Hkk"kk

f{kfrt
ikB~;iqLrd dk laiw.kZ gy
Hkkx & 3
Hkk"kk f{kfrt & 3
1. gs tx osQ fljtugkj (ikB~;iqLrd ist 5)
vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- bl lalkj dks cukusokyk dkSu gS\
mRrj% bl lalkj dks cukusokyk bZ'oj gSA
2- fpfM+;k¡ lqcg mBdj D;k xkrh gSa\
mRrj% fpfM+ ;k¡ lqcg mBdj [kq'kh osQ xhr xkrh gSaA
3- ?kj ls ckgj dkSu nkSM+ yxkrk gS\
mRrj% [kq'kcw dh ygjsa ?kj ls ckgj nkSM+ yxkrh gSaA
4- fctyh oSQls pedrh gS\
mRrj% fctyh pe&pe djosQ pedrh gSA
5- gfj;kyh dgk¡&dgk¡ ygjkrh gS\
mRrj% gfj;kyh eSnkuksa esa vkSj ou&ckxksa esa ygjkrh gSA
v dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks iwjk dhft,µ
1- dfy;k¡ njokts [kksy&[kksy tc nqfu;k ij eqldkrh gSa]
2- gs tx osQ fljtugkj izHkks! rc ;kn rqEgkjh vkrh gS A
3- tc Ne&Ne cw¡nsa fxjrh gSa fctyh pe&pe dj tkrh gS]
4- tc BaMh&BaMh gok dgha ls eLrh <ksdj ykrh gS]
v lgh esy feykb,µ
^v* ^c*
1- Ne&Ne xhr
2- pe&pe gok
3- eSnkuksa esa cw¡nsa
4- BaMh&BaMh gfj;kyh
5- [kq'kh osQ fctyh
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
fpfM+;k¡ µ fpfM+;k¡ isM+ksa ij pgpgk jgh gSaA
dfy;k¡ µ iwQyksa dh dfy;k¡ f[ky mBh gSaA

gksjkbtu çsl 49 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 [kq'kcw µ xqykc dh [kq'kcw lcdks vPNh yxrh gSA
eSnku µ eSnku esa cPps [ksy jgs gSaA
gok µ owQyj dh BaMh&BaMh gok ls lkjk ilhuk lw[k x;kA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v bl dfork esa pkj 'kCn yxkrkj nks ckj vk, gSaA mUgsa fyf[k,µ
[kksy&[kksy pe&pe Ne&Ne BaMh&BaMh
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls feyrs&tqyrs rhu 'kCn vius eu ls lkspdj fyf[k,µ
xkrh gS µ tkrh gS] ykrh gS] [kkrh gSA
jgus nks µ lgus nks] dgus nks] cgus nksA
>Vdus ls µ [kVdus ls] eVdus ls] yVdus lsA
feykdj µ f[kykdj] fgykdj] fiykdjA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
BUM+ h µ BaMh eLkrh µ eLrh
[kw'kcq µ [kq'kcw fljt.kgkj µ fljtugkj
[kqlh µ [kq'kh nwfu;k µ nqfu;k
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
,d oLrq osQ fy, iz;ksx gksus okys 'kCn ,dopu vkSj ,d ls vf/d oLrqvksa osQ
fy, iz;ksx gksus okys 'kCn cgqopu gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ cPpk (,dopu)] cPps
(cgqopu) vkfnA
mnkgj.k le>dj cgqopu fyf[k,µ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
1- fpfM+ ;k µ fpfM+ ;k¡ xqfM+ ;k µ xqfM+ ;k¡ fMfCk;k µ fMfc;k¡
yqfV;k µ yqfV;k¡ fcafn;k µ fcafn;k¡ unh µ ufn;k¡
2- dyh µ dfy;k¡ xyh µ xfy;k¡ iQyh µ iQfy;k¡
[kq'kh µ [kqf'k;k¡ jkuh µ jkfu;k¡ f[kM+ dh µ f[kM+ fd;k¡
n vfHkO;fDr
v ^bZ'oj* 'kCn ij nl okD; fyf[k,µ
mRrj% fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaA lgk;rk osQ fy, uhps oqQN okD; fn, x, gSaµ
1- bZ'oj loZ'kfDreku gSA
2- bZ'oj ty&Fky lcdk Lokeh gSA
3- lcdks cukus vkSj fcxkM+ us okyk bZ'oj gSA
4- ge lc ,d bZ'oj dh la rku gaSA
gksjkbtu çsl 50 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]
 5- bZ'oj dh ethZ osQ fcuk oqQN ugha gks ldrkA
6- bZ'oj ges'kk lPps vkSj bZekunkj O;fDr;ksa dk lkFk nsrs gSaA
7- gesa bZ'oj dh iwtk lPps eu ls djuh pkfg,A
8- bZ'oj lcdks ,d leku n`f"V ls ns[krs gSaA
9- bZ'oj osQ ?kj nsj gS] v¡/sj ughaA
10- gekjk HkkX; fo/krk bZ'oj gh gSA

2. cq¼wey dk x/k (ikB~;iqLrd ist 9)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- cq¼wey 'kgj D;ksa tkrk Fkk\
mRrj% cq¼wey lLrk lkeku [kjhnus osQ fy, 'kgj tkrk FkkA
2- igyh ckj x/k ikuh esa D;ksa fxj iM+k\
mRrj% igyh ckj x/k ikuh esa blfy, fxj iM+k D;ksafd unh ikj djrs gq, mldk
iSj fiQly x;k FkkA
3- nwljh ckj x/k ikuh esa D;ksa fxj iM+k\
mRrj% nwljh ckj x/k ikuh essa tku&cw>dj fxj iM+k ftlls mlosQ lkeku dk
cks> de gks tk,A
4- rhljh ckj x/s dh ihB ij D;k ynk Fkk\
mRrj% rhljh ckj x/s dh ihB ij :bZ dk ,d cM+ k&lk xêjò ynk FkkA
5- ?kj igq¡pus rd x/s dk cqjk gky D;ksa gks x;k\
mRrj% ?kj igq¡pus rd x/s dk cqjk gky blfy, gks x;k Fkk D;kasfd :bZ dk cks>
ikuh ihdj cgqr vf/d Hkkjh gks x;k FkkA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
cks>] gkfu] xk¡oksa] :bZ] gydk
1- cq¼wey lkEkku dks vklikl osQ xk¡oksa esa csp nsrk FkkA
2- cks> osQ dkj.k x/s dk pyuk nwHkj gks jgk FkkA
3- cks> gYkdk gks tkus ij x/k cgqr [kq'k gqvkA
4- nks ckj x/s osQ fxjus ls cq¼wey dks dkiQh gkfu gqbZA
5- :bZ dk cks> ikuh ihdj cgqr vf/d Hkkjh gks x;kA

gksjkbtu çsl 51 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
ykHk µ O;kikj eas ykHk vkSj gkfu nksuksa gksrs gSaA
O;kikjh µ O;kikj djus okyk O;kikjh dgykrk gSA
cks> µ cks> ls mldh dej >qd xbZA
dfBu µ vkt ijh{kk esa lkjs loky dfBu FksA
vDy µ vDy yxkus ls dfBu dke Hkh ljy gks tkrs gSaA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v bZ'oj ty&Fky lcdk Lokeh gSA
mldk iSj ty x;k FkkA
;gk¡ nksuksa okD;ksa esa ^ty* dk mPpkj.k ,d tSlk gS] ijarq vFkZ fHkUu fHkUu A ,sls 'kCn
vusdkFkhZ dgykrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa osQ varj dks le>dj okD; cukb,µ
tku (tkurs gq,) µ og lc oqQN tku dj Hkh vius fe=k osQ lkFk ugha
x;kA
tku (ftanxh) µ MkDVj osQ bykt ls vej dh tku cp xbZA
pky (rjdhc) µ euh"k us ,slh pky pyh fd lc oqQN gkfly dj
fy;kA
pky (pyus dk <ax) µ js[kk dh pky cgqr rst gSA
iQy (tSls osQyk] vke) µ cPpksa dks iQy vPNs yxrs gSaA
iQy (cnyk] urhtk) µ jkgqy dks mldh djuh dk iQy feykA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks lqanj ys[k esa fyf[k,µ
cq¼wey O;kikjh vDy xêjò :bZ Lo;a
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaA)
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls laKk] loZuke rFkk fo'ks"k.k Nk¡fV,µ
okD; laKk loZuke fo'ks"k.k
1- og ,d vPNk yM+ dk gSA yM+dk og vPNk
2- esjk x/k detksj gks x;k gSA x/k esjk detksj
3- mlus xgjh unh esa Nyk¡x yxkbZA unh mlus xgjh
4- rqEgkjh ihyh lkM+ h iQV xbZ gSA lkM+h rqEgkjh ihyh
5- rqe bZekunkj O;fDr gksA O;fDr rqe bZekunkj

gksjkbtu çsl 52 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n vfHkO;fDr
v laosQrksa osQ vk/kj ij nh xbZ oxZ igsyh dks Hkfj,µ
Åij ls uhpsµ
1- x/s dks viuh djuh dk iQy feykA
4- x/k unh ikj djrs gq, fiQj yM+ [kM+ kdj ikuh esa fxj iM+ kA
5- O;kikjh 'kgj ls lkeku [kjhndj xk¡o esa csprk FkkA
6- O;kikjh us lkspk fd mldk x/k detksj gks x;k gSA
7- igyh ckj x/s dk iSj fiQly x;k FkkA
1.
iQ
2. 3. 4.
pk y cq ¼w e y
5.
lk M+
6.
ek d [k
7. 8.
fiQ u e d M+k

l tks d
9.
y Hk j r iq j

ck,¡ ls nk,¡µ
2- O;kikjh x/s dh pky le> x;kA
3- O;kikjh dk uke cq¼wey FkkA
8- ued ikuh esa cgus ls O;kikjh dks dkiQh gkfu gqbZA
9- O;kikjh Hkjriqj xk¡o esa jgrk FkkA

