MCS 351 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

SOLUTION OF CHAPTER 13-14-15

Prof. Dr. İsmet KARACA

ERWIN KREYSZIG, 9TH EDITION

NOVEMBER 2012
 CHAPTER 13 - COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS

13.1
1. We can write −i as 0 + i(−1). Then,
• i2 = [0 + i(−1)][0 + i(−1)] = 0 − 1 + i.(0 + 0) = −1,
• i3 = i2 .i = (−1).i = −i,
• i4 = i3 .i = (−i).i = −i2 = −(−1) = 1,
• i5 = i4 .i = 1.i = i

We know that i = −i.

1 −i −i
• i = −i2
= 1 = −i,
1 1
• i2
= −1 = −1,
1 1 i i
• i3
= −i = −i2
= 1 = i.
2. Let z = 2 + 2i. Then we obtain iz = i(2 + 2i) = −2 + 2i.

Let z = −1 − 5i. Then iz = i(−1 − 5i) = 5 − i.

a + b = 90◦

Let z = 4 − 3i. Then iz = i(4 − 3i) = 3 + 4i.

1
 a + b = 90◦

3.
z1 x1 + iy1 (x1 + iy1 )(x2 − iy2 )
= =
z2 x2 + iy2 (x2 + iy2 )(x2 − iy2 )
x1 x2 − x1 iy2 + iy1 x2 − iy1 iy2
=
x22 − ix2 y2 + ix2 y2 − i2 y22
x1 x2 + y1 y2 + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
=
x22 + y22
x 1 x 2 + y1 y2 x 2 y1 + x 1 y2
= 2 2 + i.
x 2 + y2 x22 + y22

4. We assume that z1 6= 0.
0 z 1 z2
0= = = z2
z1 z1
That is, if z1 6= 0 then z2 = 0.
Similarly you can show that if z2 6= 0 then z1 must be zero. So, at least one factor must be zero.
5. (⇒) If z = x + iy is pure imaginary then x = 0. So z = iy and z = −iy. That is z = −z.
(⇐) Let z = −z.
z = x − iy = −(x + iy) = −x − iy

x must be zero because x ∈ R and x = −x. So z is pure imaginary.

6. z1 = 24 + 10i, z2 = 4 + 6i
• z1 +z2 = (24 + 10i)+(4 + 6i) = (24−10i)+(4−6i) = 28−16i = (28 + 16i) = [(24 + 10i) + (4 + 6i)]
= (z1 + z2 )
• z1 −z2 = (24 + 10i)−(4 + 6i) = (24−10i)−(4−6i) = 20−4i = (20 + 4i) = [(24 + 10i) − (4 + 6i)]
= (z1 − z2 )
• z1 .z2 = (24 + 10i).(4 + 6i) = (24−10i).(4−6i) = 36−184i = (36 + 184i) = [(24 + 10i).(4 + 6i)]
= (z1 .z2 )
z1 (24+10i)(4−6i) (24+10i) z1
• z2 = ( 24+10i
4+6i ) = ( 16+36 ) = ( 156
52 −
104
52 i) = 156
52 + 104
52 i = = z2
(4+6i)

2
7-15: Complex Aritmetic Let z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 4 − 5i.
7. (5z1 + 3z2 )2 = [5.(2 + 3i) + 3.(4 − 5i)]2 = [(10 + 15i) + (12 − 15i)]2 = (22)2 = 484
8. z1 .z2 = (2 − 3i).(4 + 5i) = 23 − 2i
9. Re( z12 ) = Re( −5+12i
1
) = Re( −5−12i 5
169 ) = Re(− 169 −
12
169 i)
5
= − 169
1

10.• z22 = (4 − 5i)2 = −9 − 40i ⇒ Re(z22 ) = −9

• (Rez2 )2 = 42 = 16
(4−5i)(2−3i)
11. z2
z1 = 4−5i
2+3i = 4+9 = −7−22i
13
7
= − 13 − 2213 i

12. • z1
z2 = (2+3i) = 2−3i
4+5i =
−7−22i
41
7
= − 41 − 22
41 i
(4−5i)
−7+22i
• ( zz21 ) = ( 2+3i 7
4−5i ) = ( 41 ) = (− 41 +
22
41 i)
7
= − 41 − 22
41 i

13. (4z1 − z2 )2 = [4.(2 + 3i) − (4 − 5i)]2 = (8 + 12i − 4 + 5i)2 = (4 + 17i)2 = −273 + 136i
z1 2−3i −5−12i 5 12
14. • z1 = 2+3i = 4+9 = − 13 − 13 i
z1 2+3i −5+12i 5 12
• z1 = 2−3i = 4+9 = − 13 + 13 i

15. z1 +z2
z1 −z2 = (2+3i)+(4−5i) 6−2i
(2+3i)−(4−5i) = −2+8i =
−28−44i
68
7
= − 17 − 11
17 i

16-19: Let z = x + iy.

