÷ctfods hæidhds.
Kstd idrditkrfzdifùm pkroftk, d ilmtfmudifùm, ilmsf-
hkrdr cds tklrïds hkc ificl y kspkifdcokmtk hk cds lmhds
cdrjds, quk kstuhfdm cls pkrïlhls hk fmtkmsl irkifofkmtl
y prlclmjdhl kstdmidofkmtl.
kstdmidofkmtl. Dmdcfzd cds hfstfmtds
hfstfmtds fmtkr-

FMXPLH[IIFÙM 6

prktdiflmks kstls prliksls, ilmtrdplmfkmhl vfsflmks

rkjucdrks y kmhùjkmds ilm kmalquks quk rksdctdm cd jrd-
vftdifùm hk hktlmdmtks kxtrd-kilmùofils,
kxtrd-kilmùofils, tkimlcùjfils,
fmstftuiflmdcks l slifdcks. Kstd rkackxfùm ilmhuik d kvd-
cudr cd hfmäofid ilmtkoplrämkd hkc idpftdcfsol y d
idrditkrfzdr ifkrtds sfmjucdrfhdhks hkc mklcf`krdcfsol.
 Afmdcokmtk kc cf`rl d`lrhd vdrfds hfsiusflmks tkùrfids
sl`rk cds afmdmzds y cd olmkhd, d pdrtfr hk cds trdmsalr-
odiflmks jkmkrdhds plr cd hksrkjucdifùm, cd jcl`dcfzd-
ifùm y cd jkstfùm `ursätfc hk cds afrods. Hkstdid cls hks-
kqufcf`rfls irkdhls km kstls äo`ftls y rksdctd cd aumifùm
hk cds afmdmzds, ilol fmstruokmtl hk cd lakmsfvd hkc
idpftdc sl`rk kc trd`dgl. Hfsiutk, dhkoäs, cd tklrïd hkc
idpftdc rkmtfstd, kc sfjmfafidhl hkc idpftdc afitfifl y kc skm-
tfhl hk cd bkjkolmïd hk cls `dmqukrls, km umd rkackxfùm
plcæofid ilm cds ilmikpiflmks lrtlhlxds y bktkrlhlxds
hkc hfmkrl
Cls skfs idpïtucls aukrlm tlodhls hk drtïiucls ksirf-
tls kmtrk cls dôls 0>>> y 0>>0. Kstls tkxtls bdm rkkcd`l-
rdhls km um cf`rl, quk `usid ilmtrf`ufr d cd ditudcfzdifùm
hkc pkmsdofkmtl odrxfstd. Ilm ksd afmdcfhdh sk fmicuykm
hfstfmtds rkakrkmifds plcïtfids dc prlykitl slifdcfstd. ^drd
ilmstrufr ltrd slifkhdh ks mkiksdrfl ilmlikr, fmtkrprktdr
y iukstflm
iukstflmdr
dr dc idpftdcfso
idpftdcfsol.l.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>

 Idpïtucl 4
KC IDO^L HK CLY KILMLOFYXDY

Km cls ÷ctfols vkfmtk dôls sk rkjfstrù um mltlrfl duokm-

tl hk cd fmacukmifd hk cls kilmlofstds. Kstd fmifhkmifd
ilfmifhfù ilm kc dsikmsl hk cd vkrtfkmtk lrtlhlxd quk
rkfvfmhfid cd dsfjmdifùm okridmtfc hk cls rkiursls y prl-
oukvk plcïtfids mklcf`krdcks.
Cd irkifkmtk jrdvftdifùm hk cd lrtlhlxfd sk ilmsuoù
km hksokhrl hk cd bktkrlhlxfd, quk l`gktd cd suprkodiïd
frrkstrfitd
tls slifdckshkcy okridhl,
prloukvkrkilmlik cd kxfstkmifd
sfjmfafidtfvds hk ilmacfi-
rkjucdiflmks hkc
kstdhl pdrd ilopdtf`fcfzdr cd rkmtd`fcfhdh ilm cds mkiksf-
hdhks hk cd pl`cdifùm.
Kc dvdmik mklcf`krdc tdo`fæm prlvliù um hkspcdzd-
ofkmtl hk cls kilmlofstds irïtfils, quk dit÷dm km cds
lrjdmfzdiflmks plpucdrks y hk cls odrxfstds, quk fopuj-
mdm kc idpftdcfsol. Kstd ÷ctfod ilrrfkmtk ml sùcl iuks-
tflmd kc ræjfokm vfjkmtk, sfml quk prlplmk krfjfr umd
slifkhdh kodmifpdhd hk cd jdmdmifd, cd ilopktkmifd y cd
kxpcltdifùm.

KC ^KPAFC HK CD LPXLHLRFD

Cd odsfvd fmilrplrdifùm hk cls kilmlofstds dc kopckl

p÷`cfil d pdrtfr hk cd plsjukrrd pltkmifù
p ltkmifù su prkskmifd km
cd ksakrd kstdtdc. Kstk jrupl prlaksflmdc sk kspkifdcfzù km
kc odmkgl hk cds kstdhïstfids, cd jkstfùm hk cds koprksds

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 40

40 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

p÷`cfids y kc ilmtrlc hk cls kmjrdmdgks olmktdrfls k

foplsftfvls. ^lstkrflrokmtk dirkikmtù su fmacukmifd km
kc oumhl didhæofil y d oftdh hk cls :> yd ilmstftuïd kc
prfmifpdc skitlr ilm idrjls rkckvdmtks km kc kstdhl mlrtk-
dokrfidml.
Kstd fmifhkmifd sk kxtkmhfù d ksidcd jcl`dc km cls dôls
6>, ilm kc dsikmsl hk vdrfls kilmlofstds d cd gkadturd hk
jl`fkrmls km o÷ctfpcks pdïsks (Jrkifd, Xurquïd, Frcdmhd,
Blcdmhd, Xdfwäm, Fmhfd). Km Doærfid Cdtfmd y km kc Kstk
Kurlpkl cckjdrlm fmicusl d ilmalrodr um skjokmtl prk-
plmhkrdmtk kmtrk prksfhkmtks y ofmfstrls. Xlhls cls
kxplmkmtks hk kstd frrupifùm pkrtkmkifkrlm d cd vkrtfkmtk
lrtlhlxd hk cd kilmloïd.
Kstd prfodiïd auk adifcftdhd cd prkkofmkmifd hk ksk
skitlr km cls lrjdmfsols afmdmifkrls fmtkrmdiflmdcks. Kc
AOF y kc @dmil Oumhfdc sk ilmstftuykrlm km umd rkak-
rkmifd cd`lrdc, quk hkafmfù hurdmtk hæidhds cls pdtrlmks
pdt rlmks
hk ilmsdjrdifùm fmtkrmdiflmdc hk tlhd cd prlaksfùm.
Kmtrkmdrlm d suiksfvds idodhds hk kilmlofstds quk
diikhfkrlm d cd i÷spfhk hkc plhkr, km fmilmtd`cks pdïsks.
Kstk prliksl auk d su vkz adifcftdhl plr cd jkmkrdcfzd-
ifùm hk ifkrtds tæimfids y präitfids iloumks d cd ditfvf-
hdh. Kc ckmjudgk odtkoätfil y kc usl hk olhkcls d`strdi-
tls rkalrzdrlm um iùhfjl kxicuykmtk hk iloumfidifùm,
quk dikmt÷l kc pkrafc hfakrkmifdhl quk dhlptdrlm cls kil-
mlofstds. Kstd umfalrofhdh dafdmzù tdo`fæm kc prkhlof-
mfl kstdhlumfhkmsk. Cls idtkhrätfils hk kstk lrfjkm bdm
prkvdckifhl km cd l`tkmifùm hkc prkofl Ml`kc y km kc
plrikmtdgk hk dutlrks ilm rkilmlifofkmtl fmtkrmdiflmdc.
Kc fmjcæs sk trdmsalroù km kc fhflod mdturdc hk umd prl-
aksfùm, quk rkkopcdzù
alrodcfzdifùm hk tlhlskccls
vfkgl d`lrhdgk4. buodmfstd plr cd
prl`ckods
 4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 49

^KPYLMDC HK DXPL^KCCLY

Cls kilmlofstds lrtlhlxls bdm jlzdhl hkc advlr hk cds

icdsks hlofmdmtks plr su dptftuh pdrd fopckokmtdr cd
lakmsfvd hkc idpftdc ilmtrd kc trd`dgl. Dsuofkrlm räpfhd-
okmtk cd ilmhuiifùm hk okhfhds tkmhfkmtks dc hksodm-
tkcdofkmtl hk cds ilmqufstds slifdcks y ml huhdrlm km
fmstruokmtdr plcïtfids hksidrdhdokmtk advlrd`cks d cls
diduhdcdhls.
Kstd ilmvkrjkmifd pckmd ilm kc kstd`cfsbokmt l`khk-
ifù d cd aumiflmdcfhdh quk prkskmtdm cls drjuokmtls hk cd
lrtlhlxfd pdrd djrkhfr sfmhfidtls, rkilrtdr kc jdstl slifdc
y prlolvkr kc hkskopckl. Ksk cf`rktl fmicuyk tlhds cds
gustfafidiflmks rkqukrfhds pdrd cfqufhdr
cfqufhdr koprksds p÷`cf-
ids, hkstrufr ilmvkmfls cd`lrdcks y vdifdr cls sfstkods hk
prkvfsfùm slifdc. Cd ilmikpifùm lrtlhlxd ks umd usfmd hk
fhkds pdrd hksidcfafidr cds hkodmhds slifdcks y pu`cfiftdr
kc idräitkr fmkvftd`ck hk iudcqufkr dgustk. Cls prfmifpfls
hk ksidskz slm pdrtfiucdrokmtk utfcfzdhls, pdrd kxpcfidr
cd foplsf`fcfhdh hk sdtfsadikr cls rkicdols plpucdrks.
Kstk skrvfifl d cls idpftdcfstds bd sfhl hfsardzdhl ilm
cd kxbf`fifùm hk um sd`kr, quk sk ilmsfhkrd fmhfspkmsd`ck
pdrd kc odmkgl hk cd kilmloïd ilmtkoplrämkd. Cls lrtl-
hlxls fhkmtfafidm sus tklrïds ilm cd rdiflmdcfhdh, cd dhof-
mfstrdifùm hk cd fmikrtfhuo`rk y kc ilmtrlc hk cds irfsfs.
Pkfvfmhfidm su idpdifhdh pdrd jkstflmdr cls okridhls y
dmtfifpdrsk d cls jfrls hk cd lakrtd l cd hkodmhd. ^krl
mumid bdm ilrrl`lrdhl kstd gditdmifd ilm rksuctdhls

4 Kstd
Kstd kv
kvlcu
lcuifù
ifùm
m ks rktrdt
rktrdtdhd
dhd kmt
kmtrk
rk lltrl
trlss pl
plrr I
Ildt
ldtss D.
D.Z,
Z, 4661
4661,, C
Clur
lurkfr
kfrll
Odrfd Pftd, 4661, Olmtkifmls Qkrùmfid, Odrelaa Glbm, 4668, Arky
@ruml, Kfibkm`krjkr Pkfmkr, 4669.
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 48

48 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

präitfils y tdoplil bdm hkolstrdhl kc idräitkr frrko-

pcdzd`ck hk sus ilmlifofkmtls. Ouibls kxpkrtls km

dhofmfstrdifùm
tfpl hk tdrkds qukbdm rkdcfzdhl, plr
supukstdokmtk kgkopcl, kcclsofsol
olmlplcfzdm kspk-
ifdcfstds hkc mklcf`krdcfsol.
Kc durd hk sd`fhurïd quk rlhkd d cd lrtlhlxfd auk
fmikmtfvdhd plr cls okhfls hk iloumfidifùm, quk ilm-
vfrtfkrlm
vfrtfkrlm dc kilml
kilmlofstd
ofstd km um
um prl
prlaktd
aktd hk cl
cl quk
quk suikhkrä
suikhkrä..
Km cls bkibls kstls pkrslmdgks diuoucdrlm um ræilrh hk
adccfhls, yd quk su idpdifhdh pdrd iloprkmhkr cls prlik-
sls prlhuitfvls, afmdmifkrls l ilokrifdcks ks ouy cfof-

ltdhd. Bdm sfhlhk

olmktdrfds dhfkstrdhls pdrd
ilrtl pcdzl kvdcudr
l pdrd vdrfd`cks
kstfodr afsidcks
cds plcïtfids
dhkiudhds pdrd idhd adsk hkc ificl. ^ukhkm dikrtdr l ard-
idsdr km ksd fmtkrvkmifùm, pkrl slm tltdcokmtk fmidpdiks
hk alroucdr hfdjmùstfils hk cdrjl pcdzl.
Ouibls kilmlofstds mklcf`krdcks sustftuykrlm d cls
plcïtfils hk idrrkrd km kc odmkgl hk dctls idrjls hk cd
dhofmfstrdifùm kstdtdc. Kstk rkkopcdzl rkirkù kc fhkdc hk
tkimlirdifd, quk d prfmifpfls hkc sfjcl RR krd didpdrdhl
plr cls fmjkmfkrls, prksumtdokmtk oäs afkcks d cd ifkmifd
quk d cd plcïtfid. Cls kilmlofstds tdo`fæm hkspcdzdrlm d
ouibls d`ljdhls hk cd jkstfùm p÷`cfid y dspfrdrlm d
liupdr kc cujdr hlofmdmtk quk tuvl kc ickrl hurdmtk cd
alrodifùm hkc kstdhl olhkrml.
Kstk prltdjlmfsol sk kxpcfid, km pdrtk, plr su pkrtk-
mkmifd d umd kcftk ilsolplcftd oumhfdc, quk trd`dgd
t rd`dgd km
koprksds trdmsmdiflmdcks y lrjdmfsols ouctfcdtkrdcks.
Cd irkod hk cls kilmlofstds lrtlhlxls fmtkjrd kc pkrsl-
mdc jcl`dcfzdhl quk vfvk km um ofirl-oumhl hk `fkmks-
tdr, hkspcdzämhlsk hk um pdïs d ltrl. Kstd ditfvfhdh cls
 adofcfdrfzù ilm cls mkjlifls jcl`dcks y cks pkroftfù hks-

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 4;

pcdzdr d ltrds prlaksflmks hk cls idrjls dpktkifhls y trd-

hfiflmdcokmtk ilmkitdhds ilm cds kspkifafifhdhks clidcks.
Cd jkmkrdcfzdhd irkkmifd km cd dptftuh hk cls kilml-
ofstds pdrd hfrfjfr iudcqufkr hkstfml mdiflmdc sk dskmtù
km kc icfod hk aurfd ilopktftfvd, okridmtfcfzdifùm
okridmtfcfzdifùm hk cd
vfhd slifdc y kmhflsdofkmtl hk cd jdmdmifd quk hlofmù
km cds ÷ctfods hæidhds.
@dgl kc ilodmhl lrtlhlxl tlhl kc idopl hk cls kil-
mlofstds dafdmzù su hkpkmhkmifd hkc plhkr koprksdrfl y
pkrhfù dutlmloïd arkmtk d cds mkiksfhdhks fmokhfdtds hk
cds icdsks hlofmdmtks. Yk ilmslcfhù um äo`ftl ikrrdhl,
quk ml hfsiutk kc rkfmdhl hkc okridhl, mf cds vkmtdgds hk
cd ilopktkmifd
Kstd kstruiturd rkalrzù, d su vkz, tlhls cls afctrls
rkqukrfhls pdrd jdrdmtfzdr cd jkstfùm idpftdcfstd hkc
kstdhl, okhfdmtk cd kxicusfùm hk cls fmhfsifpcfmdhls (l kc
`clqukl hk su dsikmsl d cls mfvkcks hk hkifsfùm). Cls
lrtlhlxls bdm prkpdrdhl y skckiiflmdhl km cds ÷ctfods
hæidhds kc pkrslmdc quk mkiksftd kc sfstkod pdrd dskjurdr
0

su rkprlhuiifùm .

MDX[PDCF
DX[PDCFYOL
YOL OKIDMFYIFYXD

Cls kilmlofstds mklicäsfils bdm kxplrtdhl sus irftk-

rfls dmdcïtfils hk odxfofzdifùm dc pkmsdofkmtl gurïhfil
y plcïtfil,
plcït fil, d cd tklrïd
tklr ïd hk cd iloumf
iloumfidifùm
idifùm y d cd sliflcl-
jïd cd`lrdc. Kstd ilclmfzdifùm ilmtrf`uyù d rkalrzdr su
 dutlrfhdh.
0 [tfcf
[tfcfzdo
zdols
ls ccdd ml
mlifù
ifùm
m hk idopl
idopl km kkcc skmtf
skmtfhl
hl hk @lur
@lurhfk
hfku,
u, ^fkrrk
^fkrrk,,
46:1, Ck`drlm Aræhkrfi, 0>>>.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 41

41 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

^krl cls fmstruokmtls quk kxpdmhfkrlm d tdmtds ärkds

hk cd tklrïd slifdc, ilmstftuykm km rkdcfhdh sfopcks olhd-
cfhdhks hk kvdcudifùm. ^kroftkm ksqukodtfzdr prlikhf-
ofkmtls hk skckiifùm hk cd dctkrmdtfvd oäs ilmvkmfkmtk
kmtrk um ilmgumtl hk lpiflmks. Kc odmkgl hk kstds bkrrd-
ofkmtds ml ks hk mfmjumd odmkrd kc l`gktl hk cd kilml-
oïd, quk hk`krïd kstuhfdr kc aumiflmdofkmtl y cds ilmtrd-
hfiiflmks hk cls hfstfmtls sfstkods kilmùofil-slifdcks.
Dc ifriumsirf`fr tlhls cls dmäcfsfs d kgkrififls hk lptf-
ofzdifùm, cls lrtlhlxls sk kmtrkmdrlm km cd kckiifùm hk
dctkrmdtfvds hk fmvkrsfùm, dblrrl l ilmsuol. Yd`km fmhd-
jdr «quæ liurrk ilm x iuämhl dcjl suikhk ilm yµ, pkrl
ml pukhkm fhkmtfafidr mfmjumd rkjucdrfhdh l hkskqufcf-
`rfl sfjmfafidtfvl hkc idpftdcfsol.
Ilm su æmadsfs km kstuhfdr rkcdiflmks aumiflmd-
cks ’hkmtrl hk ifkrtds
ifkrtds rkstrfiifl
rkstrfiiflmks’
mks’ bdm prlpfifd
prlpfifdhl
hl cd
dsfofcdifùm hk cd kilmloïd ilm cds ifkmifds mdturdcks.
Kstd dslifdifùm rkalrzù cd durklcd hk rfjlr quk rlhkd d
kstd hfsifpcfmd, km ilopdrdifùm ilm cds rkstdmtks ifkmifds
slifdcks. Kstk prfvfckjfl sk dafdmzù d÷m oäs ilm kc rkfmdhl
hk cd alrodcfzdifùm y kc d`usl hk slafstfidhls olhkcls
odtkoätfils pdrd kmidrdr iudcqufkr rkackxfùm.
^lr ksk idofml cd tklrïd kilmùofid sk hksilmkitù hkc
kstuhfl hk prliksls slifdcks, quk hfafkrkm hk cd fmvkstfjd-
ifùm km cds ifkmifds hurds plr cd duskmifd hk hfstdmifd
 iudcftdtfvd kmtrk kc sugktl y kc l`gktl hk dmäcfsfs. Kc kilml-
ofstd ’dc fjudc quk kc slifùcljl, l kc bfstlrfdhlr’ sk
kmiukmtrd hfrkitdokmtk fmvlcuirdhl ilm cds ilmicusfl-
mks y rkilokmhdiflmks quk surjkm hk sus hfdjmùstfils.
Cls lrtlhlxls hksilmlikm kstk ilmhfiflmdofkmtl y
hkafkmhkm umd plsturd mdturdcfstd bkrkhdhd hk Zdcrds,
Drrlw y Hk`rku. Pdzlmdm fodjfmdmhl umd tkmhkmifd

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 4:

ksplmtämkd bdifd
tfjdr iudcqufkr kc kqufcf`rfl
suiksl jkmkrdc,Dhlptdm
hk cd rkdcfhdh. quk fopfhk fmvks-
um pumtl
hk pdrtfhd pdrtfiucdrokmtk fm÷tfc, pdrd fmhdjdr um sfs-
tkod tdm fmkstd`ck ilol ks kc idpftdcfsol. Cd alrod hk
slscdydr kstk l`stäiucl ks cd ilmstruiifùm hk olhkcls
slstkmfhls km suiksfvds prkofsds («suplmjdols quk...
suplmjdols quk...µ) y cd `÷squkhd hk rkspukstds admtd-
sflsds pdrd prl`ckods fodjfmdrfls.
Ilm sus irftkrfls hk lptfofzdifùm cls wdcrdsfdmls
kstfodm quk cls
hk adiuctdhks pdrtfifpdmtks hkc
suprd-buodmds. okridhl
Ylm djkmtkskstäm hltdhls
quk ilmlikm
sfkoprk sus prkakrkmifds, iukmtdm ilm pckmd fmalrodifùm
y sk odmkgdm ilm tltdc
tlt dc ikrtfhuo`rk
ikr tfhuo`rk hk cl quk
qu k suikhkrä
suik hkrä
km kc auturl (l su kqufvdckmtk km prl`d`fcfhdhks).
Kstk rkqufsftl ilmhuik d fmilmtd`cks fmilbkrkmifds
cùjfids (plr kgkopcl, pdrtfr hk prkakrkmifds fmhkpkmhfkm-
fmhkpkmhfkm-
tks hkc ilmtkxtl) y d vdrfdhds pdrdhlgds, quk cd lrtlhlxfd
fmtkmtd rkslcvkr fmtrlhuifkmhl umd kxikpifùm trds ltrd
(skjumhl okglr, kxtkrmdcfhdhks, rkmhfofkmtls irkifkmtks,
kti). ^krl mfmjumd hk kstds ilrrkiiflmks pukhk kmokm-
hdr cls prl`ckods hk umd tklrïd, quk ilmif`k d cls sugktls
 ilol rl`lts dutl prljrdodhls km umd trdykitlrfd bdifd
kc kqufcf`rfl. Kc bä`ftl hk hfitdofmdr «sf kc olhkcl ks l
ml ilmsfstkmtkµ ilmhuik d lcvfhdr kc skmtfhl hk cl quk sk
kstä kvdcudmhl.
Cls mklicäsfils prksuokm ilmlikr cd fmjkmfkrïd hkc
sfstkod kilmùofil y sk dtrf`uykm cd idpdifhdh pdrd ilm-
trlcdr su odribd, rkkopcdzdr pfkzds hkakitulsds y hkifhfr
cd ilmvkmfkmifd hk uml u ltrl dgustk. ^drd su`rdydr kc
idräitkr fmkxlrd`ck hk ifkrtd plcïtfid sukckm rkiurrfr d cds
ilopdrdiflmks ilm cd mdturdckzd. ^rlicdodm quk fjmlrdr
umd rkstrfiifùm hkc okridhl kqufvdck d kvdhfr cd cky hk cd

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 42

42 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

jrdvkhdh (ilol kc «hkskopckl mdturdcµ). Xdo`fæm

kmumifdm prfmifpfls adtdcfstds («sf `dgd kc hkskopckl su`k
cd fmacdifùmµ, «sf su`km cls sdcdrfls idk cd prlhuitfvf-
hdhµ), quk l`vfdokmtk dpumtdm d gustfafidr cd hlofmd-
ifùm hk cls idpftdcfstds9.

A[MHDOKMXLY MKLCF@KPDCKY

Cd lrtlhlxfd tdo`fæm sk dplyd km cls ilmikptls mklcf`k-

rdcks quk hkskmvlcvfù cd vkrtfkmtk dustrfdid hk cd kilml-
oïd mklicäsfid. Kstd ilrrfkmtk surjfù d afmks hkc sfjcl RFR
ilm Okmjkr y @lbo @dwkre y sk dafdmzù kmtrk cls dôls
9> y ;> ilm Bdyke y Qlm Ofsks. ^lstucù umd admätfid
fopujmdifùm hkc slifdcfsol y umd irïtfid arlmtdc dc
kstdhl hk `fkmkstdr ekymksfdml. Kstd præhfid tuvl ksidsd
rkpkriusfùm bdstd kc rksurjfofkmtl mklcf`krdc hk cds ÷ctf-
ods hls hæidhds
 Yus vlikrls advlrkikm kxpcïiftdokmtk cd dopcfdifùm
hk cds hksfjudchdhks slifdcks, cd su`lrhfmdifùm hk cd
hkolirdifd d cd prlpfkhdh y kc rkalrzdofkmtl hk cd suprk-
odiïd frrkstrfitd hkc okridhl. Pkvfmhfidm olhdcfhdhks
kxtrkods hk ilopktkmifd, drjuokmtdmhl quk dckiiflmdm
dc ilmsuofhlr y dcfkmtdm cd fmmlvdifùm hkc koprksdrfl.
D hfakrkmifd hk cd vkrtfkmtk wdcrdsfdmd, cd ksiukcd dus-
trfdid rkilmlik kc idräitkr fmifkrtl hk cd fmvkrsfùm, cd
fopkrakiifùm hk cd hk
hk cds prkakrkmifds rdiflmdcfhdh fmhfvfhudc
cls ilmsuofhlrks. y cdml
^krl ardjfcfhdh
hkhuik

9 [m dm
dmäcf
äcfsf
sfss hk kst
kstds
ds fm
fmil
ilbkr
bkrkmi
kmifds
fds pprks
rkskmt
kmtdm7
dm7 Afm
Afmk,
k, @k
@km,
m, 46
466:,
6:, J
Juf
ufcck
cckm
m
Plol Bæitlr, 466: (idp 4, 0, 9).

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 46

hk kstds hfafiuctdhks cd mkiksfhdh hk rkjucdr hk cls okr-

idhls. Dc ilmtrdrfl, prlplmk cf`krdr kc gukjl hk cd lakrtd
y cd hkodmhd
hk odmhd hk iudcqufkr fmtkrakrkmifd,
fmtkrak rkmifd, su`rdydmhl
su`rdy dmhl kc
idräitkr mdturdc hkc lrhkm okridmtfc y kc kakitl plsftfvl
hkc hdrwfmfsol slifdc.
^krl ilm kstls irftkrfls sfopckokmtk liuctd quk kc
okridhl ml ks umd fmstftuifùm dtkoplrdc. Lpkrd ilol
fmstruokmtl hkc idpftdcfsol pdrd cd kxpcltdifùm hkc trd-
`dgl dsdcdrfdhl. Xlhds cds foäjkmks fhïcfids hkc okridhl
bdm sfhl pkrfùhfidokmtk hkolcfhds plr cls hksdgustks
iïicfils quk idrditkrfzdm dc idpftdcfsol, km tlhls cls
tkrrkmls hk cd prlhuiifùm y kc ilmsuol, cd diuoucdifùm
y kc dblrrl l cd jdmdmifd
jdmdmifd kspkrdh
kspkrdhdd y l`tkmfh
l`tkmfhd.
d.
Cd ilopktkmifd ilopucsfvd quk prkhlofmd `dgl kstk
sfstkod ml adifcftd hk mfmjumd odmkrd kc prljrksl ilcki-
 tfvl. Dc ilmtrdrfl, hksko`lid km trduoätfids sftudiflmks
hk sl`rkprlhuiifùm y hkrrlibk slifdc. Kc pdtrùm hk cd
rkmtd`fcfhdh quk rkjucd dc idpftdcfsol prlvlid hksko-
pckl, pl`rkzd y kxpcltdifùm. L`cfjd d cls dsdcdrfdhls d
vkmhkr su aukrzd
aukrz d hk trd`dgl
trd`d gl y d ilmvk
ilmvkrtfr
rtfr sus ilmlif-
ofkmtls km okridmiïds, quk kmrfqukikm d cds ofmlrïds
prfvfckjfdhds.
Kstd rkdcfhdh ks kmiu`fkrtd ilm cds supkrstfiflmks quk
rlhkdm dc fodjfmdrfl hk cd «odml fmvfsf`ckµ. Ilm umd
cftkrdturd quk `lrhkd kc rfhïiucl sk kxtfkmhk d tlhls cls
fmhfvfhuls cd afjurd hk um «djkmtkµ, ilmstrufhl km tlrml
d cd ilmhuitd hkc koprksdrfl. Hk kstd kxtrdplcdifùm sur-
jkm tlhds cds aä`ucds hk l`rkrls kcfjfkmhl pukstls hk trd-
`dgl. Cd kqufpdrdifùm hk tlhls cls «djkmtksµ km um sfs-
tkod dskmtdhl km cd hksfjudchdh slifdc ks tdm d`surhd,
ilol cd kxdctdifùm hk cd «sl`krdmïd hkc ilmsuofhlrµ
ilol hktkrofmdmtk hk cd hkodmhd. Cls mklicäsfils mf

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 0>

0> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPR
PRFY
FYXXD, BLV

sfqufkrd rkjfstrdm, quk kc hfckod hk dblrrdr l fmvkrtfr ks

umd ilopcktdokmtk d`strditl pdrd qufæmks idrkikm hk
fmjrksls sfjmfafidtfvls.
Cd lrtlhlxfd jkmkrdcfzd ilmicusflmks d pdrtfr hk um
dr`ftrdrfl olhkcl hk diiflmks fmhfvfhudcks, quk prlykitd
d tlhls cls ditlrks kilmùofils. Ilmvfkrtk km um hdtl
ilckitfvl cl quk prksuok dikptd`ck pdrd umd pkrslmd. ^lr
ksd vïd fjmlrd
iudcqufkr kc ilmhfiflmdofkmtl
kckiifùm slifdc
`dgl kc idpftdcfsol. ^krlquk idrditkrfzd
kstls ilmikp-
tls pkrsfjukm um prlpùsftl hkafmfhl7 rkalrzdr cd fhklcljïd
quk mkiksftd cd icdsk hlofmdmtk pdrd djrkhfr d cls trd`d-
gdhlrk
gdhlrks.
s. Ilm
Ilm ksk l`gktfv
l`gktfvll sk
sk hfau
hfaumhk
mhkm
m irkkm
irkkmifd
ifdss quk
quk mdtu-
mdtu-
 rdcfzdm kc hkskopckl, umfvkrsdcfzdm cd cùjfid hkc okridhl
y jclrfafidm kc kjlïsol fmhfvfhudcfstd,
fmhfvfhudcfs td, d pdrtfr hk umd
oftlcljïd hk cd ilmhuitd hkc ilmsuofhlr l kc diiflmfstd.
Cd lrtlhlxfd mklicäsfid bd fmspfrdhl cd kxfjkmifd
olmktdrfstd hk rkilrtdr cd kofsfùm, iuämhl ilmtrf`uyk d
rkalrzdr cd hfsifpcfmd slifdc. Dcfkmtd okhfhds foplsftfvds
hk idräitkr rkjrksfvl y hfaumhfù cd ditftuh rkvkrkmifdc
bdifd cls okridhls, quk prlplmk cd tklrïd hk cd «dmtfif-
pdifùm rdiflmdcµ. Kstd vfsfùm rkilofkmhd `kmkafifdr ditf-
vdokmtkk d cls idpftdcfstds
vdokmt idpftd cfstds,, dtrf`uykmhl
dtrf`u ykmhl d kstk jrupl
plhkrks fo`dtf`cks pdrd mkutrdcfzdr iudcqufkr okhfhd
dhvkrsd d sus fmtkrksks. Ilm ksk prksupukstl sk prl-
oukvk sdtfsadikr km alrod fmokhfdtd iudcqufkr pkhfhl
hk cls diduhdcdhls.
Cls kilmlofstds mklcf`krdcks fjmlrdm cls hkskqufcf-
`rfls quk jkmkrd cd ilopktkmifd y dtrf`uykm iudcqufkr
pkrtur`difùm hkc idpftdcfsol d idusds kxtkrmds d kstk sfs-
tkod. Ilm kstd ofrdhd bdm fmtkmtdhl `clqukdr km kc
äo`ftl didhæofil, tlhds cds cïmkds hk fmvkstfjdifùm ilm-
acfitfvds ilm cls fmtkrksks hk cds icdsks hlofmdmtks.

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 04

IF[HDHDMLY V IFKMXFYXDY YLIFDCKY

Cd bktkrlhlxfd rkibdzd cd tklcljïd mklcf`krdc, rkilmlik

cd kxfstkmifd hk ilmacfitls slifdcks y prlplmk drolmfzdr-
cls d trdvæs hk um ilmskmsl fmstftuiflmdc. @usid ilmifcfdr
hfstfmtds dctkrmdtfvds kilmùofids y kstfod quk cd slifk-

hdh
kstk pukhk skckiiflmdrcds
okidmfsol d trdvæs
plcïtfil umd hkc vltl. Dtrf`uyk
jrdm idpdifhdh pdrd ilm-d
trd`dcdmikdr kc plhkr hk cls diduhdcdhls. Km lplsfifùm d
 cd hkakmsd lrtlhlxd hkc djkmtk y hkc okridhl rkfvfmhfid
kc iloprlofsl ilm cd ifuhdhdmïd y kc kstdhl. Pkibdzd kc
oftl hk cd mkutrdcfhdh prlaksflmdc y dikptd quk cls kil-
mlofstds kstäm fmvlcuirdhls ilm cls fmtkrksks hk cls hfs-
tfmtls jrupls slifdcks8.
^krl kstk pcdmtkl ml rkjfstrd cd hfvfsfùm hk cd slifk-
hdh km icdsks
km odmls hk dmtdjùmfids y cd ilmikmtrdifùm
cls idpftdcfstds. hkc plhkr
Dumquk kc kilmlofstd
pukhd hfaumhfr cls ilstls y `kmkafifls hk idhd dctkrmdtfvd
km gukjl, cls oärjkmks hk kckiifùm hk cds odylrïds pkr-
odmkikm fmvdrfd`ckokmtk diltdhls. Cd prlpfkhdh prf-
vdhd hk cls okhfls hk prlhuiifùm
prlhuiif ùm plmk cïoftks ouy
kstrfitls d iudcqufkr hkifsfùm plpucdr, quk dakitk cls
fmtkrksks hk cds jrdmhks koprksds.
Ilm um irftkrfl fmstftuiflmdc cls bktkrlhlxls rkibd-
zdm dikrtdhdokmtk
sl`krdml, cd admtdsïd
quk lptfofzd mklicäsfid
dctkrmdtfvds. ^krlhkrkidkm
um fmhfvfhul
km umd
fcusfùm kqufvdckmtk, dc suplmkr quk cd ifuhdhdmïd hkifhk
cf`rkokmtk kc ruo`l hk cls prliksls kilmùofils d trdvæs

8 Kstls
Kstls kkmal
malquk
qukss sl
slm
m dm
dmdcf
dcfzdh
zdhls
ls plr Ydo
Ydoukc
ukcs,
s, Zdrrkm
Zdrrkm,, 46
466;,
6;, Fmj
Fmjbdo
bdo
Jklaarky, 4661, Bkfc`rlmkr Pl`krt, Ofc`krj Zfccfdo, 4662.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 00

00 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

hkc vltl. Lcvfhdm quk cd «lpfmfùm hk cls okridhlsµ (ks

hkifr, cds jrdmhks ilrplrdiflmks) hktkrofmd km cls
bkibls ksk iursl hk cd prlhuiifùm y cd afmdmzds.
Cd bktkrlhlxfd tdo`fæm l`gktd kc stdtus prfvfckjfdhl
hk cd kilmloïd arkmtk d ltrds ifkmifds slifdcks. Iukstflmd
kspkifdcokmtk kc d`fsol quk bdm fmtrlhuifhl cls mklicä-
 sfils ilm ksds hfsifpcfmds y `usid rkilmstftufr um idopl
ilckitfvl hk ifkmtfstds slifdcks. ^krl kc cljrl hk kstk l`gk-
tfvl rkqufkrk iloprkmhkr quk cd kilmloïd sk kmiukmtrd
`dgl iustlhfd pkrodmkmtk hk cd `urjuksïd, quk utfcfzd
kstd ärkd pdrd rkalrzdr su hlofmfl sl`rk cd slifkhdh y kc
kstdhl.
Cls bktkrlhlxls fjmlrdm kstk ilmhfiflmdofkmtl y ml
rkjfstrdm cd fmacukmifd quk tfkmkm cds hfstfmtds ilsolvf-
sflmks fhklcùjfids y pumtls hk vfstd hk icdsk, km cds ofrd-
hds quk dhlptd idhd jrupl hk kilmlofstds. Ilol ml
pkrif`km cd aumifùm kstrdtæjfid quk iuopck kstd ditfvfhdh
km cd hlofmdifùm idpftdcfstd, tdoplil cljrdm rkjfstrdr
cds skrfds cfoftdiflmks quk kmarkmtd kstk idopl pdrd hks-
kmvlcvkr cd fmvkstfjdifùm jkmufmd.
Odrx su`rdyù kstls ilmhfiflmdofkmtls km su ilm-
trdstk kmtrk kilmloïd plcïtfid y kilmloïd vucjdr. Kstd-
`ckifù umd hfstfmifùm iudcftdtfvd kmtrk Pfidrhl y Ydy, quk

plhrïd
Ofctlmkxtkmhkrsk
Arfkhodm, dYdoukcslm
Ekymks, Yibuopktkr l Yrdaad
l Cuids. Kstk ilrtkarkmtk
ml ks
irlmlcùjfil, sfml ilmikptudc. Cd hfvfsfùm kmtrk fmtærprk-
tks rfjurlsls y l`skrvdhlrks supkrafifdcks hkc idpftd-
cfsol sk bd rkpcdmtkdhl umd y ltrd vkz. ^krl um jrdvk
prl`ckod hk cd bktkrlhlxfd ditudc ks gustdokmtk cd
ksidsd jrdvftdifùm hk cls ilmtfmudhlrks hk cd vkrtfkmtk
ifkmtïafid.

