GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF BORON GROUP

PERIODIC TABLE Valence electron: 3
Johanne Dobereiner –arrange the element according Electron configuration: ns2np1
to its similar property. Law of Triad All are metal except BORON

John Newlands - arranged in order of increasing CARBON GROUP

atomic mass. Law of Octave. Valence electron: 4
Electron configuration: ns2np2
Lothar Meyer – arrange 28 into 6 different families. Metallic progression
Arrange in order of both physical and chemical
means. NITROGEN GROUP
Valence electron: 5
Dmitri Mendeleev – group elements according tp Electron configuration: ns2np3
physical and chemical property. Father of the Metallic progression
Periodic Table Also known as “Pnictogens”
Henry Moseley - Arranged the elements in the
CHALCOGENS
periodic table according to atomic numbers instead
Valence electron: 6
of its atomic weight.
Electron configuration: ns2np4
Ore – forming elemnts

GENERAL FEATURES OF PERIODIC TABLE HALOGEN

GROUP OR FAMILY Valence electron: 7
● These are the vertical column in the periodic Electron configuration: ns2np5
table. Some are diatomic elemnts
● The periods corresponds to the main energy Non-metals
level of electrons or number of valence
electron. NOBLE GASES
Valence electron: 8
Electron configuration: ns2np6
Monoatomic elements

PERIOD –
● These are the horizontal rows in the periodic
table.
● Each row is identified by Arabic numerals 1-
7.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Properties
ALKALI METALS ● METAL - Metals are good conductors of
Valence electron: 1 largest atomic size
heat and electricity. Malleable and ductile.
Electron configuration: ns1
Located at the left side of the periodic table
Most metallic propery
● METALLOIDS - These elements are
ALKALINE EARTH METALS located along the zigzag line. Solid at room
Valence electron: 2 largest atomic size temperature and brittle. Poor conductor of
Electron configuration: ns 2
heat and electricity
less metallic property
 ● NON-METAL – Illustrates both property of NAMING MONOSTOMIC ION WITH MORE
non-metal and metal. THAN ONE OXIDATION NUMBER

Classification of Elements based on its TYPE OF  CLASSIC METHOD

ORBITAL BEING FILLED UP o Suffix –ic = higher charge
o Suffix –ous = lower charge
BLOCKS Cu+ = cuprous
Cu2+ = cupric
 REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS Fe2+ = Ferrous
 These elements are referred to as the main Fe3+ = Ferric
group elements.  STOCK METHOD
o S – BLOCK – IA, IIA, He Place a Roman numeral indicating the charge
o P – BLOCK – IIIA - VIIIA is written in parentheses after the English
 TRANSITION ELEMENTS name of the metals.
o Elements from group IB and IIB Cu+ =(Copper (I)
through VIIIB Cu2+ = Copper (II)
o D – BLOCK – IIIB – IIB Fe2+ = Iron (II)
o Majority of transition element are in Fe3+ = Iron (III)
solid state except that is in liquid
state. NAMING NON-METALS
 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS  Monoatomic anion - the name of the element
o F – BLOCK – lower part
is modified by the suffix –ide.
 NOBLE GASES
 Example
o The noble gases are located in group
F- = Flouride
18 (viiia) of the periodic table.
Cl- = chloride
o These elements are not member of the
representative elements because they
NAMING POLYATOMIC ANION
complete S and P sublevels
Suffix –ate = More oxygen atom
OXIDATION NUMBER is a set of whole numbers Suffix –ite = less oxygen atom
determined by the actual numbers of electrons that is Ex. NO-2 = nitrite
given up, accepted or shared with another element. NO-3 = nitrate
ION - an atom and a molecule acquires a net charge Prefix hypo - = More oxygen atom
MOLECULES - form when two or more atoms Suffix per- = less oxygen atom
form chemical bonds with each other ClO- = Hypochlorite
COMPOUNDS - Molecules made up of two or more ClO-2 = Chlorite
elements ClO-3 = Chlorate
ANIONS – atom that gains electron (NON-METAL) ClO-4 = perchlorate
CATIONS – atom that loss electron (METAL)
Monoatomic ion – contain 1 kind of atom. TRENDS IN PERIODIC TABLE
Metallic Property – increases from right to left and
Ex. 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐶𝑙 −
increases from top to bottom. (C, Si, Sn, Pb)
Polyatomic Ion – contains 2 0r more kind of atom. Non-metallic Property – increases from left to right,
Ex. 𝑁𝐻4+ , increases from bottom to top. (Li, Be, C, O, F)
Atomic Size/Radius - the distance from the center of
the nucleus to the outermost energy level. Francium
is consider as the biggest element.
NAMING MONOATOMIC CATION increases from right to left and, increases
 Element name + ion from top to bottom
Na+ = sodium ion Ionization Energy – energy needed to remove an
K+ = potassium ion electron.
 increases from left to right, increases from  Create an electrically neutral element
bottom to top. (crisscross method)
Electron Affinity – energy change occurs when an
atom gains an electron.
increases from left to right, increases from
bottom to top.
Electronegativty - ability of the atom to attract an
electron.
increases from left to right, increases from
bottom to top.