16. • Im(z 3 ) = Im((x + iy)3 ) = Im((x3 − 3xy 2 ) + i.(3x2 y − y 3 )) = 3x2 y − y 3
• (Imz)3 = (Im(x + iy))3 = y 3
1 1 x+iy x y 1 x
17. z = x−iy = x2 +y 2
= x2 +y 2
+ i x2 +y 2 ⇒ Re( z ) = x2 +y 2

18. At first we will find (1 + i)8 :

(1 + i)2 = 2i,
(1 + i)3 = (1 + i)2 .(1 + i) = 2i.(1 + i) = −2 + 2i,
(1 + i)4 = (1 + i)3 .(1 + i) = (−2 + 2i).(1 + i) = −4,
(1 + i)5 = (1 + i)4 .(1 + i) = (−4).(1 + i) = −4 − 4i,
(1 + i)6 = (1 + i)5 .(1 + i) = (−4 − 4i).(1 + i) = −8i,
(1 + i)7 = (1 + i)6 .(1 + i) = (−8i).(1 + i) = 8 − 8i,
(1 + i)8 = (1 + i)7 .(1 + i) = (8 − 8i).(1 + i) = 16.
Then, Im((1 + i)8 .z 2 ) = Im(16.z 2 ) = Im(16.(x2 − y 2 + i2xy)) = Im(16(x2 − y 2 ) + i32xy) = 32xy
x −y +i2xy 2 2 x2 −y 2
1
19. Re( z12 ) = Re( (x−iy) 1
2 ) = Re( x2 −y 2 −i2xy ) = Re( x4 +2x2 y 2 +y 4 ) = x4 +2x2 y 2 +y 4
.

13.2
1-8 Represent the followings in the polar form:
p √ √ √ 3
1. Let z = 3 − 3i. Then |z| = 32 + (−3)2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 and since tan θ = −3 = −1,
we get
7π √ 7π 7π
⇒ θ= ⇒ z = 3 2(cos( ) + i. sin( )).
4 4 4

3
 √ √
2. Let z = 2i. We can say that |z| = 22 = 4 = 2. Because of θ = π2 , the result is

π π
z = 2(cos( ) + i. sin( )).
2 2
p √ −π
On the other hand, for z = −2i, |z| = (−2)2 = 4 = 2 and also by θ = 2

−π −π
z = 2(cos( ) + i. sin( ))
2 2

is found.
p √
3. If z = −5 ⇒ |z| = (−5)2 = 25 = 5. As θ = π, we have

z = 5(cos π + i. sin π).

q q
1 2
4. For z = 2 + 14 πi, we calculate desired result which |z| = ( 12 )2 + ( 41 π)2 = π 16+4 . Besides due to
the fact that tan θ = π2 ,
π
θ = arctan( )
2
and r
π2 + 4 π π
⇒ z= (cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).
16 2 2
1+i
5. Let z = 1−i . Firstly, we have to say that

1+i (1 + i)(1 − i) 1 − i + i − i2 1 − (−1) 2 2i 2i

z= = = = = = = = i.
1−i (1 − i)2 1 − 2i + i2 1 − 2i − 1 −2i (−2i.i) 2
√ √
After that, now we could calculate |z| = 12 = 1 = 1. Moreover, θ = π2 , we conclude that

π π
z = cos( ) + i. sin( ).
2 2
√
3 2+2i
6. Let z = √ √ .
− 2−2 3i
Then
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 2 + 2i (3 2 + 2i)(− 2 + 2 3i) (−6 + 6 6i − 2 2i − 4 3) −11
z= √ √ = √ √ √ √ = = .
− 2 − 2 3i (− 2 − 2 3i)(− 2 + 2 3i) −10 5
q q
Finally, we have |z| = ( −11
5 )2 = 121 11
25 = 5 . From θ = π,

11
z= (cos π + i. sin π).
5
−6+5i
7. If z = 3i , we can alternatively interpret it:

−6 + 5i (−6 + 5i)(−3i) 18i + 15 5

z= = = = + 2i.
3i (3i)(−3i) 9 3

By this reason, we get r r √

5 25 61
|z| = ( )2 + 2 2 = +4= .
3 9 3

4
As we know that tan θ = 65 , we immediately conclude that θ = arctan 56 and
√
61 6 6
⇒ z= (cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).
3 5 5
2+3i
8. Let z = 5+4i . This can be simple form as following :

2 + 3i (2 + 3i)(5 − 4i) 22 + 7i 22 7
z= = = == + i.
5 + 4i (5 + 4i)(5 − 4i 41 41 41

From this equality, r r √

22 7 444 49 533
|z| = ( )2 + ( )2 = + = .
41 41 1681 1681 41
From above, we can say that
7 7
tan θ = ⇒ θ = arctan ,
22 22
consequently √
533 7 7
⇒ z= (cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).
41 2 2
9-15 Determine the principle value of the argument:
5π
9. Let z = −1 − i. Then tan α = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we get α = 4 .

10. Let z = −20 + i. For z,

−1 −1
tan α = ⇒ α = arctan( ) = 3, 09163
20 20
1
On the other hand, for z = −20 − i, tan β = 20 and so

1
⇒ β = arctan( ) = −3, 09163.
20

11. We take z = 4 ∓ 3i. As a result,

∓3 ∓3
tan α = ⇒ α = arctan( ) = ∓0, 6435.
4 4

12. If z = −π 2 , then tan α = 0 and due to this we get α = π.

13. Let z = 7 + 7i. In conclusion

π
⇒ tan α = 1 ⇒ α = arctan( ) = 1, 5485.
4

On the other hand, for z = 7 − 7i

−π
tan α = −1 ⇒ α = arctan( ) = −1, 5485.
4

14. Take z = (1 + i)12 . We can this clearly as following :

z = (1 + i)12 = ((1 + i)2 )6 = (1 + 2i − 1)6 = 64(i2 )3 = 64(−1)3 = −64.