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 09

KYI[KCDY V ^PL@CKODY

Cd bktkrlhlxfd rk÷mk d hfakrkmtks ilrrfkmtks quk rkfvfm-

 hfidm cd hktkrofmdifùm fmstftuiflmdc hk cd kilmloïd, cd
kxfstkmifd hk fopkrakiiflmks hkc okridhl y cd ikmtrdcf-
hdh hk cd fmikrtfhuo`rk. ^rkskmtd d cds fmstftuiflmks
ilol irkdiflmks bfstùrfil-slifdcks quk bdm prkikhfhl d
cls okridhls y rksdctd cd kxfstkmifd hk umd jrdm vdrfkhdh
hk djkmtks. Kstd ilmikpifùm bd mutrfhl kc kstuhfl
sibuopktkrfdml hk cd fmmlvdifùm, kc dmäcfsfs rkjucdifl-
mfstd hk cls olhkcls hk trd`dgl y cd dmdcljïd kvlcuifl-
mfstd hkc ido`fl kilmùofil ilm cls prliksls hk skcki-
ifùm mdturdc;.
Idhd umd hk kstds ilrrfkmtks bd ilmtrf`ufhl d ksicd-
rkikr dspkitls hkc aumiflmdofkmtl ilmtkoplrämkl hkc
idpftdcfsol (trdmsalrodiflmks tkimlcùjfids, vlcdtfcfhdh
hkc idpftdc afmdmifkrl, iloplrtdofkmtl hk cds afrods,
olhdcfhdh hkc prliksl cd`lrdc, oktlhlcljïd hk cd kilml-
oïd). ^krl mfmjumd dmdcfzd kstk ræjfokm slifdc ilol um
sfstkod bfstùrfidokmtk trdmsftlrfl, sugktl d ilmtrdhfiifl-
mks quk slidvdm su ilmtfmufhdh.
Cd bktkrlhlxfd jkmkrdcokmtk rktrdtd cds olhdcfhdhks
prlhuitfvds vfjkmtks km idhd pdïs (l pkrïlhl bfstùrfil),
pkrl ml fmtkrprktd dhkiudhdokmtk iùol sk jkmkrd y hfs-
trf`uyk kc `kmkafifl. Ilmtkxtudcfzd cd fmvkstfjdifùm, pkrl
loftk kc prl`ckod hk cd kxpcltdifùm quk ks kc rdsjl ikm-
trdc hkc idpftdcfsol. Dcuhk pkrodmkmtkokmtk dc odril
plcïtfil, cds trdhfiflmks iucturdcks l cds ilmhfiflmks tæi-

; Qdrfls
Qdrfls dspk
dspkitl
itlss hhkk kkstd
std ksiukcd
ksiukcd slm trd
trdtdh
tdhls
ls plr @dr
@drikcù
ikcù Dca
Dcalms
lms,, 44660,
660,
@umjk, Odrfl, 4620, Ydpfr Gdiquks, 0>>>.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 08

08 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY
mfids hk cls dilmtkifofkmtls kilmùofils, pkrl mumid
bd`cd hk cd pcusvdcïd kxtrdïhd d cls trd`dgdhlrks.
Kstd lofsfùm ck fopfhk hfsirfofmdr kmtrk cls akmùok-
mls hkifsfvls y skiumhdrfls hkc prliksl hk vdclrfzdifùm.

Fjmlrd, plr kgkopcl,

oäs kstrdtæjfils quk cdquk cls hkrkibls
rkjucdifùm hk prlpfkhdhpdrd
hk cd ilopktkmifd slm
cd rkprlhuiifùm hkc idpftdc. Lcvfhd quk kc ilmtrlc hkc prl-
iksl hk trd`dgl ks oäs vftdc quk cds rkjcds foplsftfvds,
pdrd dskjurdr cd ilmtfmufhdh hk cd diuoucdifùm. Xdoplil
hfstfmjuk cls prliksls mkiksdrfls (kxpcltdifùm) hk cls
ilmtfmjkmtks (olmlplcfl) y cls akmùokmls hktkrofmdmtks
(prliksls prlhuitfvls) hk cls hktkrofmdhls (suiksls
afmdmifkrls), pdrd kc prliksl hk rkprlhuiifùm hkc idpftdc.

hdhIdhd vkrtfkmtk bktkrlhlxd

hkc idpftdcfsol, pkrl tlhds kmadtfzd dcjumd pkiucfdrf-
kvftdm fmvkstfjdr cd aukmtk
hkc `kmkafifl. Kstuhfdm cds fmstftuiflmks, pkrl ml su
idräitkr hk icdsk. Dmdcfzdm cd hfstrf`uifùm hkc fmjrksl,
pkrl ml cd dprlpfdifùm hkc trd`dgl kxikhkmtk. Fmvkstfjdm
kc `kmkafifl, pkrl ml su aumhdokmtl km cd kxpcltdifùm.
Cd bktkrlhlxfd dsfjmd um pdpkc prltdjùmfil d hfvkr-
sls djkmtks ilckitfvls (icdsks, iloumfhdhks, dslifdiflmks,
ditlrks), pkrl hksilmlik quk cd diuoucdifùm ml kokrjk
ksplmtämkdokmtk hk iudcqufkr tfpl hk djrkjdiflmks
buodmds. Fjmlrd quk cds icdsks hlofmdmtks y hlofmdhds
iuopckm um rlc kstrdtæjfil km cls prliksls hk trd`dgl y
vdclrfzdifùm. Dc kstd`ckikr umd fmhfsirfofmdhd vdrfkhdh
hk ilmafjurdiflmks slifdcks, kqufpdrd tlhls cls ilmacfitls
y mdturdcfzd
mdtur dcfzd cds rkcdiflmks idpftdcfstds.
idpftdcfs tds. ^lr
^l r ksl hfcuyk
hfcu yk kc
rdsjl ikmtrdc hkc sfstkod, quk ks cd dprlpfdifùm pdtrlmdc
hkc vdclr kxikhkmtk irkdhl plr cls dsdcdrfdhls.
Cls olhkcls bktkrlhlxls ml kxpcfidm cds idusds, tkm-
hkmifds y skmtfhls hkc hksdrrlccl idpftdcfstd. Yk cfoftdm d
 4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 0;

hktdccdr iùol cds afrods hkskmvukcvkm sus fmtkrido`fls

ilm kc okhfl do`fkmtk (kvlcuiflmfstds), iùol cls
koprksdrfls olhfafidm sus prflrfhdhks hk dblrrl k
fmvkrsfùm (ekymksfdmls) l iùol cds fmstftuiflmks sk dhdp-
tdm d cds ilmhfiflmks hk prlhuitfvfhdh km cd diuoucdifùm
fmtkmsfvd (rkjucdifùm).
Ifkrtdokmtk cd bktkrlhlxfd rktlod kc d`lrhdgk hk cd
kilmloïd plcïtfid y `usid ilopckokmtdr rkackxflmks
dmdcïtfids ilm kstuhfls bfstùrfils. Pkilmlik quk km cd
fmvkstfjdifùm kilmùofid ml ks plsf`ck dfscdr cls akmùok-
mls pdrd su l`skrvdifùm, mf rkiurrfr d cd kxpkrfokmtdifùm
km jrdm ksidcd. ^krl kstk fmtkmtl hk rkfmtkjrdr cd kilml-
oïd d cds ifkmifds slifdcks, ml dcidmzd pdrd cljrdr umd
iloprkmsfùm fmtkjrdc hkc idpftdcfsol. Ilm cd alroucd-
ifùm hk ckyks slifdcks, cd kmumifdifùm hk prfmifpfls sfstæ-
ofils l cd hksirfpifùm hk okidmfsols hk kvlcuifùm, ml
sk ksicdrkikm cds ckyks hkc idpftdc.

IPÏXFILY V ODPRFYXDY

Cls irïtfils
mdm djrupdm
cls oftls d tlhls cls
mklicäsfils, kilmlofstds
hkmumifdm clsquk fopuj-
dtrlpkccls
koprksdrfls y hkskmodsidrdm cd rkdcfhdh hkc idpftdcfsol.
Kstd vkrtfkmtk djrupd d cls dhvkrsdrfls arlmtdcks hk cd
lrtlhlxfd y d ouibls lplsftlrks hk cd fcuslrfd ilmifcfd-
ifùm quk prkjlmd kc fmstftuiflmdcfsol.
fmstftuiflmdcfsol.
Cls irïtfils slm ilmifkmtks quk kc kilmlofstd ml
pukhk sftudrsk plr kmifod hk cls dmtdjlmfsols slifdcks.
Hk`k u`fidr su diifùm km kc `dmhl hk cls lprfofhls l hk
cls lprkslrks.
cks km Kstk
gukjl, cls rkilmlifofkmtl
fmhuik d hksidrtdr cdhkditftuh
cls fmtkrksks slifd-
hkc l`skrvd-
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 01

01 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

hlr mkutrdc. ^lr ksd rdzùm pdrtfifpdm ditfvdokmtk km

tlhls cls äo`ftls pcurdcfstds quk pkroftkm iukstflmdr kc
u qul.
stdtu
stdt

Cls dmtkikhkmtks hk kstd ilrrfkmtk pukhkm rdstrkdrsk

km cls slifdcfstds rfidrhfdmls, quk km kc sfjcl RFR krfjïdm
sfmhfidtls y hkmumifd`dm cd kxpcltdifùm. Ltrl prkik-
hkmtk slm cls slifdcfstds utùpfils, quk fodjfmd`dm sfstk-
ods hk lrjdmfzdifùm slifdc supkrdhlrks hkc idpftdcfsol.
Hurdmtk cd skjumhd oftdh hkc sfjcl pdsdhl, cd vkrtfkmtk
irïtfid auk dcfokmtdhd plr kc ekymksfdmfsol rdhfidc y plr
cds ilrrfkmtks quk prlpfifdrlm rkhfstrf`ufr km alrod prl-
jrksfvd kc fmjrksl. Cls rdhfidcs mlrtkdokrfidmls y cd
fzqufkrhd rkjucdiflmfstd ardmiksd
1
rktlodrlm kstd trdhf-
ifùm km cds ÷ctfods hæidhds .
Cls odrxfstds ilmstftuykm kc skitlr oäs kstruiturdhl
y ilmskiukmtk hk cd kilmloïd irïtfid. Yk u`fidm kxpcïif-
tdokmtk km kc idopl hk cls dsdcdrfdhls, lrfkmtdm su trd-
`dgl fmtkckitudc bdifd cls prl`ckods hk cd icdsk trd`dgd-
hlrd y hkafkmhkm um prlykitl slifdcfstd. ^rloukvkm ml
sùcl cd hkakmsd l rkiupkrdifùm hk cds ilmqufstds slifdcks,
sfml tdo`fæm cd ilmstruiifùm hk umd slifkhdh cf`krdhd hk
cd kxpcltdifùm y cd hksfjudchdh.
Cls odrxfstds rkirkdm umd ditftuh hk ilmacukmifd hk
cd kcd`lrdifùm tkùrfid ilm cd präitfid ofcftdmtk. Cd ausfùm
hk fmtkckitudc, kilmlofstd y plcïtfil slifdcfstd ’quk
fmdujurù Odrx’ auk skjufhd km cd prfokrd oftdh hkc
sfjcl RR plr ouibls pkmsdhlrks, quk hksdrrlccdrlm su
ditfvfhdh km cds lrjdmfzdiflmks hk fzqufkrhd (Cuxko-
`urj, @ugdrfm, Bfcakrhfmj, Pu`ïm, ^rkl`rdzbkmsey).

1 Qkr J
Ju
ukrrkrl H
Hffkjl, 44666:.
 4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 0:

^lstkrflrokmtk ilokmzù um kmtrkiruzdofkmtl ilm

cd vfhd didhæofid quk jkmkrù ltrds ilo`fmdiflmks hk
ofcftdmifd, cd`lr
umfvkrsftdrfd. fmtkckitudc
Dcjumls dutlrksfmhkpkmhfkmtk k fmskrifùm
ofxturdrlm kstds trks ditf-
vfhdhks (Odmhkc, Ywkkzy, Hl``) y ltrls lptdrlm
lptdrl m plr
ditudr km um äo`ftl kspkiïafil (Jrlssodm, Plshlcsey,
Odttfie, @rdvkrodm). Kstd vdrfkhdh hk idofmls bd pkr-
hurdhl bdstd cd ditudcfhdh:.
Cd dikptdifùm hk cd kilmloïd odrxfstd suarfù um
skvkrl jlcpk ilm kc hkrruo`k hkc hkmlofmdhl «slifd-
cfsol rkdcµ. Cd jrdm kxpkitdtfvd quk hkspkrtd`d kstd
ilrrfkmtk kmfmicuyù
arlmtdc, quk cls dôlscd:> sk trdmsalroù
rksurrkiifùm km um rkibdzl
hk ditftuhks odi-
idrtfstds.
^krl ksd ktdpd rkditfvd tfkmhk d hfsfpdrsk y kc kstuhfl
hk Odrx rkil`rd rkckvdmifd. Cd rupturd ilm kc pkmsd-
ofkmtl hljoätfil quk idrditkrfzù dc odrxfsol lafifdc hk
cls «kx pdïsks slifdcfstdsµ y cd irkifkmtk fmicfmdifùm hk
kstd ksiukcd d rkackxflmdr sl`rk su prlpfl l`gktl tkùrfil
ilmtrf`uykm d kstd rkvftdcfzdifùm.

YFMJ[CDPFHD
FMJ[CDPFHDHKY
HKY XKÙPFIDY

Ouibls kilmlofstds irïtfils bdm fmtkmtdhl ilo`fmdr

mliflmks hk odrxfsol y bktkrlhlxfd rdhfidc. Bdm rkiu-
rrfhl d kstd ofxturd pdrd fmhdjdr cds ktdpds hkc idpftd-
cfsol ilm kmalquks sfstæofils, quk gkrdrqufzdm cd jrdvf-
tdifùm hk cd hfmäofid rkprlhuitfvd hkc idpftdc.
 : Qkr7
Qkr7 Bl
Blwd
wdrh
rh,, O
O.I
.I.,., Ef
Efmj
mj G.K,
G.K, 46
4660
60,, Q
Qlc
lc FF.
FF.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 02

02 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

^krl kstk kmsdo`ck ml tlod km iukmtd quk kc odr-

xfsol prlplmk um d`lrhdgk hk cd kilmloïd, hfstfmtl y
supkrdhlr hk cd bktkrlhlxfd. ^rktkmhk ksicdrkikr kc lrf-
jkm, cds ilmtrdhfiiflmks y cd kvlcuifùm bfstùrfid hkc idpf-
tdcfsol. @usid kxpcfidr cds hfakrkmifds hk kstk sfstkod
ilm ltrls olhls hk prlhuiifùm, dmdcfzd ckyks slifdcks
ilol umd ilmgumifùm hk tkmhkmifds y ilmtrd-tkmhkm-
ifds, quk sk hkskmvukcvk km ifkrtds ilmhfiflmks hk cd
cuibd hk icdsks. Ilm kstk kmalquk prktkmhk hksiu`rfr
aumhdokmtls hkc prliksl kilmùofil, quk ml pukhkm
idptdrsk ilm mfmj÷m kstuhfl ikmtrdhl km cd pcdstfifhdh l
rfjfhkz hk cds fmstftuiflmks.
Cd fmvkstfjdifùm hk cds ckyks hkc idpftdc pdrtk hk umd
idrditkrfzdifùm l`gktfvd hkc vdclr. Kstd vfsfùm dtrf`uyk dc
trd`dgl slifdcokmtk mkiksdrfl pdrd cd prlhuiifùm hk cds
okridmiïds, um pdpkc hktkrofmdmtk km cd alrodifùm hk
cls prkifls y cd jdmdmifd. Kstuhfd kc prliksl hk diuoucd-
ifùm, fmhdjd cd kxtrdiifùm hk pcusvdcïd y rktrdtd su ilm-
vkrsfùm
vkrsfù m km idpftdc.
idpftdc. Fmtkrprk
Fmtkrprktd
td kc `kmkafifl
`kmkafifl ilol um rksuc-
rksuc-
tdhl hk
vdclr hkkstk prliksl
cd aukrzd
a ukrzd y dmdcfzd
hk trd`dgl,
trd kc mfvkc hkc
`dgl, dsfjmdmhl
d sfjmdmhl sdcdrfl
ucdrilol
pdrtfiucdr
pdrtfi rkck-
r kck-
vdmifdd d cls
vdmif cls kakitls
kakitls hk cd ilmarlmt
ilmarlmtdifùm
difùm icdsfstd.
icdsfstd.
Kc odrxfsol hkstdid quk kstd cùjfid l`gktfvd hk cd
rkprlhuiifùm ’`dsdhd km cd ilopktkmifd plr kc cuirl’
ilmhuik d irfsfs pkrfùhfids y sftudiflmks hk frrdiflmdcf-
hdh jkmkrdc. L`skrvd iùol kc prliksl hk diuoucdifùm
jkmkrd hkskqufcf`rfls sfstkoätfils y hksilmkxflmks irk-
 ifkmtks kmtrk kc `kmkafifl y cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks. Kc
odrxfsol dtrf`uyk cd irfsfs
okmtk ilmtrdhfitlrfl dc aumiflmdofkmtl
hkc idpftdcfsol y ml dfmtrïmskid-
kpfslhfls
mdturdcks, fopkrfifds jkrkmifdcks l hksdifkrtls ju`krmd-
okmtdcks.

4. KC IDO^
IDO^LL HK CLY
CLY KI
KILM
LMLO
LOFY
FYXXDY 06

Xlhls cls kilmlofstds irïtfils iukstflmdm kc lrhkm

kxfstkmtk y `dtdccdm d advlr hk cds rkfvfmhfidiflmks plpu-
cdrks. ^krl cls odrxfstds dilopdôdm kstd diifùm ilm um
dmäcfsfs hkc olhl hk prlhuiifùm vfjkmtk y umd idrditkrf-
zdifùm hkc dmtdjlmfsol quk lplmk dc idpftdc ilm kc trd-
`dgl. Idptdr cd ikmtrdcfhdh hk kstk ilmacfitl ks vftdc pdrd
iloprkmhkr cd hfmäofid hkc idpftdcfsol.
Cd dtkmifùm d cd ilmarlmtdifùm icdsfstd pkroftk um
kmalquk rdhfidcokmtk hfstfmtl, d cd hksirfpifùm bktkrl-
hlxd hk jrupls advlrkifhls l dakitdhls plr kc fopditl
hk cds vdrfd`cks kilmùofids. Cd ùptfid odrxfstd ml sk
cfoftd dc rktrdtl hkc ilmacfitl slifdc. Pkodrid kc prltdjl-
mfsol hk cds icdsks lprfofhds y kxpcfid plr quæ rdzùm
kstk skitlr rkprkskmtd kc ÷mfil sugktl idpdiftdhl pdrd
krrdhfidr kc idpftdcfsol.
Kc odrxfsol ml alrod pdrtk hk cd bktkrlhlxfd. Ilo-
pdrtk prkliupdiflmks y dsfofcd sus dplrtks hk kstd
ilrrfkmtk, pkrl plckofzd ilm sus aumhdokmtls y ilmicu-
sflmks. Cds tklrïds icäsfids hkc fopkrfdcfsol (Ckmfm), hkc
idpftdc afmdmifkrl (Bfcakrhfmj)
(Bfcakrhfmj) l hk cds irfsfs hk rkdcfzd-
ifùm (Cuxko`urj) dhlptdrlm, plr kgkopcl, mliflmks icd-
vks hk dutlrks
du tlrks prkekymksf
prkek ymksfdmls
dmls (Bl`slm).
(Bl`s lm). ^krl rkfmtkr-
rkfmt kr-
prktdrlm kstds fhkds y kcd`lrdrlm ilmikptls mlvkhlsls y
sfmjucdrks.
 Kstd d`slrifùm, irïtfid y supkrdifùm hkc pkmsdofkmtl
bktkrlhlxl bd kstdhl prkskmtk km tlhds cds rkackxflmks hk
cd kilmloïd odrxfstd hurdmtk kc sfjcl RR. [m rkilrrfhl
plr vdrfls tkods iruifdcks ilmafrod kstd hfakrkmifdifùm.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 9>

 Idpïtucl 0
QDCLP V ^PKIFL

[md foplrtdmtk ilmtrlvkrsfd hkc odrxfsol ilm cd lrtl-

hlxfd y cd bktkrlhlxfd jfrd km tlrml d tklrïd hkc vdclr.

Kstd
tdhl ilmikpifùm ilmtkopcd
fmtkmsds plcæofids7 trks dspkitlscdquk
cd kxpcltdifùm, bdm susif-
alrodifùm hk
cls prkifls y cd hfmäofid hkc idpftdcfsol.

IKMXPDCFHDH HK CD KR^CLXDIFÙM

Cd tklrïd hkc vdclr surjfù km kc sfjcl RQFFF pdrd kxpcfidr

kc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cls prkifls, iuämhl cd kxpdmsfùm
 hkc okridhl
iflmks hkspcdzù
okhfkvdcks. @dgldckcdmdirùmfil sfstkod
fopditl irkdhl hkcdrkjucd
plr mukvd
prlhuiifùm fmhustrfdc, cd kilmloïd plcïtfid icäsfid dtrf-
`uyù cd vdrfdifùm hk cls prkifls d cd idmtfhdh hk trd`dgl
fmilrplrdhl km cds okridmiïds. Ilm kstk irftkrfl `usiù
kstd`ckikr alrods hk iäciucl hk cds prfmifpdcks vdrfd`cks
kilmùofids.
Odrx tloù km iukmtd kstd vfsfùm, pkrl kmtkmhfù quk
pdrd hfcuifhdr kc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cls prkifls rksuc-
td`d mkiksdrfl
idpftdcfsol7 ksicdrkikr hkc
cd kxpcltdifùm prfokrl
trd`dglkcdsdcdrfdhl.
rdsjl ikmtrdc hkc
^lr ksl
fmvkstfjù iùol cls pdtrlmks kxprlpfdm umd pdrtk hkc
vdclr irkdhl plr cls trd`dg
trd`dgdhlrks
dhlrks hurdmtk cd glrmdhd
cd`lrdc. Ykôdcù quk ksd dprlpfdifùm hkrfvd hk cd jkmkrd-
ifùm hk um vdclr kxikhkmtk plr pdrtk hk cls trd`dgdhlrks,

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 90

90 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

quk supkrd kc rkqukrfhl pdrd su prlpfd rkprlhuiifùm.

Hkstdiù quk ksk kxikhkmtk ks ilmafsidhl plr cls idpftd-
cfstds y dmdcfzù iùol sk rkhfstrf`uyk su usuaruitl, d trd-
væs hk hfstfmtds
hfstfmtds olhdc
olhdcfhdhk
fhdhkss hkc `kmkafifl.
`kmkafifl.
Kc dutlr hk «Kc Idpftdcµ dicdrù quk kstd ilmafsidifùm
ml ilmstftuyk um kmjdôl l umd kstdad ifriumstdmifdc. Ks
um prlhuitl hk cd prlpfkhdh prfvdhd hk cls okhfls hk
prlhuiifùm, quk ltlrjd d cls hukôls hk cds aä`rfids um
hkrkibl hk dprlpfdifùm hk cls arutls hkc trd`dgl dgkml.
Cls pdtrlmks pukhkm ilmtrdtdr l hkspkhfr d cls trd`dgd-
hlrks quk idrkikm hk okhfls hk su`sfstkmifd prlpfls y
kstäm l`cfjdhls d vkmhkr su aukrzd hk trd`dgl. Hk kstd
hfspdrfhdh surjk cd pcusvdcïd quk dprlpfdm y diuoucdm
cls idpftdcfstds.
Odrx hksdrrlccù kstd ilmikpifùm rkilmlifkmhl kc
 aumhdokmtl hkc vdclr km kc trd`dgl, quk plstucdrlm sus
dmtkikslrks icäsfils y rkibdzd`dm cls kilmlofstds hk su
æplid. Km um pkrïlhl hk cuibds slifdcks y jkstdifùm hk
sfmhfidtls, ksd jrdvftdifùm hkc trd`dgl km kc prliksl kil-
mùofil krd iukstflmdhd plr sus fopcfidmifds rkvucsfvds.
[md tklrïd ikmtrdhd km kc trd`dgl ’quk dsfjmd`d d cls
dsdcdrfdhls um pdpkc hktkrofmdmtk km cd jkmkrdifùm hk cd
rfqukzd’ d`rïd skrfls fmtkrrljdmtks sl`rk kc lrfjkm hkc
`kmkafifl
Kc pkmsdhlr dckoäm dsfofcù cds kmskôdmzds hk cls

slifdcfstds rfidrhfdmls,
plcïtfids rdhfidcks quk mlhkc
hk cd tklrïd kvdhïdm cds ilmskiukmifds
vdclr-trd`dgl y plckofzù
ilm tlhls cls dutlrks quk sustftuykrlm ksd ilmikpifùm
plr dcjumd fmtkrprktdifùm hkc sdcdrfl y cd jdmdmifd, ilol
«rktrf`uifùm mdturdcµ d cls trd`dgdhlrks y koprksdrfls.
Odrx hksdrrlccù su tklrïd hkc vdclr km kstrkibl ilm-
tditl ilm kc ilmikptl hk kxpcltdifùm. ^lstucù quk kc trd-

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 99

`dgl d`strditl ’jkmkrdhl plr cls dsdcdrfdhls y umfalr-

odhl km kc prliksl hk fmtkrido`fl’ ilmalrod um sus-
trdtl hkc vdclr kspkiïafil hkc idpftdcfsol. Ykôdcù quk kstk
ifofkmtl ml sk fhkmtfafid ilm kc jdstl afsflcùjfil cd`lrdc
hk iudcqufkr slifkhdh l ilm kc trd`dgl ilmirktl hk ifkrtd
ditfvfhdh. D hfakrkmifd hk Pfidrhl fmhdjù kstd hfokmsfùm
iudcftdtfvd, dmtks hk `usidr alrods hk okhfifùm hkc vdclr.
Dc kmadtfzdr kstd jrdvftdifùm hk cd kxpcltdifùm Odrx
rkibdzù cd mdturdcfzdifùm hk cd hksfjudchdh slifdc quk
prkhlofmù kmtrk cls kilmlofstds icäsfils. Hksirf`fù
iùol kc fmtkrido`fl hk cds okridmiïds, cd ifriucdifùm hkc
hfmkrl y cd diuoucdifùm hkc idpftdc tfkmhkm d `lrrdr cds
 bukccds hk cd hlofmdifùm quk kgkrikm cls idpftdcfstds
sl`rk kc ilmgumtl hk cd slifkhdh. ^lstucù umd tklrïd hkc
vdclrr il
vdcl ilol
ol irïtfid
irïtfid arlmtdc
arlmtdc d kstk
kstk liuct
liuctdof
dofkmtl
kmtl hk cds
cds rkcd-
rkcd-
iflmks slifdcks, skôdcdmhl quk cd suprkodiïd hk cls
kxpcltdhlrks sk dsfkmtd km cd dprlpfdifùm hk umd pdrtk
hkc vdclr jkmkrdhl plr cls kxpcltdhls. Hkstdiù quk cd
vdclrfzdifùm
vdclrfzdifùm hkc
hkc idpftdc sk
sk `dsd km ksd kxprlpfdif
kxprlpfdifùm
ùm y ml
km iudcfhdhks oäjfids hk cds okridmiïds l kc hfmkrl pdrd
jkmkrdr rfqukzd y plhkr.
Odrx ilopcktù su dmäcfsfs hk cd sustdmifd hk vdclr
ilm umd fmvkstfjdifùm hk cd alrod hk vdclr. Kxpcfiù quk
cd okridmiïd y kc hfmkrl ilmstftuykm hls olhdcfhdhks hk
um ofsol prliksl hk fmtkrido`fl, tkmhfkmtks d pkroftfr
quk kc trd`dgl d`strditl ilmtkmfhl km tlhls cls `fkmks
pukhd vdcudrsk plr okhfl hk um kqufvdckmtk jkmkrdc.
Km cd idrditkrfzdifùm hk kstk prliksl skôdcù quk cds
okridmiïds dhqufrfhds
dhqufrfhds plr su vdclr hk usl slm vkmhfhds
plr su vdclr hk ido`fl, pdrd quk km kc äo`ftl hk cd ifr-
iucdifùm pukhd rkdcfzdrsk kc vdclr yd fmilrplrdhl d cls
`fkmks km cd ksakrd hk cd prlhuiifùm. Ilm kstk ofsol

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 98

98 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

rdzlmdofkmtl fmhdjù plstkrflrokmtk kc hkshl`cdofkmtl

hkc idpftdc km olhdcfhdhks okridmtfcks, olmktdrfds y
prlhuitfvds, quk olhfafidm cds alrods hk pcusvdcïd (fmtk-
ræs, jdmdmifd, rkmtd), pdrd pkroftfr su hfstrf`uifùm kmtrk
hfstfmtls skjokmtls hk cds icdsks hlofmdmtks.
Kstd fmtkrprktdifùm hkc idpftdcfsol d pdrtfr hk cd

kxpcltdifùm hk hkc
tklrïd odrxfstd cls vdclr.
dsdcdrfdhls
Km kstkksdspkitl
kc aumhdokmtl hk cd
ikmtrdc hfafkrk
hk cd ilmikpifùm plstucdhd plr Yoftb y Pfidrhl y sk hfs-
 tfmjuk hk tlhds cds vfsflmks quk fjmlrdm l hfcuykm kc lrf-
jkm hkc `kmkafifl km cd pcusvdcïd4.

ALPODIFÙM HK CLY ^PKIFLY

Odrx plstucù
sdrfl pdrd quk kc tfkopl
cd prlhuiifùm hk hk
cds trd`dgl slifdcokmtk
okridmiïds mkik-
hktkrofmd kc
vdclr hk tlhls
tlhls cls prlhuitls.
prlhuitls. Ykôdc
Ykôdcùù quk kstk pdräoktrl
pdräoktrl
hkafmk cls prkifls hk cls `fkmks hk odmkrd jkmkrdc, d trd-
væs hk umd ilfmifh
ilfmifhkmif
kmifdd hkc
hkc tltdc
tltdc hk cls
cls prkifls
prkifls y cls
cls vdcl-
vdcl-
rks. Ml pcdmtkù, km ido`fl, cd kxfstkmifd hk umd rkcdifùm
hfrkitd kmtrk kc prkifl hk idhd prlhuitl y cd odjmftuh
hkc trd`dgl quk ilmtfkmk.
Dc su`rdydr sùcl cd fjudchdh hk kqufvdckmifds jcl`dcks
(cd suod hk cls prkifls ml pukhk supkrdr, mf skr fmakrflr
dc tltdc hk cls vdclrks), Odrx tloù hfstdmifd hk cd kilml-
oïd icäsfid. Pkibdzù cd `÷squkhd hk umd rkcdifùm hk prl-
plriflmdcfhdh hfrkitd kmtrk cls prkifls y cd idmtfhdh hk
trd`dgl fmilrplrdhl km idhd okridmiïd.