4. vuks[kh fe=krk (ikB~;iqLrd ist 18)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- Jho`Q".k vkSj lqnkek taxy esa D;ksa x, Fks\

gksjkbtu çsl 53 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

mRrj% Jho`Q".k vkSj lqnkek xq#ekrk osQ dgus ij taxy esa ydM+ h dkVus x, FksA
2- lq'khyk us lqnkek dks }kfjdk tkus dks D;ksa dgk\
mRrj% Jho`Q".k osQ }kjk viuh nfjærk dks nwj djus osQ fy, lq'khyk us lqnkek dks
}kfjdk tkus dks dgkA
3- tc lqnkek }kfjdk igq¡ps rks mudh D;k n'kk Fkh\
mRrj% tc lqnkek }kfjdk igq¡ps rks muosQ flj ij u ixM+h Fkh] u 'kjhj ij oqQrkZ
vkSj u gh iSjksa esa twrsA mUgksaus osQoy ,d iQVh /ksrh iguh FkhA
4- Jho`Q".k us lqnkek osQ pj.k fdl izdkj /ks,\
mRrj% Jho`Q".k us lqnkek osQ pj.k vius vk¡lqvksa ls /ks,A
5- tc lqnkek vius xk¡o ykSVs rks mUgksaus D;k ik;k\
mRrj% tc lqnkek vius xk¡o ykSVs rks mUgksaus ogk¡ }kfjdk dh rjg jktlh oSHko
ik;kA ;g ns[kdj lqnkek Hkze esa iM+ x, fd dgha os ekxZ Hkwydj fiQj ls
}kfjdk rks ugha vk x, gSaA
v fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
1- ¶esjs nk¡r lnhZ osQ dkj.k ct jgs gSaA¸ lqnkek us] Jho`Q".k lsA
2- ¶}kfjdk/h'k Jho`Q".k vkiosQ fe=k vkSj xq#HkkbZ gSaA¸ lq'khyk us] lqnkek lsA
3- ¶vkidks D;k pkfg,] czkã.k nsork\¸ }kjiky us] lqnkek lsA
4- ¶os gekjs ckyl[kk gSa] eSa muls feyus vk;k gw¡A¸ lqnkek us] }kjiky lsA
5- ¶HkkHkh us gekjs fy, vo'; oqQN Hkstk gSA¸ Jho`Q".k us] lqnkek lsA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
f'k{kk µ iapra=k dh dFkkvksa ls cPpksa dks f'k{kk feyrh gSA
fu/Zu µ gekjs iM+ ksl esa ,d fu/Zu ifjokj jgrk gSA
iM+ksl µ eukst gekjs iM+ksl esa jgrk gSA
n;k µ ml fHk[kkjh dks ns[kdj lhek dks n;k vk xbZA
O;ogkj µ vPNs O;ogkj ls 'k=kq Hkh fe=k cu tkrs gSaA
v lqnkek vkSj lq'khyk ifr&iRuh Fks] Jho`Q".k vkSj lqnkek fe=kA vius f'k{kd ls
iwNdj fuEufyf[kr O;fDr;ksa osQ vkilh laca/ ;gk¡ fyf[k,µ
1- 'koqQaryk&Hkjr µ ek¡&iq=k
2- uan&;'kksnk µ ifr&iRuh
3- fo'okfe=k&jke µ xq#&f'k";
4- n'kjFk&Yk{e.k µ firk&iq=k
5- dal&Jho`Q".k µ ekek&Hkkutk

gksjkbtu çsl 54 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
fo|kfFkZ µ fo|kFkhZ nzfjnrk µ nfjærk
vkUlq µ vk¡lw iM+kSl µ iM+ksl
fu"Ny µ fu'Ny lrdkj µ lRdkj
>kSiM+h µ >ksaiM+h Jn~nk µ J¼k
vkHkq"k.k µ vkHkw"k.k
v okD;ka'k osQ fy, lgh 'kCn dks js[kkafdr dhft,µ
1- lR; cksyusokyk µ lR;kFkhZ] lR;oknh] lR;fiz;A
2- fgalk u djusokyk µ fgald] vfgald] ekalkgkjhA
3- nwljksa dk midkj djusokyk µ ijksidkjh] vidkjh] midkjhA
4- ftldk dksbZ u gks µ lukFk] vukFk] nhukukFkA
5- ftlesa lc 'kfDr;k¡ gksa µ 'kfDrghu] 'kfDreku] loZ'kfDrekuA
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lekukFkZd 'kCn fyf[k,µ
fe=krk µ nksLrh d"V µ ihM+k
taxy µ ou ekxZ µ jkLrk
lnhZ µ 'khr vk¡lw µ vJq
ty µ ikuh vo'; µ t:j
v fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
1- eSa esjs ?kj tk jgk gw¡A µ eSa vius ?kj tk jgk gw¡A
2- est esa fxykl j[kk gSA µ est ij fxykl j[kk gSA
3- ;gk¡ ugha cSBksA µ ;gk¡ er cSBksA
4- gesa cM+ksa dh vknj djuk pkfg,A µ gesa cM+ksa dk vknj djuk pkfg,A
5- ;g esjk isafly gSA µ ;g esjh iasfly gSA
n vfHkO;fDr
v Jho`Q".k osQ fuEufyf[kr ukeksa dks fn, x, 'kCntky esa <w¡f<+,µ
ek/o] osQ'ko] xksiky] eksgu] fd'ku] uVoj] fxfj/j] dkUgk] ';ke] xksfoUnA

gksjkbtu çsl 55 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 eq yh B 'k /h e ?k UgS ;k dk
ek e Hk ek Bk u cS osQ < Ugk
u uq / j / dk 'k gq y frZ
fe gk V ;k g o u l B~B Mh
iqQ j ek fd 'k u ?kks fj fx yk
?k fp d fr i n V u fj ta
xks eks fd fo N jks y o / 'k
ik fo u ';k xks ik y tq j xq
y lks Un ;k e i xq eks g u
oSQ ik fla [k f> u # fo ; osQ
bu mi;qZDr ukekas osQ vfrfjDr Jho`Q".k osQ ik¡p vU; uke ;gk¡ fyf[k,µ
eqoqaQn
eqjyh/j
ck¡osQ fcgkjh
?ku';ke
eqjkjh

5. ohj] rqe c<+s pyks (ikB~;iqLrd ist 24)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- c<+rs gq, ohjksa osQ gkFk esa D;k gksuk pkfg,\
mRrj% c<+ rs gq, ohjksa osQ gkFk esa èot gksuk pkfg,A
2- D;k gekjk èot dHkh >qduk pkfg,\
mRrj% ugha] gekjk èot dHkh ugha >qduk pkfg,A
3- ;fn lkeus igkM+ gks rks gesa D;k djuk pkfg,\
mRrj% ;fn lkeus igkM+ gks rks gesa fiQj Hkh fuMj gksdj vkxs c<+ uk pkfg,A
4- gesa fdldh rjg vkxs c<+uk pkfg,\
mRrj% gesa lw;Z vkSj panzek dh rjg vkxs c<+ uk pkfg,A

gksjkbtu çsl 56 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks iwjk dhft,µ
1- es?k xjtrs jgsa]
es?k cjlrs jgsa]
fctfy;k¡ dM+ d mBsa]
fctfy;k¡ rM+i mBsa]
2- gkFk esa èotk jgs]
cky&ny ltk jgs]
èot dHkh >qosQ ugha]
ny dHkh #osQ ugha]
v lgh esy feykb,µ
^v* ^c*
1- es?k dM+ duk
2- flag peduk
3- fctyh ngkM+ uk
4- lw;Z cjluk
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
èot µ iz/kuea=kh us ykyfdys ij èot iQgjk;kA
flag µ flag taxy dk jktk gksrk gSA
fuMj µ Hkxr flag cpiu ls gh fuMj FksA
es?k µ es?k ikuh cjlkrs gSaA
lw;Z µ lw;Z iwoZ fn'kk ls fudyrk gSA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls feyrs&tqyrs 'kCn dfork ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
èotk µ ltk >qosQ µ #osQ
igkM+ µ ngkM+ gVks µ MVks
xjtrs µ cjlrs dM+d µ rM+i
ohj µ /hj jkr µ lkFk
ugha µ ogha
v gekjs ns'k dk >aMk frjaxk gSA bls gekjk jk"Vªh; èot dgk tkrk gSA jk"Vª ls tqMs+
bu O;fDr;ksa@oLrqvksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
1- jk"Vªh; iwQy µ dey
2- jk"Vªh; i{kh µ eksj

gksjkbtu çsl 57 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 3- jk"Vªh; i'kq µ ck?k
4- gekjs jk"Vªifr µ Jhefr izfrHkk ikfVy
5- gekjs iz/kuea=kh µ MkWñ eueksgu flag
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk muosQ i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ls lgh feyku dhft,µ
^v* ^c*
1- igkM+ dj] gLr
2- ckny fxfj] ioZr
3- lwjt panzek] fu'kkdj
4- pk¡n es?k] tyn
5- gkFk jfo] Hkkuq
v lef>, vkSj fyf[k,µ
fctyh µ fctfy;k¡ frryh µ frrfy;k¡
ydM+h µ ydfM+;k¡ edM+ h µ edfM+;k¡
I;kyh µ I;kfy;k¡ Mkyh µ Mkfy;k¡
ih<+h µ ihf<+;k¡ lh<+h µ lhf<+;k¡
HkkHkh µ HkkfHk;k¡ pkch µ pkfc;k¡
n vfHkO;fDr
v vius ns'k ^Hkkjr* osQ èot dk fp=k viuh dYkk&iqfLrdk esa cukdj mlesa jax
Hkfj,A
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djasA)
v vius f'k{kd ls iwfN, fd >aMs osQ rhu jaxksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ uhps fyf[k,µ
ukjaxh µ ukjaxh jax ohjrk dk izrhd gSA
lisQn µ lisQn jax 'kkafr dk izrhd gSA
gjk µ gjk jax gfj;kyh dk izrhd gSA

6. chjcy dh f[kpM+h (ikB~;iqLrd ist 28)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- chjcy D;ksa izfl¼ Fks\
mRrj% chjcy viuh prqjkbZ osQ fy, izfl¼ FksA

gksjkbtu çsl 58 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 2- vdcj dks ml vkneh dh ckr ij fo'okl D;ksa ugha gqvk\
mRrj% vdcj dks ml vkneh dh ckr ij blfy, fo'okl ugha gqvk D;ksafd
dM+dM+krh lnhZ esa iwjh jkr BaMs ty esa [kM+ k jguk ,d vlaHko dk;Z FkkA
mUgas yxk fd og vkneh Mhax ekj jgk gSA
3- vdcj us ml vkneh dks buke D;ksa ugha fn;k\
mRrj% ml vkneh dk dguk Fkk fd mlus egy osQ tyrs gq, nhid dks ns[kdj
lkjh jkr ;equk osQ ikuh esa [kM+ s gksdj fcrkbZ gSA vdcj dks yxk fd og
nhid dh xehZ osQ dkj.k gh BaMs ikuh esa [kM+ k jgkA blfy, vdcj us ml
vkneh dks buke ugha fn;kA
4- chjcy us D;k fu'p; fd;k\
mRrj% chjcy us ml vkneh dh lgk;rk djus dk fu'p; fd;kA
5- tc vdcj chjcy osQ ;gk¡ igq¡ps rks D;k ns[kk\
mRrj% tc vdcj chjcy osQ ;gk¡ igq¡ps rks mUgksaus ns[kk fd rhu yacs ck¡lksa osQ
chp esa cgqr Å¡pkbZ ij ,d gk¡M+h yVdh gqbZ gSA ml gk¡M+h osQ uhps tehu
ij FkksM+h&lh vkx ty jgh gSA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
Lokxr] Mhax] pqipki] fo}ku] lqcg
1- vdcj osQ njckj esa ukS izfl¼ fo}ku FksA
2- mUgsa yxk fd ;g vkneh Mhax ekj jgk gSA
3- lqcg gksrs gh og viuk buke ysus njckj esa vk x;kA
4- og pqipki ogk¡ ls pyk x;kA
5- chjcy us vkxs c<+ dj vdcj dk Lokxr fd;kA
v fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
1- ¶egkjkt! eSa ;g dj ldrk gw¡A¸ vkneh us] vdcj lsA
2- ¶eq>s vk'p;Z gS fd rqe bruh BaM esa lkjh jkr ikuh esa oSQls [kMs+ jgsA¸
vdcj us] vkneh lsA
3- ¶vkiosQ egy esa ,d nhid ty jgk FkkA¸ vkneh us] vdcj lsA
4- ¶gqtwj ls dguk fd f[kpM+ h idk jgk gw¡A¸ chjcy us] ukSdj lsA
5- ¶rqeus cM+ h oqQ'kyrk ls gesa gekjh xyrh dk vglkl djk fn;k gSA¸
vdcj us] chjcy lsA