5
For this reason, tan α = 0 and so α = π.
15. Let z = (9 + 9i)3 . This could be interpret more simple:

z = (9 + 9i)3 = 93 + 3.92 .9i + 3.9.92 .i2 + 93 .i3 = 729 + 2187i − 2187 − 729i = −1458(1 + i).

5π
By this reality, tan α = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we conclude that α = 4 .

16-20 Represent in the form x + iy:

16. We take z = cos 12 π + i. sin ∓1 1 1
2 π. Moreover, we know cos 2 π = 0 and sin 2 π = 1. Then we get that

1 ∓1
z = cos π + i. sin π = ∓i.
2 2

17. If z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2), then from cos 0.2 = 2, 99 and sin 0.2 = 0, 01,

z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2) = 3. cos 0.2 + 3. sin 0.2 = 2, 99 + 0, 01i

is found.
18. Let z = 4(cos π3 ∓ i sin π3 ). Because
√
π 1 π 3
cos = and sin = ,
3 2 3 2

the result is √
π π 1 3 √
4(cos ∓ i sin ) = 4.( ∓ i. ) = 2 ∓ 2 3i.
3 3 2 2
19. For z = cos(−1) + i. sin(−1), since cos(−1) = 0, 99 and sin(−1) = −0, 01, we have

cos(−1) + i. sin(−1) = 0, 99 − 0, 01i.

20. Let z = 12(cos 3π 3π

2 + i sin 2 ). Because of the fact that

3π 3π
cos = 0 and sin = −1,
2 2

we conclude that
3π 3π
12(cos + i sin ) = 12.(0 + i.(−1)) = −12i.
2 2
21-25 Find all roots in the complex plane:
21. Let z = x + iy. Then

√
z= −i ⇒ z 2 = −i ⇒ x2 − y 2 + 2xyi = −i ⇒ x2 − y 2 = 0, 2xy = −1.

As a consequence,
1 1 1 1
y4 = ⇒ x = y = ∓ √ ⇒ z = ∓ √ ∓ √ i.
4 2 2 2

6
 √
8
22. Let z = 1. Since
1 = cos(2kπ) + i sin(2kπ), k = 0, ±1, ±2, ...,

Above equation can be rewrite in the following form:

√
8 2kπ 2kπ
z= 1 = cos( ) + i sin( )
8 8

There are 8 roots as following:

k = 0 =⇒ z0 = 1,
1 1
k = 1 =⇒ z1 = √ + i √ ,
2 2
k = 2 =⇒ z2 = i,
1 1
k = 3 =⇒ z3 = − √ + i √ ,
2 2
k = 4 =⇒ z4 = −1,
1 1
k = 5 =⇒ z5 = − √ − i √ ,
2 2
k = 6 =⇒ z6 = −i,
1 1
k = 7 =⇒ z7 = √ − i √ ,
2 2
√
23. Let z = x + iy. If z = 4
−1, then z 4 = −1.

(x+iy)4 = (x4 −6x2 y 2 +y 4 )+(4x3 y−4xy 3 )i = −1 ⇒ x4 −6x2 y 2 +y 4 = −1 and 4x3 y−4xy 3 = 0.

Solving latter equation, we have x = y. After, solving first equation with x = y, we have x = y = ∓ √12 .
Therefore, z = ∓ √12 ∓ √1 i.
2
√
3
24. Let w = 3 + 4i and z = w. From this, we get

4 4
arg(w) = α =⇒ tan α = =⇒ arctan( ) = α.
3 3

For θ = arg(z), we can say that

α 1 4
=⇒ θ = = arctan( ).
3 3 3
There are 3 roots:
√
3 2kπ 2kπ
=⇒ zk = 5(cos(θ +
) + i sin(θ + ))
3 3
√
3
k = 0 =⇒ z0 = 5(cos θ + i sin θ)
√
3 2π 2π
k = 1 =⇒ z1 = 5(cos(θ + ) + i sin(θ + ))
3 3

7
 √
3 4π 4π
k = 2 =⇒ z2 = 5(cos(θ + ) + i sin(θ + )).
3 3
√
25. Taking z = 5
−1, z 5 = −1 = cos π + i sin π can be written. So

π + 2kπ π + 2kπ
zk = cos( ) + i sin( )
5 5

For k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively there are 6 roots. These are as following :

π π
z0 = cos + i sin ,
5 5
3π 3π
z1 = cos + i sin ,
5 5
z2 = −1,
7π 7π
z3 = cos + i sin ,
5 5
9π 9π
z4 = cos + i sin .
5 5
27-30 Solve the following equations:
27. To find all roots of z 2 − (8 − 5i)z + 40 − 20i, we should calculate

∆ = (8 − 5i)2 − 4.1.(40 − 20i) = −121.

Consequently, √
8 − 5i ∓ −121
⇒ z1,2 =
2
Two roots are z1 = 4 − 8i and z2 = 4 + 3i.
28. Let’s determine the all roots of z 4 + (5 − 14i)z 2 − (24 + 10i). For this reason, if we take z 2 = u, we
get u2 + (5 − 14i)u − (24 + 10i) = 0. So we find that

∆ = (5 − 14i)2 − 4.1.(−24 − 10i) = −85 − 100i.