4 Qkr7 Pu`
Pu`fm
fm FFsddi
sddi,, 46
462;,
2;, Ydcd
Ydcdod
od ^fkr
^fkrrk,
rk, Xrdm
Xrdm Bd
Bdff Bd
Bdi,
i, 4660
4660,, (i
(idp
dp 4 y 9)
9),,
Ftlb Odeltl 462:, (idp 4,0), Olbum Yfolm, 4668.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 9;

Kc dutlr hk «Kc Idpftdcµ tloù km iukmtd iùol cds

hfafiuctdhks pdrd kmilmtrdr ksd ilrrksplmhkmifd bd`ïdm
fmhuifhl d Yoftb d sustftufr cd tklrïd hkc vdclr plr umd
kxpcfidifùm hk cls prkifls, d pdrtfr hk cls hfstfmtls ilstls
(trd`dgl, idpftdc, afmdmifdofkmtl, fmsuols). ^lr ksk
idofml qukhd`dm hkskibdhls cls aumhdokmtls prlhui-
 tfvls hkc prl`ckod, d advlr hk umd fmtkrprktdifùm okrd-
okmtk hfstrf`utfvd hk cls prkifls. Pfidrhl bd`ïd fmtkm-
tdhl prkskrvdr kc vdclr, pkrl dc iblidr ilm cd kvfhkmifds
hk `fkmks ilm dctl ilmtkmfhl hk trd`dgl y `dgls prkifls (y
vfikvkrsd), ilokmzù d kmumifdr kxikpiflmks y ilmicuyù
hkafmfkmhl vdrfd`cks dutl-rkjucdhds k fmhkpkmhfkmtks hk
cls prkifls.
Odrx sk odmtuvl afkc d cd fmtkrprktdifùm hk cls prk-
ifls plr su vdclr, okhfdmtk umd hfstfmifùm dmdcïtfid hk cd
tklrïd km hfakrkmtks mfvkcks. Hfstfmjufù um pcdml d`s-
trditl hk fmvkstfjdifùm km tærofmls hk vdclr ’jkmkrdifùm
hk cd pcusvdcïd y vdclrfzdifùm hkc idpftdc hk tlhls cls
koprksdrfls’ y ltrl oäs ilmirktl km `dsk d cls prkifls,
pdrd hksirf`fr iùol cds rkcdiflmks hk ilopktkmifd zdm-
gdm cd
cd hfstrf`u
hfstrf`uifùm
ifùm hk cd pcusvdcïd.
pcusvdcïd.
Km cd prfokrd fmstdmifd, kc vdclr hk ido`fl hk cds
okridmiïds kxprksd hfrkitdokmtk kc tfkopl hk trd`dgl

slifdcokmtk mkiksdrfl
quk cls prkifls pdrd
jfrdm km su prlhuiifùm
tlrml y sk suplmk
d ksd odjmftuh. Km kc
skjumhl pcdml, kc vdclr hk ido`fl (dblrd hkmlofmdhl
prkifl hk prlhuiifùm) kxprksd cd idmtfhdh hk trd`dgl
rkqukrfhl pdrd pkroftfr cd ilmtfmufhdh hk cd diuoucd-
ifùm km idhd rdod. Cls idpftdcfstds slm rkoumkrdhls
rkoumkrdhls km
prlplrifùm d cd fmvkrsfùm rkdcfzdhd y yd ml, km rkcdifùm dc
trd`dgl fmilrplrdhl km cds okridmiïds. Cls prkifls afmd-
cks (hk okridhl) lsifcdm km tlrml d ksls prkifls hk prl-

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 91

91 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

huiifùm y qukhd hkafmftfvdokmtk

hkafmftfvdokmtk rltd cd prlplriflmdcf-
hdh kmtrk kc prkifl y cd odjmftuh hkc trd`dgl fmilrplrdhl
d idhd okridmiïd.
 Kstd arditurd kmtrk vdclrks y prkifls hk prlhuiifùm ks
ilmskiukmifd, d su vkz, hk um prliksl quk bloljkmfzd
tlhd cd hfmäofid hk cd vdclrfzdifùm km tlrml d cd jdmdmifd
okhfd. Kstd fjudcdifùm sk ilmsuod d trdvæs hk cd olvfcf-
hdh hkc idpftdc, quk umfafid km um ifriuftl ilo÷m d tlhls
cls skitlrks quk lpkrdm ilm hfakrkmtks tdsds hk kxpcltd-
ifùm, hksfjudcks prlplriflmks hk odml hk l`rd y odquf-
mdrfd y jrdm hfvkrsfhdh hk tfkopls hk odhurdifùm hk cd
fmvkrsfùm. Kstd kqufpdrdifùm ks fmhfspkmsd`ck pdrd kc aum-
iflmdofkmtl hk um sfstkod, quk l`cfjd d tlhls cls idpftd-
cfstds d ilopktfr plr cd l`tkmifùm hk tdsds hk jdmdmifds
supkrflrks d sus rfvdcks.
^drd Odrx cd cky hkc vdclr aumiflmd, plr cl tdmtl, d
trdvæs hk rkhfstrf`uiflmks ilmstdmtks hk cd pcusvdcïd, quk
arditurdm cls prkifls hk cls vdclrks. Kstls hksvïls krdm
hksilmlifhls plr cd kilmloïd plcïtfid icäsfid y aukrlm
hkhuifhls plr kc dutlr hkc «Kc Idpftdcµ hk su tklrïd hk cd
kxpcltdifùm. Fopcfidm quk kc vdclr hktkrofmd cls prkifls
plr kc skmhkrl fmhfrkitl hk rku`fidiflmks jkmkrdcks hk cd
pcusvdcïd.
Odrx hksdrrlccù kstd kxpcfidifùm utfcfzdmhl umd
vdrfkhdhh hk idtkjlrïds
vdrfkhd idtkjlrïds y rdzlmdof
rdzlmdofkmtls
kmtls quk hk
hkskmvlcv
skmvlcvfù
fù
d mfvkc d`strditl (vdclr fmhfvfhudc, vdclr slifdc), fmtkrok-
hfl (prkifls hk prlhuiifùm) y ilmirktl (prkifls hk okr-
idhl, prkifl hk olmlplcfl). Fmtrlhugl kstds hfakrkmifds
ilm afmks dmdcïtfils y ml ilol fmstdmifds kopïrfids
fmokhfdtds, pukstl quk km kc prliksl l`skrvd`ck hk cd
diuoucdifùm sùcl kxfstkm cls prkifls hk okridhl l hk
olmlplcfl. Cds rkstdmtks mliflmks ilmtrf`uykm d kxpcf-

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 9:
 idr iùol cls prkifls hkpkmhkm hkc vdclr, d trdvæs hk um
prliksl hk rkhfstrf`uifùm jkmkrdc hk cd pcusvdcïd.
Km kstk ksqukod cds vdrfdiflmks hk cls prkifls hkpkm-
hkm kstruiturdcokmtk hkc tfkopl hkc tfkopl hk trd`dgl
mkiksdrfl
ilol kstdspdrd cd prlhuiifùm
ilmhfiflmks hk cds sfjmfafidtfvdokmtk
sk olhfafidm okridmiïds. ^krl
km idhd æplid y ifriumstdmifds hk cd diuoucdifùm, hls
vdrfd`cks
vdrfd` cks fmtk
fmtkrdit÷dm
rdit÷dm sfjmfafi
sfjmfafidtfvdok
dtfvdokmtk
mtk km cd afg
afgdifùm
difùm hhkk
cls prkifls hk idhd rdod7 cd prlhuitfvfhdh y cds mkiksfhd-
hks slifdcks.
Kc prfokr fmhfidhlr fmifhk km cd hktkrofmdifùm hkc
tfpl hk koprksds quk prkhlofmdm km cd lakrtd hk idhd
skitlr (dctd, okhfd l `dgd prlhuitfvfhdh) y kc skjumhl
hkafmk kc odril hk ksd
quk sk hkskmvukcvk rkqukrfofkmtls hk cd hkodmhd,
prlvfsfùm hk `fkmks. km
Yf cd mkiksf-
hdhks slifdcks hk umd rdod kstäm duokmtdmhl (plr
kgkopcl, idczdhl hkplrtfvl) bd`rä cujdr pdrd koprksds
hk okmlr y odylr prlhuitfvfhdh, ofkmtrds quk km kc
idsl fmvkrsl (plr kgkopcl, slo`rkrls) tkmhkräm sùcl d
su`sfstfr cds oäs kafifkmtks0.
Odrx kstfoù quk kc iruik hk kstls hls prliksls
jkmkrd cls prkofls y idstfjls quk foplmk kc okridhl, d
cds koprksds quk kilmlofzdm l hkrrlibdm trd`dgl slifdc.
Cls ido`fls hk cls prkifls sfmtktfzdm kstk aumiflmd-
ofkmtl hkc idpftdcfsol. Okhfdmtk dgustks ilrrfkmtks y
jrdmhks ilmvucsflmks fmacdiflmdrfds l hkacdiflmdrfds sk
ilmsuodm pkrfùhfids dhdptdiflmks hkc sfstkod, d cls
mukvls prlokhfls hkc tfkopl hk trd`dgl slifdcokmtk
mkiksdrfl pdrd cd prlhuiifùm hk cds okridmiïds. Ilm

0 Qkr7
Qkr7 P
Plsh
lshlcs
lcsey,
ey, Plo
Ploäm,
äm, 46:
46:6,
6, ((idp
idp 9 y 6) O
Odmh
dmhkc,
kc, Krmkst
Krmkst,, 462;,
462;, Idr
Idr--
ibkhf, Jujcfkol, 4664, (Idp 9 y 8) Jfussdmf ^dlcl, 4661.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 92

92 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

kstds dhdptdiflmks, cls prkifls sk dolchdm d cds trdmsalr-

odiflmks rkjfstrdhds km cd prlhuitfvfhdh y cls pdtrlmks
hk ilmsuol.

HFMÄOFID HKC ID^FXDCFYOL

Cd tklrïd hkc vdclr prlplmk, afmdcokmtk, umd fmtkrprktd-

ifùm hkc aumiflmdofkmtl y irfsfs hkc idpftdcfsol. Hkstdid
quk kc tfkopl hk trd`dgl lpkrd ilol prfmifpfl lrjdmfzd-
hlr hk um sfstkod rkjucdhl plr cd ilopktkmifd y idrkmtk
hk um pcdm quk kstruiturk dc ilmgumtl hk cd prlhuiifùm y
kc ilmsuol. Cd duskmifd hk kstk lrfkmtdhlr hktkrofmd kc
idräitkr ilmvucsfvl hk cd diuoucdifùm y kc kstdccfhl hk
irfsfs pkrfùhfids.
Cd tklrïd hkc vdclr dtrf`uyk cls hkskqufcf`rfls iïicfils
hkc idpftdcfsol d kstd idrkmifd hk okidmfsols hk rkjucd-
ifùm dmtfifpdhd hk cds prfmifpdcks vdrfd`cks hk cd kilml-
oïd. Ykôdcd quk cd rfvdcfhdh plr kc `kmkafifl fopfhk umd
dsfjmdifùm kx dmtk hk cls rkiursls, quk kqufcf`rk cds plsf-
`fcfhdhks hk cd prlhuiifùm ilm kc ilmsuol hkskdhl plr
cd pl`cdifùm.okhfdmtk
okridmiïds Fcustrd iùol kc trd`dgl
iäciucls ks fmilrplrdhl
dprlxfodtfvls d cdsy
hk ilstls
kxpkitdtfvds hk jdmdmifds, quk kc okridhl ilmvdcfhd l
hksofkmtk d plstkrflrf. Kstk hfitdokm sdmiflmd «plst-
akstuoµ, sf bu`l hkspkrhfifl l dblrrl hkc trd`dgl slifdc-
okmtk mkiksdrfl pdrd prlhuifr ksls `fkmks.
Kstk okidmfsol jkmkrd km ÷ctfod fmstdmifd cd ouctf-
pcfifhdh hk ilmtrdhfiiflmks quk l`stdiucfzdm cd diuoucd-
ifùm y prkifpftdm cd irfsfs. Ilol cd ilmvkrsfùm hkc trd`dgl
prfvdhl, ilmirktl
slifdcokmtk k fmhfvfhudc,
mkiksdrfl sk kakitfvfzdkmkmtrd`dgl d`strditl
cd trdmsdiifùm okr-y
 0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 96

idmtfc (ks hkifr, umd vkz ilmicufhd cd ad`rfidifùm hkc `fkm),

rksuctd foplsf`ck kvftdr cd pkrfùhfid hksilmkxfùm
hksilmkxfùm kmtrk
cd prlhuiifùm y ilmsuol quk idrditkrfzd dc idpftdcfsol.
Cd tklrïd hkc vdclr dmdcfzd kstls hkskqufcf`rfls quk
slidvdm km alrod fmtrïmskid y iïicfid d cd diuoucdifùm. Kc
tfkopl hk trd`dgl rkjucd cd hfstrf`uifùm hkc trd`dgl slifdc
km kc umfvkrsl pltkmifdcokmtk idùtfil hkc okridhl y cds
irfsfs frruopkm ilol um olokmtl fmkvftd`ck hk cd
rkprlhuiifùm hkc sfstkod. Kc vdclr hkafmk cds prlplrifl-
mks y rkcdiflmks fmtkrskitlrfdcks quk kxfjk cd diuoucd-
ifùm. ^krl ksls kqufcf`rfls slm fmkxlrd`ckokmtk quk-
`rdmtdhls plr cd ilopktkmifd, km um sfstkod krlsflmdhl
plr sus prlpfds ilmtrdhfiiflmks9.
Km cd ilmvkrjkmifd hk sus trks adiktds ilopckokmtd-
rfds, cd tklrïd hkc vdclr ilmafjurd um m÷ickl hurl hk cd
ilmikpifùm odrxfstd. Ksicdrkik cd jrdvftdifùm hk cd kxpcl-
tdifùm y cd hfokmsfùm iudcftdtfvd hkc trd`dgl d`strditl,
kxpcfid cd hfmäofid iudmtftdtfvd hk cd alrodifùm hk cls
prkifls k fcustrd cds drtfiucdiflmks kspkiïafids kmtrk kc aum-
iflmdofkmtl y cd irfsfs, quk idrditkrfzdm dc idpftdcfsol.

CD L@GKIFÙM Y[@GKXFQFYXD

Cd vkrtfkmtk mklicäsfid dustrfdid l`gktù hkshk prfmifpfl

hkc sfjcl RR cd tklrïd odrxfstd hkc vdclr, rkfvfmhfidmhl
umd ilmikpifùm su`gktfvd hk cd utfcfhdh. Iukstflmù dc trd-
`dgl ilol «÷mfil aditlr hk cd kilmloïdµ y hkstdiù quk

9 Qkr7
Qkr7 P
Pu`
u`fm,
fm, Fsd
Fsddi
di 4462;
62;,, P
Plsh
lshlcs
lcsey
ey Pl
Ploäm
oäm 46:
46:6,
6, ((idp
idp 9 y 6), Odm
Odmhkc
hkc
Krmkst 462;, Zkkes Glbm 466:.
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 8>

8> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

cls prkifls kxprksdm prkakrkmifds hk cls ilmsuofhlrks, d

trdvæs hk um okidmfsol okridmtfc quk drolmfzd cls
hkskls
huitlrkshk8. cls iloprdhlrks ilm cls fmtkrksks hk cls prl-
^krl kstk kmalquk fjmlrd quk kc trd`dgl ml ks um sfo-
pck aditlr. Ilmstftuyk kc pfcdr hk cd prlhuiifùm y kc
ifofkmtl hk cd rkprlhuiifùm hkc idpftdc, hkshk kc
olokmtl quk mfmjumd ditfvfhdh kilmùofid pukhk hks-
drrlccdrsk prksifmhfkmhl hk su pdrtfifpdifùm. ^lr kstd
rdzùm cd prlhuitfvfhdh hkc trd`dgl ks kc fmhfidhlr ikmtrdc
hk cd ditfvfhdh kilmùofid. Dc ilmstftufr cd ÷mfid iudcfhdh
ilo÷m y okmsurd`ck hk tlhds cds okridmiïds, cd odjmf-
tuh hkc trd`dgl fmilrplrdhl d cds okridmiïds ks hktkrof-
mdmtk hk cls prkifls.
Ks ifkrtl quk kxfstkm `fkmks fmodtkrfdcks, hkrfvdhls
hk cd mdturdckzd l rksuctdmtks hk cd ditfvfhdh drtksdmdc (l
drtïstfid), iuyls prkifls ml hkpkmhkm hk ksk pdtrùm cd`l-
rdc. ^krl slm kxikpiflmks sloktfhds d cd cùjfid jkmkrdc
hkc vdclr, d okhfhd quk sk fmtkjrdm dc okhfl do`fkmtk
idpftdcfstd.
Cls mklicäsfils rksdctdm kc idräitkr ml bloljæmkl
hkc trd`dgl y cd ilmsfjufkmtk hfspdrfhdh quk hfstfmjuk cd
ditfvfhdh hk um l`rkrl ilrrfkmtk y idcfafidhl. Hkstdidm
quk kstd hfakrkmifd fmbd`fcftd dc trd`dgl ilol `drùoktrl
hk cls prkifls, yd quk hktkrofmd ilstls ouy hfakrkmtks
pdrd cds okridmiïds ad`rfidhds ilm prkkofmkmifd hk uml
u ltrl tfpl hk trd`dgdhlrks.
^krl ksk hksmfvkc ml fmvdcfhd cd drjuokmtdifùm odr-
xfstd, pukstl quk kc prlpfl okridhl rkhuik l`gktfvd-
 8 @lbo @dw
dwkr
kree K
Ku
ujk
jkm
m vvllm, 4466:;.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 84

okmtk cds hfstfmtds olhdcfhdhks hkc trd`dgl ilmirktl d

um ofsol tfpl hk trd`dgl d`strditl. Ksd bloljkmfzdifùm
sk prliksd km vdcudiflmks hk cds okridmiïds, quk ilm-
tkopcdm cls hfakrkmtks ilstls hk alrodifùm y rkprlhui-
ifùm hk cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl.
Cls mklicäsfils tdo`fæm drjuokmtdm quk cd utfcfhdh
y ml
m l kc trd`dgl
trd` dgl ks kc vkrhd
v krhdhkrl
hkrl dtrf`ut
dtr f`utll ilo÷m
il o÷m d tlhds
t lhds
cds okridmiïds. Ilmsfhkrdm quk ksk kckokmtl ks hkafmf-
tlrfl hk cls prkifls y kxpcfidm cd vdrfdifùm hk cds hfstfm-
tds iltfzdiflmks plr kc jrdhl hk sdtfsadiifùm, quk

l`tfkmk
`fkm. Km idhd fmhfvfhul ilmskcdaumhdokmtdm
kstk rdzlmdofkmtl dhqufsfifùm cdshk tklrïds
ifkrtl
ilmvkmiflmdcks hkc ilmsuofhlr, cds kstfodiflmks idrhf-
mdcks hk cd utfcfhdh (d pdrtfr hk prkakrkmifds pkrslmdcks)
y cds
c ds okhfi
okhfiflmk
flmkss lrhfmd
lr hfmdcks
cks ilop
ilopdrd
drdtfv
tfvds
ds hk ccls
ls hkskls
hksk ls
quk tfkmkm cls iloprdhlrks.
Ifkrtdokmtk cd utfcfhdh ks umd prlpfkhdh fmhfspkmsd-
`ck hk tlhds cds okridmiïds. ^krl tfkmk odylr rkckvdmifd
kilmùofid ilol ilmhfifùm l`gktfvd hk cd prlhuiifùm
p rlhuiifùm (l
kc ilmsuol
adiifùm jkmkrdc),
pkrslmdc. quk ilol
Cd utfcfhdh um pdräoktrl
ks umd hk sdtfs-
ilmhfifùm hkc vdclr
hk iudcqufkr okridmiïd, pkrl sk ilrrksplmhk ilm kc tfpl
hk mkiksfhdhks slifdcks slcvkmtks prkvdckifkmtks km idhd
ktdpd hk cd diuoucdifùm. Ml ks um dtrf`utl okmsurd`ck d
ksidcd fmhfvfhudc.
Cd utfcfhdh slifdc fmacuyk km cd afgdifùm hk cls prkifls, dc
ilmafjurdr cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks ’kstruiturdhds km
 tlrml d cd hfstrf`uifùm hkc fmjrksl kmtrk cds icdsks’ km quk
lpkrd cd prlhuiifùm.
okhfdmtk Kstd fmifhkmifd
kc rkjfstrl okridmtfc ml pukhk kvdcudrsk
hk cds prkakrkmifds fmhfvf-
hudcks djrkjdhds quk plstucdm cls dustrfdils. Pksuctd
foplsf`ck ilopdrdr kc pcdikr, cd sdtfsadiifùm l kc `fkmkstdr

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 80

80 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

quk jkmkrd um prlhuitl sl`rk ifkrtl fmhfvfhul, arkmtk dc

fopditl quk susiftd ksd okridmiïd km ltrd pkrslmd.
Cls mklicäsfils kstfodm quk kc okridhl ilmstftuyk
um rkjfstrl afkc hk cd utfcfhdh, dc suplmkr quk km ksk
äo`ftl cds mkiksfhdhks hk cls ilmsuofhlrks ilmacuykm
ilm cls `kmkafifls hk cls prlhuitlrks. ^krl kstd fodjkm
fhïcfid loftk cd hksilmkxfùm kxfstkmtk kmtrk prlhuifr
pdrd sdtfsadikr cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks y ad`rfidr ilm
l`gktfvls hk cuirl. Ilol kc idpftdcfsol kstä jl`krmdhl
plr kstk skjumhl prlpùsftl, ml `rfmhd pdräoktrls pdrd
kvdcudr iuäc ks cd utfcfhdh slifdc ilckitfvd rkdc y iuäcks
slm cls hkskls prflrftdrfls hk cd pl`cdifùm.
Km kstk tkrrkml sk irkd um `dibk, pdrifdcokmtk rkil-
mlifhl plr tlhls cls dutlrks quk prloukvkm cd fmtkrvkm-
ifùm hkc kstdhl, km cls skitlrks y ditfvfhdhks fjmlrdhls
plr kc okridhl. Km ÷ctfod fmstdmifd ksd hksilmkxfùm
l`khkik d cd prfodiïd hkc vdclr sl`rk kc vdclr hk usl, km
um sfstkod quk prfvfckjfd cd rkmtd`fcfhdh plr kmifod hk
cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks. Cls mklicäsfils fjmlrdm kstk
dmtdjlmfsol.
Yus vlikrls bdm `usidhl hfstfmtls okidmfsols pdrd
ilrrl`lrdr sus tklrïds ilm okhfiflmks hk cd utfcfhdh hk
cls ilmsuofhlrks. ^krl mfmj÷m fmtkmtl cckjù d `ukm
pukrtl. Ml kmilmtrdrlm `drùoktrls hk sdtfsadiifùm fmhf-
 vfhudc y tdoplil
tdoplil puhfkrlm
puhfkrlm hkskmvlcvkr
hkskmvlcvkr iäciucls
iäciucls dikptd-
dikptd-
`cks hk ksds prkakrkmifds.
Kc rkilmlifofkmtl hk ilmhuitds vdrfdhds, fmifkrtds l

idrkmtks
ksd hk fmalrodifùm
kstfodifùm suafifkmtk
hk cls prkifls tlrmù
d pdrtfr d÷mprkakrkmifds
hk cds oäs hfaïifc,
fmhfvfhudcks. Mfmj÷m drskmdc hk alrodcfzdiflmks, iurvds
hk fmhfakrkmifd, rkitds hk prksupukstl l tdsds odrjfmdcks
hk sustftuifùm rkslcvfù kc prl`ckod.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 89

Kstk
bdifd ardidsl
umd tklrïdfmhugl d ouibls mklicäsfils
hk «prkakrkmifds rkvkcdhdsµ, dquk
hkscfzdrsk
ilmsd-
jrd kc d`dmhlml hk cd utfcfhdh. Ksk kmalquk sk cfoftd d
ilmstdtdr iloplrtdofkmtls hk cls ilmsuofhlrks, kcu-
hfkmhl iudcqufkr ilmsfhkrdifùm tkùrfid sl`rk kc vdclr.

QFYFÙM ^PDJOÄXFID

Cd ilrrfkmtk mklicäsfid wdcrdsfdmd iukstflmd cd tklrïd hkc

vdclr plmhkrdmhl
plmhkrdmhl cds tkmhkmi
tkmhkmifds
fds ksplmtä
ksplmtämkds
mkds hkc
hkc idpftd-
idpftd-
cfsol bdifd kc kqufcf`rfl. Hkstdid quk kc okridhl `rfmhd
um okidmfsol hk dgustk mdturdc hk cd kilmloïd, quk
fmhuik dc djkmtk rdiflmdc d trd`dgdr l ilmsuofr, km aumifùm
hk prkifls quk rkackgdm kc kstdhl hk cd lakrtd y cd hkodmhd.
Kstd ofrdhd ilmsdjrd um jfrl prdjoätfil bdifd cd
okrd hksirfpifùm hkc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cls prkifls.
Loftk dmdcfzdr cds rdzlmks quk kxpcfidm cls ido`fls hk
ksds vdrfd`cks k fmicusl hkgd hk cdhl cls trdhfiflmdcks
ilmikptls hkc su`gktfvfsol mklicäsfil, pdrd fmhdjdr
iùol sk alrgdm cds prkakrkmifds fmhfvfhudcks
 Cd vfsfùm wdcrdsfdmd suplmk quk cd hkodmhd hk cls
ilmsuofhlrks sk dgustd d cds aumiflmks hk utfcfhdh y quk
cd lakrtd hk cds koprksds sk dhdptd d cds aumiflmks hk
prlhuiifùm. Kstfod quk cls «aditlrksµ slm rktrf`ufhls
plr su prlhuitfvfhdh odrjfmdc y quk um su`dstdhlr fod-
jfmdrfl dskjurd um dgustk jkmkrdc, quk lptfofzd tlhds cds
vdrfd`cks
vdrfd`cks km gukjl.
gukjl.
^krl ilm kstk kmalquk sk kmadtfzd kc iäciucl, km hks-
okhrl hk cd drjuokmtdifùm. Yk rksdctd cd ilmsfstkmifd
alrodc hk idhd kgkrififl y kc rkjfstrl pumtudc hk cl liu-
rrfhl ilm cd ÷ctfod umfhdh prlhuifhd l ilmsuofhd. Yk

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 88

88 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

prlicdod cd fmutfcfhdh hkc vdclr pdrd kstfodr cd tdsd

fmtkrmd hk rktlrml l pdrd kvdcudr cls rkmhfofkmtls hk cd
fmvkrsfùm. Kstd hksidcfafidifùm hkc odril km quk sk hks-
kmvukcvkm tlhds cds kstfodiflmks, ilmhuik d ilmstrufr
olhkcls hkhuitfvls hkc sdcdrfl y cd tdsd hk fmtkræs, ilm
tltdc fmhkpkmhkmifd hk cd hfstrf`uifùm hkc fmjrksl;.
Cl oäs pdrdhùgfil hk kstd vfsfùm ks su iukstflmd-
ofkmtl hk cds «ilopcfidiflmks d`strditdsµ hkc vdclr, d

pdrtfr hk um olhkcl
fmalrodifùm fodjfmdrfl
trdmspdrkmtk, hk ilopktkmifd
olvfcfhdh pkrakitd,
pckmd hk cls rkiur-
sls y ikrtfhuo`rk tltdc hkc ilmtkxtl kilmùofil.
Kstls prksupukstls slm l`vfdokmtk dr`ftrdrfls.
Fmicuykm iurvds hk hkodmhd hfslifdhds hk cd hfstrf`u-
ifùm hkc fmjrksl y suplmkm ilmhuitds hk cls ilmsuofhl-
rks hksilmkitdhds hk cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks.
slifdcks. Dhkoäs,
kvdc÷dm cd lakrtd sfm tlodr km iukmtd cl quk kakitfvd-
okmtk liurrk km cd kstruiturd prlhuitfvd. Cls iloplr-
 tdofkmtls
umd «tklrïdhkc
hkckoprksdrfl
prlhuitlrµ,slmprkvfdokmtk
ilmik`fhls dhdptdhd
km aumifùm hk
d cls
irftkrfls kstd`ckifhls plr cd «tklrïd hkc ilmsuofhlrµ.
@dgl umd olmtdôd hk kiudiflmks cls wdcrdsfdmls sk
cfoftdm d plstucdr quk cls prkifls kokrjkm hk cd ksidskz,
ilol um rksuctdhl hk ilmvkrjkmifds kmtrk lakrtds y
hkodmhds. Arkiukmtkokmtk ilmstruykm umd kxpcfidifùm
kxpcfidifùm
hk tlhls prkifls, d pdrtfr hk dcjumd iltfzdifùm oäs hktkr-
ofmdmtk hk tlhd cd ditfvfhdh kilmùofid (plr kgkopcl, cd
tdsd hk fmtkræs).
^krl kstk rdzlmdofkmtl ilmhuik d prl`dhds rkack-
xflmks ifriucdrks, km hlmhk umd vdrfd`ck kstrdtæjfid

; Qkr pl
plrr kg
kgko
kopc
pcl7
l7 YYdo
douk
ukcsl
cslm,
m, ^
^duc
duc,, 46
46:9,
:9, Yl
Ylcl
clw,
w, P
P.O
.O,, 46
46:9.
:9.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 8;

vfkm k skr ilmhfifù

vfkmk ilmh fifùm
m y rksuct
rks uctdhl
dhl hk cl quk sk `usid
`us id
hkolstrdr. Cds ilmtrlvkrsfds kmtrk cls mklicäsfils y
bktkrlhlxls hk cls dôls :> sl`rk cd hktkrofmdifùm hkc
idpftdc (hk`dtk hk Ido`rfhjk), hkolstrù icdrdokmtk
kstd kmikrrlmd dmdcïtfid.
Cd lrtlhlxfd ml pukhk dmdcfzdr cls prkifls ilol
kxprksflmks olmktdrfds hkc vdclr plrquk hksilmlik cd
hfokmsfùm dmdcïtfid hk cd tkoplrdcfhdh. Kstuhfd cls ido-
`fls hk ifkrtds vdrfd`cks suplmfkmhl cd fmolvfcfhdh hk cds
rkstdmtks («iktkrfs pdrf`usµ). Kstd alrod hk pkmsdofkmtl
surjfù ilm Ydy, sk dafroù ilm Zdcrds y tkrofmù hk ilm-
sdjrdrsk ilm cd fmtrlhuiifùm hk cd kstätfid ilopdrdhd
(rkckiturd hk Ekymks km icdvk FY-CO).
^krl kstd ofrdhd sfouctdmkfstd fopfhk fmvkstfjdr cd
rkdcfhdh ido`fdmtk y ilmtrdhfitlrfd hkc prliksl hk alr-
 odifùm hk cls prkifls. Km umd kilmloïd hlofmdhd plr cd
fmikrtfhuo`rk, cd dsfjmdifùm kx plst hk cls rkiursls y kc
idräitkr foprkvfsf`ck hk cd fmvkrsfùm, cd lofsfùm hkc
tfkopl kqufvdck mkiksdrfdokmtk d fjmlrdr cd cùjfid `äsfid
hkc sfstkod.

I[KYXFLMDOFKMX
[KYXFLMDOFKMXLY
LY BKXKPLHLRLY

Cd bktkrlhlxfd l`gktd cd tklrïd odrxfstd hkc vdclr, drju-

okmtdmhl quk hksilmlik

kxtrdkilmùofid quk tfkmkmcdcls
mlvkhlsd
prkifls hktkrofmdifùm
`dgl kc idpftd-
cfsol ilmtkoplrämkl. Ykôdcd, dhkoäs, quk kc vdclr ks
umd idtkjlrïd fm÷tfc pdrd iloprkmhkr cd kxpcltdifùm, yd
quk kstk rdsjl pukhk skr kxpcfidhl plr cd kxfstkmifd hk
hksfjudchdhks slifdcks, d su vkz rksuctdmtks hk cd fmkquf-
hdh hfstrf`utfvd y hkc plhkr plcïtfil quk kgkrikm cds

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 81

81 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPR
PRFY
FYXXD, BLV

ofmlrïds. Kstls pcdmtkls dpumtdm d rksdctdr cd jrdvftdifùm

prkkofmkmtk quk tfkmk cd ilmafjurdifùm fmstftuiflmdc hk
tlhls cls sfstkods kilmùofils.
Hfstfmtls dutlrks bktkrlhlxls kstfodm quk kc vdclr ks
umd «mlifùm oktdaïsfidµ (Gldm Pl`fmslm), «prksifmhf`ckµ
(@lykr), «fjmlrdmtk hkc ilmsuofhlrµ (@umjk) l hksilml-
ikhlrd hkc pdpkc hk cd utfcfhdhµ (Yibuopktkr). Ltrls
l`gktlrks oäs ilmtkoplrämkls rkodridm kc idräitkr
«mdturdcfstdµ (Ofc`krj) l «ksikmifdcfstdµ
«ksikmifdcfstdµ (Dodrfjcfl) hk
kstk ilmikptl1.
Cls irïtfils tfkmhkm d prkskmtdr dc vdclr ilol umd
sustdmifd ofstkrflsd, quk lsiurkik iudcqufkr rkackxfùm
 kilmùofid. Arkiukmtkokmtk ilfmifhkm ilm cls iukstfl-
mdofkmtls oäs prdjoätfils. ¼^drd quæ utfcfzdr cd mlifùm
hk vdclr, sf cls koprksdrfls cd fjmlrdm km sus iäciucls hk
fmvkrsflmks, ilstls l `kmkafifls<
^krl cls idpftdcfstds tdoplil rkiurrkm d cls ilmikp-
tls hk «olhl hk rkjucdifùmµ l «rkprlhuiifùm sfstæ-
ofidµ pdrd kvdcudr sus ilmvkmfkmifds. V cd rdzùm ks ouy
sfopck7 ml sukckm kcd`lrdr tklrïds d pdrtfr hk su prlpfd
ditfvfhdh. Ylm cls kilmlofstds qufkmks hk`km alroucdr
cds prkjumtds quk cls koprksdrfls ml sk pcdmtkdm, mf
plhrïdm rksplmhkr.
Yf sk hksidrtd kc vdclr drjuokmtdmhl quk cd ditfvfhdh
ilrrfkmtk kstä rkjfhd plr cls prkifls, bd`rïd quk fopuj-
mdr tdo`fæm cd prkakrkmifd plr cd cfqufhkz l cds mlrods
hk ilmsuol. Km mfmjumd trdmsdiifùm
t rdmsdiifùm kilmùofid sk utfcf-
zdm kstds mliflmks. ^krl cd tklrïd ml pukhk prksifmhfr hk

1 Pl`
Pl`fms
fmslm
lm GGldm
ldm,, 46
4612,
12,(( Fm
Fmtrl
trlhui
huiifù
ifùm),
m), @ly
@lykr,
kr, Pl`krt
Pl`krt,, 4622,
4622, (id
(idpp 4)
4),,
@umjk Odrfl, 4620, (idp 8 y :), Yibuopktkr Glskpb, 4628, (idp 4, 0, 9,
8), Ofc`krj Z, 4661, Dodrfjcfl Gdie, 4661.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 8:

cls ilmikptls d`strditls, sf prktkmhk `usidr kxpcfidifl-

mks d cls hfstfmtls prl`ckods.
Cds ilmikpiflmks hkc vdclr ml ilmstftuykm umd kxikp-
ifùm d kstd mlrod. Ilmtrf`uykm d ksicdrkikr cls akmùok-
mls quk su`tkrrämkdokmtk hktkrofmdm cd kxpcltdifùm, cd
alrodifùm hk cls prkifls y cd hfmäofid hkc idpftdcfsol.
Kstd hktkrofmdifùm
fmtkrprktdm ks fjmlrdhd
cls prkifls plrhk
km aumifùm clsdiiflmks
bktkrlhlxls, quk
plcïtfids,
hkifsflmks tæimfids l fmtkrvkmiflmks rktùrfids. Ilm ksd
 ofrdhd hksilmkitdm kstls prliksls hk su ilmhfiflmd-
ofkmtl kilmùofil l`gktfvl.
Pksdctdmhl kc ilmtkxtl fmstftuiflmdc quk rlhkd d cd
hktkrofmdifùm hk cls prkifls, ml sk cljrd umd fmtkrprktd-
ifùm ilmsfstkmtk hk cds vdrfd`cks kilmùofids. Yùcl l`skr-
vdmhl cd cùjfid hkc idpftd
idpftdcfsol
cfsol sk pukhk iloprkmhkr
iloprkmhk r
iùol sk trdmsalrodm,
ifls. Fmicusl rkjcdokmtdm
cd odmfpucdifùm l olhfafidm hk
kxtrd-kilmùofid clskstds
prk-
odjmftuhks hk`k dgustdrsk km kc cdrjl pcdzl d cls pdtrl-
mks hk cd diuoucdifùm.
Kc ilmikptl odrxfstd hk vdclr ml judrhd mfmj÷m
pdrkmtksil ilm sustdmifd aïsfids l quïofids. Dcuhk d um
tfkopl hk trd`dgl, quk rksuctd mkiksdrfl pdrd iloprkm-
hkr kc kmtrdodhl hk rkcdiflmks slifdcks km quk sk dsfkmtd
kc idpftdcfsol. Kc vdclr kmcdzd iudmtftdtfvdokmtk okr-
idmiïds quk sdtfsadikm mkiksfhdhks hfstfmtds y ilbksflmd
iudcftdtfvdokmtk kc aumiflmdofkmtl hk ksk olhl hk prl-
huiifùm.
Ouibls bktkrlhlxls dafrodm quk km cd krd hkc
olmlplcfl cls prkifls ml surjkm hkc vdclr, sfml hk iäciu-
cls y plcïtfids ilmikrtdhds plr cds jrdmhks koprksds. ^rk-
skmtdm kvfhkmifds hk kstd hktkrofmdifùm plr okidmfs-
ols jkrkmifdcks l plr fmtkrokhfl hk cds rkjucdiflmks

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 82

82 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

kstdtdcks hk ifkrtds iltfzdiflmks kstrdtæjfids (sdcdrfls,

tfpls hk ido`fls, fmsuols icdvks).
^krl kstd afgdifùm ilmikrtdhd hk cls prkifls ks sfko-
prk pdrifdc y ml kcfofmd cd ilopucsfùm ilopktftfvd quk
rfjk dc idpftdcfsol. Yf kstd ilmiurrkmifd bu`fkrd hksdpd-
 rkifhl, cd dsfjmdifùm hk cls rkiursls yd ml skrïd idùtfid y
kc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cds vdrfd`cks odirlkilmùofids
dhlptdrïd alrods prkvfsf`cks y kmokmhd`cks ilm hfsplsf-
iflmks ju`krmdokmtdcks.
Cls diukrhls kmtrk olmlplcfls ml kcfofmdm kc aumhd-
okmtl ilopktftfvl hkc idpftdcfsol, quk kxfjk vdrfd`fcf-
hdh hk jdmdmifds y pærhfhds kxprksdhds km ido`fls hk
prkifls. Kstd ilmiurrkmifd fopfhk kstd`fcfzdr iltfzdifl-
mks y prkhkafmfr su fopditl sl`rk cd fmvkrsfùm, cd jdmdm-
ifd l cd diuoucdifùm.
Ks ifkrtl quk cls okridhls sk ardjokmtdm y gkrdrquf-
zdm d okhfhd quk sk djfjdmtdm cds ilrplrdiflmks. ^krl
kstd trdmsalrodifùm sùcl olhfafid cd ksidcd hk cd ilopk-
tkmifd. Cds dcfdmzds y dslifdiflmks kmtrk jrdmhks ilrpl-
rdiflmks l`stdiucfzdm cd olvfcfhdh hkc idpftdc, jkmkrdmhl
rkmtds tkimlcùjfids y pcus-jdmdmifds skitlrfdcks. ^krl
kstds `drrkrds slm prlvfslrfds y qukhdm krlsflmdhds plr
cd dpdrfifùm hk mukvls ilmiurrkmtks l plr cd pkmktrdifùm
hkc idpftdc km mukvds ditfvfhdhks (djrfiucturd, skrvfifls,
khuidifùm).

