What Is the Oedipus Complex?

The Oedipus complex, also known as the Oedipal complex, describes a child's feelings of desire for their
opposite-sex parent and jealousy and anger toward their same-sex parent. The concept was first introduced
by Sigmund Freud in his theory of psychosexual stages of development.

In simple terms, a boy feels that he is competing with his father for possession of his mother, while a girl feels
that she is competing with her mother for her father's affection. According to Freud, children view their same-
sex parents as a rival for the opposite-sex parent's attention and affection.

Verywell / Joshua Seong

History of the Oedipus Complex

Freud first proposed the concept of the Oedipus complex in his 1899 book "The Interpretation of Dreams,"
although he did not formally begin using the term Oedipus complex until 1910. The concept became
increasingly important as he continued to develop his theory of psychosexual development.

Freud named the complex after the character in Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex," who accidentally kills his father
and marries his mother.

In the Greek myth, Oedipus is abandoned at birth and thus does not know who his parents are. It is only after
he had killed his father and married his mother that he learns their true identities.

How Does the Oedipus Complex Work?

In psychoanalytic theory, the Oedipus complex refers to the child's desire for sexual involvement with the
opposite sex parent, particularly a boy's attention to his mother. This desire is kept out of conscious
awareness through repression, but Freud believed that it still had an influence over a child's behavior and
played a role in development.

In Freud's theory, children progress through a series of stages of psychosexual development. At each stage,
the subconscious mind is centered on pleasure related to a certain region of the body. These stages are:

• Oral stage: From birth to 18 months

• Anal stage: From 18 months to three years
• Phallic stage: From ages three to five
• Latency: From ages five to 12
• Genital: From ages 12 to adulthood

Freud suggested that the Oedipus complex played an important role in the phallic stage of psychosexual
development.1 He also believed that successful completion of this stage involved identifying with the same-
sex parent, which ultimately would lead to developing a mature sexual identity.

During this stage of development, Freud suggested that the child develops a sexual attraction to his or her
opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent. According to Freud, the boy wishes to possess
his mother and replace his father, who the child views as a rival for the mother's affections.

At what age does the Oedipus complex occur?

The Oedipal complex occurs in the phallic stage of psychosexual development between the ages of three and
five. The phallic stage serves as an important point in forming sexual identity.

Signs of the Oedipus Complex

Freud believed that all children go through this process as a normal part of development. Some signs that a
child is experiencing the Oedipus complex include:

• Becoming overly attached to one parent

• Fixation on one parent
• Hostility toward the other parent
• Jealousy of one parent
• Possessiveness of one parent

Freud suggested that there are a number of behaviors that children engage in that are actually a result of this
complex. Examples of behaviors a child might exhibit include:

• Acting angry or hostile toward the rival parent

• Becoming angry or jealous when the rival parent shows affection to the desired parent
• Indicating that they want to marry the desired parent
• Trying to get the attention of the desired parent

It is important to note that not every conflict that occurs between a child and parent is caused by the Oedipus
complex.

The Electra Complex

The analogous stage for girls is known as the Electra complex in which girls feel desire for their fathers and
jealousy of their mothers. The term Electra complex was introduced by Carl Jung to describe how this complex
manifests in girls.2Freud, however, believed that the term Oedipus complex referred to both boys and girls,
although he believed that each sex experiences it differently.

Freud also suggested that when girls discover that they do not have a penis, they develop penis envy and
resentment toward their mothers for "sending her into the world so insufficiently equipped." Eventually, this
resentment gives way to identification with her mother and the process of internalizing the attributes and
characteristics of her same-sex parent.

It was Freud's views of female sexuality that were perhaps his most heavily criticized. The
psychoanalyst Karen Horney refuted Freud's concept of penis envy and instead suggested that men
experience womb envy due to their inability to bear children.

Freud himself admitted that his understanding of women was perhaps less than fully realized.

How Is the Oedipus Complex Resolved?

At each stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, children face a developmental conflict that must
be resolved in order to form a healthy adult personality. In order to develop into a successful adult with a
healthy identity, the child must identify with the same-sex parent in order to resolve the conflict of the phallic
stage.

Influence of the Id and Ego

So how does the child go about resolving the Oedipus complex? Freud suggested that while the
primal id wants to eliminate the father, the more realistic ego knows that the father is much stronger. In
addition, the boy also has a positive attachment to the father.3

• The id is the primal source of energy that seeks to immediately satisfy all of the unconscious urges.
• The ego is the part of the personality that emerges to mediate between the urges of the id and the
demands of reality.

Castration Anxiety

According to Freud, the boy then experiences what he called castration anxiety which is a fear of both literal
and figurative emasculation.4 Freud believed that as the child becomes aware of the physical differences
between males and females, he assumes that the female's penis has been removed and that his father will also
castrate him as a punishment for desiring his mother.

Emergence of the Superego

In order to resolve the conflict, the defense mechanism known as identification kicks in. It is at this point that
the super-ego is formed. The super-ego becomes a sort of inner moral authority, an internalization of the
father figure that strives to suppress the urges of the id and make the ego act upon these idealistic standards.

In "The Ego and the Id," Freud explained the child's superego retains the character of the child's father and
that the strong feelings of the Oedipus complex are then repressed.

Outside influences including social norms, religious teachings, and other cultural influences help contribute to
the repression of the Oedipal complex.
It is out of this that the child's conscience emerges, or the overall sense of right and wrong. In some cases,
however, Freud also suggested that these repressed feelings could also result in an unconscious sense of guilt.
While this guilt may not be overtly felt, it can still have an influence over the individual's conscious actions.

What If the Oedipus Complex Is Not Resolved?

As when conflicts at other psychosexual stages are not resolved, a fixation at that point in development can
result. Freud suggested that boys who do not deal with this conflict effectively become "mother-fixated" while
girls become "father-fixated."

When someone says that a person has an Oedipus complex, it often describes an unhealthy attachment or
dependence on their opposite-sex parent in adulthood. An unresolved Oedipus complex can lead to challenges
in achieving mature adult romantic relationships, and conflicts with same-sex competitiveness.
Psychoanalysis focuses on helping resolve these conflicts.

Criticisms and Other Explanations

Is the Oedipus complex a real thing? Freud's theory was controversial in his own time and remains
controversial, criticized, and not widely accepted today. Other theories have emerged to describe parent-child
attachments.

Attachment theory, in particular, offers an alternative explanation for many of the behaviors that Freud
described. This approach emerged during the 1950s through the work of psychologists John Bowlby and Mary
Ainsworth.

According to attachment theory, early childhood emotional bonds serve as a source of safety and security.
Children may bond with one parent more or express jealousy of the rival parent as a result of these early
attachments that are tied to safety, security, and survival.

A Word From Verywell

Freud's concept of the Oedipus complex remains highly debated today and other theories are generally
preferred as explanations for some of the attachment behaviors that children experience.

If your child is experiencing symptoms that are disrupting their functioning and creating distress, talk to your
child's pediatrician or a mental health professional. They can evaluate these symptoms and make
recommendations that can help your child.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the
"Everything Psychology Book."