Hence two roots are following:

√
14 − i ∓ −85 − 100i
u1,2 = .
2

29. Given 8z 2 − (36 − 6i)z + 42 − 11i = 0, we now find all roots. First of all,

∆ = (36 − 6i)2 − 4.8.(42 − 11i) = −84 + 96i

is calculated. By this knowledge, we say

√
36 − 6i ∓ −84 + 96i
⇒ z1,2 = .
16

8
30. For z 4 + 16 = 0, let z 2 = u. Then
√
u2 = −16 ⇒ u = ∓4i ⇒ z 2 = ∓4i ⇒ z = ∓2 i.
√
i can be determined as following:
√
r r
1 1 1
i = ∓[ + 1.i. ] = ∓ √ (1 + i).
2 2 2
√
As a result, all roots are ∓(1 ∓ i). 2.

13.3
1-10 Find and graph followings in the complex plane:
4
1. Let |z − 3 − 2i| = 3 and z = a + ib. Since
p 4 16
|z − 3 − 2i| = |(a − 3) + (b − 2)i| = (a − 3)2 + (b − 2)2 = ⇒ (a − 3)2 + (b − 2)2 = ,
3 9
4
we get a circle with radius r = 3 and centered at (3, 2). For graph, look at the following picture.

2. Let 1 ≤ |z − 1 + 4i| ≤ 5 and z = a + bi. Because of

1 ≤ |z − 1 + 4i| ≤ 5 ⇒ 1 ≤ |(a − 1) + (b + 4)i| ≤ 5 ⇒ 1 ≤ (a − 1)2 + (b + 4)2 ≤ 25,

we find that closed annulus bounded by circles of radius 1 and 5 centered at (1, −4).

3. If we take 0 < |z − 1| < 1 and z = a + bi, then we get

0 < |z − 1| < 1 ⇒ 0 < |(a − 1) + bi| < 1 ⇒ 0 < (a − 1)2 + b2 < 1,

i.e. a circle with radius 1 and centered at (1, 0).

9
4. Let’s now determine the region of −π < Rez < π. For this reason, we take z = x + iy. As

−π < Rez < π ⇒ −π < x < π,

we get open vertical strip of width 2π. For the region, look at this picture.

5. Let Imz 2 = 2 and z = x + iy. From z 2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 − y 2 + 2xyi, we can say that

Im(x2 − y 2 + 2xyi) = 2 ⇒ 2xy = 2 ⇒ xy = 1.

Consequently, its region is pictured as following:

6. For Rez > −1, let z = x + iy. Then

Rez = x > 1, y ∈ R.

So, open half-plane extending from the vertical line x = 1 to the right is found.

10
7. Let |z + 1| = |z − 1| and z = a + bi. If same things occur,
p p
|z + 1| = |z − 1| ⇒ |(a + 1) + bi| = |(a − 1) + bi| ⇒ (a + 1)2 + b2 = (a − 1)2 + b2

⇒ (a + 1)2 + b2 = (a − 1)2 + b2 ⇒ a = 0 ⇒ z = bi, b ∈ R

is found. Then we could picture it as following:

8. We now determine the region of |Argz| ≤ 41 π. For this reason, z = x + iy is taken.

1 y 1 −π y π
|Argz| ≤ π ⇒ | tan( )| ≤ π ⇒ ≤ tan( ) ≤
4 x 4 4 x 4
−π y π y
⇒ arctan( ) ≤ ≤ arctan( ) ⇒ −1 ≤ ≤ 1.
4 x 4 x
π
Angular region of angle 2 symmetric to the positive x-axis is found.

9. If Rez ≤ Imz and z = x + iy, then x ≤ y. So

10. For Re( z1 ) < 1, we take z = x + iy. Because we know that

1 1 x
= = 2 ,
z x + iy x + y2
we conclude that
1 x 1 1
Re( ) ⇒ 2 2
<1 ⇒ < (x − )2 + y 2 .
x + iy x +y 4 2
1
This is the exterior of the circle of radius 2 centered at 12 .

11
12-15 Function values:
12. For z = 2 + i, since f (z) = 3z 2 − 6z + 3i,

f (z) = f (2 + i) = 3(2 + i)2 − 6(2 + i) + 3i = 3(4 + 4i − 1) − 12 − 6i + 3i

= 3(3 + 4i) − 12 − 3i = 9 + 12i − 12 − 3i = −3 + 9i

is found. Let z = x + iy.

f (z) = 3(x + iy)2 − 6(x + iy) + 3i = (3x2 − 3y 2 − 6x) + (6xy − 6y + 3)i

⇒ Ref = 3x2 − 3y 2 − 6x, Imf = 6xy − 6y + 3.

z
13. Let z = 4 − 5i. Because f (z) = z+1 , we get

4 − 5i (4 − 5i)(5 + 5i) 20 + 20i − 25i + 25 45 − 5i 9−i

f (z) = f (4 − 5i) = = = = = .
5 − 5i (5 − 5i)(5 + 5i) 25 + 25 50 10

Let z = x + iy. Then

x + iy (x + iy)(x + 1 − iy) x2 + x + y 2 + (−xy + y)i

f (z) = = =
x + 1 + iy (x + 1 + iy)(x + 1 − iy) x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2

x2 + x + y 2 −xy + y
⇒ Ref = 2 2
, Imf = 2 .
x + 2x + 1 + y x + 2x + 1 + y 2
1
14. Let z = 2 + 14 i. Since f (z) = 1
1−z , we have
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 + 4i
f (z) = f ( + i) = = = = 1, 6 + 0, 8i.
2 4 1 − 2 − 14 i
1 1
2 − 14 i ( 12 − 14 i)( 12 + 14 i)

Let z = x + iy.