gksjkbtu çsl 59 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v bl ikB osQ 'kh"kZd ij ^chjcy dh f[kpM+h* uked eqgkojk Hkh izfl¼ gS]
ftldk vFkZ gS ^dHkh u gksusokyk dke* ;k ^cgqr nsj ls gksusokyk dke*A
ikB esa iz;qDr fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ le>dj bUgsa okD;ksa esa iz;ksx
dhft,µ
1- /fTt;k¡ mM+ kuk µ djkjk tokc nsukA
okD; iz;ksx µ lgokx us foi{kh Vhe osQ xasncktksa dh /fTt;k¡ mM+k nhaA
2- Mhax ekjuk µ viuh >wBh iz'kalk djuk
okD; iz;ksx µ og vkneh viuh cgknqjh dh Mhax ekjrk gS ij iwjk
dk;j gSA
3- vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksaduk µ /ks[kk nsuk
okD; iz;ksx µ pksj cgqr prqj FkkA og lcdh vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksaddj
Hkkx x;kA
4- eq¡g mrjuk µ yfTtr gksuk
okD; iz;ksx µ tc vaoqQj ijh{kk esa isQy gks x;k rks lcosQ lkeus mldk
eq¡g mrj x;kA
5- nkn nsuk µ 'kkck'kh nsuk
okD; iz;ksx µ jke us tc vè;kid dks lgh tokc fn;k rks vè;kid
us mldks nkn nhA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks lqanj ys[k esa fyf[k,µ
fo}ku Mhax mifLFkr vk'p;Z gSjkuh
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaA)
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
tks 'kCn fØ;k dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgk tkrk gSA tSlsµ ?kksM+k
rst nkSM+rk gSA ^nkSM+uk* fØ;k gS rFkk ^rst* fØ;kfo'ks"k.kA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls fØ;k rFkk fØ;kfo'ks"k.k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
okD; fØ;k fØ;kfo'ks"k.k
1- vfer de cksyrk gSA cksyrk gSA de
2- cqf<+ ;k /hjs pyrh gSA pyrh gSA /hjs
3- jhrk Åij cSBh gSA cSBh gSA Åij
4- jes'k tYnh vk,xkA vk,xkA tYnh
5- njoktk tksj ls [kV[kVkvksA [kV[kVkvksA tksj ls
gksjkbtu çsl 60 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]
n vfHkO;fDr
v ikB esa ls oqQN 'kCn Nk¡Vdj geus ,d 'kCn lh<+h cukbZ gSA vki Hkh vius eu
ls 'kCn tksM+dj bl lh<+h dks vkxs c<+kb,µ ('kCn lh<+h ikB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a vkxs c<+k,¡A)

7. rhljh cgu (ikB~;iqLrd ist 33)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- jhrk vkSj xhrk dks mudh pkph us D;k [kq'k[kcjh nh\
mRrj% jhrk vkSj xhrk dks mudh pkph us ;g [kq'k[kcjh nh fd mu nksuksa dh ,d
vkSj cgu vkbZ gSA
2- ubZ cgu fn[kus esa oSQlh Fkh\
mRrj% ubZ cgu fn[kus esa xksjh&fpêhð] uktqd] iryh&iryh vaxqfy;k¡ vkSj xksy&
xksy pedhyh dkyh vk¡[kksa okyh xqfM+ ;k tSlh FkhA
3- firkth jhrk vkSj xhrk dh ubZ cgu dks mudh pkph dks D;ksa nsuk pkgrs Fks\
mRrj% firkth jhrk vkSj xhrk dh ubZ cgu dks mudh pkph dks nsuk pkgrs Fks
D;ksafd muosQ vuqlkj rhu&rhu yM+fd;ksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k muosQ cl dh
ckr ugha FkhA
4- nknhth us firkth dks D;k le>k;k\
mRrj% nknhth us firkth dks le>k;k fd rqe viuh csfV;ksa dks i<+kvks] fy[kkvks
vkSj xq.koku cukvksA
5- firkth vFkok nknhth] fduosQ fopkjksa dks vki mfpr le>rs gSa\
mRrj% ge nknhth osQ fopkjksa dks mfpr le>rs gSaA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
1- [kq'k[kcjh µ vfer us eq>s [kq'k[kcjh nh fd eSa ijh{kk esa izFke vk;k gw¡A
2- fo'okl µ ehuk dks esjh ckr ij fo'okl ugha gqvkA
3- iqyfdr µ vius fcNqM+s csVs ls feydj ek¡ iqyfdr gks mBhA
4- xq.koku µ 'kekZ th dh csVh cgqr xq.koku gSA
v fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
1- ¶rqEgkjh ,d vkSj cgu vkbZ gSA¸ NksVh pkph us] jhrk vkSj xhrk lsA

gksjkbtu çsl 61 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 2- ¶csfV;k¡ csVksa osQ leku gh ekrk&firk dh lgk;d gksrh gSaA¸ nknh us] firkth lsA
3- ¶vki rks tkurh gh gSa fd esjk osru fdruk de gSA¸ firkth us] nknhth lsA
4- ¶;s gekjh cgu gS u\¸ jhrk vkSj xhrk us] ek¡ lsA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v ikB esa dgha&dgha nks 'kCn ,d leku ;k feyrs&tqyrs ls iz;ksx fd, x, gSa_
tSlsµ xksjh&fpêhð] xksy&xksy vkfnA ,sls gh oqQN vU; 'kCnksa osQ tksM+s ikB esa ls
<w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ
iryh&iryh f[kykuk&fiykuk
thrh&tkxrh ikyuk&iksluk
rhu&rhu ekrk&firk
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
[kq'k[kcjk µ [kq'k[kcjh
pefdyh µ pedhyh
ctyh µ fctyh
cVh µ csVh
ns[kHkyk µ ns[kHkky
oSru µ osru
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
'kCnksa dk osQoy ogh lewg okD; dgykrk gS] tks ,d laiw.kZ vFkZ dks izdV djrk gS_
tSlsµ ge rhu HkkbZ&cgu gSaA ;fn ge dgsa ^HkkbZ&cgu rhu ge gSa*] rks 'kCn&lewg
dk dksbZ vFkZ Li"V ugha gksrkA vr% bls okD; u dgdj 'kCn&lewg gh dgk tk,xkA
crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku okD; gSa ;k 'kCn&lewg\
1- firkth brus mnkl D;ksa gSa\ okD;
2- os ugha ikbZa nksuksa le>A 'kCn&lewg
3- ge blosQ lkFk [ksysaxsA okD;
4- ns[kHkky ge bldh djsaxsA 'kCn&lewg
5- bls tYnh ls ?kj ys pfy,A okD;
6- th rHkh vk xbZ nknhA 'kCn&lewg
n vfHkO;fDr
v bu izfl¼ efgykvksa dks igpkudj fp=k osQ uhps budk uke fyf[k,µ
(fp=k ikB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)
mRrj% 1- ,s'o;kZ jk; 2- lkfu;k fetkZ 3- lkbuk usgoky 4- dYiuk pkoyk

gksjkbtu çsl 62 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 8. egkRek cq¼ vkSj vaxqfyeky (ikB~;iqLrd ist 38)
vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- izlsuftr dgk¡ jkT; djrs Fks\
mRrj% izlsuftr dkS'ky dh jkt/kuh JkoLrh esa jkT; djrs FksA
2- vaxqfyeky dkSu Fkk\
mRrj% vaxqfyeky ,d vR;ar Øj w ,oa ccZj MkowQ FkkA
3- MkowQ dk uke vaxqfyeky D;ksa iM+k\
mRrj% vaxqfyeky ftldh Hkh gR;k djrk Fkk mldh vaxqyh dkVdj viuh ekyk
esa Mky ysRkk FkkA bl izdkj mlosQ xys esa vaxqfy;ksa dh ,d ekyk iM+ h Fkh]
ftlosQ dkj.k mldk uke vaxqfyeky iM+ kA
4- vaxqfyeky D;ksa pfdr Fkk\
mRrj% vaxqfyeky xkSre cq¼ dks ns[kdj blfy, pfdr Fkk D;ksafd og lksprk
Fkk fd mlosQ lkeus vkusokyksa dh lnk Hk; ls f?kX?kh c¡/ tk;k djrh gSA
;g dkSu gS tks fuHkZ; gksdj mlls iz'u dj jgk gSA
5- D;k xkSre cq¼ vaxqfyeky dks cnyus esa liQy jgs \
mRrj% gk¡] xkSre cq¼ vaxqfyeky dks cnyus esa liQy jgsA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
laU;klh] Nk;k] dksykgy] ccZj] iz;Ru
1- vaxqfyeky ,d ccZj MkowQ FkkA
2- ;g oSQlk dksykgy lqukbZ iM+ jgk gS\
3- yksx vaxqfyeky dh Nk;k ls Hkh ?kcjkrs FksA
4- iz;Ru djuk gekjk drZO; gSA
5- laU;klh fdlh dks Bxuk ugha pkgrkA
v fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\
1- ¶dksbZ euq"; cqjk ugha gksrkA¸ xkSre cq¼ us] Hknar lsA
2- ¶mlls feyus ls YkkHk u gksxkA¸ Hknar us] xkSre cq¼ lsA
3- ¶vkidks iwNrk gqvk ,d laU;klh vk jgk gSA¸ xqIrpj us] vaxqfyeky lsA
4- ¶,d ckj laU;klh cudj rks ns[kks] rqEgkjs eu dk lkjk iki /qy tk,xkA¸
xkSre cq¼ us] vaxqfyeky lsA
5- ¶vkiosQ izse us eq>s ijkftr dj fn;k gSA¸ vaxqfyeky us] xkSre cq¼ ls

gksjkbtu çsl 63 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
dksykgy µ lM+ d ij okguksa dk dksykgy gSA
phRdkj µ cl&nq?kZVuk gksrs gh lokfj;k¡ phRdkj mBhaA
ijkftr µ Hkkjr us eSp esa vkLVsªfy;k dks ijkftr dj fn;kA
iz;Ru µ cgqr iz;Ru djus ij Hkh eSa ijh{kk esa liQy ugha gqvkA
Lokxr µ ea=khth osQ vkus ij yksxksa us mudk Lokxr fd;kA
v ikB esa iz;qDr 'kCn&lewg ¶f?kX?kh c¡/uk¸ ,d eqgkojk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^Mj
osQ dkj.k oqQN uk cksy lduk*A
fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ le>dj bUgsa okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
1- vk¡[ksa [kqyuk µ gks'k vkuk
okD; iz;ksx µ tc lksgu us lc oqQN tq, eas yqVk fn;k rc dgha
tkdj mldh vk¡[ksa [kqyhaA
2- bZn dk pk¡n gksuk µ cgqr fnuksa osQ ckn feyuk
okD; iz;ksx µ jk/k rks vktdy utj ugha vkrh og rks bZn dk
pk¡n gks xbZ gSA
3- lk¡i lw¡?kuk µ pqi gks tkuk
okD; iz;ksx µ jhrk dh eEeh us tc mldks dke osQ fy, dgk rks
mldks lk¡i lw¡?k x;kA
4- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gksuk µ cgqr I;kjk
okD; iz;ksx µ jke vkSj y{e.k jktk n'kjFk dh vk¡[kksa osQ rkjs FksA
5- [kwu&ilhuk ,d djuk µ dBksj ifjJe djuk
okD; iz;ksx µ [kwu ilhuk ,d djosQ etnwj vius fy, nks oDr
dh jksVh dekrk gSA
v ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj fn, x, 'kCn&lewgksa osQ fy, ,d&,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
1- ekjdj ywVusokyk µ MkowQ
2- fdlh ij n;k u djusokyk µ funZ;h
3- ftls fdlh dk nnZ u gks µ csnnZ
4- tks fdlh ij jge u djs µ csjge
5- tks gkj pqdk gks µ ijkftr
6- tks eksg&ek;k ls nwj gks µ laU;klh

gksjkbtu çsl 64 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
chrk gqvk le; Hkwrdky] vHkh tkjh jgusokyk le; orZeku dky] rFkk vkusokyk
le; Hkfo";r~ dky dgykrk gSA
fn, x, okD;ksa osQ le{k mudk ^dky* fyf[k,µ
1- pk¡nuh jkr gSA orZeku dky
2- eSa Lo;a mlosQ ikl tkšxkA Hkfo";r~ dky
3- iztk vaxqfyeky ls Hk;Hkhr FkhA Hkwrdky
4- esjh ryokj rsjk Lokxr djsxhA Hkfo";r~ dky
5- dc Bgjsxk rw\ Hkfo";r~ dky
6- vaxqfy;ksa dh ekyk igus gq, vaxqfyeky Vgy jgk gSA orZeku dky
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj fyf[k,µ
vknfe;ksa vkneh ?kksM+k ?kksM+s
pj.kksa pj.k vaxqyh vaxqfy;k¡
ryokj ryokjas flikgh flikfg;ksa
ekyk ekyk,¡ vk¡[ksa vk¡[k
isM+ksa isM+
n vfHkO;fDr
v fuEufyf[kr egkiq#"kksa esa ls fdUgha nks osQ fp=k fn, x, LFkku esa fpidkb,µ
Lokeh foosdkuan Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj
jktkjke eksgu jk; lar dchjnkl
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a ikB~;iqLrd esa fpidk,¡A)