CD OFPDHD MKLPFIDPHFDMD

Cd vkrtfkmtk mklrfidrhfdmd hk cd bktkrlhlxfd ilmsfhkrd

quk cd mlifùm odrxfstd hk vdclr ks «rkhumhdmtk k fmmkik-
sdrfdµ. ^drtk hkc olhkcl quk kcd`lrù Yrdaad pdrd rkautdr

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL 86

kc odrjfmdcfsol, hkolstrdmhl quk cls prkifls mklicäsf-

ils hk cls «aditlrksµ ml pukhkm hkhuifrsk hfrkitdokmtk
 hkc okridhl. Ksk pcdmtkl hkolstrù cd mkiksfhdh hk
tlodr km iukmtd, prkvfdokmtk, cds hfstfmtds odjmftuhks
slifdcks l fmstftuiflmdcks quk hktkrofmdm kc mfvkc hkc
sdcdrfl l cd jdmdmifd. Km kstds
: vdrfd`cks rdhfid cd icdvk hk
tlhl kc prliksl kilmùofil .
^drtfkmhl hk kstd irïtfid d cd lrtlhlxfd sk fmtrlhugl
tdo`fæm umd skrfd l`gkifùm dc kmalquk odrxfstd. Yf cls
prkifls sk hkrfvdm hk cds ilmhfiflmks tæimfids y hfstrf`u-
tfvds7 ¼Iuäc ks cd utfcfhdh hk umd tklrïd hkc vdclr<
Cls mklrfidrhfdmls drjuokmtdrlm, dhkoäs, quk kc
ilmikptl hk vdclr hksdrrlccdhl tkùrfidokmtk km kc prf-
okr tlol hk «Kc Idpftdcµ auk d`dmhlmdhl km kc tkrikr
vlcuokm, hùmhk sk rkiurrk d cls prkifls pdrd kc kstuhfl
ilmirktl hkc idpftdcfsol. Ykôdcdrlm quk cls kgkopcls
muoærfils fmtrlhuifhls plr Odrx pdrd hksirf`fr kc
pdsdgk hk cls vdclrks d cls prkifls slm fmilmsfstkmtks.
Kstd fmilbkrkmifd odmtfkmk frrksukctl kc vfkgl «prl-
`ckod hk cd trdmsalrodifùmµ hk kstds odjmftuhks, yd
hk`dtfhl d prfmifpfl hkc sfjcl RR. Pkilrhdrlm quk km
ksls iäciucls sk vflcdm cls prksupukstls icdvks hkc
ksqukod odrxfstd.
Kc ilrlcdrfl hk kstk iukstflmdofkmtl ks kc rkibdzl hkc
vdclr ml sùcl pdrd fmtkrprktdr
fmtkrprkt dr cls pr
prkifls,
kifls, sfml tdo`fæm
pdrd kxpcfidr cd kxpcltdifùm. Ilmsfhkrdm quk kstk rdsjl
pukhk hkrfvdrsk hfrkitdokmtk cd suprkodiïd quk hktkm-
tdm cls idpftdcfstds km cd ksakrd hfstrf`utfvd. Kstk hlofmfl
cks pkroftk ilmtrlcdr kc kxikhkmtk (pcus-prlhuitl aïsfil

: Ytkkh
Ytkkhod
odm
m FFdm,
dm, 46:
46::,
:, J
Jdrk
drkjm
jmdmf
dmf,, ^f
^fkr
krdmj
dmjkc
kcl,
l, 446:6
6:6 Mdp
Mdplc
lckl
klmf
mf Icduhfl,

46:6, Bljhslm, Jklaa, 46:6

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd ;>

;> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY
dprlpfdhl plr cls koprksdrfls) y jdrdmtfzdr cd rkprlhui-
ifùm hkc sfstkod.
^krl ilm kstd kcfofmdifùm hkc vdclr cls mklrfidrhfd-
mls dmucdm kc ilmikptl quk umfafid cd cùjfid jkmkrdc hkc
idpftdcfsol. Yùcl kstd
tæimfid, kc sdcdrfl y cdmlifùm pkroftk
jdmdmifd kstämhkolstrdr
fmtkjrdhlsquk cd
d um
prliksl ilo÷m hk vdclrfzdifùm hkc idpftdc. Yf sk hksidrtd
dc vdclr bdy quk rkiurrfr d supukstls d prflrf, iuyl usl cd
bktkrlhlxfd l`gktd d cls mklicäsfils.
Cds odjmftuhks hkafmfhds km alrod kxùjkmd plr cls
mklrfidrhfdmls slm kc sdcdrfl y cls rkqufsftls odtkrfdcks
hk cd rkprlhuiifùm. Kstds vdrfd`cks hfstrf`utfvds y tæimf-
ids slm fmtrlhuifhds ilol supukstls hkc dmäcfsfs. ^krl
liupdm um cujdr kxpcfidtfvl hk ltrls prkifls, sfm mfmjumd
gustfafidifùm
gustfafidifùm hk iùol
iùol kccds ofsods
ofsods frruopk
frruopkm m km cd hktkr-
hktkr-
ofmdifùm hkc prliksl kilmùofil. Kc ilmikptl hk vdclr v dclr
gustdokmtk kvftd kstk
kst k ilmtrdskmtfhl,
ilmtrd skmtfhl, dc hkafmfr l`gkt
l`gktfvd-
fvd-
okmtk dc sdcdrfl plr kc vdclr hk cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl y
hkrfvdr cds ilmhfiflmks tæimfids hkc tfkopl hk trd`dgl
slifdcokmtk mkiksdrfl, pdrd ad`rfidr y rkkopcdzdr cls
`fkmks hk prlhuiifùm.
Dc prksifmhfr hkc vdclr cls mklrfidrhfdmls tdo`fæm
ilmvfkrtkm cd mkiksfhdh hk cd kxpcltdifùm (`dgl kc idpftd-
cfsol), km umd plsf`fcfhdh hkpkmhfkmtk hk ifriumstdmifds
plcïtfil-fmstftuiflmdcks. Iuämhl kxtfkmhkm kstk ofsol
rdzlmdofkmtl dc `kmkafifl, trdmsalrodm d cd jdmdmifd km
um kxikhkmtk fmstftuiflmdcokmtk hktkrofmdhl, quk ml
kokrjk hk cd vdclrfzdifùm fmtkrmd hkc idpftdc. ^lr kstk
idofml, cls mkxls quk ilmkitdm dc cuirl ilm cd dprlpfd-
ifùm pdtrlmdc hk cd pcusvdcïd qukhdm hfcufhls.
Dcjumls irïtfils hk Odrx loftkm cd hfokmsfùm iudcf-
tdtfvd hkc vdclr y su ilmsfjufkmtk sfjmfafidhl slifdc, d
 0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL ;4

advlr hk umd rkalroucdifùm mdturdcfstd hk ksk ilmikptl,

ilol umfhdhks hk jdstl afsflcùjfil hk trd`dgl. Kc kxik-
hkmtk ks gustdokmtk ilmik`fhl `dgl cd alrod hk sl`rdmtk
hk vdclrks hk usl2.
^krl dc sustftufr kc vdclr plr umd kstfodifùm hfrkitd
hk cls prkifls km umfhdhks aïsfids hk trd`dgl fmilrplrdhl
sk rkirkdm cls prl`ckods hk tlhds cds okhfiflmks, quk
bdm fjmlrdhl kc kakitl hk cd rkhfstrf`uifùm hk pcusvdcïd
km cd alrodifùm hk cls prkifls.
Ilm ksd ofrdhd sk tfkmhk d sftudr, dhkoäs, kc skirktl
hk cd diuoucdifùm km cds ilmhfiflm
ilmhfiflmks
ks tæimfids («okridm-
iïds fmtkrido`fdhds plr okridmiïdsµ), rkhuifkmhl kc

prliksl hk cdhkvdclrfzdifùm
Xlhd cd rkh d umd diuoucdifùm
rkcdiflmks ilkriftfvds odtkrfdc.
quk vfmiucdm d cls
idpftdcfstds ilm cls trd`dgdhlrks ks dskokgdhd d cls
rkqukrfofkmtls odtkrfdcks hk cd rkprlhuiifùm. Kstd
vfsfùm ks l`vfdokmtk
l`vfdokm tk prfsflmkrd
prfsflm krd hkc aktfibfsol
aktfibf sol hk cds
okridmiïds.
Cls mklrfidrhfdmls kstfodm quk pukhkm prksifmhfr
hkc vdclr km cd ksakrd olmktdrfd, utfcfzdmhl olhkcls hk
trukquk y rkkopcdzdmhl kc hfmkrl plr muokrdrfls. ^krl
kstd
vkrfa sustftuifùm
vkrfafidh
fidhlr loftk
lr l`gktfv
l`gktfvl quk cd
l hkc trd`dgl
trd`d olmkhd
ifdc,, qukdit÷d
gl slifdc
sl lpkrdilol
plsum
d plstk-
tk-
rflrf y ml pukhk skr prkkstd`ckifhl l fmtrlhuifhl drtfaf-
ifdcokmtk.
Xlhls cls fmilmvkmfkmtks hkc kmalquk mklrfidrhfdml
l`khkikm d umd fmiloprkmsfùm hk cd hfstfmifùm oktlhl-
cùjfid quk fmtrlhugl Odrx pdrd kstuhfdr dc idpftdcfsol.
Fjmlrdm quk kstk sfstkod hk`k skr kstuhfdhl prfokrl km

2 Pkdtf Dmjkcl, 4662.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd ;0

;0 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

tærofmls d`strditls (suplmfkmhl quk cls prkifls kqufvd-

ckm dc vdclr), pdrd rksdctdr kc sfjmfafidhl hk cd kxpcltdifùm
y cukjl km d`lrhdgks ilmirktls, quk fmilrplrkm cd ilo-
pktkmifd plr cd hfstrf`uifùm hk cd pcusvdcïd (ilm cd ilmsf-
jufkmtk hfakrkmifd kmtrk prkifls y vdclrks).
Kc vdclr ks kc ilmikptl icdvk hk kstd hfstfmifùm. ^kr-
oftk sftudr kc ikmtrl hkc idpftdcfsol km cd kxtrdiifùm hk
pcusvdcïd plr tlhl kc `clquk hk kxprlpfdhlrks, pdrd fmhd-
jdr plstkrflrokmtk iùol sk hfstrf`uyk ksk cuirl kmtrk
cls koprksdrfls. ^lr kstd rdzùm kc tlol c hk «Kc Idpftdcµ
sk dmtfifpd y hfafkrk hkc tlol 9.
Cd vdcfhkz hk cd tklrïd odrxfstd hkc vdclr ml hkpkmhk
hk cd kxditftuh hk um prlikhfofkmtl dmdcïtfil pdrd
«trdmsalrodrµ cls vdclrks km prkifls. Dc ikmtrdr cd hfsiu-
sfùm km kstd fopujmdifùm, ouibds l`gktlrks ml cljrdm
hfakrkmifdr cl kskmifdc hk cl diikslrfl. Yuplmkm krrùmkd-
okmtk quk cd vkrdifhdh hk umd ilmikpifùm sk hfcuifhd km
tlrml d ifkrtl iäciucl.
Ilol km cd rkdcfhdh kopïrfid sùcl kxfstkm cls prkifls,
cl quk kstä km hk`dtk km cd «trdmsalrodifùmµ ks kc okid-
mfsol oäs dptl pdrd fcustrdr iudmtftdtfvdokmtk cd
hkpkmhkmifd hk cls prkifls hkc vdclr. Kstd hfsiusfùm ml
pukhk rkhuifrsk d um prlikhfofkmtl dcjk`rdfil. Kxfjk
kvdcudr cd tltdcfhdh umd tklrïd quk prlplmk kxpcfidr cd
kxpcltdifùm, cls prkifls y cd hfmäofid hkc idpftdcfsol.

YFJMFAFIDHLY V HK@DXKY

Cd tklrïddodrxfstd
hfstfmtl ck dsfjmd
cd dikpifùm dc vdclr
ilrrfkmtk qukum sfjmfafidhl
prkskmtd kstk ouy
tær-
ofml. Ml fmhdjd kc «vdclr ilopktftfvl hk cds koprksdsµ,
 0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL ;9

kc «vdclr djrkjdhl plr cls pdïsksµ l kc «vdclr kstrdtæjfil

hkc ilmlifofkmtlµ. Xdoplil fmvkstfjd kc iloplrtd-
ofkmtl
kmtrk kc hkc «vdclr
«vdclr hk cd yprlhuiifùmµ
mlofmdc p rlhuiifùmµ l cds hfsirkpdmifds
rkdc hk cls ditfvlsµ. Kstd ouctf-
tuh hk dpcfidiflmks rdtfafid cd jrdvftdifùm hkc ilmikptl y
cd hfafiuctdh pdrd prksifmhfr hk su usl, pkrl ml judrhd cd
okmlr rkcdifùm ilm kc prfmifpdc skmtfhl hkc vdclr.
Kc jfrl alrodcfstd y cd tkmhkmifd d kvdhfr cds iukstfl-
mks sustdmifdcks hk cd kilmloïd bdm hfcufhl kc kstuhfl hk
kstk prl`ckod. ^krl iudcqufkr rkackxfùm rkckvdmtk tfkmhk
d rkpcdmtkdr cd trdhfiflmdc lplsfifùm kmtrk cd tklrïd su`gk-
tfvd hk cd utfcfhdh y cd ilmikpifùm l`gktfvd hkc trd`dgl.
Kc dmäcfsfs hkc vdclr fmikmtfvd cd dtkmifùm hk cls prl-
iksls kilmùofils km cd ksakrd prlhuitfvd, km lplsfifùm d
cd prflrfhdh dsfjmdhd plr cls mklicäsfils d cls dilmtkif-
ofkmtls okridmtfcks. Pksdctd cd jrdvftdifùm hkc trd`dgl
d`strditl arkmtk d cd prkkofmkmifd quk ltlrjd cd lrtlhl-
xfd dc ilmsuofhlr y sus prkakrkmifds. Fcustrd kc idräitkr
l`gktfvl hk cd alrodifùm hk cls prkifls, dmtk cd gkrdrquïd
ltlrjdhd plr cd bktkrlhlxfd d cds fmstftuiflmks, km cd
hktkrofmdifùm hk ksds vdrfd`cks.
Kc kstuhfl hkc vdclr pkroftk iloprkmhkr hk quæ
alrod cd ilopktkmifd plr kc `kmkafifl slidvd pkrfùhfid-
okmtk cd kstd`fcfhdh hkc idpftdcfsol, hksofkmtk cds irk-
kmifds mklicäsfids km cd «odml fmvfsf`ckµ y supkrd cd
fmtkrprktdifùm bktkrlhlxd hk cd rkprlhuiifùm idpftdcfstd,
ilol um prliksl jufdhl plr cd «odml vfsf`ckµ hk cd
rkjucdifùm kstdtdc.
Qdrfls dutlrks odrxfstds bdm utfcfzdhl cd tklrïd hkc
vdclr ilol fmstruok
fm struokmtl
mtl kopïrfi
k opïrfill hk kvdcudifùm
kvdcu difùm hk cds
cd s
 tkmhkmifds ilmtkoplrämkds hkc idpftdcfsol. Bdm hkaf-
mfhl mukvls ilmikptls pdrd rkdcfzdr iäciucls hk cd tdsd

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd ;8

;8 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

hk jdmdmifd, okhfr ilopdrdtfvdokmtk cd kvlcuifùm hkc

plhkr hk iloprd y ilrrl`lrdr jrdhls hk plcdrfzdifùm
hkc fmjrksl6.
^krl cd tklrïd l`gktfvd hkc vdclr bd susiftdhl tdo-
`fæm fmtkmsds hfsiusflmks kmtrk cls odrxfstds km vdrfls
tkrrkmls. Cd rkslcuifùm cùjfid hkc prl`ckod hk cd trdms-
alrodifùm jkmkrù, plr kgkopcl, muokrlsds rkspukstds.
Dcjumls pkmsdhlrks dikptdrlm fmfifdcokmtk cd `÷s-
qukhd hk umd slcuifùm odtkoätfid km `dsk dc hfdjmùs-
tfil pcdmtkdhl d bdik oäs hk umd ikmturfd plr cls tkùrf-
ilsilrrksplmhkmifd
hk rfidrhfdmls (ilolhk@lrtefkwfiz).
cls iudhrls hkDtrf`uykrlm
Odrx d umcdkrrlr
adctd
hk iäciucl (iloputdr cls fmsuols km vdclr y cls prlhui-
tls km prkifls)4>.
Kstd idrditkrfzdifùm fmikmtfvù plstkrflrks fmtkmtls hk
ilrrkiifùm dcjk`rdfid, `dsdhls km fmtrlhuifr «ilkafifkm-
tks hk trdmsalrodifùmµ, quk umfalrodrdm cls fmsuols y
cls prlhuitls km tærofmls kqufvdckmtks hk prkifls. Kstk
drtfafifl rkslcvïd cds fmiùjmftds hkc sfstkod rkspktdmhl cds
fjudchdhks kxfjfhds
md`d kc kmalquk hk pdrd
Odrxcddcrkprlhuiifùm, pkrlcls
hksilmlikr quk hfstlrsfl-
prkifls
surjkm dmdcïtfidokmtk hkc vdclr. Kstk fmilmvkmfkmtk sk
prlaumhfzù ilm cd fmtrlhuiifùm hk kiudiflmks hksdjrkjd-
hds, alrodcfzdiflmks odtrfifdcks y ilkafifkmtks tæimfils
 6 Alc
Alcky
ky utf
utfcfz
cfzdd kc «vd
«vdclr
clr hkc hfm hfmkrl
krlµµ il
ilol
ol rkc
rkcdif
difùm
ùm kmt
kmtrk
rk kkcc pr
prlhu
lhuitl
itl
mktl hk idhd kilmloïd y kc tltdc hk cds blrds trd`dgdhds, Pdols dpkcd
d umd rkcdifùm fmvkrsd «kxprksfùm olmktdrfd hkc vdclrµ pdrd kmidrdr
kstds kvdcudiflmks. Arkkodm bd kstfodhl umd «cd`lur dprlppfdtflm
rdtflµ pdrd d`lrhdr kstls iäciucls. Alcky Humidm E, 466:, Pdols Dck-
gdmhrl, 4666, Ark Arkkodm
kodm Dcdm
Dcdm,, 4666
4> Yw
Ywkk
kkzy
zy,, ^
^du
duc,c, 46
46:9
:9,, (id
(idpp ::))

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL ;;

km umfhdhks hk trd`dgl hfrkitl k fmhfrkitl, quk dikmtud-

rlm cd tkmhkmifd d prksifmhfr hkc vdclr.
Ltrls dutlrks rktlodrlm, km ido`fl, cd bfpùtksfs bfs-
tùrfid hk Kmjkcs, quk ilmif`fù umd ilfmifhkmifd hk cls
prkifls ilm cls vdclrks km kc lrfjkm hkc idpftdcfsol.
Ykôdcdrlm quk kstd ilmvkrjkmifd sk bd`rïd hfsukctl ilm
cd jkstdifùm plstkrflr hk cls prkifls hk prlhuiifùm, km cd
rkhfstrf`uifùm hk cd pcusvdcïd quk dilopdôù dc hksdrrlccl
hk cd fmhustrfd44. ^krl kstd bfpùtksfs bd sfhl hkskibdhd
plr qufæmks ilmsfhkrdm quk ksk kstdhfl prkfmhustrfdc
(«prlhuiifùm sfopck hk okridmiïdsµ) ilmstftuyk um drtf-
afifl cùjfil, bfstùrfidokmtk fmkxfstkmtk y pkmsdhl pdrd
kxpcfidr cd hfmäofid d`strditd hk cd diuoucdifùm40.
Kstk kmalquk skôdcd quk cd skiukmifd hk vdclrks, prkifls
hk prlhuiifùm y prkifls hk okridhl, quk sk kxplmk km «Kc
Idpftdcµ sfjuk um lrhkm kxicusfvdokmtk cùjfil. Pkodrid
quk kc prl`ckod hk cd trdmsalrodifùm ml pukhk rkslcvkrsk
km kc pcdml bfstùrfil. Hkstdid quk cd cky hkc vdclr lpkrd`d
sfm hlofmdr km cds slifkhdhks prkidpftdcfstds y quk km
mfmj÷m idsl plhïd hktkrofmdr cls ido`fls hk prkifls.
Ltrd ilrrfkmtk prlplmk umd rkslcuifùm cùjfid hkc
ilmtrlvkrtfhl prl`ckod. Ilmsfhkrd quk cls kgkopcls
muoærfils hk Odrx fcustrdm hls olokmtls tkoplrdcks
hfstfmtls hk cd alrodifùm hk cls prkifls, km um ofsol
 prliksl hk rkprlhuiifùm. Dtrf`uyk cd trdmsalrodifùm d
umd skiukmifd irlmlcùjfid hk cls prkifls afmdcks, quk
vdrïdm km idhd ificl prlhuitfvl
pr lhuitfvl km aumifùm
aumifù m hk cls ido-

`fdmtks prkifls hk rkplsfifùm. Kstfod quk cds olhfafid-

44 Ok
Okke
ke Pl
Plmd
mdch
ch,, 46
46:0
:0..
40 Olsck
Olsckyy Ar
Arkh
kh,, 46
4669
69,, Yoft
Yoftb,
b, X
Xlm
lmy,
y, 4466
6699

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd ;1

;1 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

iflmks muoærfids
hk cls prkifls d clskm hk`dtk,
vdclrks l`khkikm
slifdcks d umd dhdptdifùm
kakitfvdokmtk rkdcfzd-
hls hk cds okridmiïds, d pdrtfr hk sus vdclrks pltkmifdcks.
Kstds dhdptdiflmks kgkopcfafidm iùol sk dhkiudm tko-
plrdcokmtk cls prkifls d cds dctkrdiflmks rkjfstrdhds km cd
prlhuitfvfhdh y km cds mkiksfhdhks slifdcks49.
Kstk kmalquk tkoplrdcfstd ilmvkrjk pdrifdcokmtk
ilm kc pcdmtkl «dmtfhudcfstdµ, prlpukstl plr cls dutlrks
quk sft÷dm d cls vdclrks y d cls prkifls km um ofsol sfs-
tkod dmdcïtfil, fmhfvfsf`ck k frrkslcu`ck ilm fmstruokmtls
dcjk`rdfils. L`gktdm cds fmtkrprktdiflmks kskmifdcfstds (kc
vdclr ilol sustdmifd
sustdm ifd oktdaïsfid)
oktdaïs fid) y kopfrfstds
kopfrfs tds (sùcl
foplrtd cd rkdcfhdh l`skrvd`ck hk cls prkifls), quk rlo-
pkm cd umfalrofhdh hkc sfstkod hk Odrx. Ykôdcdm quk
kstd qufk`rd fopfhk fmhdjdr sfouctämkdokmtk
sfouctämkdokmtk cds hfokm-
sflmks d`strditds y ilmirktds hk cls prliksls kstuhfdhls
km «Kc Idpftdcµ48.
Afmdcokmtk ltrls dutlrks bdm prlpukstl umd «mukvd
slcuifùmµ hk cd trdmsalrodifùm,
trdmsalrodifùm, fmilrplrdmhl ilmikptls
lpkrdtfvls («vdclr hkc hfmkrlµ). Xlodm km iukmtd cd
alrod quk dsuok kc vdclr yd trdmsalrodhl km prkifls (4
 hùcdr ks fjudc d 8 ofmutls hk trd`dgl), sfm ilmsfhkrdr
iùol sk hkskmvlcvfù ksd ilmvkrsfùm. Kstk kmalquk kvdhk
cd rkslcuifùm dmdcïtfid hkc prl`ckod, kstfodmhl quk cd
rkhfstrf`uifùm hk cd pcusvdcïd km cd alrodifùm hk cls prk-
ifls ml ks umd idrditkrfzdifùm quk rkqufkrd skr prl`dhd4;.

49 Idri
Idribkhf
bkhf,, Juj
Jujcfko
cfkol,
l, 46
4664,
64, (I
(Idp
dp 9 y 8)
8),, Ark
Arkkodm
kodm Dcdm
Dcdm,, 4666
4666,, Ecfo
Ecfodm
dm
Dmhrkw, 4662
48 Zlca
Zlcaaa Pf
Pfibdr
ibdrh,
h, P
Pl`kr
l`krts
ts @
@rui
ruik,
k, I
Idccd
dccdrf
rf D
Dmtl
mtlmfl
mfl,, 46
4620.
20.
4; Alcky Humi
Humidm
dm E, 466:, Cfpf
Cfpfktz
ktz Dcdfm
Dcdfm,, 462
462;,
;, Hu
Huoæmfc
oæmfc Jkrdrh
Jkrdrh,, Ckv
Ckvyy
Hlofmfquk, 4664.

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL ;:

ILPPL@LPDIFLMKY K FMXKP^PKXDIFLMKY
Ltrl idopl hk hk`dtk ks cd iloprl`difùm kopïrfid hk cd
hkpkmhkmifd hk cls prkifls hkc tfkopl slifdcokmtk mkik-
sdrfl pdrd cd prlhuiifùm hk okridmiïds. Dcjumls dutlrks
rkibdzdm kstd hkolstrdifùm, drjuokmtdmhl quk kstk iäc-
iucl tfkmhk d fhkmtfafidr kc vdclr ilm umd sustdmifd aïsfid
l`skrvd`ck quk hfcuyk su sfjmfafidhl ilol rkcdifùm slifdc
41
hk kxpcltdifùm .
^krl kstd l`gkifùm ml dicdrd iuäc ks cd fmilopdtf`fcf-
hdh kmtrk rkilmlikr cd hfokmsfùm iudcftdtfvd hkc trd`dgl
d`strditl y `usidr fmstruokmtls hk okhfifùm hkc tfkopl
hk trd`dgl. Cd tklrïd odrxfstd hkc vdclr fmicuyk umd cky
fmtkrprktdtfvd hk cls prkifls, iuyd ilrrl`lrdifùm rkquf-
rfkrk iäciucls. Yf sk rkmumifd d cd ilmokmsurd`fcfhdh hkc
vdclr, kc ilmikptl
ilmikpt l qukhd rkckjdhl
rkckjdh l d um umfvkrsl
umfvkrs l purd-
okmtk fhkdc. Ml bdy quk lcvfhdr quk cd tklrïd tuvl su lrf-
 jkm kmtrk
trd`dgl kilmlofstds
ilol icäsfils,
fmstruokmtl quk `usid`dm
pdrd iltfzdr utfcfzdr
tkrrkmls dc
y rkjfs-
trdr cds jdmdmifds hk cds koprksds. Yk fmtkmtd`d kmilm-
trdr umd alrod hk ilmtd`fcfzdr kc trd`dgl slifdc pdrd adif-
cftdr cd lrjdmfzdifùm hk cd prlhuiifùm.
Ltrls tkùrfils ilmsfhkrdm quk cd ditudc «hks-odtk-
rfdcfzdifùm hk cd prlhuiifùmµ tlrmd foplsf`ck kc iäciucl
hkc vdclr. Kstfodm quk kc irkifofkmtl kilmùofil
hkpkmhk hk fmirkokmtls km cds idcfafidiflmks y cd prl-
huitfvfhdh, quk slm dplrtdhls plr4: umd su`gktfvfhdh ml
iudmtfafid`ck hk cls trd`dgdhlrks . ^krl iudcqufkrd skd kc

41 Pk
Pkut
utkm
km Jk
Jkkr
krt,
t, 46
4669
69..
4: Mk
Mkjr
jrff D
Dmt
mtllmfl,
mfl, 46
466:
6:..

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd ;2

;2 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

dcidmik hk ksd trdmsalrodifùm, mfmjumd rdzùm foplsf`f-

cftd okmsurdr ksd fmacukmifd, kvdcudmhl cls ilstls hk alr-
odifùm y rkprlhuiifùm hk cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl idcfafidhd.
[md alrod hk ilrrl`lrdr kopïrfidokmtk cd hkpkm-
hkmifd hk cls prkifls hkc vdclr bd sfhl hksdrrlccdhd plr
vdrfls dutlrks
dutlr ks utfcfzdmhl
utfcfzd mhl cd odtrfz fmsuol-prlhui
fmsuol- prlhuitl.
tl.
Ilmsfhkrdm quk cds ifards rkprkskmtdtfvds hkc trd`dgl ilm-
tkmfhl km idhd skjokmtl fmhustrfdc dpdrkikm km kc fmput
hk ksds td`cds (vdclr irkdhl km kstls skitlrks) y quk cds
odjmftuhks hkc luput kqufvdckm d cls prkifls hk prlhui-
ifùm ilrrksplmhfkmtks. Bdm rkdcfzdhl kstfodiflmks ilm
odtrfiks hk hfvkrsls pdïsks, ilm cd fmtkmifùm hk bdikr
lpkrdtfvd cd cky hkc vdclr. Kstk kmalquk jkmkrù um foplr-
tdmtk hk`dtk sl`rk cd ilmvkmfkmifd hk ilmsfhkrdr d cls
42
 prkifls ilol dprlxfodiflmks hfrkitds hkc vdclr .
Ltrl tkod km hfsiusfùm ks kc sfjmfafidhl plcïtfil hkc
vdclr. Xlhls cls odrxfstds
odrxfst ds ilfmifhkm
ilfmifhk m km hksidrtdr
hksidr tdr cd
fhkmtfafidifùm hk kstk ilmikptl ilm «vdclrks olrdcks, ætf-
ils l adofcfdrksµ l su dslifdifùm ilm prfmifpfls gurïhfils
hk kqufhdh. Kc vdclr ks um fmstruokmtl dmdcïtfil hk cd
cùjfid hkc idpftdc. ^krl cd rkcdifùm kmtrk kstk aumhdokmtl
l`gktfvl y cd diifùm su`gktfvd hk cds icdsks slifdcks ks um
prl`ckod oäs ilmtrlvkrtfhl.
Ifkrtls dutlrks rkodridm, dikrtdhdokmtk, quk cd tkl-
rïd hkc vdclr ilmtrf`uyk d iloprkmhkr cd hfmäofid hk cd
diuoucdifùm, kmcdifkrtl
hks y cïoftks hk cuibdodril hk ilmhfiflmks,
hk icdsks 46
. ^krl ltrlsplsf`fcfhd-
dmdcfstds
fmtkrprktdm dc vdclr ilol umd «mlifùm plcïtfidµ, quk

42 Ybdf
Ybdfe,
e, Dmw
Dmwdr,
dr, 462;
462;,, Q
Qdcck
dcck @dkz
@dkzdd D
Dckgd
ckgdmhrl
mhrl,, 44664
664
46 Odmh
Odmhkckc K
Krmks
rmkst,
t, 44662-
662-`,
`, B
Bussl
usslm,
m, OOfibk
fibkc,c, 46
4661-`
61-`,, (i
(idp
dp 0)
0)..

0. QD
QDCL
CLPP V ^P
^PKI
KIFL
FL ;6

pkroftk fmhdjdr cd rksfstkmifd hk cls trd`dgdhlrks arkmtk d

cds foplsfiflmks hk cd `urjuksïd0>.
Kstd ÷ctfod vfsfùm rkstrfmjk cd tklrïd d umd aumifùm
prlvkkhlrd hk drjuokmtls ilmtrd cd lprksfùm slifdc,
loftfkmhl quk tdo`fæm dpumtd d kstuhfdr ckyks idpftdc,
ilm ifkrtd dutlmloïd hk idhd ilyumturd hk cuibd slifdc.
Yf sk loftk kstd aumifùm sk hfcuyk cd jrdvftdifùm hk cd tkl-
rïd pdrd kc dmäcfsfs hk cls prkifls, cd diuoucdifùm l cd tdsd
hk jdmdmifd y tlhds cds rkackxflmks qukhdm rkstrfmjfhds d
fmhdjdiflmks hkpkmhfkmtks hk cds ilmtfmjkmifds hk cd
ilmarlmtdifùm icdsfstd.
 Kc ofsol prl`ckod dpdrkik km cd prkskmtdifùm hk cd
cky hkc vdclr ilol umd «tklrïd hk cd kspkrdmzdµ hk cls
dsdcdrfdhls arkmtk d cd «hk`fcfhdh hkc idpftdc pdrd su`lr-
hfmdr kc trd`dglµ04. Cd ilmikpifùm qukhd dsï rkstrfitfvd-
okmtk dslifdhd d cd kvdcudifùm hk æxftls sfmhfidcks, plcï-
tfils l slifdcks hk cls trd`dgdhlrks. ^lr ksk idofml
qukhd hksvfrtudhd cd afmdcfhdh dmdcïtfid `äsfid hk cd tkl-
rïd, quk ks kc kstuhfl hk cls okidmfsols quk pkroftkm cd
rkprlhuiifùm hkc idpftdc d pdrtfr hk cd kxtrdiifùm hk cd
pcusvdcïd.
Km rkdcfhdh ml kxfstk mfmjumd rkcdifùm hfrkitd kmtrk
cd rk`kcfùm plpucdr y cd cky hkc vdclr. Xdm sùcl pukhk dafr-
odrsk quk cd fmsu`lrhfmdifùm hk cls trd`dgdhlrks tfkmhk
d slidvdr kc aumiflmdofkmtl mlrodc hk cd diuoucdifùm,
iuämhl cd fmtkmsfhdh hk ksd cuibd ilmhuik d alrods hk
rkjucdifùm kstdtdc hk cls prkifls. ^krl km jkmkrdc, cd cky
hkc vdclr aumiflmd km `dsk d cd su`lrhfmdifùm hk cls lprf-

0> Hk Dmjk
Dmjkcf
cfss O
Ods
dssfsfol
ol,, 4466
66;;
04 Bl
Blcc
cclw
lwdy
dy Glbm
Glbm,, 4466
6622

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 1>

1> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

ofhls y ml km cls olokmtls hk rupturd hk ksk sloktf-

ofkmtl.
Kxfstk afmdcokmtk um tkrrkml hk hfsiusfùm hk cd cky
hkc vdclr rkakrfhl d cd alrod km quk sk trdmsalrod l
kxtfmjuk kstk prfmifpfl, hurdmtk cd trdmsfifùm hkc idpftd-
cfsol dc slifdcfsol. Kc hk`dtk kmtrk qufkmks plstucdm su
pkrhurd`fcfhdh
vftdif
vftdifùm
ùm cukjl hlk su
cukjl hk fprljrksfvd
cd fopcls
opclsfùm hhksdpdrfifùm
fùm hkc «`clquk pkrhfù
kc kx «`clquk slifdcf jrd-
slifdcfstdµ.
stdµ.
 ^krl ksd ilmtrlvkrsfd ml ks diikslrfd, mf prksifmhf`ck.
prksifmhf`ck.
Dc ilmtkmkr umd fmtkrprktdifùm hk cd kxpcltdifùm, umd
kxpcfidifùm hk cls prkifls y umd idrditkrfzdifùm hkc aum-
iflmdofkmtl hkc idpftdcfsol, cd tklrïd odrxfstd hkc vdclr
tdo`fæm fmicuyk umd prlpukstd hk kodmifpdifùm `dsdhd
km kc slifdcfsol. Ditudcfzdr kstk sfjmfafidhl ks vftdc pdrd
rkmlvdr kc prlykitl hk krfjfr umd slifkhdh sfm kxpcltdhl-
00
rks y kxpcltdhls .