1 1 − x + iy 1−x y
f (z) = = =( )+( )i
1 − x − iy (1 − x − iy)(1 − x + iy) (1 − x)2 + y 2 (1 − x)2 + y 2

As a result, we have
1−x y
⇒ Ref = , Imf = .
(1 − x)2 + y 2 (1 − x)2 + y 2

12
 1
15. Let z = 1 + i. Since f (z) = z2
, we have

1 1 1 −2i −2i i
f (z) = f (1 + i) = 2
= = = = =− .
(1 + i) 1 + 2i − 1 2i (2i)(−2i) 4 2

For z = x + iy,

1 1 x2 − y 2 − 2xyi x2 − y 2 − 2xyi
f (z) = = = =
(x + iy)2 x2 − y 2 + 2xyi (x2 − y 2 + 2xyi)(x2 − y 2 − 2xyi) (x2 − y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2

and so we can say

x2 − y 2 −2xyi
Ref = , Imf = 2 .
(x2 − y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2 (x − y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2

16-19 Continuity:
16. Let z = r.(cos θ + i. sin θ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2θ + i. sin 2θ). Because

[Re(z 2 )]/|z|2 = r2 . cos 2θ/r2 = cos 2θ,

this function isn’t continuous at z = 0.

17. Let z = r.(cos θ + i. sin θ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2θ + i. sin 2θ). Because

r→0
[Im(z 2 )]/|z| = r2 . sin 2θ/r = r. sin 2θ −→ 0,

this function is continuous at z = 0.

18. Let z = r.(cos θ + i. sin θ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2θ + i. sin 2θ) and Re( z1 ) = r. cos θ
r2
. Because

1 r→0
|z|2 .Re( ) = r2 .r. cos θ/r2 = r. cos θ −→ 0,
z

this function is continuous at z = 0.

19. Let z = r.(cos θ + i. sin θ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2θ + i. sin 2θ). Because

r r→0
(Imz)/(1 − |z|) = r. sin θ/(1 − r) = . sin θ −→ 0,
1−r

this function is continuous at z = 0.

20-24 Derivative:
2 −9 0 (2z).(z 2 +1)−(z 2 −9).(2z) 2z 3 +2z−2z 3 +18z
20. ( zz 2 +1 ) = (z 2 +1)2
= (z 2 +1)2
= 20z
(z 2 +1)2
.
0
21. [(z 3 + i)2 ] = 2.(z 3 + i).3z 2 = 6z 5 + 6z 2 i.
0 3.(1,5iz−2)−(3z+4i).1,5i
3z+4i
22. ( 1,5iz−2 ) = (1,5iz−2)2
= 4,5iz−6−4,5iz+6
(1,5iz−2)2
= 0.
i 0 −i.2.(1−z).(−1) 2i
23. ( (1−z)2) = (1−z)4
= (1−z)3 .
z 2 0 2z.(z+i)2 −z 2 .2.(z+i) 2zi
24. ( (z+i)2) = (z+i)4
= (z+i) 3.

13
 13.4
1-10 Cauchy-Riemann equations:
1. For f (z) = z 4 , let z = x + iy.
=⇒ (x + iy)4 = x4 + 4x3 iy + 6x2 i2 y 2 + 4xi3 y 3 + i4 y 4
= (x4 − 6x2 y 2 + y 4 ) + (4x3 y − 4xy 3 )i
Let u = x4 − 6x2 y 2 + y 4 and v = 4x3 y − 4xy 3 .
ux = 4x3 − 12xy 2 , uy = −12x2 y + 4y 3 , vx = 12x2 y − 4y 3 and vy = 4x3 − 12xy 2 .
=⇒ ux = vy and uy = −vx =⇒ f is analytic.
2. f (z) = Im(z 2 )
z 2 = x2 − y 2 + 2xyi =⇒ f (z) = 2xy.
Let u = 2xy and v = 0. =⇒ ux = 2y, uy = 2x, vx = 0 and vy = 0.
=⇒ ux 6= vy and uy 6= −vx =⇒ f isn’t analytic.
3. e2x .(cos y + i sin y) =⇒ Let be u = e2x cos y and v = e2x sin y
ux = 2e2x cos y, uy = −e2x sin y, vx = 2e2x sin y and vy = e2x cos y.
=⇒ ux 6= vy , uy 6= −vx =⇒ f isn’t analytic.
1
4. f (z) = 1−z 4
,1 − z 4 6= 0 =⇒ z 4 6= 1 =⇒ When z 6= ∓i and z 6= ∓1, f is analytic.
5. e−x (cos y − i sin y)
Let u = e−x cos y and v = e−x sin y.
=⇒ ux = −e−x cos y, uy = −e−x sin y, vx = e−x sin y and vy = −e−x cos y.
=⇒ ux = vy and uy = −vx =⇒ f is analytic.
6. f (z) = arg(πz)
πz = πx + iπy =⇒ arg(πz) = arctan( xy )
x2
=⇒ u = arctan( xy ) and v = 0 =⇒ ux = x2 +y 2
6= vy = 0 =⇒ f isn’t analytic.
7. f (z) = Rez + Imz = x + y =⇒ u = x + y and v = 0.
=⇒ ux = 1 6= vy = 0 =⇒ f isn’t analytic function.
p
8. f (z) = ln |z| + i. arg z, |z| = x2 + y 2
f is analytic for every z ∈ C, |z| > 0 =⇒ ln |z| is defined =⇒ arg z = θ is defined. =⇒ f is analytic.
i
9. f (z) = z8

When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
1 z 4 +1
10. f (z) = z 2 + z2
= z2

When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
11. Let x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and ux = vy , uy = −vx .