NAMING AND WRITING CHEMICAL

FORMULA
Chemical Formula - tells the number of atoms of
each element in a compound.
 Molecular Formula - gives the composition
of the molecule, in terms of the actual number NAMING TERNARY IONIC COMPOUND
of atoms present (𝐶2 𝐻6 )
 Empirical Formula - gives the composition  Write the name of the metal.
of the molecule, in terms of the smallest ratio  Write the name of the polyatomic ion (non-
of the number of atoms present. (𝐶𝐻3 ) metals) after the cation
 Structural Formula - a graphic
representation of the molecular structure and Example
used to represent the bonds. Mg(NO3)2 – Magnesium Nitrate
Li2SO3 – Litium sulphite
Ionic Compounds –made up of two or more ion. 𝐴𝑙𝑃𝑂4 – Aluminum Phospate
Formed from the combination of 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)−2 – Barium Hydroxide
metals and non-metals
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA TERNARY
NAMING BINARY IONIC COMPOUND (metal IONIC COMPOUND
+ non-metal + ide)
 Write the name of the metal.  Write the chemical symbol of the elements
 Write the name of the nonmetal, but change and polyatomic ions involved.
the ending of the element’s name to ide.  Write the ionic form of the elements:
cation(metals) and polyatomic ions (non-
Example metals). Include the net charges
BaS – Barium sulphide  Create an electrically neutral element
Mg3N2 – Magnesium Nitride (crisscross method)
AlBr3 – Aluminum Nitride
AlF3 – Aluminum flouride

WRITING CHEMICAL FOR BINARY IONIC

COMPOUND
 Write the chemical symbol of the elements
involved.
 Write the ionic form of the elements:
cation(metals) and anion (non-metals).
Include the net charges
 Bromine pentafluoride – B4 F5
NAMING COMPOUNDS OF METALS WITH Carbon Monoxide – CO
MORE THAN ONE OXIDATION NUMBER Oxygen hexafluoride – OF6

CLASSICAL SYSTEM
 Name the metal with higher oxidation ACIDS
number by changing the ending to –ic and Binary acids - composed of two elements wherein
metal with lower oxidation number by the first element is always hydrogen while the second
changing the ending to –ous. element is a nonmetal. (hydrogen + non-metal)
 Name the nonmetal by changing the ending
to –ide or the polyatomic ion  Determine the formulas/symbol and charges
involved in the compounds.
 Make the charge of the 1st element the
FeCl2 – Ferrous chloride
subscript of the 2nd element, and that of the
FeCl3 – Ferric chloride
2nd element the subscript of the 1st element.

STOCK SYSTEM Hydrochloric acid = H+ + Cl- - HCl

Hydrobromic acid = H+ + Br- - HBr
 Name the metal, followed by its actual
oxidation number written in Roman numeral
and enclosed in parentheses. NAMING BINARY ACIDS (HYDRO + NON-
 Name the nonmetal which ends with “-ide” METALLIC+ACID)
or by the name of the polyatomic ion.
HF – Hydrofluoric acid
FeCl2 = Iron (II) Chloride HI – Hydroiodic acid
FeCl3 = Iron (III) Chloride
Fe2(SO4)3 = Iron Sulfate OXYACIDS - combinations of hydrogen and a
polyatomic ion. (Drop the word hydro)
COVALENT COMPOUND
Polyatomic ion –ite = ous + acid
 Formed from the combination of two non- Polyatomic ion –ate = ic + acid
metals and non-metals
NAMING OXYACIDS
NAMING COVALENT COMPOUND

 The first element is named first, using the In naming oxyacids, drop the word hydro
elements name. then the –ite ending of the polyatomic ion is
 Modify the name of the second element using changed to –ous and the –ate ending to –ic
the suffix –ide. finally add the word acid.
 Greek prefixes are used to indicate the
number of atoms of each element.
Example
B4Cl5 – tetraboron pentachloride
N2O3 – dinitrogen trioxide H2SO4 - Sulfuric Acid
H2SO3 - Sulfurous Acid
WRITING FORMULA FOR COVALENT H2CrO4 – Chromic Acid
COMPOUND HClO2 – Chlorous Acid
 The prefix used in the name of each element
in a covalent compound indicates the number
WRITING FORMULA FOR OXYACIDS
of atoms for that element and is shown as its
subscript in the formula.
 Determine the formulas/symbol and charges
involved in the compounds.
 Make the charge of the 1st element the
subscript of the polyatomica ion, and that of
the polyatomic ion the subscript of the 1st
element.

Acetic acid – 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2