00 Bkol
Bkolss dmdcf
dmdcfzdhl
zdhl kkstk
stk tk
tkod
od km mu
mukstr
kstrll cf`rl
cf`rl sl`
sl`rk
rk kc sli
slifdcf
fdcfsol
sol,, Edtz
Icduhfl, 0>>8, (idp 8).

Idpïtucl 9
^PLIKYL HK XPD@DGL
 Kc prliksl hk trd`dgl ilmstftuyk um idopl hk fmtkmsd
ilmarlmtdifùm tkùrfid hkc odrxfsol ilm cd lrtlhlxfd y cd
bktkrlhlxfd. Km kstd ärkd sk prliksdm cds rkcdiflmks hk
kxpcltdifùm quk hkmumifd cd prfokrd ksiukcd, hksilmlik
cd skjumhd y iukstflmd cd tkrikrd. Kstds hfvkrjkmifds sk
odmfafkstdm km idrditkrfzdiflmks ilmtrdpukstds hk tlhls
cls dspkitls hk cd ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc.
[m `ukm pumtl hk pdrtfhd pdrd kvdcudr kstds ofrdhds
ks kc kstuhfl hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc hkc prliksl hk trd`dgl.
Kstk dmäcfsfs auk hksdrrlccdhl km cls dôls :> plr kc odr-
xfstd mlrtkdokrfidml Bdrry @rdvkrodm, okhfdmtk um
kmalquk quk rkvlcuiflmù cd sliflcljïd cd`lrdc.

KC YFJMFAFIDHL HKC XDVCLPFYOL

@rdvkrodm hksirf`fù iùol kc trd`dgl buodml sk hfakrkm-
ifd hk cls ditls fmstfmtfvls hk cls dmfodcks plr su idräi-
tkr prkokhftdhl y ilmifkmtk. ^krl hkstdiù tdo`fæm quk
km kc prliksl cd`lrdc cd ilmikpifùm pukhk arditurdrsk hk
cd rkdcfzdifùm hk cds tdrkds, pkroftfkmhl quk cd ditfvfhdh
ilmik`fhd plr um fmhfvfhul skd ilmirktdhd plr ltrl. Kstd
plsf`fcfhdh hk ilodmhdr kc trd`dgl dgkml, pkroftk kstd-
`ckikr umd rkcdifùm hk kxpcltdifùm d advlr hk cls `kmkaf-
ifdhls hk ksd rupturd4.

4 @rdvkrodm Bdrry, 462>.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 10

10 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Hurdmtk cd ksicdvftuh y kc akuhdcfsol cds icdsks hlof-

mdmtks rkiurrïdm kxpcïiftdokmtk d cd aukrzd pdrd kxpcltdr
d cls lprfofhls. ^krl `dgl kc idpftdcfsol ksd ilkrifùm
aïsfid hfrkitd bd sfhl rkkopcdzdhd plr umd ilopucsfùm
kilmùofid. ^drd su`sfstfr, cls dsdcdrfdhls hk`km d vkmhkr
su aukrzd hk trd`dgl d um vdclr fmakrflr dc fmilrplrdhl
hurdmtk cd glrmdhd cd`lrdc.
^krl kstd dprlpfdifùm hk pcusvdcïd kxfjk kc ilmtrlc
idpftdcfstd hkc prliksl hk trd`dgl. @rdvkrodm kstuhfù cds
alrods hk ksd hlofmdifùm, hkstdidmhl quk cls pdtrlmks
mkiksftdm supkrvfsdr iufhdhlsdokmtk kc usl hk cd idpdif-
hdh ousiucdr y ikrk`rdc hk cls lpkrdrfls.
Kc tkùrfil kstdhlumfhkmsk hksirf`fù cd bfstlrfd hk ksk
ilmtrlc (prlcktdrfzdifùm hk cls idopksfmls V kxprlpfd-
ifùm hk cls ilmlifofkmtls drtksdmdcks) hurdmtk kc träm-
sftl hk cd odmuaditurd d cd jrdm fmhustrfd. Pkilrhù quk
kc idpftdcfsol sk ilmalroù ilol sfstkod, prfvdmhl d
cls dsdcdrfdhls hk cls okhfls hk su`sfstkmifd y idptu-
rdmhl su odmkgl hkc sd`kr tæimfil. Cd hfvfsfùm hkc trd-
`dgl sk hkskmvlcvfù pdrd dskjurdr kstd hfsifpcfmd hk cls
lpkrdrfls.
^krl kc bftl ikmtrdc hk kstk prliksl auk cd jkmkrdcfzd-
ifùm hkc tdyclrfsol hurdmtk cds prfokrds hæidhds hkc
sfjcl RR. Kstk olhkcl fopusl kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc ilol
mlrod jkmkrdc hk cd ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc. Fmstdurù umd
«lrjdmfzdifùm ifkmtïafid hkc trd`dglµ, `dsdhd km cd idhkmd
hk olmtdgk, kc irlmùoktrl, cd pdrikcdifùm hk cds tdrkds y
cd oktfiuclsd dhdptdifùm hkc ksaukrzl cd`lrdc d cls rftols
hk prlhuiifùm.
Xdyclr mumid liuctù su fmtkmifùm hk slalidr cd rksfs-
tkmifd hk cls l`rkrls, rkhuifkmhl su iloprkmsfùm hk cds

tdrkds rkdcfzdhds. Kstd`ckifù um sfstkod quk hfscliù cds

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 19
 kspkifdcfhdhks y ilmikmtrù cls ilmlifofkmtls km cd
jkrkmifd. ^drd pltkmifdr cd vdclrfzdifùm hkc idpftdc `rutd-
cfzù cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl.
@rdvkrodm rksdctù cd mdturdckzd idpftdcfstd hk kstk
ksqukod cd`lrdc, quk hkc
pfkzd fmtkrido`fd`ck trdmsalrod dc trd`dgdhlrKckm
prliksl prlhuitfvl. umd
tdycl-
rfsol sk kxpdmhfù prfokrl km cd fmhustrfd, pkmktrù cukjl
km cds lafifmds y sk kxtkmhfù afmdcokmtk dc ilokrifl y cls
skrvfifls.
Cls prlpfls supkrvfslrks qukhdrlm dtrdpdhls plr um
sfstkod quk ilclmfzù d tlhds cds prlaksflmks. Fmicusl vfk-
gds ditfvfhd
ditfvfhdhks
hks pkrslmdcfzdhds
pkrslm dcfzdhds (ilol kc trd`dgl hk cd
skirktdrfd) qukhdrlm sloktfhds d cd olmltlmïd ardjokm-
tdrfd hkc tdyclrfsol.

KQDC[DIFÙM BFYXÙPFID

Cds tksfs hk @rdvkrodm fmikmtfvdrlm fmtkmsls hk`dtks

bfstlrfljräafilss sl`rk kc lrfjkm hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc. Kc
bfstlrfljräafil
trd`dgl hlofifcfdrfl y cd rkoumkrdifùm plr pfkzd aukrlm
kskmifdcks km Jrdm @rktdôd pdrd ilmsuodr cd kxprlpfd-
ifùm hk cls ilmlifofkmtls l`rkrls. Okhfdmtk umd dikm-
tudhd hfvfsfùm hkc trd`dgl sk fmirkokmtù cd vfjfcdmifd
sl`rk lpkrdrfls djrupdhls km aä`rfids, quk aukrlm khfaf-
idhds gumtl d cds iärikcks y cls rkalrodtlrfls.
Kstk hlofmfl pdtrlmdc pkrhfù tkrrkml hurdmtk cd
skjumhd oftdh hkc sfjcl RFR ilm kc dafdmzdofkmtl hk cd
lrjdmfzdifùm sfmhfidc y cd rkhuiifùm hk cd glrmdhd hk trd-
`dgl. Km ksk olokmtl ilokmzù um prliksl fmvkrsl hk
rkdprlpfdifùm pdrifdc hkc ilmtrlc cd`lrdc plr pdrtk hk cls
trd`dgdhlrks. Kstd rkilmqufstd sk kxtkmhfù, iuämhl cd

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 18

18 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

prksfùm ilopktftfvd l`cfjù d cls koprksdrfls d hfvkrsfaf-

idr sus alrods hk dhofmfstrdifùm0.
Xdo`fæm km Kstdhls [mfhls cd lrjdmfzdifùm hkc trd-
`dgl tuvl umd kvlcuifùm ilmtrdhfitlrfd.
ilmtrdhfitlrfd. Xdyclr dvkrfjuù
cls skirktls hk cd ad`rfidifùm, idciucù cls tfkopls (y
olvfofkmtls) hk cls lpkrdrfls y kstd`ckifù cls rftols hk
prlhuiifùm. ^krl umd vkz prliksdhl kc fopditl fmfifdc hk
kstk dtrlpkccl, cls trd`dgdhlrks cfoftdrlm pdrifdcokmtk cd
tfrdmïd hk cd idhkmd hk olmtdgk.
Cd «lrjdmfzdifùm ifkmtïafid hkc trd`dglµ `usiù ilm-
trdrrkstdr cd aukrzd slifdc hk cls dsdcdrfdhls, km um pdïs
ilm dctl irkifofkmtl y jrdm olvfcfhdh cd`lrdc. ^krl ksk
æxftl pdtrlmdc
ilmvkmfls qukhù ykrlsflmdhl
ilckitfvls ilm hk
cd ckjdcfzdifùm cd ilmqufstd hk cls
cls sfmhfidtls.
Kc tdyclrfsol dilopdôù tdo`fæm cd kxpdmsfùm hk cds
jrdmhks ilrplrdiflmks, quk hkspcdzdrlm dc fmvkmtlr
fmhkpkmhfkmtk y su`lrhfmdrlm d cls fmjkmfkrls d cd
koprksd. Km ksk pkrïlhl sk fopusl cd kstdmhdrfzdifùm hk
cd ifkmifd y kc dafdmzdofkmtl hk umd fhklcljïd pdtrlmdc km
cd kmskôdmzd. ^krl tdo`fæm kstk iursl kmarkmtù skrfds
rksfstkmifds.

oäs,Cdilm
fopcdmtdifùm hkc mukvl
cds fmmlvdiflmks quk olhkcl
hltdrlmilfmifhfù, dhk-
d cd idhkmd hk
olmtdgk hkc acugl rkjucdr hk kmkrjïd, rkqukrfhl pdrd cd
prlhuiifùm fmfmtkrruopfhd. Yk ilmsuoù umd tdo`fæm
umd rklrjdmfzdifùm dhofmfstrdtfvd pdrd dikckrdr cls
tfkopls hk ad`rfidifùm y ifriucdifùm hk cds okridmiïds.
Cd prlpfd jkrkmifd tkrofmù d`slr`fkmhl kc tdyclrfsol y

0 Qkr
Qkr77 O
Odrj
drjcfm
cfm Ytk
Ytkpbd
pbdm,
m, 46:
46::,
:, Cdz
Cdzlmf
lmfie
ie Zfc
Zfccfd
cfdo,
o, Wkf
Wkftcf
tcfm
m GGlmd
lmdtbd
tbdm5
m5
Kc`duo @krmdrh,
@krmdrh, Zfcefmslm Ardmie, 46:6.
 9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 1;

sùcl um rkhuifhl hfrkitlrfl odmtuvl cd umfhdh hk ilm-

ikpifùm y rkdcfzdifùm hkc ilmgumtl hk cd ditfvfhdh9.
Cd «lrjdmfzdifùm ifkmtïafid hkc trd`dglµ mumid
fopusl tltdcokmtk cd hfsifpcfmd hkc irlmùoktrl, pkrl
hkgù alrods pkrhurd`cks hk dhofmfstrdifùm koprksdrfd.
¼Kstds olhdcfhdhks su`sfstkm l sk bdm kxtfmjufhl<

ILMAFPODIFLMKY ^DPIFDCKY

Cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc ilmtrf`uyk d kxpcfidr

ouibls rdsjls hk cd lakmsfvd mklcf`krdc hk cds ÷ctfods
hæidhds. Ksk dtrlpkccl bd `usidhl rkiupkrdr cd hlofmd-
ifùm idpftdcfstd hkc prliksl hk trd`dgl, quk auk hksdafdhd
plr cds rk`kcflmks l`rkrds hk cls dôls 1> y :>. Cd plcïtfid
hk ackxf`fcfzdifùm cd`lrdc bd sfhl umd kxpcïiftd rkspukstd d
cd cuibd hk ksk pkrïlhl.
Okhfdmtk cd rkhuiifùm hk cls sdcdrfls y cd odsfafid-
ifùm hkc hkskopckl, cls trd`dgdhlrks aukrlm ilclidhls d
cd hkakmsfvd. Cds icdsks hlofmdmtks rkiurrfkrlm d cd
il`krturd fhklcùjfid hk um supukstl fopkrdtfvl tæimfil,
pdrd rkiloplmkr kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc.
D trdvæs hk cd rltdifùm hk tdrkds sk rkkstd`ckifù kc
odmkgl jkrkmifdc hk cls tfkopls y olvfofkmtls, ilm cd
plcfvdckmifd sk ouctfpcfidm cds l`cfjdiflmks hkc trd`dgd-
hlr y ilm cls iïriucls hk idcfhdh sk kxtkmhfkrlm cds rks-
plmsd`fcfhdhks km kc iuopcfofkmtl hk cds oktds hk prl-
huiifùm. Cls jrupls dutùmlols bdm skrvfhl pdrd

9 Qkr
Qkr77 O
Olmt
lmtjlo
jlokry
kry Hdv
Hdvfh,
fh, 462
462;,
;, Jlr
Jlrhlm
hlm HO, Khw
Khwdrh
drhss P, Pkfib
Pkfib GO,
GO,
462;, Ml`ck Hdvfh, 462:, Ibdmhckr Dcarkh, 462:.
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 11

11 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

ilopckokmtdr kstd hfsifpcfmd, ilm kxfjkmifds hk iufhdhl

hk cd idcfhdh y rkslcuifùm hk cls hkspkrakitls.

sfùmKcplr
trd`dgl ackxf`fcfzdhl
hfsofmufr fmirkokmtù,
cls tfkopls dhkoäs,
oukrtls cd prk-
y rkhuifr cds
kxfstkmifds. Ilm kc «gust fm tfokµ rkdpdrkifù cd vfkgd
l`sksfùm tdyclrfstd plr dikckrdr kc prliksl hk ad`rfidifùm.
Kstd rklrjdmfzdifùm bd sfhl ilo`fmdhd ilm odylr su`-
ilmtrdtdifùm y kopckl hk tfkopl pdrifdc, pdrd dprlvk-
ibdr dc oäxfol cd idpdifhdh ousiucdr y ikrk`rdc hk cls
dsdcdrfdhls.
Cd fmtkmsfafidifùm hkc trd`dgl sk bd vkrfafidhl km cds
÷ctfods hls hæidhds, km tlhls cls pdïsks y skitlrks. Km
Kstdhls [mfhls bd sfhl ouy vfsf`ck cd dopcfdifùm hk cd
glrmdhd hk trd`dgl,
trd `dgl, kc
k c duokmtl
duokmt l hkc ksaukrzl
ks aukrzl cd`lrdc y cd
rkhuiifùm hkc tfkopl hk rkirkdifùm. Cd pu`cfiftdhd jrdtf-
afidifùm hk dcjumls trd`dgls sùcl fmvlcuird d um skitlr
ofmlrftdrfl hk cds koprksds.
Km Gdpùm rfjk umd djl`fdmtk sl`rkhlsfs cd`lrdc, quk
sk djrdvù hurdmtk cd ilmtfmudhd rkiksfùm hk cls 6>. Kstd
ilyumturd slidvù cd kstd`fcfhdh hkc kopckl y dakitù cds
dtrf`uiflmks hk cls trd`dgdhlrks idcfafidhls. Xdo`fæm km
cls pdïsks kurlpkls ’quk odmtuvfkrlm ilmqufstds cd`l-
rdcks mumid dcidmzdhds km ltrds rkjflmks’ sk prlhugl
umd hrdoätfid prljrksfùm hkc kopckl d tfkopl pdrifdc.
Kstd lprksfùm ilmtrdstd ilm cd hfaumhfhd fodjkm hkc
«trd`dgl plsalrhfstd ilmskmsudhlµ, quk liuctd cd pkrsfs-
tkmtk ilmtfmufhdh hkc suarfofkmtl cd`lrdc.
Km cds mdiflmks pkrfaærfids cd hkjrdhdifùm bd fmicufhl
cd `rutdcfhdh hk cds odqufcdhlrds ikmtrldokrfidmds y kc
slalidmtk rftol hk cds cïmkds hk olmtdgk hkc suhkstk dsfä-
 slalidmtk rftol hk cds cïmkds hk olmtdgk hkc suhkstk dsfä
tfil. Cds ilrplrdiflmks cuirdm ilm cd clidcfzdifùm hk
pcdmtds, km cds zlmds hk odylr `drdturd hk cd aukrzd hk

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 1:

trd`dgl. Cd dokmdzd hk trdscdhdr cd aä`rfid d cd pkrfakrfd

sk bdhk
sfùm ilmvkrtfhl, dhkoäs,
cds prltkstds slifdckskmkmumclsfmstruokmtl hk hfsud-8.
pdïsks hksdrrlccdhls
Kstk iudhrl hk fmtkmsfafidifùm hkc trd`dgl fcustrd cd
su`sfstkmifd hk ouibls rdsjls hkc tdyclrfsol, tdmtl km cd
dikpifùm supkrafifdc hkc tærofml (trd`dgl rutfmdrfl),
ilol km kc skmtfhl hk ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc, quk prlpusl
@rdvkrodm. Ouibls tkùrfils hkc «pls-tdyclrfsolµ fjml-
rdm kstd pkrsfstkmifd.
Kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc sk odmtfkmk km cd djkmhd hk cd
icdsk
pkrl mlidpftdcfstd. Cls Dumquk
sus l`gktfvls. jkrkmtksbd`ckm
ido`fdrlm kc ckmjudgk,y
hk ilmlifofkmtl
iloumfidifùm gkrdrqufzdm kc odmtkmfofkmtl hk cd hfsif-
pcfmd km cd koprksd.
Kc tdyclrfsol su`sfstk, dhkoäs, ilol fmstruokmtl hk
rupturd hk cds rkcdiflmks quk kstd`ckikm fmalrodcokmtk
cls trd`dgdhlrks pdrd rkhuifr cd prksfùm jkrkmifdc. Cds
mukvds tkimlcljïds hk cd fmalrodifùm slm pdrtfiucdr-
okmtk utfcfzdhds ilm ksk prlpùsftl;.

pdrd^krl cds tksfs

kxpcfidr hk @rdvkrodm
plr quæ kmarkmtdm
rdzùm cls vfkgls hfafiuctdhks
irftkrfls tdyclrfstds
tfkmhkm d skr ofxturdhls ilm mukvds tæimfids hk dhof-
mfstrdifùm. Cd cïmkd hk olmtdgk y cds tdrkds prkafgdhds slm
ilo`fmdhds ilm ifkrtd hkckjdifùm hkc plhkr hk hkifsfùm.
 8 Cd rkdc
rkdcfhd
fhdhh cd
cd`lr
`lrdc
dc km Kst
Kstdhl
dhlss [m
[mfhl
fhls,
s, K
Kur
urlpd
lpd,, Gd
Gdpù
pùmm y cd ppkrf
krfakr
akrfd
fd ks
rktrdtdhd plr Bumtkr Odre, 0>>>, Ofceodm Putb, 466:, Arkysskmkt
Ofibkc, Elfibf Ybfofzu, 4662, @drrfkr Cymm, Ibrfstfmk, 4629, Cfmbdrt
Hdmfkck, 466:, Hkglurs Ibrfstlpbk, 4662, Cfpfktz, Dcdfm, 4660, (idp 0,
8, ;).
; Qkr cd dditu
itudcf
dcfzdi
zdifùm
fùm hk ccls
ls hhfsi
fsiurs
ursls
ls y oæt
oætlhl
lhlss td
tdycl
yclrfs
rfstds
tds km7 Hru
Hruiek
iekrr
^ktkr, 4660, Hfmd Dmjkcl, 4622, Ybdfekm Bdrcky, 4624.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 12

12 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Cd tfrdmïd hkc irlmùoktrl prkvdckik km cls skitlrks quk

rkqufkrkm vkclifhdh hk ad`rfidifùm, prlhuiifùm kstdmhd-
rfzdhd y jdstl ousiucdr fmtkmsfvl. ^krl km cds ditfvfhdhks
quk kxfjkm odylr idcfhdh y kspkifdcfzdifùm sk rkaukrzd kc
pdpkc hk mukvls prlikhfofkmtls.
Kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc bd kmarkmtdhl um skrfl cïoftk pdrd
jkstflmdr tdrkds ilopckgds. Ilm sfopck hfvfsfùm hk ilo-
pktkmifds y skpdrdifùm hk ditfvfhdhks ml sk pukhk fmvl-
cuirdr dc trd`dgdhlr km cds cd`lrks, quk kxfjkm odylr
dtkmifùm1.

CLY ^PL@CKODY HK CD XKLPÏD

Cd hfvkrsfafidifùm, cd fmtkckitudcfzdifùm y cd hudcfzdifùm

hkc trd`dgl quk dpdrkifkrlm km cds ÷ctfods hæidhds, l`cf-
jdm d rkpcdmtkdr cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc. Kc kmalquk
hk @rdvkrodm suplmk quk cls idpftdcfstds rkaukrzdm su
hlofmfl, d okhfhd quk kc trd`dgl sk umfalrod.
Kstd tkmhkmifd kakitfvdokmtk sk vkrfafid gumtl d cd
kxpdmsfùm hkc prlcktdrfdhl fmhustrfdc km cd pkrfakrfd l kc
fmjrksl odsfvl hk cds ougkrks dc umfvkrsl cd`lrdc. ^krl
kstls rdsjls ml rkprlhuikm cd hfmäofid hkc pdsdhl. Kc
 trd`dgl tfkmhk ditudcokmtk d ardjokmtdrsk, rlopfkmhl cd
umfalrofhdh quk prkvdckifù hurdmtk kc tdyclrfsol. [md
mukvd `rkibd skpdrd d cls liupdhls hk cls hkskopckdhls
y d cls
cls trd`dgdhl
trd`dgdhlrks
rks kstd`ck
kstd`ckss hk cls
cls prkidrfl
prkidrfls.
s.
Kc trd`dgl
trdpdrtk fmalrodc
fmtkckitudc. Cdskbfpùtksfs
bd kxpdmhfhl gumtl d su ilm-
hk tdyclrfzdifùm umf-

1 Qkr
Qkr77 Il
Ilrfd
rfdtt @k
@kmgd
mgdoï
oïm,
m, 44660
660,, ^kr
^krrf
rfm
m Gdi
Gdiqu
quks,
ks, I
Idmd
dmdrl
rlm
m Gkdm,
Gkdm, 462
4622.
2.

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 16

alrok iblid ilm cd ouctfpcfidifùm hk tdrkds, quk rkqufk-

rkm odylr iloprkmsfùm hk cd ditfvfhdh rkdcfzdhd.
Fmicusl ifkrtls dspkitls hk cd plcfvdckmifd kxfjkm
rkfmtkjrdr kc trd`dgl hfvfhfhl y dakitdm dc vfkgl olhkcl hk
prksirfpifùm kstrfitd hk tdrkds. [m mukvl tfpl hk ditfvf-
hdhks ml tdyclrfzdhds duokmtd gumtl d cd kxtkmsfùm hkc
trd`dgl hkjrdhdhl. Ylm hls prliksls ilmgumtls, quk
fmtkckitudcfzdm ifkrtds tdrkds y `rutdcfzdm ltrds.
Do`ds tkmhkmifds bdm sfhl dcfokmtdhds plr cd rkvl-
cuifùm fmalroätfid, quk kxfjk odylr iloprlofsl okmtdc
hk um skjokmtl hk trd`dgdhlrks y irkifkmtk sloktf-
ofkmtl hk cls fmvlcuirdhls km cd ad`rfidifùm kstdmhdrf-
zdhd. Cds ilrplrdiflmks l`tfkmkm sus jdmdmifds hk umd
ofxturd hk do`ls prliksls, quk cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc
pdtrlmdc ml rkjfstrd km alrod dhkiudhd.
Ks ifkrtl quk kc idpftdcfsol sfkoprk rkiurrfù d cd skj-
okmtdifùm cd`lrdc. ^krl cd plcdrfzdifùm ilmtkoplrämkd
ilmtkoplrämkd
supkrd tlhls cls prkikhkmtks, sk vkrfafid km oäs pdïsks y
lrfkmtd cd jkstfùm jcl`dc hk cds koprksds trdmsmdiflmdcks.
trdmsmdiflmdcks.
Kstd skjokmtdifùm pkroftk d um puôdhl hk kilmloïds
 pdtkmtdr kc 6; % hk cls mukvls prlhuitls, olmlplcfzdr cd
ditfvfhdh ifkmtïafid hk pumtd y didpdrdr kc jruksl hkc trd-
`dgl fmtkckitudcfzdhl. Km cd vkrkhd lpukstd sk u`fidm cds
mdiflmks, quk ilopftkm km kc larkifofkmtl hk odml hk
l`rd `drdtd pdrd cd ad`rfidifùm km skrfk:.
Kstd ilo`fmdifùm kmtrk odylr tdyclrfzdifùm hk ditf-
vfhdhks `äsfids y irkifkmtk
ir kifkmtk fmtkckitudcfzdifù
fmtkckit udcfzdifùm
m hk tdrkds
ilopckgds jkmkrd um tfpl hk ilmtrdhfiiflmks, quk tdo-

: Cd skjo
skjokmt
kmtdif
difùm
ùm hhkc
kc ttrd`
rd`dgl
dgl ks ddmdc
mdcfz
fzdhd
dhd pplr
lr D
Dmt
mtumk
umkss Pfidr
Pfidrhl,
hl, 466
466;,
;,
Idstkccs Odmukc, 4661, Jlrhlm HO, Khwdrhs P, Pkfib GO, 462;, Hlrk
Plmdch, 4660, Cfmbdrt Hdmfkck, 466>-64.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd :>

:> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

plil slm idpturdhds plr cd tksfs hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc. Cls

koprksdrfls mkiksftdm odylr illpkrdifùm plr pdrtk hk
cls trd`dgdhlrks, pkrl dc ofsol tfkopl hksilmaïdm hk
iudcqufkr trdmsakrkmifd hk ilmlifofkmtls quk pkroftd
okglrdr cls sukchls l cds ilmhfiflmks hk trd`dgl.
Kc idpftdcfsol ml pukhk rkslcvkr kstk ilmacfitl, mf
tdoplil lptfofzdr kc usl hk cds mukvds tkimlcljïds quk
rkqufkrkm ifriucdifùm trdmspdrkmtk hk cd fmalrodifùm. Kc
koprksdrfl
ofsol tfkopl mkiksftd hkskmvlcvkr,
kstk rkiursl, odmfpucdr
pdrd dskjurdr su yilmtrlc
rktrdkrhkc
dc
prliksl hk trd`dgl. Kstd tkmsfùm kmtrk slifdcfzdifùm y
okridmtfcfzdifùm hk cd fmalrodifùm bd irkdhl skrfds hfaf-
iuctdhks km cd jkstfùm hk cd koprksd, yd quk kxfjk lptfof-
zdr cd idpdifhdh irkdtfvd y ml sùcl odxfofzdr ifkrtl rkm-
hfofkmtl. Kstk dprlvkibdofkmtl d su vkz rkqufkrk cd
illpkrdifùm hk trd`dgdhlrks, quk slm sloktfhls d um
sdirfafifl cd`lrdc iltfhfdml.
 Arkmtk dc fmirkokmtl hk cd hfokmsfùm fmtkckitudc hkc
prliksl prlhuitfvl, cls idpftdcfstds hk`km rkilmifcfdr hls
l`gktfvls km ilmacfitl7 duokmtdr cd rkmtd`fcfhdh d ilstd
hk cls trd`dgdhlrks y cljrdr su dplyl ilmtrd cls ilmiu-
rrkmtks. Xdo`fæm kstd ilo`fmdifùm hk hkspltfsol y
ilcd`lrdifùm kmarkmtd l`stäiucls fmsdcvd`cks2.
Kc hfsiursl ksqufzlaræmfil quk prlpdjd cd icdsk hlof-
mdmtk kxprksd kstd ilmtrdhfiifùm. Cls idpftdcfstds mkiksf-
tdm oäs illpkrdifùm, fmfifdtfvd pkrslmdc y irkdtfvfhdh
kmtrk kopckdhls, quk slm sloktfhls d irkifkmtk hfsif-
pcfmd y lprksfùm. Cds tksfs hk @rdvkrodm hksirf`km kstd

2 Cds ilm
ilmtrd
trdhfi
hfiifl
iflmks
mks cd`
cd`lrd
lrdcks
cks ilm
ilmtko
tkoplr
plrämk
ämkds
ds sslm
lm dmd
dmdcfz
cfzdhd
dhdss pl
plr7
r7
Edtz, Icduhfl, 4666, If`lrrd Icduhfl, 4622 Clgefmk Gkdm, 4662, (Fmtrl-
huiifùm, idp 4), Ilutrlt Xblods, 4662.

9 ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL
. :4

tkmsfùm, pkrl ml pkroftkm iloprkmhkr pckmdokmtk cd

hfmäofid hk cls ilmacfitls km gukjl.

DIFKPXLY V I[KYXFLMDOFKMXLY

Cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc pcdmtkd umd irïtfid hkolck-

hlrd d cd sliflcljïd cd`lrdc trdhfiflmdc
trdhfiflmdc,, quk mfkjd cd kxfs-
tkmifd hk rkcdiflmks hk kxpcltdifùm `dgl kc idpftdcfsol.
Kstd ilmikpifùm sk `dsd km kc pkmsdofkmtl kilmùofil
mklicäsfil y suplmk quk kc trd`dgdhlr kcfjk hùmhk y iùol
trd`dgdr, rkmumifdmhl dc lifl iuämhl kc sdcdrfl prloktfhl
sdtfsadik sus dspfrdiflmks. Kc ofsol kmalquk fodjfmd
tdo`fæm, quk kc dsdcdrfdhl l`tfkmk fmjrksls kqufvdckmtks
 d su prlhuitfvfhdh y trdmsoftk ksplmtämkdokmtk sus
ilmlifofkmtlss d cd koprksd, km iuopcfofkmtl hk um ilm-
ilmlifofkmtl

trdtl
Kmcf`rkokmtk
kstd vfsfùmdilrhdhl ilmcd`lrdc
cd drolmïd cls kopckdhlrks.
ml kmarkmtd mfmj÷m
trdstlrml, sf kc okridhl lpkrd km alrod frrkstrfitd,
lrfkmtdmhl cds hkifsflmks quk lptfofzdm cls fmtkrksks
iloumks hk koprksdrfls y dsdcdrfdhls. Mdturdcokmtk cls
pdrtfhdrfls hk kstd ofrdhd prlicdodm quk cds mliflmks
hk kxpcltdifùm l ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc hkc trd`dgl bdm pkr-
hfhl ditudcfhdh6.
^krl kstk kmiu`rfofkmtl hkc hkspltfsol idpftdcfstd
ilmhuik
bkibls, kcdokridhl
pkrhkr tlhl ilmtditl
ml jkstflmd ilm cd rkdcfhdh.
hfrkitdokmtk cd vfhdKm cls
cd`l-
rdc. Cds icdsks hlofmdmtks fmvdrfd`ckokmtk rkiurrkm d cd
fmtkrvkmifùm kstdtdc pdrd lrjdmfzdr kc trd`dgl, ilm kc duxfcfl
hk umd ckjfscdifùm cd`lrdc quk hfsifpcfmd d cls dsdcdrfdhls.

6 [m kgk
kgkop
opcl
cl77 Ek
Ekrm
rm B
Blr
lrst
st,, Yi
Yibu
buod
odmm
mm O
Ofi
fibd
bdkc
kc,, 46
4622
22..

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd :0

:0 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Cls kxplmkmtks hk cd lrtlhlxfd prkskmtdm cd tfrdmïd

hkc koprksdrfl ilol umd iksfùm vlcumtdrfd hk hkrkibls.
Fmtkrprktdm quk dsdcdrfdhl hkckjd km kc idpftdcfstd cd dtrf-
`uifùm hk hkifhfr iùol sk trd`dgd, lcvfhdmhl kc idräitkr
ksidmhdclsdokmtk dsfoætrfil hk ksd mkjlifdifùm.
Hkshk ltrd vkrkhd, cd bktkrlhlxfd trdtd kstls prl`ck-
ods ilm odylr skrfkhdh. Dcjumls dutlrks dikptdm
fmicusl ifkrtls rdsjls hk cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc,
dumquk sfm kc dcidmik quk ck dsfjmù @rdvkrodm. Dafrodm
quk kc tdyclrfsol ilmstftuyk umd olhdcfhdh hk jkstfùm
cd`lrdc, km ilkxfstkmifd ilm ksqukods plsalrhfstds y
 tlyltfstds y vdrfdhds lpiflmks hk ltrl tfpl4>.
Kakitfvdokmtk kxfstkm kvfhkmifds hk kstd ouctfpcfif-
hdh. ^krl @rdvkrodm ml sk cfoftù d hkakmhkr cd umfvkrsd-
cfhdh hkc tdyclrfsol. Kstuhfù umd tkmhkmifd dc hlofmfl
pdtrlmdc hkc prliksl hk trd`dgl, quk sk aumhdokmtd km cd
kxtrdiifùm idpftdcfstd hk cd pcusvdcïd.
Cd jrdm odylrïd hk cls dmdcfstds tfkmhkm d kcuhfr kstd
idritkrfzdifùm y sk cfoftd d plstucdr cd kxfstkmifd hk
vdrfdhds
vdrfd hds sftudif
s ftudiflmks
lmks ml
m l tdyclrfst
tdy clrfstds.
ds. Pkodrid
P kodridmm quk @rd-
vkrodm kxdjkrù
kxdjkrù kc dcid
dcidmik
mik hk cd «lrjdmfzdi
«lrjdmfzdifùm
fùm ifkmtïafid
ifkmtïafid
hkc trd`dglµ, pkrl lcvfhdm quk dikrtù km su`rdydr cd
ilmkxfùm hk ksk olhkcl ilm cd cùjfid ilmafsidtlrfd hkc
ræjfokm slifdc vfjkmtk. Cls irïtfils sujfkrkm quk ksd
mlrod hk kxpcltdifùm ml ks fmkxlrd`ck `dgl kc idpftd-
cfsol y iukstflmdm kstk m÷ickl hk cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc
pdtrlmdc. Kc prl`ckod rdhfid km kstd l`gkifùm y ml sùcl
km kc rkibdzl d prkskmtdifùm d`usfvd hkc tdyclrfsol.
Cd tksfs hk @rdvkrodm hkstdid dikrtdhdokmtk ilol cd
kxpcltdifùm
kxpclt difùm ilmhfiflmd
ilmhfiflmd iudcqufkr
iudcqufkr ditfvfhdh
ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc.
cd`lrdc. Hkouks-

4> Olmt
Olmtkrl
krl Ik
Ikifc
ifcfd,
fd, 462
4626,
6, Olm
Olmtkrl
tkrl I
Ikifc
kifcfd,
fd, 46
4621,
21, Pl
Plgds
gds Khu
Khudrhl
drhl,, 466>

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL :9

tr
trdd qquk
uk kstk idopl ml ks um umfvkrsl hk «o÷ctfpcks plsf-
`fcfhdhks d`fkrtdsµ. Dccï sk foplmkm rkjcds hk suprkod-
iïd pdtrlmdc pdrd jdrdmtfzdr cd kxtrdiifùm hk pcusvdcïd.
Ouibls irïtfils lcvfhdm l hfcuykm kstk prfmifpfl `äsfil.