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
= . + . = ux cos θ + uy sin θ = vy cos θ − vx sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r

14
 ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
= . + . = ux (−r sin θ) + uy (r cos θ) = −rvy sin θ − rvx cos θ
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
∂v ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y
= . + . = vx cos θ + vy sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
∂v ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y
= . + . = vx (−r sin θ) + vy (r cos θ)
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
1 1
=⇒ ur = vθ and vr = − uθ .
r r
12-21 Harmonic functions:
12. u = xy
uxx = 0 and uyy = 0 =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ u is harmonic.
y2 dh
ux = vy =⇒ y = vy =⇒ v = 2 + h(x) =⇒ vx = dx
2 2
y x2
uy = −vx =⇒ x = − dh x
dx =⇒ h(x) = − 2 + c =⇒ f (z) = xy + ( 2 − 2 + c)i.
13. v = xy
vxx = 0, vyy = 0 =⇒ vxx + vyy = 0 =⇒ v is harmonic.
2
vx = −uy =⇒ uy = −y =⇒ u = − y2 + h(x) =⇒ ux = dh
dx .
dh x2
Since ux = vy = x, dx = x =⇒ h(x) = 2 + c.
y2 x2
=⇒ f (z) = − 2 + 2 + c + xyi.
y
14. v = − x2 +y 2

2xy 2 −x2
−uy = vx = (x2 +y 2 )2
, ux = vy = (xy2 +y 2 )2

−6x2 y+2y 3 6x2 y−2y 3

=⇒ vxx = (x2 +y2 )3 and vyy = (x2 +y2 )3 =⇒ vxx + vyy = 0 =⇒ v is harmonic.
x x −y
u= x2 +y 2
+ c =⇒ f (z) = x2 +y 2 + c + i x2 +y 2 .
p
15. u = ln |z| = ln x2 + y 2
vy = ux = x
2(x2 +y 2 )
, −vx = uy = 2(x2y+y2 )
2 2 2 2
=⇒ uxx = 2(xy 2−x
+y 2 )2
and uyy = 2(xx2 −y
+y 2 )2
=⇒ uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ u is harmonic.
1 y y dh dh
v= 2 arctan( x ) + h(x) =⇒ vx = − 2(x2 +y 2 ) + dx =⇒ dx = 0 =⇒ h(x) = c.
=⇒ f (z) = ln |z| + 12 arctan( xy ) + c.
p
16. v = ln |z| = ln x2 + y 2
−uy = vx = x
2(x2 +y 2 )
, ux = vy = 2(x2y+y2 )
2 2 2 2
=⇒ vxx = 2(xy 2−x
+y 2 )2
and vyy = 2(xx2 −y
+y 2 )2
=⇒ vxx + vyy = 0 =⇒ v is harmonic.
−1 y y dh
u= 2 arctan( x ) + h(x) =⇒ ux = 2(x2 +y 2 ) + dx =⇒ h(x) = c.
y
=⇒ f (z) = −1
2 arctan( x ) + c + i ln |z|.

17. u = x3 − 3xy 2
vy = ux = 3x2 − 3y 2 , −vx = uy = −6xy
=⇒ uxx = 6x and uyy = −6x =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ u is harmonic.
dh
v = 3x2 y − y 3 + h(x) =⇒ vx = 6xy + dx =⇒ h(x) = c.