9. LoxZ ls Å¡ph (ikB~;iqLrd ist 44)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- fdl iz'u osQ mRrj esa lHkh ekSu gks tkrs gSa\
mRrj% ek¡ ls I;kjk nwtk dkSu\ bl iz'u osQ mRrj esa lHkh ekSu gks tkrs gSaA
2- ek¡ esa dkSuµdkSu ls ln~xq.k lkdkj gksrs gSa\
mRrj% ek¡ esa d#.kk] n;k] izse] lsok vkfn lHkh ln~xq.k lkdkj gksrs gSaA

gksjkbtu çsl 65 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 3- ek¡ vius cPpksa dk thou oSQls liQy cukrh gS\
mRrj% ek¡ vius cPpksa dks 'kqHk laLdkj nsdj muosQ thou dks liQy cukrh gSA
4- xzg vkSj u{k=k fdldh o`Qik ls vuqowQy gks tkrs gSa\
mRrj% xzg vkSj u{k=k ek¡ dh o`Qik ls vuqowQy gks tkrs gSaA
v dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks iwjk dhft,µ
1- ek¡ ls I;kjk nwtk dkSu\ blosQ mRrj esa lc ekSuA
lpeqp cgqr egku gS ek¡] R;kx vkSj cfynku gS ek¡A
2- laLdkj 'kqHk nsdj og] thou liQy cukrh gSA
nsdj vk'kh"k dk veks?k dop] ladV ls lnk cpkrh gSA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
I;kjk µ iwtk dk NksVk HkkbZ cgqr I;kjk gSA
egku µ gekjk Hkkjr ns'k egku gSA
m|ku µ m|ku esa lqanj iwQy f[kys gq, gSaA
vorkj µ bl /jrh ij cgqr&ls vorkj gq, gSaA
vk'kh"k µ ek¡ vius cPpksa dks vk'kh"k nsrh gSA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
i;kjk µ I;kjk m¼ku µ m|ku
u'k=k µ u{k=k r;kx µ R;kx
eghek µ efgek laldkj µ laLdkj
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls feyrs&tqyrs nks&nks 'kCn vius eu ls lkspdj fyf[k,µ
I;kjk µ U;kjk] cspkjkA
lsok µ esok] nsokA
egku µ tgku] fo}kuA
iwQy µ 'kwy] >wyA
lkdkj µ vkdkj] izdkjA
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ foykse ls dhft,µ
1- rqe cspus vk, gks ;k [kjhnus\
2- jke rqEgkjk cM+ k HkkbZ gS ;k NksVk\
3- rqe toku gks vkSj eSa cw<+kA
4- i'kqvksa ls I;kj djks] uiQjr ughaA
5- larjk [kêkð gS ;k ehBk\

gksjkbtu çsl 66 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v fuEufyf[kr laKk&'kCnksa osQ fy, mi;qDr fo'ks"k.k fyf[k,µ
vPNh ek¡ veks/ dop fo'kky m|ku
lqanj iwQy ehBk vke uhyk vkdk'k
n vfHkO;fDr
v bl dfork dks ;kn dhft, ,oa d{kk esa lqukb,A
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA)

10. cjxn dk isM+ (ikB~;iqLrd ist 47)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- cjxn dk isM+ ;kf=k;ksa osQ fdl dke vkrk Fkk\
mRrj% cjxn dk isM+ ;kf=k;ksa osQ foJke osQ dke vkrk FkkA
2- foQlku osQ yM+osQ oSQls Fks\
mRrj% fdlku osQ yM+ osQ vkylh] fudEes vkSj dkepksj FksA
3- pkjksa yM+dksa us cjxn osQ isM+ osQ ckjs esa D;k fu.kZ; fd;k\
mRrj% pkjksa yM+ dksa us cjxn osQ isM+ osQ ckjs esa ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd cjxn dks
dkVdj bldh ydM+ h vkil esa ck¡V yh tk,A
4- mudk fu.kZ; lqudj xk¡ookyksa us D;k fd;k\
mRrj% mudk fu.kZ; lqudj xk¡ookys cgqr nq%[kh gq,A mUgkasus mu pkjksa Hkkb;ksa dks
cgqr le>k;kA ysfdu mu ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gqvkA
5- lcls NksVs csVs us D;k liuk ns[kk\
mRrj% lcls NksVs csVs us lius esa ns[kk fd mlosQ firkth Bhd mlh txg [kM+ s gaS]
tgk¡ cjxn dk isM+ gSA cjxn osQ rus dh rjg muosQ iSj FksA mudh dbZ
Hkqtk,¡ Fkha] tks cjxn dh 'kk[kkvksa dh rjg iSQyh FkhaA mudk lkjk 'kjhj
ygwyqgku Fkk vkSj vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw Vid jgs FksA
6- var esa cjxn osQ isM+ dk D;k gqvk\
mRrj% var esa cjxn osQ isM+ dks dkVk ugha x;k vkSj NksVs HkkbZ us mls xk¡ookyksa dks
lkSai fn;kA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
fu.kZ;] pqIih] clsjk] rek'kk] vf/dkj
1- cjxn osQ isM+ ij vusd if{k;ksa dk clsjk FkkA

gksjkbtu çsl 67 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 2- pkjksa csVs cjxn ij viuk&viuk vf/dkj trk jgs FksA
3- xk¡ookyksa us mudk fu.kZ; lqukA
4- pkjksa osQ chp fiQj pqIih Nk xbZA
5- yksx pqipki rek'kk ns[k jgs FksA
v lgh esy feykb,µ
^v* ^c*
1- cjxn dh 'kk[kk,¡ lq[kµnq%[k dk lk>hnkj FkkA
2- og cjxn xk¡o osQ [kq'kh feyrh gSA
3- fdlku osQ ejus osQ ckn /jrh dks Nwrh FkhaA
4- os viuh&viuh oqQYgkfM+ ;k¡ ysdj mlosQ csVksa esa [kwc >xM+ k gqvkA
5- nwljksa dks [kq'kh nsus ls gh cjxn dks dkVus py fn,A
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
'khry µ ge xehZ esa 'khry ty ihrs gSaA
laifRr µ vfuy osQ firkth us mlosQ fy, vikj laifRr NksM+h gSA
vf/dkj µ nksuksa i{k gal ij viuk vf/dkj trk jgs FksA
ygwyqgku µ fot; dk 'kjhj ygwyqgku gks jgk FkkA
rek'kk µ HkhM+ pqipki rek'kk ns[k jgh FkhA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v lef>, vkSj fyf[k,µ
yM+ uk µ >xM+uk
pyuk µ fiQjuk g¡luk µ jksuk [kkuk µ ihuk
vkuk µ tkuk rksM+uk µ iQksM+uk ukpuk µ xkuk
i<+uk µ fy[kuk mBuk µ cSBuk fgyuk µ Mqyuk
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
'kk[kvksa µ 'kk[kkvksa iqoZtksa µ iwoZtksa 'kqjqvkr µ 'kq:vkr
ifD'k;ksa µ if{k;ksa lksairk µ lkSairk uhj.k; µ fu.kZ;
L=kh;k¡ µ fL=k;k¡ rek"kk µ rek'kk oqQygkMh µ oqQYgkM+h
v ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj fn, x, 'kCn&lewgksa osQ fy, ,d&,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
1- vkyL; djusokyk µ vkylh
2- dke ls th pqjkusokyk µ dkepksj
3- ftldk fdlh dke esa lk>k gks µ lk>hnkj
4- fdlh dke esa Hkkx ysusokyk µ Hkkxhnkj
5- xk;&HkSal vkfn i'kq pjkusokyk µ pjokgk
gksjkbtu çsl 68 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls fdl fyax dk cks/ gksrk gS\ fyf[k,µ
isM+ µ iqfYyax nsork µ iqfYyax oqQYgkM+ h µ L=khfyax
'kk[kk,¡ µ L=khfyax fdlku µ iqfYyax pjokgk µ iqfYyax
Nk;k µ L=khfyax ydM+ h µ L=khfyax laifRr µ L=khfyax
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse fyf[k,µ
iqjkuk µ u;k /wi µ Nk¡o var µ vkfn
/jrh µ vkdk'k cw<+k µ toku vkt µ dy
vusd µ ,d ejuk µ thuk iki µ iq.;
fnu µ jkr cM+ k µ NksVk [kq'kh µ mnklh
n vfHkO;fDr
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fn, x, fp=k dk o.kZu dhft,µ
(fp=k ikB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)
Hkkstu] tM+sa] gjk&Hkjk] o"kkZ] j{kk] ydM+ h] o`{k] /jrh] iQlysaA
o`{k gekjs LkkFkh gaSA ;s gekjh /jrh dks gjk&Hkjk cuk, j[krs gSaA o`{kksa osQ dkj.k gh
o"kkZ vkrh gS vkSj iQlysa ygygkrh gSaA o`{kksa dh tMa+s feêhð dks tdM+ s j[krh gSaA o`{kksa
ls gesa [kkus osQ fy, Hkkstu rFkk ?kj cukus osQ fy, ydM+h dh izkfIr gksrh gSA gesa
o`{kksa dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A

