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MTH114 Lec#9

The document discusses limits at infinity and continuity of functions. It defines limits as x approaches positive or negative infinity and infinite limits. It also defines continuity of functions at a point and on an interval. Examples are provided to illustrate infinite limits, continuity, and the intermediate value theorem.

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9 views

MTH114 Lec#9

The document discusses limits at infinity and continuity of functions. It defines limits as x approaches positive or negative infinity and infinite limits. It also defines continuity of functions at a point and on an interval. Examples are provided to illustrate infinite limits, continuity, and the intermediate value theorem.

Uploaded by

verdah.inam2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH 114

Lecture # 9
Calculus and Analytic
Geometry
Dr. Tanvir Akbar Kiyani
Limits at Infinity
If the values of a variable x increases without bound, then we write
x → +

and if the values of x decreases without bound, then we write


x → −
For example
1 1
lim = 0 and lim =0
x →− x x →+ x
As the denominator gets larger, the value of the fraction
gets smaller.
Limits at Infinity
An informal view
If the values of f(x) eventually get as close as we like to a
number L as x increases without bound, then we write

lim f ( x) = L
x →+
or f ( x) → L as x → +

Similarly, If the values of f(x) eventually get as close as we


like to a number L as x decreases without bound, then we
write

lim f ( x) = L
x →−
or f ( x) → L as x → −

Lim as x→infinity of f(x) = horizontal asymptote


Limits at Infinity
Example :
x x
lim = lim
x →
x2 + 1 x →
x2
x
= lim = 1
x → x

This implies that there is horizontal asymptote at y=1

→
Infinite limits at Infinity
An informal view

If the values of f ( x) increases without bound as x → + or as x → −,


then we write
lim f ( x) = +
x → +
or lim f ( x) = +
x → −

as appropriate; and if the values of f ( x) decreases without bound as x → +


or as x → −, then we write
lim f ( x) = −
x → +
or lim f ( x) = −
x → −

as appropriate.
Infinite limits at Infinity
Examples

lim2 x = +, lim2 x = −,


5 5

x →+ x →−

lim − 7 x = −, lim − 7 x = −,


6 6

x →+ x →−

lim ( 7 x 5
− 4 x 3
+ 2 x − 9) = lim ) = −
( 7 x 5

x → − x →−

lim ( −4 x 8
+ 17 x 3
− 5 x + 1) = lim ( −4 x 8
) = −
x → − x → −

The end behavior of a polynomial matches the end


behavior of its highest degree term.
Limits at Infinity

Examples
Limits at Infinity
Limits at Infinity
Continuity
A function f is continuous at the point x = c if the
following are true:
1. f (c) is defined.
2. lim f ( x) exists.
x →c

3. lim f ( x) = f (c).
x →c
This function has discontinuities at
x=1 and x=2.
2 It is continuous at x=0 and x=4,
1 because the one-sided limits
match the value of the function
1 2 3 4
Continuity
Example Determine wheather the following functions are
continuous at x=2.
x2 − 4
f ( x) = ,
x−2

 x2 − 4
 , x2
g ( x) =  x − 2
3, x = 2,

 x2 − 4
 , x2
h( x ) =  x − 2
4, x = 2.

Continuity on an interval
A function f is said to be continuous on a closed interval
[a, b] if the following conditions are satisfied:
1. F is continuous on (a, b).
2. f is continuous from the right at a.
3. f is continuous from the left at b.
Example what can you say about the continuity of the
function f ( x) = 9 − x 2 ?

Natural domain of f(x) [-3, 3]


Continuity on an interval
Properties of continuous functions

If f and g are continuous at c, then


(a ) f + g is continuous at c.
(b) f − g is continuous at c.
(c) fg is continuous at c.
(d ) f / g is continuous at c if g (c)  0 and has a discontinuity at c if g (c) = 0.

• Composites of continuous functions are continuous.


• A polynomial is continuous every where.
• A rational function is continuous at every point
where the denominator is non zero, and has
discontinuities at the points where the denominator is
zero.
Intermediate Value theorem

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b] and k is


any number between f(a) and f(b), inclusive, then
there is atleast at least one number x in the interval
[a, b] such that f(x)=k.

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