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Lecture Waves

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Lecture Waves

Uploaded by

Cowboy Xx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Waves

PHYS 0100
Dr. Stephanie Mohammed
Learning objectives
qUnderstand that a wave transmits energy
qDefine the terms and determine the displacement, crest,
trough, amplitude, period, frequency and speed when applied
to a wave
qUnderstand the terms phase and phase difference
qUnderstand the difference between a transverse and a
longitudinal wave
qUnderstand what is meant by a progressive and stationary
wave
Understanding Waves

WAVE is a vibration or disturbance in space.

WAVES transfer energy without transferring matter.


Classification of Waves

qWaves transmit energy away from a point of impact.


qWaves are characterized by oscillations and energy
transfer.
qThere are different ways to classify waves.
They are classified by WHAT they move through and HOW
particles move through them
Classification of Waves

• Waves are classified according to what they move through (medium).

q Electromagnetic waves – travel through matter or empty space.


q Mechanical waves – require a medium to travel and require the particles
to vibrate in order for energy to transfer.

• Water waves
• Sound waves
• Earthquake/seismic waves
• Waves that travel through a rope or string
MECHANICAL WAVE

A mechanical wave is one that requires a


substance through it to propagate.

Not all waves require a medium to travel, such as


electromagnetic waves which can travel through
empty space.
MECHANICAL WAVES

•All particles in a mechanical wave vibrate about


their mean positions.
•Not all the particles that make up the wave move
together.
•At any particular instant in time, some particles are
moving upwards, while some particles may be
moving downwards.
Classification of Waves

According to how particle move through them.


Mechanical waves can be classified as:
q Transverse waves
q Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
Oscillations on the wave take place at right angles
to the direction of travel of the wave.
Longitudinal waves
Oscillations take place along the same line as the
line of travel (parallel) of the wave.
Consists of a series of compressions and
rarefractions.
A compression is a region in which the particles are
moving towards each other.
A rarefraction is a region where the particles are
moving away from each other.
Progressive vs Stationary
waves
Progressive waves transfer energy from one
location.
In stationary waves, energy is not transferred but
rather confined.
Wave Characteristics
Displacement-Distance Graph (for all particles in a wave)

http://www.excelatphysics.com/graphs-for-sound-wave.html?fbclid=IwAR2KFcxm7schZDHP9ptWVK0ShavPXSEYc1Elo1_6W0VbYz2uAHO8PYuTWUQ
Displacement-Time
Graph (for individual particle)
Displacement-Time Graph is for an individual particle in the vibrating
medium. It shows the displacement of a particle from the rest position
at a particular time.

http://www.excelatphysics.com/graphs-for-sound-
wave.html?fbclid=IwAR2KFcxm7schZDHP9ptWVK0ShavPXSEYc1Elo1_6W0VbYz2uAHO8PYuTWUQ
Main characteristics of a wave
Displacement of a point on a wave is the distance from the
equilibrium point.

Peak (or crest): the point of maximum displacement – the


“highest point”

Trough: the point of minimum displacement – the “lowest point”


Main characteristics of a wave
The wavelength 𝛌 of the wave is the distance
between two successive crests or two successive
troughs. The SI unit is the meter.
The amplitude 𝑎 of a progressive wave is the
maximum displacement from the rest position. The
SI unit is the meter.
Main characteristics of a wave
One complete cycle or oscillation is made up of
one crest and one trough.

The time taken for one cycle or one oscillation is


called the period, T, of oscillation of the wave. The
SI unit is the second.
Main characteristics of a wave
The number of oscillations per unit time of a point
on a wave is the frequency, f, of the wave. It is
measured in Hertz (Hz).

𝟏
𝑻=
𝒇
Main characteristics of a wave
The speed, v, of the wave is the distance travelled
per unit time. Speed in this case refers to the rate
at which energy is being transferred.

𝒗 = 𝒇𝛌
Phase and phase difference

The phase of a particular point on a wave is a


measure of the fraction of the oscillation that has
been completed.
Phase relationships are sometimes measured in
degrees or radians.

To view: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIjPJERQnnw
WAVE BEHAVIOUR

What happens when a wave:


• Meets a hard surface like a wall?
• Enters a new medium?
• Moves around an obstacle?
• Meets another wave?
Reflection

Reflection does not change the speed or frequency of the wave,


BUT the wave can be flipped upside down.
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
Extra Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-wSHmXB64o&t=6s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6layII7ebQ&feature=youtu.be

Reference
https://www.slideshare.net/hlayala/waves-ppt?qid=bb112cb9-8223-4248-a7e5-61c8a5e28a78&v=&b=&from_search=6

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