C[IBD HK ICDYKY
 Dc ilmikmtrdr kc dmäcfsfs km cds kstrdtkjfds jkrkmifdcks7 ¼cd
tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc ml fjmlrd cd su`gktfvfhdh hk
cls trd`dgdhlrks y su rksfstkmifd ilmtrd kc tdyclrfsol<
¼Ml ks @rdvkrodm vïitfod hk cd fhklcljïd quk irftfiù, dc
trdtdr d cd icdsk l`rkrd ilol um l`gktl pdsfvl odmfpu-
cdhl plr cls pdtrlmks<
Cls dutlrks quk pcdmtkdm kstk iukstflmdofkmtl hkstd-
idm cd foplrtdmifd hk rkjfstrdr iùol cls trd`dgdhlrks
cuibdrlm y hkrrltdrlm dc tdyclrfsol. @rdvkrodm rksplm-
hfù quk su dmäcfsfs rksdctd kc sfjmfafidhl jkmærfil hk ksk
olhkcl y hkakmhfù cd ilmvkmfkmifd hk skpdrdr kc dmäcfsfs
ilmikptudc hk cd kvlcuifùm ilmirktd hkc tdyclrfsol44.
Km rkdcfhdh kc pkmsdhlr kstdhlumfhkmsk fmicuyù hk
bkibl ifkrtl ilmtkxtl hk cuibd slifdc. Ml larkifù umd
ofrdhd purdokmtk d`strditd, yd quk ml sk pukhk trdtdr cd
ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc km cls ofsols tærofmls quk sk fmhdjd
cd tklrïd hkc vdclr l d cls ksqukods hk cd rkprlhuiifùm
dopcfdhd. ^krl dc loftfr iuäc auk cd rkikpifùm ilmirktd
hk cd «jkrkmifd ifkmtïafidµ kmtrk cls trd`dgdhlrks, hkgù
d`fkrtds ouibds prkjumtds.
Cd tklrïd hk @rdvkrodm ml fjmlrd cd cuibd hk icdsks,
pukstl quk fcustrd iùol kc idpftdcfstd rkiurrk d sfstkoätf-

44 Khw
Khwdrhs
drhs ^
^.E,
.E, 46
4628,
28, Yo
Yoftb
ftb Qf
Qfief
ief,, 466;
466;-61,
-61, @
@rdvk
rdvkrod
rodm
m Bdrr
Bdrry,
y, 46:
46:1.
1.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd :8

:8 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

ids djrksflmks pdrd dafdmzdr su hlofmfl. Ml rkhuik d cd

icdsk l`rkrd d um «sfopck fmstruokmtlµ, pkrl dc loftfr
gufifls sl`rk
sl`rk kc rksuctdhl
rksuctdhl hk kstls dtrlpkccls
dtrlpkccls sujfkrk quk
kc tdyclrfsol sk fopusl sfm darlmtdr jrdmhks l`stäiucls.
Kstuhfls plstkrflrks fmspfrdhls km cd tklrïd hkc ilm-
 trlc pdtrlmdc bdm fmilrplrdhl mïtfhdokmtk cd ilmarlmtd-
ifùm icdsfstd. Ml`ck dmdcfzù cd cuibd l`rkrd plr hkakmhkr
cd prljrdodifùm hfrkitd hk cds oäqufmds bkrrdofkmtds,
arkmtk d cd prksfùm jkrkmifdc plr fmtrlhuifr um odmkgl
ikmtrdcfzdhl. Ybdfekm hksirf`fù `dtdccds km cds pcdmtds
dutloltrfiks, quk suiksfvdokmtk ilmicuykrlm ilm
foplsfiflmks pdtrlmdcks y rkdprlpfdiflmks l`rkrds hkc
ilmtrlc hkc trd`dgl. Jrzy` fcustrù iùol cd tkmhkmifd d
rlopkr cd illpkrdifùm fmalrodc hk cls trd`dgdhlrks, ilm-
40

hugl pkrfùhfidokmtk dc rksuctdhl lpukstl .

ILMYKMXFOFKMXL V Y[@GKXFQFHDH

Dcjumls irïtfils hkstdidm quk @rdvkrodm fjmlrù kc ilm-

skmtfofkmtl quk `rfmhdm cls dsdcdrfdhls d cds präitfids
pdtrlmdcks, plr okhfl hk iloprlofsls fopcïiftls km
tlrml d cd fmtkmsfhdh hkc trd`dgl. Ylstfkmkm quk d trdvæs
kstls diukrhls
jkrkmifd, dhlptdm clsiloplrtdofkmtls
l`rkrls dsuokm
iloplrtdofk cls l`gktfvls hk
mtls fmhfvfhudcfstds, cd
lcvf-
hdm cd lprksfùm y rkfvfmhfidm cls æxftls hk cd koprksd.
Kstfodm quk plr ksd cls idpftdcfstds cljrdm ilmvdcfhdifùm
su`gktfvd y ckjftfodifùm fhklcùjfid49.

40 Ml`
Ml`ck
ck Hd
Hdvfh,
vfh, 462:
462:,, Ybd
Ybdfekm
fekm Bdrc
Bdrcky,
ky, 44624,
624, Jrz
Jrzy`
y` Jk
Jkrdrh
rdrh,, 4622.
4622.
49 @u
@url
rlwd
wdyy Ofib
Ofibdkdkc,c, 46
4626
26..

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL :;

Kstd l`gkifùm ccdod cd dtkmifùm sl`rk ltrl prl`ckod

hk cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc. ^krl cd fmsuafifkmifd sk
 ilrrfjk fmilrplrdmhl dc dmäcfsfs cd loftfhd skiukmifd hk
cuibds plcïtfids y sfmhfidcks. Ilm ksd fmicusfùm sk pukhk
rkjfstrdr hk quæ alrod rkpkriutkm cds lrfkmtdiflmks
jkrkmifdcks sl`rk cd su`gktfvfhdh ilckitfvd, kvdcudmhl kc
fopditl hk kstk prliksl sl`rk cd lrjdmfzdifùm y cd ilm-
ifkmifd hk cls trd`dgdhlrks. Kstk ks kc idofml pdrd idrdi-
tkrfzdr quæ jrdhl hk ilmskmtfofkmtl `rfmhdm cls dsdcdrfd-
hls d su ilmhfifùm hk kxpcltdhls.
Cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc dplrtd um odril l`gk-
tfvl pdrd dmdcfzdr um ilmskmtfofkmtl mkiksdrfdokmtk
ido`fdmtk. Kstd ilmalrofhdh ml ilmstftuyk um rdsjl
fmtrïmskil hk cd diuoucdifùm, mf rkprkskmtd um iloplr-
tdofkmtl ksplmtämkl hk cls trd`dgdhlrks. ^lr ksl rksuctd
hfaïifc hfstfmjufrcl hk cd rksfstkmifd sfckmiflsd, cd fopltkm-
ifd l cd rksfjmdifùm.
Ks fmhuhd`ck quk cls idpftdcfstds `usidm kc advlr hk
cls trd`dgdhlrks pdrd dskjurdr kc æxftl hk sus mkjlifls.
^krl cd mlrod hk cd kxpcltdifùm y cd prkkofmkmifd hk cd
ilopktkmifd fopfhkm odmtkmkr um stdtus hk illpkrd-
ifùm. Cd tklrïd hk @rdvkrodm rksdctd kstd tkmsfùm kmtrk
pdtrlmks y dsdcdrfdhls y rkiukrhd quk cd ilmvfvkmifd
kmtrk kxpcltdhlrks y kxpcltdhls ml sk kstd`ckik km umd
rkcdifùm kmtrk pdrks. Km kc tkrrkml cd`lrdc prkvdckik umd
alrod hk ilkrifùm, quk cfoftd iudcqufkr ilmskmsl rkdc
kmtrk cls kopckdhls y cls hukôls hk cd afrod.
Kc prlpfl dmäcfsfs hkc ilmskmtfofkmtl pcdmtkd ilo-
pckgls prl`ckods, yd quk rksuctd ouy hfaïifc prl`drcl km
kc tkrrkml kopïrfil. Cds kmiukstds fmhfvfhudcks sukckm
dmdcfzdr pkrikpiflmks cd`lrdcks (jrdtfafidmtk, dmjustflsl,

kstfoucdmtk), loftfkmhl kc ilmtkxtl l`gktfvl (trd`dgl

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd :1

:1 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

ardjokmtdhl, bloljæmkl, rutfmdrfl l fmtkckitudcfzdhl) y

su`gktfvl (rk`kchïd, rksfstkmifd pdsfvd, sloktfofkmtl).
Yùcl um kmiudhrk plcïtfil-slifdc pkroftk kvftdr ksds hfs-
tlrsflmks.
Ouibls
tkxtl kstuhfls
l tfkmhkm hk cd sliflcljïd
d prfvfckjfdr kc dmäcfsfsfjmlrdm ksk ilm-
hk cds ilmhuitds
fmhfvfhudcks, km hksokhrl hkc iloplrtdofkmtl ilcki-
tfvl. Kmadtfzdm cd prl`ckoätfid wk`krfdmd hkc stdtus,
fjmlrdmhl kc idräitkr idpftdcfstd hk cds rkcdiflmks cd`lrd-
cks. Km vkz hk fmhdjdr prfokrl iùol y plr quæ hlofmdm
cls pdtrlmks sk cfoftdm d rkjfstrdr cds alrods hk dhdptd-
ifùm d ksd lprksfùm. Kstk kmalquk prkhlofmd, kspkifdc-
okmtk, km cd ilmtrdplsfifùm ilrrfkmtk kmtrk ilmskmsl
plsalrhfstd y dutlrftdrfsol tdyclrfstd.

KC ^PLIKYL HK QDCLPFWDIFÙM PKCKJDHL

Cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc bd sfhl ditudcfzdhd plr

muokrlsls kstuhfls. Kstls kmalquks rksdctdm kc kmodsid-
rdofkmtl hk cd kxpcltdifùm, km iïriucls hk idcfhdh quk
rkirkdm cd gkrdrquïd hfsifpcfmdrfd l km oætlhls gust fm
tfok, quk dikckrdm kc rftol hkc trd`dgl48.
Kstds fmvkstfjdiflmks ilmafrodm cd ilmtfmufhdh hk
ouibls rdsjls hk cd «jkrkmifd ifkmtïafidµ, pkrl ml ilm-
afrodm cd suprkodiïd hkc vfkgl tdyclrfsol. Ksk olhkcl ml
sùcl iblid ilm cd kxpdmsfùm hkc trd`dgl fmtkckitudcfzdhl.
Xdo`fæm vucmkrd cds pkiucfdrfhdhks hk cd okridmiïd
aukrzd hk trd`dgl, iuyl vdclr ilo`fmd iloplmkmtks

48 Odrt
Odrtïmkz
ïmkz Lsid
Lsidr,
r, 46
4662,
62, V
Vdtks
dtks O
Ofibd
fibdkc,
kc, 46
4666,
66, Yo
Yoftb
ftb,, Xlm
Xlmy,
y, 46
466;.
6;.
 9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL ::

afsflcùjfils ilm aditlrks bfstùrfil-slifdcks (khuidifùm,

ilmqufstds, ilmsuols).
Dc prktkmhkr trdmsalrodr dc lpkrdrfl km umd prlclm-

jdifùm hk cd oäqufmd,
ksls iloplmkmtks. cd `rutdcfhdh
Kmarkmtd, tdyclrfstd
dhkoäs, cd dvdsdccd
foplsf`fcfhdh hk
slstkmkr duokmtls hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh, yd quk kc odc-
trdtl kxtrkol hk cls trd`dgdhlrks ilmhuik dc sïmhrlok
hk cd ksicdvftuh. Kc cätfjl jkmkrd hksfmtkræs y cd rkpktfifùm
hk tdrkds fmirkokmtd cls hkspkrakitls l cls hkspkrhfifls.
Kc tdyclrfsol tfkmk hkirkifkmtk aumiflmdcfhdh pdrd kc
usl hk kqufpls ilopckgls, yd quk fmikmtfvd umd adctd hk
prkhfsplsfifùm cd`lrd quk dakitd kc iufhdhl hk cls fmstru-
okmtls.
l`stäiuclsKc tæimfils
ardiiflmdofkmtl
iuämhl skhkhk`k
tdrkds jkmkrd, cd
lptfofzdr dhkoäs,
ditfvf-
hdh cd`lrdc km prliksls ilmtfmuls.
Dcjumls skjufhlrks hk @rdvkrodm ml rkjfstrdm kstds
cfoftdiflmks. ^fkrhkm hk vfstd quk kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc sk
ilmvfkrtk km um l`stäiucl, pdrd kc koprksdrfl quk `usid
oltfvdr dc trd`dgdhlr. Kstd ilmtrdhfiifùm ks frrkslcu`ck
`dgl kc idpftdcfsol, pkrl kc tdyclrfsol ks pdrtfiucdrokmtk
fmdhkiudhl pdrd dtkmudrcd. Cd tksfs hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc
ml hktkitd (fmjkmfl,
su`gktfvdµ quk kc pdtrùm mkiksftdksaukrzl
irkdtfvfhdh, idpturdrfmtkckitudc),
umd «pcusvdcïd
quk
æc ofsol slidvd dc dtrlpkccdr cds fhkmtfhdhks prlaksflmdcks.
Kc olhkcl hk @rdvkrodm ml kstuhfd kstds ilmtrdhfi-
iflmks. Xdoplil fmhdjd iùol cls idpftdcfstds fmtkmtdm
rkslcvkrcds, skjokmtdmhl cd ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc y rlhkdmhl
cd pcdmtfccd kstd`ck hk trd`dgdhlrks idcfafidhls, ilm umd
odsd hk dsdcdrfdhls ackxf`fcfzdhls.
Kstds hfafiuctdhks dmdcïtfids hkrfvdm hk um hfvlrifl
hkc prliksls hk trd`dgl hk su hktkrofmdmtk km cd hfmä-
ofid hk cd vdclrfzdifùm. Kc pkmsdhlr mlrtkdokrfidml prk-
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd :2

:2 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

skmtù dikrtdhdokmtk su tklrïd ilol um kakitl hk cd

ilopucsfùm d fmirkokmtdr cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl. ^krl tkr-
ofmù fmhdjdmhl cd prl`ckoätfid hkc ilmtrlc, sfm ilrrkcd-
iflmdrcd ilm cds tkmhkmifds hk cd diuoucdifùm.
Kstk kmalquk fopcfiù um hkscfzdofkmtl hk cd fmtkr-
prktdifùm kilmùofid hk cd pcusvdcïd bdifd kc kstuhfl
plcïtfil hk cds alrods jkrkmifdcks. ^lr ksk idofml ml
l`skrvù quk kc ikmtrl hkc idpftdcfsol ks cd kxpcltdifùm y
ml kc ilmtrlc. Yk fmtrlhugl hkmtrl hk cd aä`rfid pdrd kstu-
hfdr tlhls cls odtfiks hkc prliksl hk trd`dgl y lcvfhù kc
ilmhfiflmdofkmtl jkmkrdc quk foplmk cd rkprlhuiifùm
hkc idpftdc4;.

KC ^CDMXKL PKIDCFAFIDHLP

@rdvkrodm prlpusl um irftkrfl slifdc pdrd kvdcudr cds

idcfafidiflmks, km aumifùm hkc jrdhl hk iloprkmsfùm quk
odmtfkmk kc trd`dgdhlr hk cd tdrkd rkdcfzdhd. Yk lpusl dc
irftkrfl hk fmjkmfkrl, quk sùcl tlod km iukmtd cd ilopck-

gfhdh
Yuhk cds
cds oäqufmds
oäqdpumtù
kmalquk ufmds ldkciukstflmdr
mfvkc khuidtfvl
khuid tfvl
cds hkc
hkc lpkrdrfl
ofrdhdslpkrdrfl.
.
aktfibfs-
tds, quk kvdc÷dm kc ditl buodml hkc trd`dgl km aumifùm
hk cd slafstfidifùm hk cls drtkaditls. Xdo`fæm rksdctù kc
idräitkr afitfifl hk cds idtkjlrïds quk bd`ftudcokmtk utf-
cfzd cd sliflcljïd cd`lrdc (lpkrdrfl idcfafidhl, skof-idcfaf-
idhl, ml idcfafidhl). Kstls ilmikptls loftkm hkafmfr iuäc
ks kc jrdhl rkdc hk hlofmfl quk hktkmtd idhd su`jrupl
hk su ditfvfhdh.

4; Kstd ir
irïtf
ïtfid
id pcdm
pcdmtkdm
tkdm77 Ilbk
Ilbkm
m Ybkfc
Ybkfcd,
d, 462:
462:,, Idri
Idribkhf
bkhf Ju
Jujcfk
jcfkol,
ol, 46
4664,
64,
(Idp 0), Bdrvky Hdvfh, 466>, Plwcfmslm Ofibdkc 4668.
 9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL :6

Cd vfsfùm hk @rdvkrodm tfkmk jrdm ditudcfhdh arkmtk d

qufæmks plstucdm cd kxfstkmifd hk um prliksl ksplmtämkl
hk idpdiftdifùm hk cls trd`dgdhlrks. Cls pdrtfhdrfls hk
ksk kmalquk ilmsfhkrdm quk cd pærhfhd hk idcfafidiflmks
sùcl prkhlofmù km cls dc`lrks hkc idpftdcfsol. Kstfodm
quk cd ilopktkmifd plstkrflr bd pltkmifdhl cd mkiksfhdh
hk lpkrdrfls prkpdrdhls pdrd kmarkmtdr sftudiflmks dckd-
tlrfds, ilm irkifkmtk idcfafidifùm fmilrplrdhd km alrod
täiftd, hurdmtk cd vfhd cd`lrdc. Ilm kstd vfsfùm pcdmtkdm
quk kc duokmtl hk cds idcfafidiflmks sk kxprksd km cds
okglrds hkc mfvkc khuidtfvl41.
Kstls kmalquks prkhlofmdm km ouibds idrditkrfzd-
iflmks kcljflsds hk cd krd pls-fmhustrfdc l plsalrhfstd,
pkrl su kxprksfùm trdhfiflmdc ks cd tklrïd mklicäsfid hkc
idpftdc buodml. Kstd ilmikpifùm dtrf`uyk cls duokmtls
hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh d um dplrtk irkifkmtk hkc «aditlr trd-
`dglµ, quk ks kmrfqukifhl plr cd dsikmhkmtk fmifhkmifd
hkc «fmsuol khuidtfvlµ.
^krl cd ilopckgfhdh hk cd prlhuiifùm y kc fmirkokmtl
hk cd alrodifùm hk cls trd`dgdhlrks, ml sk trdhuikm dutl-
oätfidokmtk km umd odylr idcfafidifùm. Xlhl hkpkmhk
hk cd tdrkd rkdcfzdhd y hk cd iloprkmsfùm hk su ilmtk-
mfhl. Cls kgkopcls hk jrdhudhls umfvkrsftdrfls ilmtrdtd-
hls pdrd hkskmvlcvkr ditfvfhdhks hk `dgd gkrdrquïd l cls
lpkrdrfls quk odmkgdm oäqufmds dutl-prljrdodhds (sfm
iloprkmhkr hk cl quk kstäm bdifkmhl), rkautdm ksd
vfsfùm. Cd dslif
dslifdifùm
difùm hfrkitd
hfr kitd kkmtrk
mtrk od
odylr
ylr ksilcdrfhdh
ksi lcdrfhdh y
ilopckgfhdh cd`lrdc ml rksukcvk mfmjumd ilmtrlvkrsfd
sl`rk cds idcfafidiflmks.
 41 Zllh Ytkpb
Ytkpbkm,
km, @
@rym
rym GGlmks,
lmks, 4628, Dhckr ^duc
^duc,, 462:
462:,, Idstkccs
Idstkccs Odmuk
Odmukc,c,
4660, Bfrsibblrm Cdrry, 4664, Puaafkr Gkdm, 4621, Qkctz ^fkrrk, 4621.

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 2>

2> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Cd ilmkxfùm kakitfvd kmtrk kc mfvkc khuidtfvl y cd ditf-

vfhdh cd`lrdc
cd`lrdc kstä
mks (okridhl, ksprlaksfùm
tä okhfdhd
okhfdhd
km plr umtfpls
gukjl, ilmgumtl
ilmguhk
mtlditfvfhdh,
hhkk ilmhfifl
ilmhfifl-
u`f--
idifùm hkc pdïs km kc okridhl oumhfdc). Kc ificl
idpftdcfstd hktkrofmd cd fmtkmsfhdh hk cds hkodmhds cd`l-
rdcks y cls ido`fls km cd diuoucdifùm hkafmkm iuäcks slm
cds kspkifdcfhdhks quk hkspumtdm l slm hkspcdzdhds. Kstd
ilo`fmdifùm ml sk odmfafkstd km umd kqufpdrdifùm dutl-
oätfid hk cd ksilcdrfhdh ilm cd gkrdrquïd cd`lrdc.
Kc irftkrfl slifdc hk idcfafidiflmks quk prlpusl @rd-
vkrod
vkrodm m gustdokmtk
gustdo kmtk
kmtrk khuidifùm kvftd ksds hk
y ilopckgfhdh ilrrkcdiflmks
ilrrkc diflmksdc fmjkmuds
cds tdrkds, fmjkmu ds
su`rdydr
cd jrdvftdifùm hkc hlofmfl quk hktkmtd kc trd`dgdhlr
sl`rk cd ditfvfhdh quk rkdcfzd.
Cls kgkopcls quk bd`ftudcokmtk prkskmtdm cls tkùrf-
ils hk cd rkidcfafidifùm sk `dsdm km kxtrdplcdiflmks hk
ifkrtls rdsjls hkc skitlr fmtkckitudcfzdhl hkc trd`dgl, dc
ilmgumtl hkc umfvkrsl cd`lrdc. Hk ksd jkmkrdcfzdifùm
surjk cd kmjdôlsd fodjkm hk um odsfvl duokmtl hk cd
idcfafidifùm, quk sfopckokmtk fjmlrd cd hkjrdhdifùm prk-
hlofmdmtk km cls skitlrks ackxf`fcfzdhls.
Yf cd rkidcfafidifùm aukrd umd tkmhkmifd tdm odmfafkstd
hk`krïd kxprksdrsk km kc vdclr kakitfvl hk cd aukrzd hk trd-
`dgl, ks hkifr km cls sdcdrfls y ml sùcl km kc pcdml pltkmifdc
hk umd idpdiftdifùm odylr. Kc kstdmidofkmtl sdcdrfdc
sdcdrfdc km cds
÷ctfods hls hæidhds hksofkmtk idtkjùrfidokmtk ksk iursl.
 Cd tksfs hk cd rkidcfafidifùm ifkrrd cls lgls dmtk umd
plcdrfzdifùm hlofmdmtk, quk pkroftfù d cls idpftdcfstds
dodcjdodr ilopckgfhdh hkc prliksl prlhuitfvl ilm
kckvdhls mfvkcks hk kxpcltdifùm. Kstd skjokmtdifùm bd
sfhl kopïrfidokmtk ilrrl`lrdhd plr muokrlsls kstu-
hfls hk cd ilo`fmdifùm kmtrk ilopckgfhdh y `dmdcfhdh

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 24

cd`lrdc, quk bdm dilopdôdhl cd jkmkrdcfzdifùm hk cd

ofirlkckitrùmfid4:.
Arkmtk d cds hfafiuctdhks quk pcdmtkdm kstls prl`ck-
ods, dcjumls kmalquks lptdm plr kcuhfr cd hkafmfifùm hk
dcj÷m ruo`l hk cd idcfafidifùm. Dafrodm quk ksd vdrfd`ck
sfopckokmtk hkpkmhk hkc olhkcl cd`lrdc prkvdck-
ifkmtk42. ^krl cd vdrfkhdh hk lpiflmks quk prkskmtdm ks
ouy muokrlsd y rksuctd foplsf`ck hkhuifr dcjumd ilm-
icusfùm hk sus idrditkrfzdiflmks. D cl suol sk ilmafrod-
rïd km alrod tdutlcùjfid, quk km ifkrtls pdïsks y rdods cd
idcfafidifùm dsifkmhk y quk km ltrds rktrlikhk.

HKYIDCFAFIDI
KYIDCFAFIDIFÙM
FÙM D@YLC[XD

Hk cd prkkofmkmifd dtrf`ufhd d cd tdyclrfzdifùm @rdvkr-

odm hkhugl um prlmùstfil hk hksidcfafidifùm d`slcutd
hkc trd`dgl. Kstfoù quk kc idpftdcfsol tfkmhk fmicusl d

«cl`ltlofzdrµ kc ikrk`rl
pdrtfr kstls kxtrkols, hk cls
dcjumls trd`dgdhlrks.
dutlrks Yfmvfsfùm.
dikptdm ksd ilo-
Ilmsfhkrdm quk cd ackxf`fcfzdifùm cd`lrdc km iursl rkhuik
plr ilopcktl cds idcfafidiflmks y quk cd plcfvdckmifd
hfsukcvk tltdcokmtk cds kspkifdcfhdhks46.
 Kstd ofrdhd sk mutrk d vkiks hk kstuhfls kopïrfils
quk rktrdtdm cd hksidcfafidifùm jkmkrdhd plr cd fmtrlhui-
ifùm hk cd fmalroätfid km kc prliksl prlhuitfvl. ^rkskmtd
hfstfmtls kgkopcls hk ilmvkrsfùm hk sugktls pkmsdmtks, km

4: Arky
Arkysskmk
sskmktt Of
Ofibkc,
ibkc, 466>, Arky
Arkysskmk
sskmktt Ofi
Ofibkc,
bkc, 4660, Xrks
Xrkssdi
sdi J, Ylu`
Ylu`fk
fk
G.C, Mkvku G.^, 4622, Edpcfmsey Pdpbdkc, 462:, Ekccy Glbm 4622,
@kssdmt Glbm, Ibfsblco Dcki, 4664
42 Zfc
Zfcefm
efmslm
slm @dr
@drry,
ry, 4628
4628,, P
Plgds
lgds Khudrh
Khudrhl, l, 466>.
466>.
46 @rd
@rdvkr
vkrodm
odm,, Bdrr
Bdrry,y, 462
4629,
9, Odr
Odrtïm
tïmkz
kz Lsi
Lsidr,
dr, 46
4662,
62, Yo
Yoftb,
ftb, X
Xlmy
lmy,, 466;

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 20

20 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

dutùodtds sloktfhls d cd rutfmd hk cds iloputdhlrds, km

um ilmtkxtl hk kxpdmsfùm hk cds «`urjukr-ditfvfhdhksµ.
Ltrls dmdcfstds rkcdtfvfzdm kstk dspkitl hk cd tklrïd hk
@rdvkrodm y hfakrkmifdm kc dmäcfsfs hk cd hksidcfafidifùm
hkc kstuhfl hk cd hkjrdhdifùm hkc trd`dgl. Ilmsfhkrdm
quk kstk ÷ctfol ilmikptl sùcl dcuhk d cd skjokmtdifùm
hk cds tdrkds y dc odylr ilmtrlc hkc trd`dgl 0>.
^krl cd kxpkrfkmifd hk cd plcdrfzdifùm cd`lrdc fmhfid
quk cd hksidcfafidifùm d`slcutd sùcl dakitd d cls skitlrks
l`rkrls oäs tdyclrfzdhls. Xrdzdmhl umd dmdcljïd ilm cd
kvlcuifùm hkc sdcdrfl sk plhrïd kstfodr, quk `dgl kc idpf-
tdcfsol ilmtkoplrämkl cd tkmhkmifd prkkofmkmtk ks
bdifd umd hksidcfafidifùm rkcdtfvd.
Kc sdcdrfl lsifcd ilyumturdcokmtk ilm kc ificl, pkrl d
cdrjl pcdzl tfkmhk d hkicfmdr km rkcdifùm d cd prlhuitfvf-
hdh l kc `kmkafifl. Ilm cd odylr fmvkrsfùm km idpftdc
ilmstdmtk sk rkhuik cd rkoumkrdifùm d cls trd`dgdhlrks,
km prlplrifùm dc prlhuitl hk su trd`dgl. Kstk iursl hkc
sdcdrfl rkcdtfvl tfkmk su ilrrkcdtl km cds idcfafidiflmks.
Kstds ÷ctfods vdrfd`cks tdo`fæm lsifcdm ilm kc ificl y
 hkirkikm km ilopdrdifùm dc mukvl blrfzlmtk hk ilmlif-
ofkmtls, quk jkmkrd idhd lckdhd hk fmmlvdiflmks.
Fmicusl iudmhl prkvdckikm tkmhkmifds advlrd`cks d cd
khuidifùm hk cls trd`dgdhlrks, cd okglrd ks fmakrflr dc
ilmlifofkmtl pltkmifdc d`fkrtl ilm cds mukvds tkimlcl-
jïds. Cd arlmtkrd hkc sd`kr sk dopcïd oäs quk cd fmstrui-
ifùm rkif`fhd. Km kstd hksprlplrifùm sk dsfkmtd kc ilmtrlc
pdtrlmdc. Dhlptdmhl, plr cl tdmtl, cds idtkjlrïds ikmtrd-
cks hk @rdvkrodm sk pukhk hkhuifr umd tkmhkmifd bdifd
cd hksidcfafidifùm rkcdtfvd, pkrl ml d`slcutd hkc trd`dgl.
tr d`dgl.

0> Alst
Alstkr
kr GGlbm
lbm @kc
@kccdoy
cdoy,, 46
4666,
66, Jrkk
Jrkkm`du
m`duo
o GGldm,
ldm, 4666
4666..

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 29

Ks fjudcokmtk hfaïifc idptdr cd kvlcuifùm prlokhfl hk

cds idcfafidiflmks, hdhd cd ilkxfstkmifd hkc kopl`rkif-
ofkmtl ilm kc kmrfqukifofkmtl km cds hfstfmtds ditfvfhd-
hks. ^krl sf sk rkilmlik quk um skitlr hk cls dsdcdrfdhls
okglrd y ltrl ml su iloprkmsfùm hk cds tdrkds rkdcfzdhds,
cd hfmäofid hk cd diuoucdifùm ks ilbkrkmtk ilm ifkrtd
tkmhkmifd d cd hksidcfafidifùm rkcdtfvd.
Kc ilmikptl hkjrdhdifùm d`slcutd quk plstucù @rd-
vkrodm fopfhk idptdr
bdifd cd hkvdcudifùm kstk olvfofkm
olvfofkmtl
y rkiloplsfifùm tl
hk ilmtrdhfit
ilm trdhfitlrfl
lrfl
cds idcfafidifl-
mks. Kc tkùrfil hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc dikrtù km dafrodr,
quk umd kckvdifùm jkmufmd y pkrodmkmtk hk cds idcfaf-
idiflmks rkqukrfrïd cd rklrjdmfzdifùm slifdcfstd hk cd
kilmloïd. ^krl sk kqufvliù km suplmkr, quk kstk prl-
iksl kstdrïd prkikhfhl plr umd hkjrdhdifùm d`slcutd
hkc trd`dgl
Dcjumls dutlrks dtrf`uykm kstk hksdifkrtl d su lof-
 sfùm hk um irftkrfl quk hfsirfofmk kc trd`dgl odtkrfdc y
okmtdc. Kstfodm quk kc prfokr tfpl hk ditfvfhdh fopcfid
trdmsalrodr vdclrks hk usl y kc skjumhl olhfafidr cls
ilmlifofkmtls kxfstkmtks, pdrd trdmsalrodr cd rkdcfhdh
prlhuitfvd. Hkstdidm quk do`ls iloplmkmtks pukhkm
hfakrkmifdrsk km aumifùm hk cds iudcfhdhks gkrdrqufzdhds
gkrdrqufzdhds
km cd hkodmhd hk idhd prlhuitl (um cf`rl plr kc dspkitl
okmtdc y um zdpdtl plr kc odtkrfdc). ^umtudcfzdm quk
tlhds cds ditfvfhdhks prlhuitfvds fmicuykm mkiksdrfd-
okmtk cls hls kckokmtls hk kstk trd`dgl ilckitfvl, pkrl
fmhfidm quk km cd cïmkd hk olmtdgk prkvdckik cd trdmsalr-
odifùm odtkrfdc y km cls cd`lrdtlrfls hk fmvkstfjdifùm cd
ilmvkrsfùm okmtdc04.

04 Idri
Idribk
bkhf,
hf, Ju
Jujc
jcfko
fkol,
l, 4664,
4664, ((Id
Idpp 0)
0)..

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 28

28 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPR
PRFY
FYXXD, BLV

Xlodmhl km iukmtd kstds hfstfmiflmks rksuctd oäs

fmhkakmhf`ck kc prlmùstfil hk hkjrdhdifùm d`slcutd, yd
quk sl`rdm kvfhkmifds hk dopcfdifùm hkc trd`dgl okmtdc
km kc idpftdcfsol ilmtkoplrämkl. Ks ilopcktdokmtk
foplsf`ck dpcfidr ilmlifofkmtls kxfstkmtks pdrd irkdr
mukvls ilmlifofkmtls (y d su vkz fopckokmtdrcls pdrd
trdmsalrodr vdclrks hk usl), km um ilmtkxtl hk tltdc hks-
idcfafidifùm hkc trd`dgl. Kstd hkjrdhdifùm ks tdo`fæm
fmilopdtf`ck ilm cd irkifkmtk hkodmhd hk okridmiïds
plr iudcfhdhks hkrfvdhds hkc trd`dgl okmtdc.

OFYKPFD IPKIFKMXK
 @rdvkrodm su`rdyù cd sfjmfafidtfvd fmacukmifd hk cd ifkm-
ifd sl`rk cd prlhuiifùm quk Odrx hkmlofmd`d trd`dgl
jkmkrdc, Dikptùhkpkmhk
oäs hfmäofils quk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd
hk rkmtds hk cls skitlrks
tkimlcùjfids, surjfhds
hk kstk usl idpftdcfstd hk cd ifkmifd. Fmicusl fmtkrprktd`d
quk ksd utfcfzdifùm ilmstftuïd um iloplmkmtk ikmtrdc hk
cd rkvlcuifùm ifkmtïafil tæimfid hkc sfjcl RR.
^krl kc pkmsdhlr mlrtkdokrfidml ilmsfhkrd`d quk
ksd jrdvftdifùm pltkmifd`d kc tdyclrfsol, sfm mltdr cd
fmtkckitudcfzdifùm hkc trd`dgl quk sk rkqufkrk pdrd trdms-
alrodr cls mukvls hksiu`rfofkmtls km prlhuitls ilokr-
ifdcks. Ifkrtdokmtk
skitlr hk kstd idcfafidifùm
cls dsdcdrfdhls, sùcl fmvlcuird
pkrl cd fmifhkmifd d umy
iudmtftdtfvd
cd foplrtdmifd kstrdtæjfid hk kstk skjokmtl sk tlrmd vftdc
ilm cd kxpdmsfùm hk cd diuoucdifùm00.

00 Qkr7 Qkmik Hkzd Rdvf

Rdvfkr,
kr, 4466;.
66;. Q
Qfmikm
fmikmtt G.O
G.O,, 466
466;,
;, Qf
Qfmikmt
mikmt Gkdm Odrfk
Odrfk,,
4662.

