Exercise-1

1. At sea level the air balloons 1 meter3, temperature 25°C and pressure 1 Atm.
Determine the volume of air balloon at 30-meter depth with temperature 20°C
and pressure 4 Atm.
Given absolute temperature= 273°K

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
V2= P1V1xT2 /(P2)xT1
V2= 1x 1x(20+ 273)/(4x(25+273)
V2= 0.245m3

T2= (P2V2)xT1/(V1)

= 4x0.245x (25+273)/1

=292.04K

T= 292.04-273

=19.04 C
2. From figure 1 below, with the given information please derive the formula for

Pressure(P)=
Given:
Volume V=Ah
F=mg
ρ=m/V

m= weight water
A= area
P=Pressure
h=height
F= force
g= gravity
ρ= density

Figure 1: Pressure at point P

P= F/A

=mg/(V/h)

=mgh/V

=mgh/(m/ρ)

=mgh x (ρ/m)

P= ρgh
3. Figure 2 show a bubble from diver exhaled rising from 20-meter water with water
pressure 3 atm. When it reaches the surface the size of bubble is 6 cm3.
Determine the size of bubble at depth 20 meter by considering the temperature
at 20 meter and sea level is the same. Consider the similar temperature at depth
20 meter and at the surface.

Figure 2

P1V1=P2V2

V2= P1V1/P2

= 1x 6/3

V2 = 2cm3

4. Figure below show the process of filling of oxygen tank using atmospheric air.

- The equipment of air filling consists of stainless-steel tubing, compressor,

regulator, one way valve, pressure gauge. The air from surrounding pumped
by compressor. I then compressed in to the tank via tubing until it reaches the
desire pressure and then closed the filling valve. The pressure gauge use to
measure the maximum of pressure of the tank.
5. Explain the composition of gases in ordinary air.

Air is a mixture of gases and its contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0.04%
carbon dioxide, 0.5% water vapor.

6. Explain the composition of NITROX gas use diving tank. Why NITROX gas more
suitable to be use in diving in deep water compare to atmospheric air.

-Nitrox is basically a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. It contains 22-40% oxygen. Most
mixes generally contain 32-36% oxygen. The composition of Nitrox rich in oxygen thus
less nitrogen compares to compressed air.
-At depth location, when diver using oxygen with less of nitrogen content (Nitrox) the
probability to have toxic of nitrogen in the blood is reducing.
-The diver also can stay longer during diving in the moderate and extreme depth.
-The limitation of nitrox is oxygen toxicity. At higher pressures, oxygen causes acute
toxicity which leads to convulsions.
-This can be very unhealthy to divers since our bodies absorb more oxygen under
pressure.

7. Explain why the different pressure encounter by the coal miner 100m depth underground
and the pressure of underwater welder at the same depth.

-There is different pressure of 100m depth coal miner and under water. The environment
of coal miner filled with air while water in the deep sea.
- Both conditions applied with formula of pressure P = ρgh

Ρ-pressure, ρ- Density, g – gravity and h –depth

Density water = 1000kg/m3
Density Air= 1.22kg/m3

-Underwater the pressure is high compared to at sea level because of water molecules
bond together and the pressure can be determined by the formula.
While for air the atom is separated therefore the formula it not applied even though the
depth is 100m below from the entrance of coal mining. Pressure in the coal miner is the
same pressure at the water level.
 8. To determine the temperature at 100 ft depth by using formula

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Make sure the T shall be in obsolete temperature

T2= 298 K, =298-273= 25C

9. Name the gas for depth diving and explain it more suitable compared to normal air.
-Nitrox is basically a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. It contains 22-40% oxygen. Most
mixes generally contain 32-36% oxygen. The composition of Nitrox rich in oxygen thus
less nitrogen compare to compressed air.
-At depth location, when diver using oxygen with less of nitrogen content (Nitrox) the
probability to have toxic of nitrogen in the blood is reducing.
-The diver also can stay longer during diving in the moderate and extreme depth.
-The limitation of nitrox is oxygen toxicity. At higher pressures, oxygen causes acute
toxicity which leads to convulsions. This can be very unhealthy to divers since our
bodies absorb more oxygen under pressure.

10. Explain the composition of gases in ordinary air. State the content of oxygen and
others gas if any absorbs by our breathing system during in inhaled and exhaled
process

-Air is a mixture of gases and it contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0.04%
carbon dioxide, 0.5% water vapor.
-For inhaling and exhaling process there is some change of composition for oxygen
content and carbon dioxide content.
-Oxygen reduced to 16-17% and CO2 increased to around 4 percent. This changing due
to oxygen was used by blood cell and release CO2 as a byproduct.
a. As supervisor in diving company, you need to plan the work for your diving team at the
depth of 30m with duration of dive time estimate 25 minutes. Discuss the type of gas
from the chart that you select and give the reasons why?

Figure 1: Depth and type of gases for diving

- From the diving plan, that required 25 minutes diving time in depth of 30M (99 ft) a
judgement need to be decide by the table provided.
-To use the compress air is not possible because duration 25 minutes without any
extra time for safety precaution.
-To use the 32%O2 with available time 30 minutes with safety gap only 5 minutes for
any emergency eventuality.
- The best solution is 36%O2 gas with extra available time 15 minutes. This extra time
to deal with extra longer safety stop during ascending phase. It also uses full to cater
any emergency such as faces with strong current, poor visibility, injuries and others.
11. Discuss the external increasing pressure act to the object proportional to the
depth of the water.

-From formula Pressure = F/A

-For pressure in the liquid, we can explain with formula ƥgh

-Where ƥ density of the liquid, g- acceleration of gravity and h high or depth of the
liquid
-In the water when we go deeper the pressure will increase dramatically due to the
depth. This represents the volume, density of the water multiple with the depth.
-Water pressure is the result of the weight of all the water above pushing down on the
water below.
As you go deeper there is more water above, and therefore a greater weight pushing
down. This is the reason water pressure increases with depth in every direction.

12. A diver was given task to conduct pipe trench inspection at water depth of 80 meter.
During descending maneuver, he released the bubble by breathing process with size of
bubble 15 cm3 at the 20 meters from the surface. Calculate the size of bubble at depth of
80m. The pressure at surface 1 atm and each 10-meter depth the pressure increased 1
atm.