15
=⇒ f (z) = x3 − 3xy 2 + i(3x2 y − y 3 + c).
1
18. u = x2 +y 2
2x −2y
ux = − (x2 +y 2 )2 , uy = (x2 +y 2 )2
6x2 −2y 2 6y 2 −2x2
=⇒ uxx = (x2 +y 2 )3
and uyy = (x2 +y 2 )3
=⇒ uxx + uyy 6= 0 =⇒ u isn’t harmonic.
19. v = (x2 − y 2 )2
−uy = vx = 4x3 − 4xy 2 , ux = vy = −4x2 y + 4y 3
=⇒ vxx = 12x2 −4y 2 and vyy = −4x2 +12y 2 =⇒ When x, y 6= 0vxx +vyy 6= 0 =⇒ v isn’t harmonic.
20. u = cos x cosh y
vy = ux = − sin x cosh y, −vx = uy = cos x sinh y
=⇒ uxx = − cos x cosh y and uyy = cos x cosh y =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ u is harmonic.
dh
v = − sin x sinh y + h(x) =⇒ vx = − cos x sinh y + dx =⇒ h(x) = c.
=⇒ f (z) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y + c.
21. u = e−x sin 2y
ux = −e−x sin 2y, uy = 2e−x cos 2y
=⇒ uxx = e−x sin 2y and uyy = −4e−x sin 2y =⇒ When y 6= kπ, uxx + uyy = −3e−x sin 2y 6= 0
=⇒ u isn’t harmonic.
22-24 Harmonic conjugate:
22. u = e3x cos ay harmonic =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = 3e3x cos ay, uy = −ae3x sin ay
=⇒ uxx = 9e3x cos ay and uyy = −a2 e3x cos ay =⇒ uxx + uyy = e3x cos ay(9 − a2 ) = 0 =⇒ a = ∓3
When a = −3, u = e3x cos(−3y)
vy = ux = 3e3x cos(−3y), −vx = uy = 3e3x sin(−3y) =⇒ v = −e3x sin(−3y) + h(x)
dh
=⇒ vx = −3e3x sin(−3y) + dx =⇒ h(x) = c.
=⇒ v = −e3x sin(−3y) + c.
When a = 3, u = e3x cos(3y)
vy = ux = 3e3x cos(3y), −vx = uy = −3e3x sin(3y) =⇒ v = e3x sin(3y) + h(x)
dh
=⇒ vx = 3e3x sin(3y) + dx =⇒ h(x) = c.
v = e3x sin(3y) + c
23. u = sin x cosh(cy) harmonic =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = cos x cosh(cy), uy = c sin x sinh(cy)
=⇒ uxx = −sinx cosh(cy) and uyy = c2 sin x cosh(cy) and uxx + uyy = 0 =⇒ c2 − 1 = 0
=⇒ c = ∓1
When c = −1, u = sin x cosh(−y)

16
vy = ux = cos x cosh(−y), −vx = uy = c − sin x sinh(−y) =⇒ v = − cos x sinh(−y) + h(x)
dh
=⇒ vx = sin x sinh(−y) + dx =⇒ h(x) = c
=⇒ v = − cos x sinh(−y) + c.
When c = 1, u = sin x cosh(y)
vy = ux = cos x cosh(y), −vx = uy = c sin x sinh(y) =⇒ v = cos x sinh(y) + h(x)
dh
=⇒ vx = − sin x sinh(y) + dx =⇒ h(x) = c
=⇒ v = cos x sinh(y) + c.
24. u = ax3 + by 3 harmonic =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = 3ax2 , uy = 3by 2
=⇒ uxx = 6ax and uyy = 6by =⇒ uxx + uyy = 0 and ax + by = 0 =⇒ a = b = 0.
dh
=⇒ ux = vy = 0 =⇒ v = h(x) =⇒ vx = dx =⇒ h(x) = c =⇒ v = c is constant.

13.5
1. ez = ex+iy = ex .eiy = ex (cos y + i sin y)
u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y =⇒ ux = ex cos y, uy = −ex sin y, vx = ex sin y and vy = ex cos y.
=⇒ ux = vy and uy = −vx .
=⇒ ez is analytic for every z. =⇒ ez is entire.
2-8 Values of ez :
2. z = 3 + πi ⇒ e3+πi = e3 (cos π − i. sin π) = −e3 ∼ = −20, 086 and |e3+πi | ∼
= 20, 086.
p
3. e1+2i = e(cos 2 + i. sin 2) and |e1+2i | = e cos2 2 + i. sin2 2.
√ √ √ √
2− π2 i ∼ 2− π2 i
4. e =e 2 [cos( −π )
2 + i. sin( −π
2 )] = −e
2i
= −4, 11325i and |e |∼
= 4, 11325.
5. e7πi/2 = e0 [cos(7πi/2) + i. sin(7πi/2)] = i and |e7πi/2 | = |i| = 1.
6. e(1+i)π = eπ (cos π + i sin π) = −eπ ∼
= −23, 1407 and |e(1+i)π | ∼
= 23, 1407.
7. e0,8−5i = e0,8 .(cos(−5) + i. sin(−5)) = 2, 23.(0, 28 + i.0, 95) and |e0,8−5i | ∼
= 2, 2.
8. e9πi/2 = e0 [cos(9πi/2) + i. sin(9πi/2)] = i and |e9πi/2 | = |i| = 1.
9-12 Real and Imaginary parts: Let z = x + iy.
9. e−2z = e−2x−2yi = e−2x (cos(−2y) + i. sin(−2y))

⇒ Re(e−2z ) = e−2x (cos(2y) and Im(e−2z ) = −e−2x (sin(2y).

3 3 3 −3xy 2 )+(3x2 y−y 3 )i 3 −3xy 2 )

10. ez = e(x+iy) = e(x = e(x (cos(3x2 y − y 3 ) + i. sin(3x2 y − y 3 ))

3 3 −3xy 2 ) 3 3 −3xy 2 )
⇒ Re(ez ) = e(x cos(3x2 y − y 3 ) and Im(ez ) = e(x sin(3x2 y − y 3 ).

2 2 2 −y 2 +2xyi 2 −y 2
11. ez = e(x+iy) = ex = ex (cos(2xy) + i. sin(2xy)).
1 1 x−iy x
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 y y
12. e = e
z x+iy =e =e [cos( x2 +y 2) − i. sin( x2 +y 2 )].