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 2;

Kc prfmifpdc prl`ckod hkc kmalquk hk @rdvkrodm

kstrf`d km su prlmùstfil hk «cl`ltlofzdifùmµ
«cl`ltlofzdifùmµ hk cls dsd-
cdrfdhls. Kstd prkvfsfùm tfkmk foplrtdmtks ilmskiukmifds
plcïtfids, yd quk d`rk um skrfl fmtkrrljdmtk sl`rk cd idpd-
ifhdh hk cd icdsk l`rkrd pdrd kmid`kzdr um prlykitl hk
kodmifpdifùm. Yf cls trd`dgdhlrks slplrtdm umd hkjrdhd-
ifùm irkifkmtk tkmhkrïdm d ilmvkrtfrsk km umd odsd hk
ofskrd`cks,
ofskrd`ck s, sfm aukrzd pdrd prltdjlmfzdr umd trdmsalrod-
ifùm slifdc. Ml ks ilbkrkmtk dsfjmdrck d cd icdsk l`rkrd um
rlc slifdcfstd hfrfjkmtk y kstfodr dc ofsol tfkopl, quk
ksk sugktl sk hksiloplmk km cd cuibd plr su prlpfd
 supkrvfvkmifd. Ksd vfsfùm trdmsoftk um aukrtk ksikptf-
ifsol km kc rlc bfstùrfil hk cls trd`dgdhlrks, d pksdr hk cd
hkakmsd odrxfstd quk bfzl @rdvkrodm hk ksk prfmifpfl.
Cls krrlrks ilmtkmfhls km cd tksfs hk cd hkjrdhdifùm
l`rkrd kstäm ouy ilmkitdhls ilm cd tklrïd hk cd ofskrfd
irkifkmtk. Kstk pcdmtkl l`skrvd d cd diuoucdifùm ilol
um prliksl hk plcdrfzdifùm kxtrkod, kmtrk umd ofmlrïd
hk idpftdcfstds y umd odylrïd hk l`rkrls kopugdhls
bdifd cd pl`rkzd tltdc.
Odrx fmfifdcokmtk ilmif`fù ksd plsf`fcfhdh pkrl cukjl
plckofzù ilm cd «cky hk `rlmik hk cls sdcdrflsµ, dafrodmhl
quk cd ofskrfd kxtrkod rkidk sl`rk cls hksliupdhls l c÷o-
pkmks y ml sl`rk cd odsd hk cls dsdcdrfdhls. Cd ofskrfd irk-
ifkmtk ilmtrdhfik tdo`fæm cd mkiksfhdh quk tfkmk kc idpftd-
cfsol hk dopcfdr okridhls y ilmvkrtfr d cls kxpcltdhls
km icfkmtks. Kc prlpfl sfstkod sk vk l`cfjdhl d kxpdmhfr
cd idpdifhdh hk ilmsuol y d rktrf`ufr ’km dcjumd ksidcd’
kc odylr jdstl aïsfil-okmtdc hk cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl 09.

09 Qkr7 Odmhkc
Odmhkc,, Kr
Krmkst,
mkst, 46:2-d, (idp 2), Plshlc
Plshlcsey
sey P
Ploäm,
loäm, 46:6, (^drt
(^drtkk
FFF, dpæmhfik).

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 21

21 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

XKODY HK DIX[DCFHDH

Cd ikmtrdcfhdh, lprksfùm y kodmifpdifùm hkc trd`dgl

ilmstftuykm trks dspkitls hk cd l`rd hk @rdvkrodm quk
prkskmtdm jrdm ditudcfhdh, pkrl km um ilmtkxtl ouy
hfakrkmtk d su æplid. Km cls dôls :> sk hfsiutïd cd fmtkmsf-
afidifùm hkc trd`dgl, ofkmtrds quk km cds ÷ctfods hæidhds
sk bd hk`dtfhl cd idrkmifd kstk rkiursl. Hk cd irïtfid dc
 suarfofkmtl hkc trd`dgl sk bd pdsdhl d cd dmjustfd plr cd
duskmifd hk pukstls cd`lrdcks.
Km cd æplid hk @rdvkrodm sk dmdcfzd`d kc hrdod hkc
hkskopckl, pkrl ml kc «afm hkc trd`dglµ. Cd vfjkmifd hk su
fmvkstfjdifùm gustdokmtk rdhfid km cd lplsfifùm arlmtdc
quk prkskmtd d tlhds cds kxdjkrdiflmks sl`rk cd hksdpdrf-
ifùm hk cd ditfvfhdh cd`lrdc. Kstds prkvfsflmks sfopck-
okmtk lcvfhdm quk kc trd`dgl ks umd ilmhfifùm hk su`sfs-
tkmifd hk iudcqufkr slifkhdh y ilmstftuyk kc aumhdokmtl
hkc prliksl hk vdclrfzdifùm, km quk sk dsfkmtd kc idpftd-
cfsol. Ckkr d @rdvkrodm pkroftk rkilrhdr quk sfm trd-
`dgl ml bdy jkmkrdifùm hk rfqukzds, mf rkprlhuiifùm hk
cd vfhd slifdc.
Ks ifkrtl quk km cds ÷ctfods hls hæidhds sk bd hksdrrl-
ccdhl umd rkvlcuifùm tkimlcùjfid quk trdmsalroù kc prl-
iksl prlhuitfvl. ^krl tdo`fæm km kc pdsdhl sk rkjfstrdrlm
vdrfds trdmsalrodiflmks quk olhfafidrlm cds alrods hkc
trd`dgl, sfm kxtfmjufrcl. Cd tksfs dplidcïptfid quk dmumifd
cd ilopcktd sustftuifùm hk cd odml hk l`rd plr prliksls
dutlodtfzdhls, ilmvfkrtk kc prl`ckod kc slifl-kilmùofil
slifl-kilmùofil
hkc hkskopckl km um su`prlhuitl hk cd tkimlcljïd.
Yuplmk quk cds oäqufmds kxpucsdm odml hk l`rd plr su
iukmtd, loftfkmhl quk kstd diifùm ks kakitfvfzdhd plr
idpftdcfstds y jufdhd plr kc prfmifpfl hk rkmtd`fcfhdh.

9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 2:

Kc duokmtl hkc hkskopckl l`khkik d cd rkilmstftu-

ifùm hk um kgæriftl hk hksliupdhls, quk bd prksflmdhl
sl`rk kc sdcdrfl pdrd pkroftfr cd rkiupkrdifùm hk cd tdsd
hk jdmdmifd. Kstd cùjfid hk cd diuoucdifùm ’km ilmtkx-
tls hkoljräafils, adsks hkc ificl y aukrzds plcïtfil-slifd-
 cks ouy hfvkrsds’
prfmifpfls hktkrofmd
quk rfjkm cd tdsd
hkshk bdik hk hkskopckl.
hls sfjcls Ylm
y mumid ilm-
hugkrlm dc afm hkc trd`dgl.
Kstk prlmùstfil sk bd trdmsalrodhl km umd fhklcljïd
quk gustfafid cls dtrlpkccls hk cds icdsks hlofmdmtks. Yk
prlicdod quk cd «krd hkc pckml kopckl ilmicuyùµ y quk cd
«tdsd mdturdc hk hkskopckl hk`k su`frµ. ^krl kc kopckl sk
bd kxpdmhfhl km tlhls cls skitlrks quk bdm adifcftdhl kc
duokmtl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd (mukvd pkrfakrfd fmhustrfd-
cfzdhd, ougkrks,skprkidrfzdhls).
cuifùm cd`lrdc prkidrfzdhls
kmodsidrd cd). rklrjdmfzdifùm
Ilm kc admtdsodlprksfvd
hk cd hfsl-
hkc
trd`dgl, quk @rdvkrodm hkmumifù rkftkrdhdokmtk.
Kc skjumhl dspkitl hk ditudcfhdh hk su l`rd ks cd
ikmtrdcfhdh hk cd kxpcltdifùm. Kstd rkckvdmifd sdctd d cd
vfstd ilm cd skiukcd hk dtrlpkccls
dtrlp kccls quk pkrpktrù
p krpktrù kc mklcf-
`krdcfsol. Cd pkrvkrsd ilo`fmdifùm hk sl`rk-trd`dgl
kmtrk cls liupdhls ilm su`-trd`dgl kmtrk cls hksliupd-
hls ks um mkadstl rksuctdhl hk ksd djrksfùm. Cd ofxturd
hk
tfidkxiksl
quk kmy adctd hk trd`dgl
cd æplid ks ditudcokmtk
hk @rdvkrodm, oäs hrdoä-
pkrl l`khkik d cd
ofsod tfrdmïd hk cd kxpcltdifùm quk fmhdjù kc kstuhflsl
hkc tdyclrfsol.
Cd rkhuiifùm hk cd glrmdhd cd`lrdc quk pkroftfrïd dcf-
vfdr cd fmtkmsfhdh hkc trd`dgl kmtrk cls liupdhls, hfstrf-
`uykmhl kc kopckl rksuctdmtk kmtrk cls hksliupdhls sk
bd hfsiutfhl hkshk cls dôls :> bdstd cd ditudcfhdh. Ksd
okglrd auk pdrifdcokmtk ilmqufstdhd plr okhfl hk cd

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 22

22 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

cuibd y tdo`fæm drrk`dtdhd hurdmtk cds ilmtrdlakmsfvds

pdtrlmdcks.
 ^krl umd hfakrkmifd ilm kc pdsdhl ks cd hkalrodifùm
quk rlhkd d kstk rkicdol, iuämhl cls koprksdrfls hfstlr-
sflmdm su utfcfzdifùm pdrd ilmvkrtfrcl km um okidmfsol
ackxf`fcfzdifùm cd`lrdc. Km kstk idsl, cd hfsofmuifùm hk cds
blrds hk trd`dgl ks dilopdôdhd plr rkhuiiflmks sdcdrfdcks
y olhfafidiflmks
olhfafidiflmks hk cds
cds ilmhfif
ilmhfiflmks
lmks cd`lrdcks.
cd`lrdcks. Cd `dtdccd
`dtdccd
plr hfsofmufr cd glrmdhd km alrod hrästfid, fjudcftdrfd, umf-
vkrsdc y sfm olhfafidr
olhfafidr kc sdcdrfl tfkmk ditudcokmtk
ditudcokmtk umd
foplrtdmifd kstrdtæjfid odylr, quk km cls dôls hk @rdvkr-
odm. Ks um okhfl pdrd dvdmzdr km cd rkiloplsfifùm slifdc
hk cd icdsk trd`dgdhlrd, adifcftdr ilmqufstds y pkroftfr cd
rkiupkrdifùm hk cd ilmafdmzd plcïtfid hk cls kxpcltdhls.
Afmdcokmtk kc tkxtl hk @rdvkrodm ks umd rkakrkmifd
pdrd kc hksdrrlccl hk um prlykitl hk kodmifpdifùm hkc
trd`dgl km cd trdhfifùm slifdcfstd. Kstk prljrdod fopcfid
cd dutl-rkdcfzdifùm hkc fmhfvfhul, okhfdmtk cd krrdhfid-
ifùm prljrksfvd hk cd kxpcltdifùm d trdvæs hk um prliksl
hk hks-dcfkmdifùm.
Kstk pcdmtkl slifdcfstd ks fmilopdtf`ck ilm cd prlol-
iflmdhd «cf`krdifùm hkc trd`dglµ hkmtrl hkc idpftdcfsol,

okhfdmtk umdKstds
tfkopl cf`rk. pducdtfmd sustftuifùm
prlpukstds hkc trd`dgl
ko`kcckikm plr kc
cd hrdoätfid
rkjrksfùm slifdc quk suarkm cls trd`dgdhlrks prkidrfzdhls
y loftkm
loftkm quk km cds
cds ÷ctfods
÷ctfods hæidhds
hæidhds duokmtù
duokmtù kc pdrl alr-
zlsl y ml kc tfkopl hk lifl cf`rkokmtk kckjfhl. Kc hks-
pcdzdofkmtl hkc trd`dgl plr kc hkskopckl ml fmtrlhuik
mfmj÷m dspkitl kodmifpdhlr km cd vfhd slifdc08.

08 Bussl
Busslm,
m, Of
Ofibkc,
ibkc, 4661-`
4661-`,, (I
(Idp
dp 9,
9,8,
8, 1 y 2), Bussl
Busslm
m Ofi
Ofibkc,
bkc, 466;-6
466;-61,
1,
Busslm Ofibkc, 4662.
 9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 26

Cd irfsfs ditudc hkc trd`dgl l`khkik d umd rkcdifùm

slifdc kmtrk idpftdcfstds y dsdcdrfdhls y ml d ifkrtl tfpl
kspkiïafil hk lafifl. Dakitd cd alrod bfstùrfid hk trd`dgl
dcfkmdhl y ml cd hfokmsfùm dmtrlplcùjfid hk cd ditfvfhdh
cd`lrdc. Krrdhfidr kc idräitkr idpftdcfstd hkc trd`dgl pkr-
sfstk ilol um l`gktfvl, km cls ofsols tærofmls quk
pcdmtkù @rdvkrodm.

HKC KMX[YFDYOL DC LCQFHL7 [M CKJDHL

«Xrd`dgl y idpftdc olmlplcfstdµ jlzù hk umd kuaùrfid

rkikpifùm fmfifdc, plstkrflrokmtk skjufhd hk rkibdzls y
lcvfhls. Kstk jfrl auk pkrslmfafidhl plr dcjumls tkùrfils
hk cd Pkjucdifùm quk d`dmhlmdrlm cd bukccd hk @rdvkr-
odm. Kspkifdcokmtk Ilrfdt ilokmzù kstuhfdmhl cls
kakitls hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc km Ardmifd, pkrl ilmicuyù
ilmtrdplmfkmhl vdrfdmtks mkjdtfvds hk tdyclrfsol
(dmjclsdgùm y mklcf`krdc) ilm hfstfmtds lpiflmks plsftfvds
hk pls-tdyclrfsol0;.
Ilm ksk kmalquk ilopdrdtfvl sk rkfvfmhfid tdo`fæm
kc pls-alrhfsol sukil y dckoäm l kc tlyltfsol gdplmæs,
hkstdidmhl su ilmvkmfkmifd pdrd cd «mukvd kilmloïd hk
cd vdrfkhdhµ. Cls pdhkifofkmtls quk @rdvkrodm dtrf`uïd
dc idpftdcfsol slm kxicusfvdokmtk clidcfzdhls km cls
olhkcls quk prkskrvdm cd ræolrd tdyclrfstd. Km kstls
dmäcfsfs kc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc ks loftfhl, cd kxpcltdifùm
qukhd rkstrfmjfhd d ifkrtd plcïtfid kilmùofid y cd pcusvd-
cïd ks `lrrdhd hk iudcqufkr rkackxfùm.

0; Ilrf
Ilrfdt
4660.dt @k
@kmgdoï
mgdoïm,
m, 462
4620-d,
0-d, I
Ilrfd
lrfdtt @kmg
@kmgdoïm
doïm,, 4620
4620-`,
-`, Ilrfd
Ilrfdtt @kmg
@kmgdoïm
doïm,,

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 6>

6> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Kstd pærhfhd hk skmtfhl irïtfil ks um rdsjl ilopdr-

tfhl plr ouibls slifùcljls hkc trd`dgl quk sk hfstdmifd-
rlm hk @rdvkrodm. Lptdrlm plr umd rkackxfùm hks-ilo-

prloktfhd
d`dmhlml hkhkcdshfstfmtds
hkmumifdssftudiflmks cd`lrdcks
hk cd lprksfùm. y um
Km rkdcfhdh,
kstls «kxpkrtls km tkods cd`lrdcksµ sk bdm u`fidhl km
cds dmtïplhds hk cd ditftuh quk dhlptù kc kstuhflsl mlrtk-
dokrfidml. Kvdc÷dm prliksls hk trd`dgl ilol sf kstuvfk-
rdm km um cd`lrdtlrfl hk sustdmifds quïofids y ml km kc
ikmtrl hk cd dprlpfdifùm koprksdrfd hkc trd`dgl ml
rkoumkrdhl.
Cd tdrkd hk ilopdrdr olhkcls kilmùofils km aum-
ifùm
tdmtkhk su pkrafc cd`lrdc
prkliupdifùm sk @rdvkrodm.
plst- bd ilmvkrtfhl km umd
^krl foplr-
kc bd`ftudc
ilmtrdstk kmtrk plsalrhfsols, tlyltfsols y tdyclrfsols
kopl`rkik kc dmäcfsfs y hksilmkitd cds tkmhkmifds l`gktf-
vds hk cd vdclrfzdifùm
vdclrfz difùm hkc idpftdc
idpftd c hk su kakitl sl`rk kc
prliksl hk trd`dgl.
Pksuctd pdrtfiucdrokmtk fmjkmud cd irkkmifd hk quk
ifkrtd plcïtfid cd`lrdc ks cd icdvk hkc æxftl kilmùofil hk
um pdïs, ilol sf cls dckodmks kcfjfkrdm skr plsalrhfstds,
cls odcdyls tdyclrfstds y cls darfidmls prk-tdyclrfstds. Kc
d`dmhlml hk cd cùjfid hkc idpftdc quk jufù kc kstuhfl hk
@rdvkrodm ks cd idusd hk kstd sfopcfafidifùm.
Kc lcvfhl quk rlhkd d cd tklrïd hkc ilmtrlc pdtrlmdc sk
kxpcfid plr kc icfod mklcf`krdc hk cds ÷ctfods hæidhds.
^krl fmicusl km ksk ilmtkxtl dhvkrsl, «Xrd`dgl y Idpftdc
Olmlplcfstdµ ilmtfmuù prlvlidmhl um aukrtk fopditl
koliflmdc kmtrk tlhls sus ckitlrks. Kc cf`rl prkskmtd umd
iruhd hksirfpifùm hkc tlrokmtl hkc trd`dgl, quk jkmkrd cd
fmokhfdtd fhkmtfafidifùm hk qufkmks bdm ilmlifhl ksk
suarfofkmtl. Kc tkxtl rkackgd ml sùcl umd fmtkmsd kcd`lrd-
 9. ^P
^PLI
LIKY
KYLL HK XPD@
XPD@DG
DGLL 64

ifùm fmtkckitudc, sfml tdo`fæm cd kvfhkmtk kxpkrfkmifd hk

um trd`dgdhlr y kc ofcftdmtk plcïtfil.
@rdvkrodm pkrtkmkifù d cd jkmkrdifùm hk slifdcfstds
quk sk rdhfidcfzdrlm hurdmtk cls dôls 9> y gujdrlm um
pdpkc prltdjùmfil km kc hksdrrlccl hk cd fzqufkrhd mlrtkd-
okrfidmd Auk sfmhfidcfstd y lrjdmfzdhlr hk ilrrfkmtks
ilo`dtfvds hurdmtk cls hurls dôls hkc odiidrtfsol, fmtk-
jrù kc Ylifdcfst Zlrekr ^drty y km su odhurkz odmtuvl
umd kstrkibd rkcdifùm ilm cd rkvfstd Olmtbcy Pkvfkw.
Kc pkmsdhlr mlrtkdokrfidml `usiù km cd kcd`lrdifùm
fmtkckitudc rkspukstds d cls hfckods plcïtfils quk
kmarkmtù ilol ofcftdmtk. Kstuhfù hktkmfhdokmtk kc tdy-
clrfsol pdrd hkskmvlcvkr drjuokmtls ilmtrd cd iljks-
tfùm l`rkrl-pdtrlmdc. Xdo`fæm fmtkmtù kxpcfidr cls ido-
`fls lpkrdhls km cd icdsk l`rkrd y cds hfafiuctdhks quk
kmarkmtd`d cd fzqufkrhd kstdhlumfhkmsk. @rdvkrodm auk
um fmtkckitudc slifdcfstd quk fmtkjrù cd rkackxfùm tkùrfid
ilm cd kxpkrfkmifd ofcftdmtk. Ksirf`fù um cf`rl icäsfil
pdrd su tfkopl y dhlptù umd ditftuh quk su`sfstk ilol
olhkcl pdrd tlhls cls tfkopls.
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 60
 Idpïtucl 8

XDYD HK JDMDMIFD

Xlhds cds ilrrfkmtks hkc pkmsdofkmtl kilmùofil ilfmif-

hkm km rkilmlikr cd kxfstkmifd hk l`stäiucls dc prliksl hk
vdclrf
vdc lrfzdi
zdifùm
fùm hkc idp
idpftd
ftdc,c, dslifd
dslifdhls
hls ilm cd hkicfm
hkicfmdif
difùm
ùm hk cd
tdsd hk jdmdmifd. Kstd idïhd ks kc prfmifpdc sïmtlod hk irf-
sfs km um sfstkod idpftdcfstd quk jfrd km tlrml dc `kmkafifl.
^lr ksl clshk
kvlcuifùm fmvkstfjdhlrks kstuhfdm
cd rkmtd`fcfhdh. ilm tdmtd dtkmifùm
Cd hksirfpifùm ilyumturdccd
hk kstd vdrfd`ck ml ks hfaïifc, pkrl cds idusds quk jkmkrdm
su hkicfmdifùm plrikmtudc slm ouy hfsiutfhds.
Cls aumhdhlrks hk cd kilmloïd plcïtfid ilopdrtïdm
umd pkrikpifùm pksfofstd sl`rk cd tkmhkmifd hkc `kmkaf-
ifl. Dhdo Yoftb dtrf`uïd su hkirkifofkmtl d cd fmtkmsfaf-
idifùm hk cd ilopktkmifd y Pfidrhl d um djltdofkmtl hk
cd tfkrrd aærtfc, quk kmidrkiïd cls dcfokmtls y cls sdcdrfls.
Cd lrtlhlxfd mklicäsfid kxtrdplcù kstd tklrïd d cd fmhus-
trfd y plstucù cd kxfstkmifd hk rkmhfofkmtls hkirkifkmtks
hkc idpftdc, hkrfvdhls hk cd ksidskz hk kstk rkiursl. Eky-
mks sftuù kc lrfjkm hkc prl`ckod km cd kspkiucdifùm afmdm-
ifkrd y Yibuopktkr km kc hksdcfkmtl hk cd fmmlvdifùm.
Kc jruksl hk cls kilmlofstds ilmtkoplrämkls dtrf-
`uyk cd idïhd hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl d um vdrfdhl kspki-
 trl hk idusds. Pksdctdm kspkifdcokmtk kc kxiksl hk ilm-
iurrkmifd, kc kmidrkifofkmtl hk cls `fkmks hk ilmsuol,
cd hfsofmuifùm hk cd lakrtd hk almhls, cd bfpkrtrlafd
afmdmifkrd l cd pærhfhd hkc kstïoucl fmmlvdhlr.
Kc kmalquk odrxfstd dtrf`uyk, km ido`fl, cd hkicfmd-
ifùm plrikmtudc hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl, d cd prlpfd hfmä-

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 68

68 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

ofid hkc idpftdc y idrditkrfzd cd kxfstkmifd hk umd cky, quk

bd susiftdhl o÷ctfpcks ilmtrlvkrsfds.

KC ^CDMXKL HK ODPR

Kc dutlr hk «Kc Idpftdcµ kxpusl cd cky hk cd tkmhkmifd

hkirkifkmtk hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd km trks idpïtucls hkc
tlol FFF hk ksk cf`rl, d trdvæs hk umd prkskmtdifùm ouy
sfopck. Hkafmfù d cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd (j¸) ilol umd prl-
plrifùm hk cd pcusvdcïd (p) km rkcdifùm dc idpftdc tltdc
fmvkrtfhl. Hfvfhfù
Hfvfhfù ksd pcusvdcïd plr kc idpftdc vdrfd`ck (v7
jdstls km sdcdrfls) y ilmstdmtk (i7 jdstls km odqufmdrfd y
odtkrfds prfods) l`tkmfkmhl7 j¸ ? p/ v + i. Hk kstd prk-
skmtdifùm hkhugl quk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd hkicfmd d
okhfhd quk dvdmzd cd okidmfzdifùm. Fmtkrprktù kstk
kakitl ilol umd ilmskiukmifd hkc duokmtl hk cd ilo-
plsfifùm tæimfid (it7 prlplrifùm hk cd odqufmdrfd km
rkcdifùm
plsfifùmdlrjämfid
cd odml (il7
hk l`rd) y hkc fmirkokmtl
prlplrifùm hkc idpftdchk cd ilo-
ilmstdmtk
km rkcdifùm dc vdrfd`ck)4.
Ilm kstd prkskmtdifùm Odrx fmhfiù quk cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd tfkmhk d hkicfmdr ilol rksuctdhl hk cd irkifkmtk
 tkimfafidifùm. Cd idïhd l`khkik d umd prksfùm ilopktftfvd,
quk rkhuik kc plrikmtdgk hkc mukvl trd`dgl vfvl fmilrpl-
rdhl km cds okridmiïds, km rkcdifùm dc trd`dgl oukrtl (yd
l`gktfvdhl km cds odtkrfds prfods y cd odqufmdrfd).

hk ^krl
skfs Odrx pumtudcfzù
aukrzds dc ofsolhk
ilopkmsdtlrfds tfkopl
kstk cd kxfstkmifd
prliksl. Kc

4 Odr
Odrxx I
Idr
drcls
cls,, 446:9
6:9-`
-`,, ttlo
loll FFFF,
FF, ski
skiif
ifùm
ùm 9, (idp
(idp 449,
9, 48, 4;)
4;)..

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 6;

duokmtl hkc jrdhl hk kxpcltdifùm (pcusvdcïd d`slcutd

l`tkmfhd d trdvæs hk cd fmtkmsfafidifùm l prlclmjdifùm hk
cd glrmdhd hk trd`dgl), cd rkhuiifùm hkc sdcdrfl, kc d`drdtd-
ofkmtl hkc idpftdc ilmstdmtk (hkrfvdhl hk cd hkprkifdifùm
hkc idpftdc kxfstkmtk), cd supkrpl`cdifùm rkcdtfvd (d`um-
hdmifd hkc trd`dgl dsdcdrfdhl hfsplmf`ck), kc ilokrifl
kxtkrflr (hkprkifdifùm hk cds odtkrfds prfods) y kc
duokmtl hkc idpftdc plr diiflmks (iuyls hfvfhkmhls pkr-
oftkm jdmdmifds kxtrdlrhfmdrfds). Hkstdiù, dhkoäs, quk kc
fmirkokmtl hk cd idpdifhdh prlhuitfvd, kc vlcuokm hk cds
vkmtds
vkm tds y cd odsd
odsd ttltd
ltdcc hk jdmdmif
jdmdmifds
ds ilmtrd
ilmtrdrrks
rrkstdm
tdm cd
cd idïhd
idïhd
hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl, dumquk sfm rkvkrtfr ksk hksikmsl.
Afmdcokmtk Odrx kxpusl cds ilmtrdhfiiflmks quk
jkmkrd kc fmirkokmtl hk cd prlhuiifùm, gumtl d kstd
rkhuiifùm hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd. Dc ouctfpcfidrsk kc
m÷okrl hk okridmiïds kmvfdhds dc okridhl ilm hkirk-
ifkmtks plsf`fcfhdhks hk jkmkrdr `kmkafifls, sk rktrdk cd
fmvkrsfùm y duokmtdm cds hfafiuctdhks pdrd vdclrfzdr kc
idpftdc. Km um olokmtl ksk hkskqufcf`rfl hkskmidhkmd
supkrprlhuiifùm hk okridmiïds y sl`rk-diuoucdifùm hk
 idpftdcks. Ilm kstls hksdgustks sk kvfhkmifd quk cd prlpfd
diuoucdifùm prlvlid cd hkprksfùm y quk kc cïoftk hkc
idpftdc ks kc idpftdc ofsol. ^drtfkmhl hk kstd idrditkrfzd-
ifùm, Odrx hkafmfù d cd ilmtrdiifùm tkmhkmifdc hkc `kmk-
afifl ilol cd cky oäs foplrtdmtk hk cd kilmloïd plcïtfid.
^drd kvdcudr cd hfmäofid hk kstk prfmifpfl ilmvfkmk
rklrhkmdr cd aùroucd (hfvfhfkmhl tlhls sus iloplmkmtk
plr kc idpftdc vdrfd`ck7 j¸ ? p/ i + v sk ilmvfkrtk km
j¸?p¸/il+4). Ilm kstk ido`fl sk mltd quk cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd prkskmtd umd rkcdifùm hfrkitdokmtk prlplrifl-
mdc ilm cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd k fmvkrsdokmtk prlplriflmdc
ilm cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid. ^drd quk su hkicfmdifùm ’

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 61

61 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

jkmkrdhd plr kc duokmtl hk kstd ÷ctfod vdrfd`ck (il)’

qukhdrd tltdcokmtk ilmtrdrrkstdhd, hk`krïd prlhuifrsk
um duokmtl hk cd ofsod odjmftuh hkc prfokr ilopl-
mkmtk (p¸). Ksd plsf`fcfhdh ks fmtkmsdokmtk hk`dtfhd plr
cls irïtfils hk cd cky.
Ilmvfkmk tdo`fæm hfstfmjufr iuäcks slm cds aukrzds
quk kckvdm cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd (odylr jrdhl hk kxpcltd-
ifùm, rkhuiifùm hkc sdcdrfl, sl`rkpl`cdifùm), iuäcks odm-
tfkmkm `dgd cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid (d`drdtdofkmtl hkc
idpftdc ilmstdmtk) y dpumtdcdm do`ls prliksls (ilokr-
ifl kxtkrflr). V ks foplrtdmtk rkilrhdr ltrds fmacukmifds
quk mkutrdcfzdm cd idïhd hkc `kmkafifl, ilol cls mukvls
fmvkmtls, cd dikckrdifùm hk cd rltdifùm hkc idpftdc y cds
fmvkrsflmks km rdods hk okmlr iloplsfifùm lrjämfid.

CDY IPÏXFIDY OÄY ILPPFKMXKY

 Cd cky auk fmfifdcokmtk iukstflmdhd plr dutlrks quk l`gk-
tdrlm kc supukstl hk umd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd ilmstdmtk.
Kstfodrlm quk ks fmilrrkitl plstucdr cd idïhd hk cd tdsd
hk jdmdmifd sf sk ilmsfhkrd hdhd cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd, yd
quk kstd fmoutd`fcfhdh ilmtrdhfik cd cùjfid hkc idpftdc0.
^krl kstk skôdcdofkmtl fmtrlhugl um adcsl prl`ckod.
Cukjl hk kxplmkr km alrod prlvfsflmdc su tksfs, Odrx
hksdrrlccù tlhl su rdzlmdofkmtl ilm umd tdsd hk pcusvd-
cïd (p¸) irkifkmtk. Ilmtkopcù kstk fmirkokmtl, gumtl d cd
kckvdifùm hk cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid, dumquk su`rd-
ydmhl quk cd prfokrd su`d ml dcidmzd cd odjmftuh hk cd
skjumhd.

0 Pl`fmsl
slm
m GGlldm
dm,, 4461
612,
2, (id
idpp ;;).
).

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 6:

Kc dutlr hk «Kc Idpftdcµ krd fjudcokmtk ilmifkmtk hk

cds ilopckgfhdhks quk rlhkdm d cd cky. Kc ofsol fmirk-
okmtl hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh quk prksflmd bdifd cd idïhd hk
cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl, tdo`fæm advlrkik kc duokmtl hk cd
odsd hk jdmdmifds. ^lr um cdhl, sk jkmkrd umd pærhfhd
(hfsofmuifùm hk cls prkifls ilm cd idïhd hk cd prlplrifùm
hk trd`dgl vfvl fmilrplrdhd plr umfhdh hk prlhuitl).

^krl plr
vlcuo km ltrd
vlcuokm pdrtk,iifùm
kxfstk
hk prlhuiifùm
prlhu umd jdmdmifd
y vkmtd
vkmtds).
s). (fmirkokmtl hkc
L`skrvdmhl do`ls prliksls, dcjumls dutlrks hkstd-
idrlm cd foplsf`fcfhdh hk kstd`ckikr iuäc ks kc iloplr-
tdofkmtl hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd 9. Kstfodrlm quk ml sk
pukhk hfakrkmifdr cds tkmhkmifds hk cds aukrzds ilmtrd-
rrkstdm ksk olvfofkmtl. Km cd ofsod l`gkifùm sk dplyd
 ltrl iukstflmdofkmtl, quk rkodrid cd aumifùm ilopkm-
sdtlrfd kgkrifhd plr kc duokmtl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd.
Kstk fmirkokmtl
oucdifùm dskjurd tdo`fæm
y cd ilmsfjufkmtk kc dsikmsl
kckvdifùm hk cdhktdsd
cd diu-
hk
jdmdmifd8.
^krl kstd irïtfid lcvfhd quk sùcl cd iloplsfifùm lrjä-
mfid pukhk kckvdrsk fmhkafmfhdokmtk, ofkmtrds quk kc
dsikmsl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd kmarkmtd skrfls l`stäiucls
l`stäiucls..
Xrdspdsdhl ifkrtl cïoftk, cd rkhuiifùm hkc trd`dgl mkiksd-
rfl (plrifùm hk cd glrmdhd cd`lrdc quk pkroftk cd rkprl-
huiifùm hk cd aukrzd hk trd`dgl) sk tlrmd idhd vkz oäs
hfafiuctlsd. Yf plr kgkopcl
trd`dgl, mkiksdrfl qukhdrdkmrkhuifhl
umd glrmdhd
d ; hk 2 blrdscls
ofmutls, kc
jrdmhks duokmtls hk prlhuitfvfhdh rkqukrfhls pdrd
dibfidrcd d 8 ofmutls rkhumhdrïdm km su`ds frrkckvdmtks

9 Ywkkzy ^du
duc,c, 46:
6:99, (idp 1).
8 Olsz
Olszel
elws
wsed
ed M Mdt
dtdc
dcfk
fk,, 46
4624
24,, (p
(prf
rfok
okrd
rd ppdr
drtk
tk).
).

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 62

62 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

hkc trd`dgl kxikhkmtk quk sk dprlpfd kc idpftdcfstd (hk :

blrds ;; ofmutls d : blrds ;1 ofmutls);.
Dc prkifsdr cd alrod km quk plhrïd kckvdrsk cd tdsd hk
pcusvdcïd, cls irïtfils rkodridm kc slstkmfhl d`drdtd-
ofkmtl hk cls okhfls hk vfhd ilmsuofhls plr cls trd`d-
gdhlrks.
gdhlr ks. Yfm
Yfm ko`drjl
ko`drjl,, sùcl
sùcl duokmtls
duokmtls km cd
cd prlhuitfvf
prlhuitfvfhdh
hdh
hkc skitlr hk `fkmks hk ilmsuol rkhuikm cls jdstls km
odml hk l`rd. Iuämhl kstls fmirkokmtls sk clidcfzdm km
ltrds rdods hk cd kilmloïd, tfkmhkm d kckvdr km odylr
okhfhd cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid quk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd.
Yf `fkm ks ifkrtl quk kc duokmtl hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh
 d`drdtd cls fmsuols `äsfils hk cd idmdstd sdcdrfdc, kstd
hksvdclrfzdifùm ilkxfstk ilm kc fmirkokmtl hkc m÷okrl y
cd idcfhdh hk cls `fkmks utfcfzdhls. Cls pdtrlmks hk ilm-
suol hk cls dsdcdrfdhls sk bdm olhfafidhl iudcftdtfvd-
okmtk km idhd ktdpd hkc idpftdcfsol, fmilrplrdmhl muk-
vds okridmiïds d cls iloplmkmtks hkc vdclr hk cd aukrzd
hk trd`dgl. Dumquk cls dcfokmtls, kc trdmsplrtk l kc
kmtrktkmfofkmtl sk d`drdtkm, kc jdstl tltdc hkstfmdhl d
ksds ditfvfhdhks ml hkidk. Kc ilstl hkirkifkmtk quk tfk-
mkm cls sdcdrfls d okhfhd quk cd diuoucdifùm rkhuik kc
vdclr hk cls
cls `fkmks
`fkmks hk ilmsuol,
ilmsuol, kkmarkmtd
markmtd skrfls
skrfls cïoftks.
cïoftks.
^lr ltrd pdrtk, kc duokmtl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd
okhfdmtk um sfopck rkaukrzl hk cd kxpcltdifùm, kmarkmtd

`drrkrds aïsfil-`flcùjfi
aïsfil-`flcùjfids
dsdcdrfdhls. Ml bdy qukdslcvfhdr
y cd kvfhkmtk
quk cd rksfstkmifd hk cls
aukrzd hk trd`dgl
ks umd okridmiïd pdrtfiucdr. Yu prkifl ml hkpkmhk
kstrfitdokmtk ’ilol km cls rkstdmtks idsls’ hk cd kvlcu-
ifùm hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh. Ilmtfkmk um kckokmtl bfstù-
rfil-slifdc, hfrkitdokmtk dslifdhl ilm cd cuibd hk icdsks.