11. egku f'k{kkfon~ % MkW0 jk/kÑ".ku~ (ikB~;iqLrd ist 52)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- MkWñ loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku~ th dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\
mRrj% MkWñ loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku~ th dk tUe 5 flracj 1888 dks rfeyukMq esa
psUubZ ls 64 fdyksehVj nwj fr#Rrkuh uked LFkku esa ,d eè;oxhZ;
ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA
2- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ fons'kksa esa fdl :i esa vkeaf=kr fd, tkrs Fks\
mRrj% MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ fons'kksa esa Hkh Hkkjrh; n'kZu ij O;k[;ku nsus osQ fy,
vfrfFk izksisQlj osQ :i esa vkeaf=kr fd, tkrs FksA
3- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ fdu&fdu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls lacaf/r jgs Fks\
mRrj% MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ 1936 ls 1939 rd vkWDliQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa Hkkjrh;
n'kZu osQ izksisQlj jgsA os lu~ 1931 ls 1936 rd vka/z fo'ofo|ky; osQ
oqQyifr Hkh jgsA
gksjkbtu çsl 69 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]
 4- n'kZu'kkL=k esa fdu&fdu ckrksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS\
mRrj% n'kZu'kkL=k esa tho] txr] bZ'oj] izo`Qfr] eu] lR;] uSfrdrk] vfLrRo]
lkSan;Z vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
5- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ dks ^Hkkjr jRu* dk lEeku dc izkIr gqvk Fkk\
mRrj% lu~ 1954 esa MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ dks ^Hkkjr jRu* dk lEeku izkIr gqvk FkkA
6- f'k{kd fnol dc rFkk D;ksa euk;k tkrk gS\
mRrj% MkWñ loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku~ osQ tUefnol 5 flracj dks f'k{kd fnol osQ
:i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
euq";] jktnwr] f'k{kd fnol] ikB'kkyk] rsyxw
1- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ dh ekr`Hkk"kk rsyxw FkhA
2- MkWñ loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku~ dk tUefnol f'k{kd fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk
gSA
3- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ mijk"Vªifr cuus ls igys :l esa Hkkjr osQ jktnwr Hkh jgsA
4- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ us dgk Fkk fd egkekuo cuuk cgqr vklku gS ysfdu ,d lPpk
euq"; cuuk cgqr gh eqf'dy gSA
5- ;g iwjk thou ,d ikB'kkyk gSA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
1- jktnwr µ viQxkfuLrku esa vesfjdk osQ jktnwr dk vigj.k
gks x;kA
2- nk'kZfud µ lqdjkr cgqr cM+ s nk'kZfud fo}ku FksA
3- egkekuo µ Hkkjr dh Hkwfe ij vusd egkekuo iSnk gq, gSaA
4- uSfrdrk µ cPpksa dks cpiu ls gh uSfrdrk dk ikB i<+ kuk
pkfg,A
5- vkn'kZoknh µ thou esa gj fdlh dks vkn'kZoknh cuuk pkfg,A
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- Hkkjr osQ igys mijk"Vªifr dk uke MkWñ loZiYyh jk/ko`Q".ku~
2- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ osQ tUe dk LFkku fr#Rrkuh
3- Hkkjr osQ igys jk"Vªifr dk uke MkWñ jktsanz izlkn
4- MkWñ jk/ko`Q".ku~ dh ekr`Hkk"kk rsyxw

gksjkbtu çsl 70 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj mu 'kCnksa dks fyf[k,] tks vaxzsth Hkk"kk ls fy, x, gSaµ
mRrj% izksisQlj] vkWDliQksMZ] fiQykWliQh] ;wjksi] MkWñA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
rfeyukMw rfeyukMq ek=kHkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk es?kkoh es/koh
nz'ku n'kZu HkeZ Hkze usfrdrk uSfrdrk
vè;uu vè;;u vLfrRo vfLrRo
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v 'kCnksa osQ ihNs tqM+dj mudk :i o vFkZ cny nsus okys o.kZ izR;; dgykrs gSa_
tSlsµ
fuMj $ rk ¾ fuMjrk
le $ rk ¾ lerk
vkius tkuk fd mDr 'kCnksa esa ^rk* izR;; tksM+ dj u, 'kCn cuk, x, gSaA
blh izdkj ^rk* izR;; yxkrs gq, Ng 'kCn fyf[k,µ
lqanjrk] egkurk] nk'kZfudrk] fe=krk] ohjrk] uSfrdrkA
v ikB $ 'kkyk ¾ ikB'kkyk
/eZ $ 'kkyk ¾ /eZ'kkyk
tc 'kCnksa dks mijksDr dh rjg tksM+k tkrk gS] rc 'kCnksa dks tksM+us dh ;g fØ;k laf/
dgykrh gSA
blh izdkj osQ laf/;qDr pkj 'kCn ikB esa ls <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ
1- egk $ ekuo ¾ egkekuo
2- tUe $ fnol ¾ tUefnol
3- fo'o $ fo|ky; ¾ fo'ofo|ky;
4- dY;k.k $ dkjh ¾ dY;k.kdkjh
n vfHkO;fDr
v lkspdj fyf[k, fd ;fn vki f'k{kk ea=kh gksrs rks i<+kbZ esa D;k ifjorZu djrs\
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a fy[ksaA)

12. bZlk elhg (ikB~;iqLrd ist 57)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- bZlk elhg dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk Fkk\

gksjkbtu çsl 71 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

mRrj% bZlk elhg dk tUe ;s#'kye osQ ikl csryge uke osQ NksVs&ls xk¡o esa gqvk
FkkA
2- muosQ ekrk&firk dkSu Fks\
mRrj% mudh ekrk efj;e vkSj firk ;wlqiQ FksA
3- muosQ ekrk&firk csryge D;ksa x, Fks\
mRrj% muosQ ekrk&firk tux.kuk osQ le; viuk uke fy[kokus osQ fy, viuh
iSr`d Hkwfe csryge x, FksA
4- thtl osQ mins'k ;gwfn;ksa dks D;ksa vPNs ugha yxs\
mRrj% bZlk vius dks bZ'oj dk iq=k dgrs Fks vkSj ;gwfn;ksa dh iwtk&i¼fr dk
fojks/ djrs FksA blfy, thtl osQ mins'k ;gwfn;ksa dks vPNs ugha yxsA
5- bZlk elhg us yksxksa osQ vijk/ksa osQ fy, {kek ek¡xrs gq, D;k dgk\
mRrj% bZlk elhg us yksxksa osQ vijk/ksa osQ fy, {kek ek¡xrs gq, dgkµ¶gs firk!
bUgsa {kek dj] D;ksafd ;s ugha tkurs fd ;s D;k dj jgs gSaA¸
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
nq"V] vk'khokZn] vuq;k;h] lsok] U;k;ky;
1- mudks vk'khokZn nks] tks rqEgsa 'kki nsrs gSaA
2- nhu&nq%f[k;ksa dh lsok djksA
3- gsjksn cM+ k nq"V jktk FkkA
4- U;k;ky; us thtl dks vijk/h Bgjk;kA
5- bZlk elhg osQ vuq;k;h bZlkbZ dgykrs gSaA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
tux.kuk µ bl le; tux.kuk oQk dk;ZØe tksj&'kksj ls py jgk gSA
lsok µ vLirky esa ulZ jksfx;ksa dh lsok djrh gSA
;'k µ Jhjke osQ ;'k dk xq.kxku lHkh O;fDr djrs gSaA
vijk/h µ dHkh Hkh vijk/h dk lkFk ugha nsuk pkfg,A
vuq;k;h µ tSu /eZ osQ vuq;k;h vfgalk esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA
v bZlk elhg osQ pkj mins'k fyf[k,µ
1- iki ls ?k`.kk djks] ikih ls ughaA
2- vius iki dks fNikvks er] bZ'oj osQ lkeus izdV dj nksA
3- nhu nq%f[k;ksa dh lsok djks] mudh lgk;rk djksA
4- ;fn dksbZ rqEgkjs ,d xky ij rekpk ekjs rks rqe viuk nwljk xky Hkh
mlosQ lkeus dj nksA

gksjkbtu çsl 72 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
blk elhg us yksxksa dks izse ls jgus dk minsl fn;kA mUgksus dgk&ikih ls f?kz.kk djks]
iki ls ughA U;k; osQ fy, d'V mBkus okys rFkk i"pkrki djus okys euw";ksa dks gh
loxZ dk v/hdkj izkir gksrk gSA
bZlk elhg us yksxksa dks izse ls jgus dk mins'k fn;kA mUgksaus dgk& ikih ls ?k`.kk
djks] iki ls ughaA U;k; osQ fy, d"V mBkus okys rFkk i'pkrki djus okys
euq";ksa dks gh LoxZ dk vf/dkj izkIr gksrk gSA
v ;s tUefrfFk;k¡ fdu&fdu egkiq#"kksa dh gSa\ vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls
fyf[k,A lacaf/r ioZ dk uke Hkh fyf[k,µ
tUefrfFk µ egkiq#"k ioZ dk uke
25 fnlacj µ bZlk elhg fØlel
14 uoacj µ iañ tokgjyky usg: cky fnol
2 vDrwcj µ egkRek xk¡/h xk¡/h t;arh
5 flracj µ MkWñ loZiYyh jk/kÑ".ku~ f'k{kd fnol
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls 'kCn nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ
fodkjh 'kCn µ ;s 'kCn iz;ksx gksus ij fyax] opu] :i rFkk dkjd osQ vuqlkj cny
tkrs gSaA
tSlsµ 1- ?kksM+k] ?kksM+s] ?kksM+ksa 2- djuk] djrs] djosQ vkfnA
vfodkjh 'kCnµ ;s 'kCn iz;ksx gksus ij viuk :i dHkh ugha cnyrsA
tSlsµ vkxs] ihNs] ysfdu] uhps vkfnA
ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj lkr fodkjh rFkk lkr vfodkjh 'kCn viuh vH;kl&
iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A
mRrj% fodkjh 'kCnµ iki] xky] dksV] rekpk] f'k";] iq=k] nq"VA
vfodkjh 'kCn µ ;fn] ckgj] ogk¡] lkeus] yxHkx] D;ksafd] fdarqA
n vfHkO;fDr
v cM+k fnu (fØlel) osQ R;ksgkj ij oqQN okD; fyf[k,µ
mRrj% fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA uhps mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSµ
bZlkbZ /eZ osQ laLFkkid bZlk elhg dk tUe 25 fnlacj dks csryge uke osQ ,d
NksVs&ls xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA bl fnu dh ;kn eas bZlkbZ yksx fØlel eukrs gSaA fØlel
dks cM+ k fnu osQ uke ls Hkh euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu bZlkbZ yksx vius ?kjksa esa fØlel

gksjkbtu çsl 73 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 Vªh ltkrs gSaA bZlkbZ yksx fxjtk?kjksa esa ;h'kq dh izkFkZuk djrs gSaA ;g ioZ [kqf'k;k¡ ysdj
vkrk gSA fØlel lHkh dks HkkbZpkjs ,oa fey&tqydj jgus dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA

13. tqvk vkSj egkHkkjr (ikB~;iqLrd ist 62)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- nq;ksZ/u oSQlk O;fDr Fkk\ mlus ikaMoksa dks dkSu&ls [ksy osQ fy, yypk;k\
mRrj% nq;ksZ/u ,d Nyh O;fDr FkkA mlus ikaMoksa dks ^tq,* osQ [ksy osQ fy,
yypk;kA
2- nq;kZs/u us tq, dh D;k 'krZ j[kh\
mRrj% nq;ksZ/u us tq, dh ;g 'krZ j[kh fd tks thrsxk jkT; djsxk vkSj tks gkjsxk
nkl cusxkA
3- tq, esa ikaMo D;k&D;k gkjs\
mRrj% tq, esa ikaMo egy] Lo.kZ] laink osQ lkFk [kqn dks Hkh gkj x,A
4- nq;ksZ/u us var esa ikaMoksa dks D;k nk¡o ij yxkus dks mdlk;k\
mRrj% nq;ksZ/u us var esa ikaMoksa dks jkuh nzksinh dks nk¡o ij yxkus osQ fy, mdlk;kA
5- egkHkkjr dh yM+kbZ D;ksa gqbZ Fkh\
mRrj% dkSjoksa us NyiwoZd ikaMoksa dks tq, esa gjkdj mudk leLr jktikV Nhu
fy;k FkkA blh dkj.k egkHkkjr dh yM+ kbZ gqbZ FkhA
v dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks iwjk dhft,µ
1- nq;ksZ/u Fkk ,d Nyh
mlus ,d oqQpky pyh]
ik¡p ikaMoksa dks mlus
yypk;k ,d [ksy dksA
2- /hjs&/hjs nq;ksZ/u us
oqQN ,sls ikls ekjs]
egy] Lo.kZ] laink lkjh
[kqn dks Hkh ikaMo gkjsA

gksjkbtu çsl 74 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v lgh esy feykb,µ
1- Nyh fu"d"kZ
2- ikaMo diVh
3- eS=kh feyuk
4- esy fe=krk
5- ifj.kke ik¡p
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
HkkX; µ HkkX; gj fdlh dk lkFk ugha nsrkA
pky µ nq"V ea=kh us jktk osQ fo:¼ pky pyhA
'krZ µ r#.k lkS #i, dh 'krZ gkj x;kA
diVh µ jkew cM+k diVh balku gSA
laink µ lsB Hkkuwey dh lkjh laink pksjh gks xbZA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls feyrs&tqyrs 'kCn (rqdkar) dfork ls <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ
pyh µ Nyh vkbZ µ HkkbZ
[ksy µ esy ekjs µ gkjs
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
nqZ;ks/u nq;ksZ/u 'kZr 'krZ
es=kh eS=kh loz.k Lo.kZ
dyUd dyad oqQifjek.k oqQifj.kke
difV diVh Hkkx; HkkX;
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ opu fyf[k,µ
pwgk µ ,dopu oqQRrs µ cgqopu
oLrq,¡ µ cgqopu oqQlhZ µ ,dopu
est µ ,dopu yM+ osQ µ cgqopu
jkLrs µ cgqopu vkSjr µ ,dopu
lfCt;k¡ µ cgqopu yM+ fd;k¡ µ cgqopu
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fyax fyf[k,µ
nzksinh µ L=khfyax pqfg;k µ L=khfyax
/u µ iqfYyax ok;q µ L=khfyax
tqvk µ iqfYyax jkT; µ iqfYyax
cdjk µ iqfYyax 'ksjuh µ L=khfyax
oqQRrk µ iqfYyax ykseMh+ µ L=khfyax

gksjkbtu çsl 75 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n vfHkO;fDr
v jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr gekjs ikSjkf.kd egkdkO; dgs tkrs gSaA ;g dfork ^egkHkkjr*
dh ?kVuk ij vk/kfjr gSA
uhps oqQN O;fDr;ksa osQ uke bu nksuksa egkdkO;ksa esa ls fn, tk jgs gSaA mUgsa
Nk¡Vdj ml 'kh"kZd osQ uhps fyf[k,] ftlls os lacaf/r gSaµ
'kcjh jke o`Q".k y{e.k osQd;h n'kjFk
vfHkeU;q jko.k d.kZ Hkhe foHkh"k.k lqxzho
v'oRFkkek eaFkjk nzks.kkpk;Z Hkh"e
jkek;.k egkHkkjr
'kcjh d.kZ
osQd;h v'oRFkkek
jke Hkhe
n'kjFk o`Q".k
eaFkjk vfHkeU;q
foHkh"k.k æks.kkpk;Z
y{e.k Hkh"e
jko.k
lqxzho
v egkHkkjr ;k jkepfjrekul (jkek;.k) osQ fdlh ik=k dk vfHku; vius
fo|ky; osQ lekjksg esa dhft,A
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djasA)
v dYiuk dhft,] ;fn ;s iqjkru ik=k orZeku le; esa gksrs rks os oSQlk vuqHko
djrs\
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA)

14. LokLF; dk egRRo (ikB~;iqLrd ist 67)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- vPNs LokLF; dk D;k vFkZ gS\
mRrj% vPNs LokLF; dk vFkZ gS ,slk 'kjhj ftlesa dksbZ jksx u gksA ftl vkneh osQ
vk¡[k] ukd] gkFk] iSj] eq¡g] isV vkfn lHkh vax Bhd ls dke djas] mls
LoLFk dgk tkrk gSA

gksjkbtu çsl 76 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 2- vPNk LokLF; oSQls jg ldrk gS\
mRrj% vPNk LokLF; rHkh jg ldrk gS] tc ge vius 'kjhj osQ lHkh vaxksa ls [kwc
dke ysaA
3- LoLFk jgus osQ fy, cPpksa dks D;k djuk pkfg,\
mRrj% LoLFk jgus osQ fy, cPps [kwc [ksysa] mNy&owQn djsa vkSj nkSM+ yxk,¡A
4- gesa oSQlk Hkkstu djuk pkfg,\
mRrj% gesa ikSf"Vd Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A
5- vPNh fnup;kZ D;k gS\
mRrj% izkr% mBdj fuR;fØ;k djuk] O;k;ke djuk] i<+ uk&fy[kuk] Hkkstu
djuk] le; ij fo|ky; tkuk] 'kke osQ le; [ksyuk] tYnh Hkkstu djuk
vkSj jkr dks nl cts rd lks tkuk vPNh fnup;kZ gSA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
igpku] fnup;kZ] Hkkstu] f'kfFky] efLr"d
1- LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk efLr"d jgrk gSA
2- 'kjhj esa vkyL; u gksuk gh LoLFk 'kjhj dh igpku gSA
3- dke u ysus ls 'kjhj osQ vax f'kfFky gks tkrs gSaA
4- Hkkstu ls thou dh j{kk gksrh gSA
5- gekjh fnup;kZ LokLF; ij izHkko Mkyrh gSA
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ^gk¡* vFkok ^ugha* esa fyf[k,µ
1- D;k gekjs thou esa LokLF; dk egRRo gS\ gk¡
2- D;k 'kjhj dk eksVk gksuk LoLFk 'kjhj dh igpku gS\ ugha
3- D;k NksVs cPpksa osQ fy, [ksy&owQn gh dkiQh gksrs gSa\ gk¡
4- D;k vko';drk ls vf/d O;k;ke djuk gkfudkjd gksrk gS\ gk¡
5- D;k ge Hkkstu osQ fcuk thfor jg ldrs gSa\ ugha
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
LoLFk µ LoLFk jgus osQ fy, O;k;ke djuk pkfg,A
vkyL; µ dke djrs le; vkyL; ugha djuk pkfg,A
f'kfFky µ fcLrj ij yacs le; rd ysVs jgus ls mlosQ LkHkh vax
f'kfFky gks x,A
egRRo µ euq"; osQ thou esa /u dk Hkh cgqr egRRo gSA
j{kk µ fl¼kFkZ us ?kk;y gal dh j{kk dhA

gksjkbtu çsl 77 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
euq'; dh ftou esa LokLFk; dk egro cgksr vf/d gSA vPNs LokLFk; dk vFkZ gS
'kfjj osQ lHkh vaxks dk Bhd ls dkj; djuk rFkk 'kfjj esa iwQfrZ gksukA LoLFk jgus osQ
yh, Hkkstu esa lHkh ijdkj osQ inkjFkksa dk gksuk vko'k;d gksrk gSA
euq"; osQ thou esa LokLF; dk egRRo cgqr vf/d gSA vPNs LokLF; dk vFkZ gS
'kjhj osQ lHkh vaxksa dk Bhd ls dk;Z djuk rFkk 'kjhj esa iqQrhZ gksukA LoLFk
jgus osQ fy, Hkkstu esa lHkh izdkj osQ inkFkksaZ dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA
v lef>, vkSj fyf[k,µ
LokLF; µ l~ o k l~ Fk~ ;
efLr"d µ e l~ r f "k~ oQ
vkyL; µ v k y l~ ;
izo`Qfr µ i j~ oQ ` r f
fuR;fØ;k µ u f r~ ; d j~ f ; k
'kDdj µ 'k o~Q oQ j
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fu;eiwoZd dk vFkZ gSµ fu;e lsA ^µiwoZd* dk iz;ksx ^ls* osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gS_
tSlsµ
eSa LkHkh dk;Z fu;e ls djrk gw¡A
eSa lHkh dk;Z fu;eiwoZd djrk gw¡A
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa^&iwoZd* 'kCn dk iz;ksx djosQ bUgsa nksckjk fyf[k,µ
1- ge ;gk¡ oqQ'kyrk ls igq¡p x,A µ ge ;gk¡ oqQ'kyrkiwoZd igq¡p x,A
2- esjh ckr dks è;ku ls lqfu, µ esjh ckr dks è;kuiwoZd lqfu,A
3- lcosQ lkFk izse ls cksyksA µ lcosQ lkFk izseiwoZd cksyksA
4- eksgu dk HkkbZ ;gk¡ lq[k ls jgkA µ eksgu dk HkkbZ ;gk¡ lq[kiwoZd jgkA
5- eSa lcosQ lkFk fouezrk ls cksyrk gw¡A µ eSa lcosQ lkFk fouezrkiwoZd cksyrk gw¡A
v fuEufyf[kr laKkvksa ls igys ,d&,d fo'ks"k.k fyf[k,µ
eksVk vkneh Hkw[ks yksx xksjk eq¡g
detksj 'kjhj Lokfn"V Hkkstu Hkw[kk isV
NksVs cPps lisQn eNyh [kkyh gkFk

gksjkbtu çsl 78 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n vfHkO;fDr
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
O;k;ke] vaxksa] eu] eSnku] LoLFk] pqLrh] efLr"d] ok;q] LiwQfrZ] O;k;ke
'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus osQ fy, O;k;ke vko';d gSA dke djus ls pqLrh vkrh gSA
LoLFk 'kjhj esa eu vkSj efLr"d Hkh LoLFk jgrs gSaA O;k;ke ges'kk [kqys eSnku esa
djuk pkfg,A blls LoPN ok;q feyrh gS rFkk 'kjhj osQ vaxksa esa LiwQfrZ vkrh gSA
cPpksa osQ fy, O;k;ke vfr vko';d gSA

15. vktknh dh dher (ikB~;iqLrd ist 72)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- HksfM+;k 'kgj dh rjiQ D;ksa x;k\
mRrj% HksfM+ ;k 'kgj dh rjiQ blfy, x;k D;ksafd Hkw[k osQ dkj.k mldk cqjk gky
FkkA tc mls dksbZ f'kdkj ugha feyk rks og fujk'k gksdj 'kgj dh vksj py
fn;kA
2- oqQRrs us HksfM+, ls D;k iwNk\
mRrj% oqQRrs us HksfM+, ls iwNkµ¶fe=k! cgqr mnkl fn[k jgs gksA dkiQh detksj Hkh
yx jgs gksA D;k chekj gks\¸
3- oqQRrs dks vius ekfyd osQ ;gk¡ D;k dke djuk iM+rk Fkk\
mRrj% oqQRrk vius ekfyd osQ ?kj dh j[kokyh djrk FkkA ?kj esa dksbZ vtuch
vkneh vk tk, rks mldks ns[kdj HkkSadrk Fkk vkSj ekfyd dks ns[kdj nqe
fgykrk FkkA
4- oqQRrs dh xnZu esa iêkð D;ksa c¡/k Fkk\
mRrj% oqQRrs dh xnZu esa iêkð c¡/k Fkk ftlesa tathj Mkydj mldks ck¡/ fn;k tkrk
Fkk] rkfd og Hkkx u losQA
5- HksfM+;k taxy esa D;ksa ykSV x;k\
mRrj% HksfM+, us dgk fd og viuh vktknh fdlh dher ij [kksuk ugha pkgrkA
xqykeh dk Lokfn"V Hkkstu [kkus osQ LFkku ij og Hkw[kk ej tkuk ilan
djsxkA bruk dgdj HksfM+ ;k taxy dh vksj ykSV x;kA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
cspSu] j[kokyh] fujk'k] Lokfn"V] ekStµeLRkh
1- HksfM+ ;k fujk'k gksdj 'kgj dh vksj py fn;kA