; Kst
Kstkk drj
drjuo
uokmt
kmtll pcd
pcdmt
mtkù
kù P
Plsh
lshlc
lcsey
sey,, Pl
Plod
odm,
m, 46
46:6,
:6, ((id
idpp 0:, ddpæm
pæmhfi
hfik)
k)..

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 66

Ltrl iukstflmdofkmtl hk cd cky hkstdid quk cd ilo-

plsfifùm lrjämfid sk odmtfkmk fmvdrfd`ck sf sk d`drdtd kc
idpftdc ilmstdmtk. Dcjumls dutlrks pumtudcfzdm quk kstd
hksvdclrfzdifùm krd olhkrdhd km cd æplid hk Odrx,
pkrl sk bd tlrmdhl hlofmdmtk km kc idpftdcfsol ilm-
tkoplrämkl1.
Yfm ko`drjl, kstk skôdcdofkmtl loftk quk skokgdmtk
 d`drdtdofkmtl sùcl pukhk kakitfvfzdrsk sf prkvfdokmtk cd
iloplsfifùm lrjämfid sk kckvù, d trdvæs hk umd jrdm
fmvkrsfùm km odqufmdrfd. Cd hksvdclrfzdifùm ilopkmsd-
tlrfd ks um kakitl plstkrflr d ksd fmvkrsfùm prkvfd. ^lr
kstd rdzùm cls `fkmks hk prlhuiifùm quk sk tlrmdm oäs
`drdtls ilkxfstkm ilm kc irkifkmtk jdstl jkmkrdc km
`fkmks hk prlhuiifùm, km ilopdrdifùm d cds krljdiflmks
hkstfmdhds d ilmtrdtdr aukrzd hk trd`dgl.
^lr ltrd pdrtk, sf `fkm kc idpftdc ifriucdmtk (odtkrfds
prfods) tfkmhk d pkrhkr rkckvdmifd d okhfhd quk dvdmzd
cd tkimfafidifùm, cd hksvdclrfzdifùm hk kstk iloplmkmtk
kmarkmtd um cïoftk kstruiturdc, hkrfvdhl hk su hkpkmhkm-
ifd hk rkiursls mdturdcks ml rkmlvd`cks.
Ltrd drjuokmtl d advlr hkc d`drdtdofkmtl hkc idpftdc
ilmstdmtk hkstdid cd irkifkmtk fmifhkmifd hk fmmlvdifl-
mks quk «dblrrdm idpftdc km cujdr hk trd`dglµ:. ^krl sk
rksdctd cd jrdvftdifùm hk kstd tkmhkmifd, loftfkmhl quk cd
ilopktkmifd foplmk kc prkhlofmfl hk cd olhdcfhdh
lpukstd, ks hkifr hk cds «tæimfids dblrrdhlrds hk trd-
`dglµ. Kstd prfodiïd bd sfhl um rdsjl ilmtumhkmtk hk
tlhd cd bfstlrfd hkc idpftdcfsol.

1 Okke
Okke P.
P.C
C 46
46:0-
:0-d,
d, (0hd
(0hd.. ^d
^drtk
rtk,, pu
pumt
mtll 9)
9),, @
@lyk
lykrr P
Pl`k
l`krt,
rt, 462;,
462;, @
@lyk
lykrr
Pl`krt, Ofstrdc Gdiquks, 4629.
: Pl`f
Pl`fms
mslm
lm Gl
Gldm,
dm, 46:
46::,
:, @rks
@rksskr
skr ^k
^krkf
rkfrd
rd Cu
Cufz
fz,, 44621
621..

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>>

4>> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Cds fmmlvdiflmks quk gkrdrqufzdm kc usl hk odml hk

l`rd fmtkmsfvd liupdm um cujdr ilopckokmtdrfl arkmtk d
cls prliksls prkhlofmdmtks hk okidmfzdifùm, dutlodtf-
zdifùm y rl`ltfzdifùm. Yùcl km sftudiflmks ilyumturdcks y
 km cds kilmloïds pkrfaærfids sk utfcfzdm «tæimfids dblrrd

hlrds hk idpftdcµ.
hkskqufcf`rfls Cds fmmuokrd`cks
jkmkrdhls rkackxflmks
plr cd irkifkmtk sl`rk
prkplmhkrdm-
ifd hk cls ilstls afgls sl`rk cls ilstls vdrfd`cks kxprksdm
ksd prfodiïd2.
Kxfstk ltrd tksfs d advlr hkc idräitkr fmvdrfd`ck hk cd
iloplsfifùm lrjämfid, quk pumtudcfzd kc hfvlrifl kxfs-
tkmtk kmtrk cd kvlcuifùm hk kstd vdrfd`ck y su ilrrksplm-
hfkmtk iloplsfifùm tæimfid. Hkstdid quk ml kxfstk mfm-
jumd ilmkxfùm mkiksdrfd kmtrk cd prlplrifùm tæimfid hk
cd rkcdifùm
vdclr. odqufmdrfd’
Cd irkifkmtk
Cd irkif odml
kmtk okidmfzd
okidmfzdifùmhk pukhk
ifùm l`rd
pukhkyml
su trdhuif
tkxprksfùm
rsk km
rdhuifrsk km
olhfafidiflmks kqufvdckmtks, km kstk skjumhl pcdml6.
^krl sf `fkm ks ifkrtl quk do`ds rkcdiflmks ml sk
fhkmtfafidm, tdoplil sk hkskmvukcvkm km hfrkiiflmks
lpukstds. Km kc kmalquk hk Odrx, cd iloplsfifùm tæimfid
y cd iloplsf
iloplsfifù
ifùm
m lrjämf
lrjämfid
id slm
slm hls
hls ilmikptl
ilmikptlss rkprks
rkprkskmtd
kmtd--
tfvls hk um ofsol akmùokml7 cd tkimfafidifùm km su
dspkitl odtkrfdc y km su odmfakstdifùm hk vdclr4>.
Dcjumls dutlrks hkstdidm quk pdrd dmdcfzdr kstk
ofsol prliksl km cd rkdcfhdh ilmirktd, Odrx fmtrlhugl
ltrd idtkjlrïd7 cd iloplsfifùm hk vdclr, quk sft÷d cd rkcd-

2 Qkr Odm
Odmhkc
hkc,, K
Krmk
rmkst,
st, 46:
46:2-d
2-d,, BBdrv
drvky,
ky, Hdv
Hdvfh,
fh, 466
466>,
>, Ybd
Ybdfeb
feb,, D
Dmwd
mwdr,
r,
4664, (idp 1).
6 Yt
Ytkkkho
hodm
dm,, Fd
Fdm, 44662;, (i
(iddp. 6)
6)..
4> Qkr Af
Afmk
mk @k
@km,m, Bd
Bdrrfs
rrfs Cdurk
Cdurkmik,
mik, 462;, (idp 8 y ;;).
). X
Xdo`fæ
do`fæm7
m7 IIljly
ljly
Odrfl. Iftdhl plr Jufccæm Plol Bæitlr, 4622.

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 4>4

ifùm kmtrk kc idpftdc ilmstdmtk y vdrfd`ck km kc pcdml

 kopïrfil. Yk plhrïd fjudcokmtk dafrodr quk cd iloplsf-
ifùm hk vdclr (y yd ml cd lrjämfid) sk odmtfkmk fmvdrfd`ck.
^krl sl`rk kstk pumtl gustdokmtk rdhfid kc hk`dtk sl`rk
cds aukrzds ilmtrdrrkstdmtks.
Ifkrtls drjuokmtls rkiurrkm d rdzlmdofkmtls hk
kqufcf`rfl pdrd rksdctdm cd idpdifhdh hk ksds aukrzds pdrd
mkutrdcfzdr kc hkirkifofkmtl plrikmtudc hk cd tdsd hk
`kmkafifl. Yuplmkm quk kc idpftdc irkd cls rkokhfls hk su
kmakrokhdh, ilmtrdpksdmhl cls hksdgustks irkdhls plr kc
duokmtl hk cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid.
^krl kstd irkkmifd bd sfhl idtkjùrfidokmtk hksokm-
tfhd plr cd kvlcuifùm hkc idpftdcfsol. Cd hksprlplrifùm
fmfifdcokmtk irkdhd plr cd kckvdhd fmvkrsfùm km odquf-
mdrfd, mumid ks tltdcokmtk ilopkmsdhd plr cls hkirk-
ifkmtks jdstls hk rkplsfifùm hkc idpftdc afgl. Cds prlplr-
iflmdcfhdhks quk pkroftkm kc aumiflmdofkmtl hkc
sfstkod sùcl slm arkiukmtks km kc ilrtl pcdzl. Km pkrïl-
hls oäs prlclmjdhls prkhlofmdm hkskqufcf`rfls sfstæ-
ofils, hkrfvdhls hk cd dmdrquïd okridmtfc y cd duskmifd
hk pcdmfafidifùm.

KYXPDMJ[CDOFKMXL HK CDY JDMDMIFDY

Ltrls irïtfils hk cd cky rkilmlikm idïhds hk cd tdsd hk

jdmdmifd, pkrl fmtkrprktdm quk ksk akmùokml ml l`khkik
d ilmtrdhfiiflmks fmtkrmds hk cd diuoucdifùm. Arkiukmtk-
okmtk dtrf`uykm cd hkicfmdifùm d um iloplrtdofkmtl
dsikmhkmtk hk cls sdcdrfls. Kstd tklrïd sk ilmlik ilol kc
kstrdmjucdofkmtl hk cd jdmdmifd plr cd prksfùm sdcdrfdc
(prlaft squkkzk). ^cdmtkd quk iuämhl cds ilmhfiflmks hkc

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>0

4>0 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

okridhl hk trd`dgl (`dgl hkskopckl, ificl dsikmhkmtk) l

cds rkcdiflmks hk aukrzd (jrdm lrjdmfzdifùm sfmhfidc, dctd
ilmifkmifd plcïtfid) advlrkikm cds hkodmhds hk cls trd`d-
gdhlrk
gdhlrks,
s, irki
irkikk cd pdrtfif
pdrtfifpdi
pdifùm
fùm hk cls
cls sdcd
sdcdrfl
rflss km kc fmjr
fmjrksl
ksl
km hksokhrl hk cd jdmdmifd. Xdo`fæm hkstdid quk iuämhl
sk rkvfkrtk kstd sftudifùm sk rkiloplmk kc `kmkafifl.
Kstk kmalquk kxpcfid kc iloplrtdofkmtl jkmkrdc hk cd
kilmloïd plr cls ido`fls km cd hfstrf`uifùm hkc fmjrksl.
Yuplmk quk cls mfvkcks hkc sdcdrfl y cd jdmdmifd sk kstd-
`ckikm km umd pujmd plcïtfil-slifdc plr cd «rkpdrtfifùm hk
cd tlrtdµ. Ilm kstk irftkrfl bdm rkdcfzdhl hfvkrsls iäciucls
pdrd hkolstrdr quk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl ks oäs hkpkm-
hfkmtk hk cd prksfùm sdcdrfdc, quk hkc iloplrtdofkmtl hk
cd hkodmhd l hk cd prlpfd hfmäofid hk cd diuoucdifùm 44.
Km cd ofsod cïmkd hk rkackxfùm ltrls dutlrks bdm
rkiurrfhl d kstuhfls kopïrfils pdrd fcustrdr iùol cls
ilstls cd`lrdcks prkifpftdm cd idïhd hkc `kmkafifl, km ifkr-
tls olokmtls hk cd adsk kxpdmsfvd hkc ificl. Dcjumls
tkùrfils hk cd Pkjucdifùm tdo`fæm su`rdydm kstd fmacukm-
ifd hkc ræjfokm sdcdrfdc sl`rk cd prlhuitfvfhdh y cd rkmtd-
`fcfhdh40.
^krl sf `fkm ks ifkrtl quk km kc ilrtl pcdzl kc fmirk-
okmtl hk cls sdcdrfls pukhk hktkrflrdr cd jdmdmifd, ml ks
ilrrkitl jkmkrdcfzdr kstd rkcdifùm. Ylm ouy arkiukmtks
cds su`ds l `dgds ilmgumtds hk do`ds vdrfd`cks, km aum-
ifùm hk hfvkrsds ifriumstdmifds (fmskrifùm hkc pdïs km kc
okridhl oumhfdc, ilmhfiflmks plcïtfil-slifdcks, kvlcu-
ifùm hk cd prlhuitfvfhdh).
prlhuitfvfhdh). Kstds dctkrmdtfvds hksofkmtkm
cd kxfstkmifd hk umd rkjcd hk iloplrtdofkmtl dmtftætfil

44
40 Zk
Zkfs
Qkr7fsse
Qkr7 selp
Jllpa
Jlchsa tkfm
Xb
Xblo
chstkf mlods
ds,,tbdm
Glmd
Glmdtbd46
462>
m2>.466
. 6-d..
4666-d
 8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 4>9

kmtrk sdcdrfls y jdmdmifds. Dumquk cd «`dtdccd plr cd

tlrtdµ ilmstftuyk um dspkitl foplrtdmtk hk cd rkdcfhdh
idpftdcfstd, plr cl jkmkrdc cls sdcdrfls dsifkmhkm hkträs hk
cd
sk jdmdmifd
hkspclodm km hurdmtk
cds adsks irfsfs.
hk slstkmfhd prlspkrfhdh y do`ls
Cd tklrïd hkc kstrdmjucdofkmtl hkc `kmkafifl sfopcf-
afid cds rkcdiflmks kmtrk cls sdcdrfls y cds jdmdmifds. Gkrdr-
qufzd cls dilmtkifofkmtls hk cd ksakrd hfstrf`utfvd, hùmhk
um fmjrksl hdhl ks rkpdrtfhl kmtrk trd`dgdhlrks y idpftd-
cfstds. Ilm kstd altljrdaïd ml ksicdrkik iùol sk alrodm l
kvlcuiflmdm do`ds vdrfd`cks.
[md ofrdhd ikmtrdhd km cd ùr`ftd hk cd prlhuiifùm
rkvkcd
ifd y kckmidpftdc
ido`fl, quk cdkstä
vdrfd`ck rkcdifùm kmtrkplr
okhfdhd cd tdsd hk jdmdm-
kc iloplrtd-
ofkmtl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd y kc idpftdc ilmstdmtk.
Iuämhl sk tlodm km iukmtd tlhls kstls iloplmkmtks,
rksuctd plsf`ck iloprkmhkr plr quæ rdzùm cds ilo`fmd-
iflmks plsf`cks kmtrk kc sdcdrfl y cd jdmdmifd, ml sk cfof-
tdm d umd sfopck rkcdifùm fmvkrsd.
Cd hfsiusfùm kopïrfid ks oäs ilmtrlvkrtfhd, yd quk
rkiurrfkmhl d cls ofsols fmhfidhlrks utfcfzdhls plr cls
pdrtfhdrfls hkc prlaft squkkzk, ltrls dutlrks bdm drrf`dhl
d ilmicusflmks lpukstds. Dcjumls kstfodm quk cd idïhd
hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd ks gustdokmtk prlvlidhd plr um
fmirkokmtl hk cd iloplsfifùm lrjämfid hkc idpftdc.
Ltrls dsfjmdm odylr fopditl sl`rk cd jdmdmifd dc jrdhl
hk utfcfzdifùm hk cd idpdifhdh fmstdcdhd quk d cls ilstls
sdcdrfdcks. [md tkrikrd vfsfùm kxpcfid cd ilmtrdiifùm hkc
`kmkafifl plr kc iloplrtdofkmtl hk cd hkodmhd49.

49 Cls trks
trks kmal
kmalquks
quks rrkspk
kspkitf
itfvdo
vdokmt
kmtkk km Ofibc,
Ofibc, Xbl
Xblods
ods,, 4664, B
Bdbmk
dbmkcc
Pl`fm, Ybkrodm Blwdrh, 4620 y Bkmcky Dmhrkw, 462:.
Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>8

4>8 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

^krl kstk hk`dtk fcustrd iùol fmtkrdit÷dm km kc ilrtl

pcdzl cds hfstfmtds aukrzds hktkrofmdmtks hkc sfjml hkc
ificl. Ml ksicdrkik cd tkmhkmifd hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl km
kc cdrjl pcdzl, iuyd iloprkmsfùm kxfjk rkiurrfr d cds ckyks
jkmkrdcks quk kstd`ckifù Odrx.
Cd tklrïd hk cd prksfùm sdcdrfdc sl`rk cd rkmtd`fcfhdh
pukhk fmhuifr d ilmicusflmks rkdiiflmdrfds («ml hksdckm-
tdr cd fmvkrsfùm ilm rkicdols hk odylrks sukchlsµ) l pcdm-
tkls prljrksfstds («cd rkhuiifùm hk cds jdmdmifds pkroftk
okglrdr cd sftudifùm hk cls trd`dgdhlrksµ). Cls prl`ckods
hk ksd ilmikpifùm prlvfkmkm hk umd u ltrd ilmicusfùm
plcïtfid, sfml hk krrùmkds fmtkrprktdiflmks hkc idpftdcfsol.
Kxfstk ltrd hkakmsd hk cd tklrïd hkc prlaft squkkzk
`dsdhd km kc hkmlofmdhl tklrkod hk Lefsbfl, ilms-
trufhl km tlrml d um olhkcl hk ilrtl pcdzl quk kxicuyk
kc idpftdc afgl. Kstk ksqukod plstucd quk sf cls sdcdrfls
rkdcks pkrodmkikm ilmstdmtks, cd okidmfzdifùm ml ilm-
huik d cd idïhd hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd. Ilol cds fmmlvd-
iflmks olhfafidm tlhls cls prkifls, cds jdmdmifds dsikm-
hkmtks pukhkm skr ilopdtf`cks ilm odylrks jdstls hk
fmvkrsfùm
pcdmtkd quk kmcdidpftdc ilmstdmtk.
idïhd hk td sd hkIlm
cd tdsd kstk drjuokmtl
`kmkafifl sk
prlvfkmk hk
um fmirkokmtl hk cls sdcdrfls.
^krl d ksd ilmicusfùm sk drrf`d rkiurrfkmhl d supuks-
tls tdm fmilopdtf`cks ilm kc dmäcfsfs hk cd tdsd hk `kmkaf-
ifl, ilol cd duskmifd hk idpftdc afgl l cd ilmstdmifd hk cls
sdcdrfls. ^lr ltrd pdrtk, sk fhkmtfafid cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd
km tærofmls aïsfils (sfjufkmhl kc kmalquk hk Yrdaad) ilm
cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd km tærofmls hk vdclr (prlpfd hkc pcdm-
tkl qodrxfstd).
yd quk
uk cd
cd kvdcu Kstdmdsfofcdifùm
kvdcudifù
difùm hfstlrsflmd
hk ksd vdrfd`ck
vdrfd`ck ido`fd kc prl`ckod,
ido`fd rdhfidc
rdhf idcokmt
okmtk,
k,
sf sk rdzlmd iloputdmhl um kxikhkmtk odtkrfdc l umd
 8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 4>;

odjmftuh hk pcusvdcïd. Kstd ilmausfùm fopfhk hktkitdr

iùol kc duokmtl lpkrdhl km cd iloplsfifùm hk vdclr
jkmkrd umd hkicfmdifùm hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl48.

YL@PKDI[O[CDIFÙM HK ID^FXDC

Dc kxplmkr cds ilmtrdhfiiflmks hk cd cky, Odrx skôdcù

quk kc hkirkifofkmtl plrikmtudc hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl
jkmkrd um kxikhkmtk hk idpftdc, quk hksko`lid km cd irf-
sfs. ^krl sùcl fmhfiù kstd ilmkxfùm km tærofmls jkmkrdcks.
Yus prfmifpdcks skjufhlrks hk prfmifpfls hkc sfjcl RR ml
ck dsfjmdrlm jrdm rkckvdmifd d cd idïhd hk cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd pdrd kxpcfidr cds irfsfs. Pkibdzdrlm kstd fmtkr-
prktdifùm (Cuxko`urj) l cd fjmlrdrlm (Ckmfm, Edustey,
Bfcakrhfmj, @ugdrfm, Xrltsey), km advlr hk tklrïds `dsdhds
km cd hksprlplrdiflmdcfhdh l kc su`ilmsuol4;.
Pkifæm km cls dôls 9> ilokmzù d hksdrrlccdrsk umd
vfsf
vfsfùm
ùm hk cd irfsf
irfsfss hfrki
hfrkitdo
tdokm
kmtk
tk fm
fmsp
spfr
frdh
dhdd km cd ck
cky.
y. ^drtf
^drtfiu
iu--
cdrokmtk Jrlssodm hkstdiù quk cd irkifkmtk mkiksfhdh hk
pcusvdcïd pdrd prkskrvdr cd rkmtd`fcfhdh, tlrmd km um pumtl
foplsf`ck cd ilmtfmufhdh hk cd rkprlhuiifùm. ^lstucù umd
tklrïd hk cd irfsfs plr sl`rk-diuoucdifùm, skôdcdmhl ’quk
trdspdsdhl kc uo`rdc hk ifkrtls ificls hk diuoucdifùm’ cd
hkprksfùm ks fmkvftd`ck k fmilmtrlcd`ck. Kc duokmtl hk cd
iloplsfifùm lrjämfid hkc idpftdc ilmtrdk cd tdsd hk pcusvd-
cïd rkqukrfhd pdrd vdclrfzdr kc idpftdc y prkifpftd cd irfsfs41.
 48 Qkr Alcky
Alcky H, E, 4626, (idp 2 y 6), Ecfo
Ecfodm dm Dm
Dmhrkw,
hrkw, 4661, Cdf`o
Cdf`odm
dm
Hdvfh, 4666-d
4; Qkr
Qkr77 Bl
Blwdr
wdrhh O.
O.I,
I, EEfmj
fmj G.K
G.K,, 46
4660,
60, Qlc FF ((idp
idp.. :)
:)..
41 Jrls
Jrlssosodm
dm Bk
Bkmr
mrye
ye,, 46:6
46:6,, ((idp
idp 0).
0).

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>1

4>1 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

Ltrls dutlrks hksdrrlccdrlm kstk kmalquk. ^rlpusfk-

rlm kstuhfdr
tdsd cd irfsfs,
hk `kmkafifl ilolilmsfhkrdmhl cd hkicfmdifùm clid-
um prliksl kxicusfvdokmtk hk cd
cfzdhl km cd ksakrd prlhuitfvd. Kstfodrlm quk kstk dmäcf-
sfs pukhk prksifmhfr plr ilopcktl hkc okridhl4:.
^krl kstd ilmikpifùm dpcfiù dc dmäcfsfs fmokhfdtl hk
cd irfsfs, rdzlmdofkmtls quk Odrx hksdrrlccù d um mfvkc
oäs d`strditl. Km ksk pcdml su idrditkrfzdifùm sùcl sk
d`lrhd`d cd plsf`fcfhdh (l cds idusds ÷ctfods) hk cd irfsfs,
pkrl ml kc hksdrrlccl ilmirktl hk kstls kpfslhfls. ^drd
dmdcfzdr kstls bkibls bdy quk sftudrsk km cd rkdcfhdh
kopïrfid hk cd ilopktkmifd y hkc okridhl, l`skrvdmhl
cds ilmtrdhfiiflmks quk kokrjkm hk cd prlhuiifùm y sk
hkskmvukcvkm km cd ifriucdifùm.
Kstd hfstfmifùm ml ks tlodhd km iukmtd plr cls pdrtfhd-
rfls hk umd tklrïd hk cd irfsfs, kxicusfvdokmtk hkhuifhd hk
cd tkmhkmifd hkirkifkmtk hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd. Ilmsfhk-
rdm quk kc kckvdhl mfvkc dcidmzdhl plr cd iloplsfifùm
lrjämfid hktkrofmd cd idïhd pkrodmkmtk hk ksd vdrfd`ck km
kc idpftdcfsol odhurl. Ilm kstk hfdjmùstfil sk loftk kc
pdpkc gujdhl plr cds aukrzds quk olhkrdm cd hkicfmdifùm hk
cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl. Lcvfhdm quk ksd mkutrdcfzdifùm fopfhk
cckjdr d um pumtl afmdc hk dsafxfd, plr sfopck fmsuafifkmifd
fmsuafifkmifd
hk cd pcusvdcïd rkqukrfhd pdrd vdclrfzdr kc idpftdc.
Cd vfsfùm hk um hkspclok ilmtfmudhl hk cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd fjmlrd, tdo`fæm, quk cd prfmifpdc ilmskiukmifd
 hk tlhd irfsfs sfjmfafidtfvd ks cd hksvdclrfzdifùm hkc idpf-
tdc. Kstd hkprkifdifùm pkroftk rkiupkrdr cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd, yd quk dtkm÷d kc kxikhkmtk hk idpftdc y adifcftd

4: Vd
Vdaa
aakk Hd
Hdvf
vfh,
h, 46
46:0
:0..

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 4>:

quk cd pcusvdcïd vukcvd d rkmtd`fcfzdr cls almhls quk

sl`rkvfvfkrlm hk ksk hkspclok.
^lr cd ofsod rdzùm quk umd irfsfs hk sl`rk-diuoucd-
ifùm ml fmtrlhuik l`stäiucls pkrodmkmtks d cd vdclrfzd-
ifùm hkc idpftdc, tdoplil cd rkhuiifùm hk cd odml hk l`rd
quk mutrk kc trd`dgl kxikhkmtk, irkd umd `drrkrd fmardm-
qukd`ck d cd jkmkrdifùm hk pcusvdcïd. Kstd ÷ctfod cfoftd-
ifùm ks plstucdhd plr cls tkùrfils quk alidcfzdm cd irfsfs km
cd kxfstkmifd hk umd pkmurfd hk aukrzd hk trd`dgl42.

vkm^krl
vkmfk mtk km
fkmtk okcls
mlrrbkibls
okml pdrdd cdksd
pdr rkphfafiuctdh
rkprlh
rlhui
uiif ùmrkprkskmtd
ifùm hk
hkcc idpftdc..um
idpftdc Kc fmilm-
Kc prlpf
prlpfdd
ificl tfkmhk d rkjucdr cd lakrtd y cd hkodmhd cd`lrdc, km
alrod ilyumturdc (d trdvæs hkc kgæriftl hk hksliupdhls) y
hk odmkrd oäs kstruiturdc (plr olvfofkmtls ofjrdtl-
rfls). Kstls prliksls fmacuykm sl`rk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd,
pkrl ml hktkrofmdm umd hkicfmdifùm tkmhkmifdc.
Dcjumds kxpcfidiflmks hk cd irfsfs plr kc kstrkibd-
ofkmtl hk cd tdsd hk pcusvdcïd dhlptdrlm um idrfz kstdmid-
iflmfstd,
ilol hdtlsdc prkskmtdr cls hkc
hurdhkrls prl`ckods hk sl`rk-diuoucdifùm
idpftdcfsol ilmtkoplrämkl
kspkiïafils hk cds irfsfs46.
y ml ilol rdsjls vdrfd`cks y kspkiïafils
Km ksk kmalquk cd idïhd hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd ks um
prliksl ilmtfmudhl y rksuctdmtk hk umd sl`rkidpftdcfzd-
 ifùm kstruiturdc, quk fmicusl dmucd cd lmhucdifùm hkc
ificl. Kstd tksfs ks kc aumhdokmtl hk ltrds ilmikpiflmks,
quk dtrf`uykm cd irfsfs dc irkifkmtk pksl hk ditfvfhdhks
foprlhuitfvds (ifriucdifùm, supkrvfsfùm, afmdmifdifùm,
0>
ilokrifdcfzdifùm),
ilokrifdcfzdifùm), quk ml jkmkrdm pcusvdcïd .

42 Qkr7
Qkr7 Ftlb
Ftlb Od
Odel eltl
tl,, 4462:
62:,, ((id
idpp ;).
;).
46 Odtt
Odttfie
fie ^du
^duc,c, 46:
46::,
:, (i
(idp
dp 0 y 9) 9)..
0> Qk
Qkr7
r7 Ol
Olskskck
cky,
y, Ar
Arkh
kh,, 462
462::

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 4>2

4>2 CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPRFYXXD, BLV
PRFY

^krl cd kxpkrfkmifd rkifkmtk hkc idpftdcfsol hkouks-

trd quk cds diiflmks bd`ftudcokmtk ilmsfhkrdhds foprl-
huitfvds, ml hktkrflrdm fmvdrfd`ckokmtk d cd tdsd hk
jdmdmifd. Dc ilmtrdrfl, cd plcïtfid ekymksfdmd fcustrd
iùol pukhkm skrvfr pdrd rkiloplmkr ksd vdrfd`ck, sf
adifcftdm cd irkdifùm hk mukvls prlhuitls l okridhls. Km
ouibls idsls, ksds ditfvfhdhks sustftuykm cd fmvkrsfùm
fmhustrfdc y d`slr`km idpftdcks kxikhkmtks.
Dcjumls dmäcfsfs hk cd irfsfs plr hkicfmdifùm frrkvkrsf-
`ck hk cd tdsd hk `kmkafifl, rksdctdm cd bfpkrtrlafd quk
jkmkrd kstk prliksl sl`rk cd ksakrd afmdmifkrd y rksdctdm
cd jrdvftdifùm hk kstk hkskqufcf`rfl. ^lr ilm kstd ofrdhd
tfkmhkm d hkspcdzdr cd fmvkstfjdifùm hk cd prlhuiifùm
bdifd cd ifriucdifùm hkc idpftdc y lcvfhdm quk cd idusd hk
cd hkprksfùm ml kstrf`d km kc pdrdsftfsol `dmidrfl,
`dmidrfl, sfml
km cls l`stäiucls quk kmarkmtd kc idpftdcfsol pdrd rkju-
cdr sus prlpfds aukrzds kxpdmsfvds.
Kstds tkmhkmifds dc irkifofkmtl ilmhuikm d cds irfsfs
pkrfùhfids hk vdclrfzdifùm. Kc hksilmtrlc afmdmifkrl l kc
hkrrlibk rkvkcdm cd frrdiflmdcfhdh k fmolrdcfhdh hkc
 hkrrlibk rkvkcdm cd frrdiflmdcfhdh k fmolrdcfhdh hkc
idpftdcfsol, pkrl ml cds hfafiuctdhks ikmtrdcks hk su aum-
iflmdofkmtl.
Cd tklrïd hk cd irfsfs `dsdhd km cd hkicfmdifùm hurd-
hkrd hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd rksuctd pdrtfiucdrokmtk
fmdprlpfdhd, pdrd kxpcfidr cds sftudiflmks hk rkiloplsf-
ifùm ml ilyumturdc hk cd rkmtd`fcfhdh. ^cdmtkd, dhkoäs,

drjuokmtls
cfsol, iuämhlfmjkmuls
lplmk d pdrd cd cuibd
cds tksfs ilmtrdhkkc cdidpftd-
rkalrofstds irfsfs
plr cd ilmtrdiifùm hk cd hkodmhd (y su rkslcuifùm
okhfdmtk duokmtls sdcdrfdcks) umd tklrïd hkc hkrruo`k,
sfopckokmtk `dsdhd km kc djltdofkmtl hk cd tdsd hk
pcusvdcïd.

8. XDY
DYDD HK JDMD
JDMDMI
MIFD
FD 4>6

KC YFJMFAFIDHL HK CD CKV
Dcjumls tkùrfils prkskmtdm cd tkmhkmifd hkirkifkmtk hk
cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd ilol um prfmifpfl aumiflmdc hk
ilmkxflmks kmtrk hls odjmftuhks, hkmtrl hk um sfstkod
jl`krmdhl plr cd fmtkrdiifùm hk hfstfmtds vdrfd`cks. Kstk
kmalquk rksdctd cd kxfstkmifd hk olvfofkmtls lpukstls,
quk kopugdm dc `kmkafifl bdifd hfrkiiflmks lpukstds04.
^krl Odrx hkgù `fkm kstd`ckifhl quk cd cky sk rkakrïd
d um olvfofkmtl fmtrïmsfidokmtk hksikmhkmtk. Hkml-
ofmù tkmhkmifd d kstk olvfofkmtl plr ilmsfhkrdr quk cd
idïhd sk hkskmvukcvk hk odmkrd ilmtrdrrkstdhd, kmtlrpk-
ifhd y dtkmudhd. Yu idcfafidifùm hk tkmhkmifd ml fopcfid
fmhktkrofmdifùm.
Cd idïhd plrikmtudc hkc `kmkafifl ilmstftuyk um kgko-
pcl tïpfil hk cl quk Odrx kmtkmhïd plr cky7 um prliksl
 mkiksdrfl, hktkrofmdmtk y prkvfsf`ck hk cd diuoucdifùm.
Ml rkprkskmtd um dilmtkifofkmtl ilmtfmjkmtk, ilol plr
kgkopcl cd hkicfmdifùm hk cds tdsds hk fmtkræs, mf tdoplil
um kpfslhfl ilyumturdc, ilol cd hfsofmuifùm hkc prkifl
hk cds diiflmks.
Yk trdtd hk um rksuctdhl fmtkrml hkc prliksl hk diu-
oucdifùm, iuyd kvlcuifùm ml ks dzdrlsd. Pksplmhk d um
pdtrùm hk hksdrrlccl quk fmicuyk dilmtkifofkmtls ouy
vfsf`cks (duokmt
(duokmtll hk cd prlhuitfv
pr lhuitfvfhdh,
fhdh, dvdmik
d vdmik tkimlcù-
jfil, ilopktkmifd) y ltrls oäs su`ydikmtks, ilol cd
idïhd tkmhkmifdc hkc `kmkafifl. Dc fjudc quk kc duokmtl
hk cd iloplsfifùm hkc idpftdc, cd hfsofmuifùm plrikmtudc
hk kstd vdrfd`ck ks prkhkif`ck.

04 Qkr7
Qkr7 Olsz
Olszelwelwsed
sed Md
Mdtdc
tdcfk,
fk, 46
4624,
24, Yd
Ydcdo
cdodd ^fkr
^fkrrk,
rk, Xr
Xrdm
dm Bdf Bdi,
Bdi, 46
4660,
60,
(idp ;), Afmk @km, Bdrrfs Cdurkmik, 462;, (idp 8 y ;).

Edtz7Odquktdifùm 4 >6/4>/>6 4674: ^äjfmd 44>

44> CD KILM
KILMLO
LOÏD
ÏD OD
ODPR
PRFY
FYXXD, BLV

D hfakrkmifd hk ltrls prfmifpfls ’ilol cds ckyks hkc

vdclr, cd
cd diuoucdifù
diuoucdifùm,m, cd pcusvdcïd
pcusvdcïd,, kc sdcdrfl
sdcdrfl l kc idräitk
idräitkrr
iïicfil hk cd prlhuiifùm’ kc dmäcfsfs hk cd tkmhkmifd
hkirkifkmtk hk cd tdsd hk jdmdmifd, dpumtd d kxpcfidr cd
irfsfs hkc idpftdcfsol. Dquï kc dmäcfsfs ml `usid ksicdrkikr
tdmtl kc idräitkr fmkstd`ck l frrkjucdr hk cd rkprlhuiifùm,
sfml su hksko`lidhurd km irfsfs hk vdclrfzdifùm. ^lr kstd

rdzùm ks kqufvlidhl
hkskstd`fcfzdhlr fmtkrprktdr
l ilol cd cky ilol
um prliksl um prfmifpfl
fmhkafmfhl, sujf-
rfkmhl quk kxpcfid tdmtl cd idïhd ilol cd ml idïhd hk cd
tdsd hk jdmdmifd.
Cd cky hk Odrx fmicuyk tlhds cds ilopckgfhdhks hk cds
ckyks slifdcks. Kstls prfmifpfls sk rkafkrkm d sftudiflmks