gksjkbtu çsl 79 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 2- oqQRrs dh ftanxh ekSt&eLrh esa dV jgh FkhA
3- oqQRrk vius ekfyd osQ ?kj dh j[kokyh djrk FkkA
4- oqQRrs dh ckr lqudj HksfM+ ;k csPkSu gks x;kA
5- HksfM+, us xqykeh osQ Lokfn"V Hkkstu osQ ctk; Hkw[kk ej tkuk ilan fd;kA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
mnkl µ vkt 'kkyw dk eu cgqr mnkl gSA
vtuch µ fdlh vtuch ij ,dne fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A
vglku µ iSls nsdj rqeus ge ij cgqr cM+ k vglku fd;k gSA
lgk;rk µ ?kk;y ;k=kh lgk;rk osQ fy, iqdkj yxk jgs FksA
Lokfn"V µ eq>s xksHkh dh lCth cM+h Lokfn"V yxrh gSA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v lef>, vkSj fyf[k,µ
eksVk&rktk µ eksVk vkSj rktk [kkuk&ihuk µ [kkuk vkSj ihuk
pyuk&fiQjuk µ pyuk vkSj fiQjuk ekSt&eLrh µ ekSt vkSj eLrh
fnu&jkr µ fnu vkSj jkr lqcg&'kke µ lqcg vkSj 'kke
?kweuk&fiQjuk µ ?kweuk vkSj fiQjuk Hkw[k&I;kl µ Hkw[k vkSj I;kl
v ikB esa ls Nk¡Vdj fn, x, 'kCn&lewgksa osQ fy, ,d&,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
1- taxy esa jgusokyk µ taxyh
2- Lokn ls Hkjiwj µ Lokfn"V
3- ftls dksbZ u tkurk gks µ vKkr
4- fdlh osQ ca/u esa jguk µ xqyke
5- viuh bPNk ls thuk µ vktknh
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v ;kn jf[k,µ
^HksfM+ ;k cgqr Hkw[kk Fkk* bl okD; esa ^Hkw[kk* fo'ks"k.k 'kCn gS rFkk ^HksfM+;k* fo'ks";
gSA fo'ks"k.k ftu laKk 'kCnksa dh fo'ks"krk crkrk gS] mUgsa fo'ks"; dgrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ^fo'ks"k.k* vkSj ^fo'ks";* Nk¡fV,µ
okD; fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
1- HksfM+ , dk cqjk gky FkkA cqjk gky
2- HksfM+ ;k mnkl yx jgk FkkA mnkl HksfM+;k
3- bl taxyh thou dks NksM+ksA taxyh thou
4- oqQRrk vtuch vkneh ij HkkSadrk FkkA vtuch vkneh
5- HksfM+ , dks xqykeh dk Lokfn"V Hkkstu ilan ugha vk;kA Lokfn"V Hkkstu

gksjkbtu çsl 80 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhuµrhu i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
fe=k µ l[kk] ehr] nksLrA
?kj µ x`g] fuokl] vkoklA
lw;Z µ Hkkuq] lwjt] jfoA
jkr µ jtuh] jkf=k] fu'kkA
n vfHkO;fDr
v fn, x, laosQrksa dh lgk;rk ls dgkuh iwjh dhft,µ
,d oqQRrk Hkw[kk ——— jksVh feyh ——— rkykc osQ foQukjs viuh ijNkb±
ns[kh ——— nwljk oqQRrk ——— ykyp ——— HkkSadk ——— jksVh
rkykc esa fxjh ——— ykyp cqjh ——— cykA
,d oqQRrk FkkA og cgqr Hkw[kk FkkA og jksVh dh ryk'k esa b/j&m/j ?kwe jgk
FkkA rHkh mls ,d jksVh feyhA mlus og jksVh mBk yh vkSj jksVh ysdj rkykc
osQ foQukjs igq¡pkA rkykc esa mlus viuh ijNkb± ns[khA mlus lkspk fd rkykc
esa nwljs oqQRrs osQ eq¡g esa jksVh dk VqdM+k gSA mlus lkspk fd vxj eSa mlls ;g
jksVh ys yw¡ rks esjs ikl nks jksVh gks tk,¡xhA ykyp esa vkdj og HkkSadkA tSls gh
mlus HkkSadus osQ fy, viuk eq¡g [kksyk] jksVh dk VqdM+k rkykc esa fxj x;k vkSj
og Hkw[kk gh jg x;kA blfy, dgk x;k gS fd gesa ykyp ugha djuk pkfg,A
ykyp cqjh cyk gSA

16. uhfr osQ nksgs (ikB~;iqLrd ist 77)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- dchj us oSQlh ok.kh cksyus dks dgk gS\
mRrj% dchj us ,slh ok.kh cksyus dks dgk gS tks vius vki dks Hkh vPNh yxs
vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh vPNh yxsA
2- Js"B iq#"k fdlfy, 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gSa\
mRrj% Js"B iq#"k nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy, 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gSaA
3- xq# vkSj bZ'oj esa fdldk LFkku cM+k gS\
mRrj% xq# vkSj bZ'oj esa xq# dk LFkku cM+ k gSA
4- izse&laca/ dks D;ksa ugha rksM+uk pkfg,\
mRrj% izse&laca/ dks dHkh ugha rksM+uk pkfg, D;ksafd ,d ckj VwV tkus ij og
fiQj ugha tqM+rk gSA ;fn tqM+rk Hkh gS rks mlesa igys tSlh feBkl ugha jgrhA

gksjkbtu çsl 81 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 5- vPNs yksx laifRr fdlfy, ,d=k djrs gSa\
mRrj% vPNs yksx nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ dk;ksZa osQ fy, laifRr ,d=k djrs gSaA
v uhps LraHk ^v* esa HkkokFkZ vkSj ^c* esa nksgksa dh ,d iafDr nh xbZ gSA budk esy
feykb,µ
^v* ^c*
?keaM dks R;kxdj ehBh ok.kh ijekjFk osQ dkjuS] lk/qu /jk
cksyuh pkfg,A 'kjhjA
nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy, gh Js"B tgk¡ dke vkoS lqbZ] dgk djS
iq#"k 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gSaA ryokfjA
oqQlaxfr dk lTtuksa ij dksbZ ,slh ckuh cksfy,] eu dk
izHkko ugha iM+rkA vkik [kks;A
/u dk lap; lTtu nwljksa osQ panu fo"k O;kIr ugha] fyiVs
fy, djrs gSaA jgr HkqtaxA
fo'ks"k volj ij tks dke NksVs dfg jghe ij dkt fgr]
dj nsrs gSa] mls cM+ s ugha dj ikrsA laifr lapfg lqtkuA
v mu nksgksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,] ftuesa ;s ckrsa dgh xbZ gksaµ
1- lp cksyusokys osQ ân; esa Hkxoku jgrs gSaA
lk¡p cjkcj ri ugha] >wB cjkcj ikiA
tkosQ fgjns lk¡p gS] rkosQ fgjns vkiAA
2- ehBs opu cksyus ls cksyus vkSj lquusokyksa dks lq[k feyrk gSA
,slh ckuh cksfy,] eu dk vkik [kks;A
vkSju dks lhry djS] vkigq lhry gks;AA
3- o`{k vius iQyksa dks ugha [kkrs gSa rFkk ljksoj vius ty dks lafpr ugha djrsA
r#oj iQy ufga [kkr gS] ljoj fi;r u ikuA
dfg jghe ij dkt fgr] laifr lapfg lqtkuAA
4- izseµlaca/ dks dHkh ugha rksM+uk pkfg, D;ksafd ,d ckj VwV tkus ij og fiQj ugha
tqM+rkA
jfgeu /kxk izse dk] er rksjkS pVdk;A
tksjs rs fiQj u tqjS] tqjS xk¡B ifj tk;AA
5- Å¡ps vkn'kZ osQ euq";kas ij cqjh laxr dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+ ldrkA
tks jfge mRre izo`Qfr] dk dfj ldr oqQlaxA
panu fo"k O;kir ugha] fyiVs jgr HkqtaxAA

gksjkbtu çsl 82 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v ¶c`PN dcgq¡ -------------------- 'kjhjA¸
lanHkZ ,oa izlaxµ izLrqr nksgk gekjh ikB~;µiqLrd ^Hkk"kk f{kfrt Hkkxµ3* osQ ^uhfr
osQ nksgs* uked ikB ls fy;k x;k gSA bl nksgs osQ jpf;rk izfl¼ lar dfo egkRek
dchjnkl th gSaA bl nksgs esa dchjnkl th us ijksidkj osQ egRRo dks izdV fd;k gSA
HkkokFkZµ dchjnkl th dgrs gSa fd o`{k vius iQyksa dks Lo;a dHkh ugha [kkrs vkSj
ufn;k¡ vius ty dks lafpr ugha djrha] vFkkZr~ o`{kksa osQ iQy vkSj ufn;ksa dk ty
nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA blh izdkj Js"B iq#"k Hkh nwljksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy,
gh 'kjhj /kj.k djrs gSa] vFkkZr~ os vius 'kjhj dk mi;ksx viuh ugha] cfYd nwljksa
dh HkykbZ osQ fy, djrs gSaA
vc fuEufyf[kr nksgksa dk osQoy HkkokFkZ fyf[k,µ
1- lk¡p cjkcj ri ugha] >wB cjkcj ikiA
tkosQ fgjns lk¡p gS] rkosQ fgjns vkiAA
HkkokFkZµ dchjnkl th dgrs gSa fd lp osQ leku dksbZ ri ugha] >wB osQ leku dksbZ
iki ughaA ftldk ân; lPpk gS] mlosQ ân; esa bZ'oj Lo;a fuokl djrs gSaA blfy,
O;fDr dks ges'kk lR; gh cksyuk pkfg, vkSj bZ'oj ij fo'okl djuk pkfg,A
2- jfgeu /kxk izse dk] er rksjkS pVdk;A
tksjs rs fiQj u tqjS] tqjS xk¡B ifj tk;AA
HkkokFkZµ jghe nkl th dgrs gSa fd izse :ih /kxs dks er rksM+ks vFkkZr~ izse :ih
/kxk ,d ckj VwV x;k rks og fiQj ls ugha tqM+rkA fiQj vki pkgs fdruh Hkh dksf'k'k
djas] pkgus ij Hkh ugha tksM+ loQrs] ;fn tksM+ksxs rks mlesa xk¡B iM+ tk,xhA
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fdlh Hkk"kk osQ mu 'kCnksa dks rn~Hko dgrs gSa] tks vU; Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr :i esa
iz;qDr gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ vkx (vfXu)] nw/ (nqX/) vkfnA
'kCn osQ 'kq¼ :i dks mldk rRle dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ ^ckuh* dk rRle :i ^ok.kh* gSA
v fuEufyf[kr rRle :iksa dks ;kn dhft,µ
(rRle 'kCn fo|kFkhZ IkkB~;iqLrd esa ns[ksa)
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a ;kn djsaA)
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kq¼ (rRle) :iksa dks fn, x, 'kCn&tky esa <w¡f<+,µ
dkjuS] ljoj] rksjkS] lk¡p] fgjns] iku]
ckuh] lhry] nksÅ] ryokfjA

gksjkbtu çsl 83 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 jk p vkS lq lh cks O;k fy fo ç
d rks M+ks la l oqQ i fr dk u
fy i c i jks v x "k j e
c gh l p o ik uh Ñ .k n
u ck r ;s j gw¡ â fn Rr e
i j tks gk ;ks b j n gh m
rk ; nks uksa r eq n os ; tk
g c lks c y ek fu ;k e Le
'kh r y jh ok .kh nq ik ch pa
xks lk foa fg j ek j Fk jk e

17. HkkuqnRr dh prqjkbZ (ikB~;iqLrd ist 82)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- D;k HkkuqnRr dks T;ksfr"k dk Kku Fkk\
mRrj% HkkuqnRr dks T;ksfr"k dk dksbZ Kku ugha FkkA
2- oqQEgkj us HkkuqnRr osQ T;ksfr"k Kku dk xq.kxku D;ksa fd;k\
mRrj% HkkuqnRr osQ crkus ij oqQEgkj osQ nksuksa x/s fey x, Fks blfy, oqQEgkj us
HkkuqnRr osQ T;ksfr"k Kku dk xq.kxku fd;kA
3- HkkuqnRr us gkj dk irk yxkus osQ fy, fdruk le; ek¡xk\
mRrj% HkkuqnRr us gkj dk irk yxkus osQ fy, ,d lIrkg dk le; ek¡xkA
4- jktk dh nkfl;k¡ D;ksa Mj xb±\
mRrj% jktk dh nkfl;k¡ blfy, Mj xbaZ Fkha D;ksafd jkuh dk ukSyD[kk gkj nkfl;ksa
us gh pqjk;k FkkA
5- jkuh dk gkj dgk¡ feyk\
mRrj% jkuh dk gkj ckx esa ihiy osQ isM+ dh [kks[kj esa feykA

gksjkbtu çsl 84 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
fpark] ukSyD[kk] eqlhcr] uafn;k] T;ksfr"k] ekSr
1- HkkuqnRr dks T;ksfr"k dk dksbZ Kku ugha FkkA
2- ,d fnu jkuh dk ukSyD[kk gkj xqe gks x;kA
3- HkkuqnRr le> x;k fd og eqlhcr esa i¡Ql x;k gSA
4- iafMr dks ekSr lkeus fn[kkbZ ns jgh FkhA
5- fpark vkSj fuafn;k jktk dh nkfl;k¡ FkhaA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
fglkc µ mlus cktkj ls okfil vkdj iSlksa dk fglkc yxk;kA
xq.kxku µ og ges'kk vius ?kj dk gh xq.kxku djrk jgrk gSA
egy µ jktk osQ egy esa lkS d{k FksA
thou µ thouµej.k bZ'oj osQ gkFk esa gSA
buke µ fuf[ky dks mldh esgur dk cf<+ ;k buke feykA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
oqQEHkkj µ oqQEgkj T;ksfr'k µ T;ksfr"k lirkg µ lIrkg
lokfn"V µ Lokfn"V vunkrk µ vUunkrk Å¡xyh µ m¡xyh
fcLrjk µ fcLrj vUrhe µ vfUre ekjx µ ekxZ
v ¶HkkuqnRr gM+cM+kdj mBk¸ ;gk¡ HkkuqnRr osQ fy, gM+cM+kuk 'kCn dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA fn, x, okD;ksa esa [kkyh LFkku esa mi;qDr 'kCn Hkfj,µ
[kM+ [kM+ k] fgufguk] fdVfdVk] iqQliqQlk] fHkufHkuk
1- vLrcy esa ?kksM+s fgufguk jgs FksA
2- owQM+ s osQ <sj ij efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkuk jgh FkhaA
3- og BaM osQ dkj.k nk¡r fdVfdVk jgk FkkA
4- chjcy vdcj osQ dku esa iqQliqQlk jgk FkkA
5- jlksbZ esa crZu [kM+[kM+k jgs FksA
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fo'ks"k.k Nk¡fV, rFkk mudk laKk&:i fyf[k,µ
okD; fo'ks"k.k laKk&:i
1- iafMr prqj FkkA prqj prqjkbZ
2- mls [kkus osQ fy, Lokfn"V Hkkstu feykA Lokfn"V Lokn
3- mls yxk fd og mldh vafre jkr gSA vafre var
4- jktk izlUu gqvkA izlUu izlUurk
5- nklh nq%[kh FkhA nq%[kh nq%[k
gksjkbtu çsl 85 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls fdl fyax dk cks/ gksrk gS\ fyf[k,µ
oqQEgkj µ iqfYyax fn'kk µ L=khfyax ukSyD[kk gkj µ iqfYyax
x/k µ iqfYyax Kku µ iqfYyax uhan µ L=khfyax
vaxqfy;ksa µ L=khfyax izflf¼ µ L=khfyax ihiy µ iqfYyax
n vfHkO;fDr
v ;g dgkuh HkkuqnRr dh prqjkbZ dh gSA dksbZ vU; prqjkbZ ls Hkjh dgkuh ;gk¡
vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,µ
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djasA) ,d mnkgj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSµ
ok.kh dh prqjkbZ
,d jktk FkkA mlosQ ikl ,d cw<+k ?kksM+k FkkA og ?kksM+k tYnh gh ejus okyk FkkA mlus
?kksM+s dks ikl osQ xk¡o esa Hkst fn;k vkSj xk¡ookyksa ls dgk eq>s izfrfnu bl ?kksM+s dk
lekpkj crk;k tk,A tks dksbZ O;fDr ?kksM+s osQ ejus dk lekpkj nsxk] mls e`R;qnaM fn;k
tk,xkA jktk dh vkKk lqudj LkHkh xk¡ookys ?kksM+s dh gj izdkj ls lsok djus yxsA
,d fnu og ?kksM+k ej x;kA e`R;qnaM osQ Mj ls dksbZ xk¡ookyk jktk osQ ikl ?kksM+s osQ
ejus dk lekpkj ys tkus dks rS;kj ugha gqvkA xk¡ookyksa dks fpafrr ns[kdj ,d prqj
O;fDr us dgk fd jktk dks eSa ;g lekpkj crkdj vkšxkA ml O;fDr us jktk osQ
ikl tkdj dgkµ¶egkjkt! vkidk og ?kksM+k vkt u [kkrk gS] u ihrk gS] u lk¡l
ysrk gS vkSj u NksM+rk gSA vf/d D;k crkÅ¡ og thfor izk.kh dh rjg jgk gh ughaA¸
ml O;fDr dh ckr lqudj jktk us dgkµ¶D;k og ?kksM+k ej x;k\¸ rc og O;fDr
cksykµ¶egkjkt vki gh dg jgs gSa ge ughaA¸ jktk ml O;fDr dh cqf¼ekuh ls
izlUu gqvk vkSj mls cgqr&lk buke nsdj fonk fd;kA
f'k{kkµ cqf¼ekuh ls O;fDr ekSr osQ eq¡g ls Hkh okfil vk ldrk gSA

18. tks gksrk gS] vPNs osQ fy, gksrk gS (ikB~;iqLrd ist 88)

vH;kl
n ikB Kku
v fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ
1- vdhck dgk¡ dh ;k=kk ij Fks\
mRrj% vdhck cgqr nwj jsfxLrku osQ ikj dh ;k=kk ij FksA
2- xk¡ookyksa osQ O;ogkj ij vdhck us Lo;a dks oSQls rlYyh nh\
mRrj% xk¡ookyksa osQ O;ogkj ij vdhck us Lo;a dks ;g dgrs gq, rlYyh nh fd
bZ'oj U;k;fiz; gS vkSj tks Hkh gksrk gS vPNs osQ fy, gksrk gSA

gksjkbtu çsl 86 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

 3- vdhck osQ eqxsZ dks fdlus ekj Mkyk\
mRrj% vdhck osQ eqxsZ dks HksfM+ , us ekj MkykA
4- vdhck osQ x/s dks dkSu mBk ys x;k\
mRrj% vdhck osQ x/s dks 'ksj mBk ys x;kA
5- lHkh ?kVuk,¡ vdhck osQ fy, fdl izdkj vPNh fl¼ gqbZ\ le>kb,A
mRrj% lHkh ?kVuk,¡ vdhck osQ fy, bl izdkj vPNh fl¼ gqbZ fd ;fn xk¡ookyksa
us mls fudkyk u gksrk rks og yqVsjksa }kjk ekjk tkrk vkSj vxj taxyh
tkuoj mlosQ i'kqvksa dks u mBkdj ys tkrs rks mudh vkokt ls gR;kjksa dks
vdhck dh ekStwnxh dk irk py tkrkA
v lgh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj [kkyh LFkku Hkfj,µ
yqVsjksa] U;k;fiz;] pkj] jsfxLrku] eqxsZ
1- vdhck cgqr nwj jsfxLrku osQ ikj dh ;k=kk ij FksA
2- diM+ ksa osQ vykok vdhck osQ ikl ek=k pkj phtsa FkhaA
3- ,d HksfM+ , us eqxsZ dks idM+ fy;k FkkA
4- bZ'oj U;k;fiz; gSA
5- xk¡o osQ lkjs ?kj jkr esa yqVsjksa us ywV fy, FksA
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
iukg µ 'kj.k
okD; iz;ksx µ eq>s jkr xqtkjus osQ fy, dgha iukg ysuh iM+sxhA
'kd µ lansg
okD; iz;ksx µ eq>s 'kd gqvk fd og O;fDr pksj gSA
vtuch µ vifjfpr
okD; iz;ksx µ bl uxj osQ lHkh yksx esjs fy, vtuch gSaA
fuxkg µ utj
okD; iz;ksx µ okgu pykrs le; fuxkg lkeus j[kksA
U;k;fiz; µ balkiQilan
okD; iz;ksx µ tgk¡xhj ,d U;k;fiz; jktk FkkA
n mPpkj.k ys[ku
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kq¼ :i esa fyf[k,µ
jsfxLrku µ jsfxLrku isQlyk µ iSQlyk
eq'kfdy µ eqf'dy vk'kp;Z µ vk'p;Z
b'oj µ bZ'oj gr;kjk µ gR;kjk
iugk µ iukg i`"V µ i`"B

gksjkbtu çsl 87 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]

v izLrqr ikB esa mnZw&iQkjlh osQ vusd 'kCn iz;qDr gq, gSaA uhps fn, x, fganh
'kCnksa osQ fy, ikB esa fn, x, mnZw&iQkjlh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
lansg µ 'kd vifjfpr µ vtuch 'kj.k µ iukg
iqLrd µ fdrkc vuqefr µ btktr rhoz µ rst
n O;kdj.k cks/k
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ L=khfyax fyf[k,µ
'kCn L=khfyax 'kCn L=khfyax
x/k µ x/h ukyk µ ukyh
eqxkZ µ eqxhZ rh[kk µ rh[kh
da?kk µ da?kh ehBk µ ehBh
eksVk µ eksVh lh/k µ lh/h
v fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls fo'ks"k.k vkSj laKk dks vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,A
'kCn fo'ks"k.k laKk
1- vPNk vkneh vPNk vkneh
2- dkyh lkM+ h dkyh lkM+h
3- [kêkð uhacw [kêkð uhacw
4- gjh fepZ gjh fepZ
5- ehBk lsc ehBk lsc
n vfHkO;fDr
v ;gwnh iqtkjh (jCch) vdhck viuh f'k{kkvksa osQ fy, izfl¼ gSaA mUgksaus yksxksa dks lR;
dk ekxZ fn[kk;k FkkA mudk dguk Fkk fd bZ'oj ,d gS vkSj ge lc mlh dh larku
gSa] blhfy, ge lcdks HkkbZpkjs osQ lkFk lkSgknZiwoZd jguk pkfg,A
vc crkb,] fd fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krkvksa osQ fy, dkSu izfl¼ gSa\
1- ekrk&firk dh lsok osQ fy, µ Jo.k oqQekj
2- HkkbZ osQ izfr izse ,oa lsok osQ fy, µ y{e.k
3- nkuohjrk osQ fy, µ d.kZ
4- prqjkbZ osQ fy, µ chjcy
5- lR;okfnrk osQ fy, µ gfj'paæ
6- ck.kµfo|k osQ fy, µ vtqZu
v gekjh /eZiqLrd Hkxon~ xhrk esa Hkh ;gh lans'k gS fd ^tks gqvk vPNk gqvk] tks gks
jgk gS] vPNk gks jgk gS rFkk tks gksxk og Hkh vPNk gh gksxkA*
Hkxon~ xhrk osQ fo"k; esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh ,d=k dhft,A
mRrj% (fo|kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA)

gksjkbtu çsl 88 Hkk"kk f{kfrt - [1-3]