17
13-17 Polar form:
√ √ q q
13. z = i ⇒ i = ∓[ 12 + i. 12 ] = ∓ √12 (1 + i) ⇒ |z| = 1, tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = π4 , 7π
4

π 7π
⇒ e 4 and e 4 .
√ √ πi
14. z = 1 + i ⇒ r = |z| = 2, tan θ = 1 and because z is in the 1. region, θ = π4 , so that 2e 4 .
√ √
n 1 iθ
15. z = r.eiθ ⇒ n z = r.eiθ = r n .e n .
4
4
16. z = 3 + 4i ⇒ r = |z| = 5 and tan θ = 3 ⇒ θ = arctan( 43 ), so that 5ei. arctan( 3 ) .
17. z = −9 ⇒ r = |z| = 9, because z is on the left of x-axis, θ = π, thus 9eiπ .
18-21 Solution of equations: Let z = x + iy.
18. e3z = 4 ⇒ e3x (cos 3y + i. sin 3y) = 4 ⇒ e3x cos 3y = 4 and e3x sin 3y = 0

ln 4
e6x cos2 3y + e6x sin2 3y = 16 ⇒ e6x (cos2 3y + sin2 3y) = 16 ⇒ e3x = 4 ⇒ x =
3
2kπ
tan 3y = 0 ⇒ y = , k∈Z
3
ln 4
Thus, we get that z = 3 + i. 2kπ
3 .

19. ez = −2 ⇒ ex (cos y + i. sin y) = −2 ⇒ ex cos y = −2 and ex sin y = 0

e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y = 4 ⇒ e2x (cos2 y + sin2 y) = 4 ⇒ e2x = 4 ⇒ x = ln 2

tan y = 0 ⇒ y = (2k − 1)π, k ∈ Z

So, we have z = ln 2 + i.(2k − 1)π.

20. ez = 0 ⇒ ex+iy = 0 ⇒ ex (cos y + i. sin y) = 0 ⇒ ex cos y = ex sin y = 0.
We know that cos y = sin y = 0 isn’t possible at the same time. Hence there is no solution of ez = 0.
21. ez = 4 − 3i ⇒ ex (cos y + i. sin y) = 4 − 3i ⇒ ex cos y = 4 and ex sin y = −3

e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y = 16 ⇒ e2x (cos2 y + sin2 y) = 9 ⇒ e2x = 25 ⇒ x = ln 5

−3 3
tan y = ⇒ y = − arctan( )
4 4
Finally, we have z = ln 5 − i. arctan( 43 ).

13.6
1.
eiz + e−iz d i
cos z = ⇒ cos z = (eiz − e−iz ) = − sin z
2 dz 2
cos z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. So, cos z is entire.

eiz − e−iz d ieiz + ie−iz eiz + e−iz

sin z = ⇒ sinz = = = cos z
2i dz 2i 2

18
sin z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. Hence sin z is entire.

ez + e−z d ez − e−z
cosh z = ⇒ coshz = = sinh z
2 dz 2
cosh z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. So cosh z is entire.

ez − e−z d ez + e−z
sinh z = ⇒ sinhz = = cosh z
2 dz 2
sinh z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. Therefore sinh z is entire.
2. Let z = x + iy. Then we can write

cos z = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y

Re(cos z) = cos x cosh y. Let u(x, y) = cos x cosh y and v(x, y) = 0.

ux = − sin x cosh y, uxx = − cos x cosh y

uy = cos x sinh y, uyy = cos x cosh y

Then we obtain that ∇2 u = uxx + uyy = − cos x cosh y + cos x cosh y = 0.

vxx , vyy = 0 because v(x, y) = 0. So, ∇2 v = vxx + vyy = 0.
Hence Re(cos z) is harmonic.
We know that
sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

Then Im(sin z) = cos x sinh y. Let u(x, y) = cos x sinh y and v(x, y) = 0.

ux = − sin x sinh y, uxx = − cos x sinh y

uy = cos x cosh y, uyy = cos x sinh y

∇2 u = uxx + uyy = − cos x sinh y + cos x sinh y = 0.

Because of v(x, y) = 0, vxx and vyy is zero. Hence ∇2 v = vxx + vyy = 0. Im(sin z) is harmonic.
3. We know that cosiz = coshz and siniz = isinhz. Furthermore cos z = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y.
cosh z = cos iz = cos(i(x + iy)) = cos(−y + ix) = cos(−y) cosh(x) − i sin(−y) sinh(x)
= cos y cosh x + i sin y sinh x
We know that sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y Then,
sin iz
sinh z = i = −i sin(iz) = −i sin(−y + ix) = −i(sin(−y) cosh(x) + i cos(−y) sinh(x))
= −i(− sin y cosh x + i cos y sinh x) = cos y sinh x + i sin y cosh x.
4. We know that cos iz = cosh z and sin iz = i sinh z. If we use

cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2

19
then,
cosh(z1 + z2 ) = cos(i(z1 + z2 ))
= cos(iz1 + iz2 )
= cos(iz1 ) cos(iz2 ) − sin(iz1 ) sin(iz2 )
= cosh z1 cosh z2 − i sinh z1 .i sinh z2
= cosh z1 cosh z2 + sinh z1 sinh z2 .

If we use
sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + sin z2 cos z2

then,
sin(i(z1 +z2 ))
sinh(z1 + z2 ) = i

= −i(sin(iz1 + iz2 ))
= −i[sin(iz1 ) cos(iz2 ) + sin(iz2 ) cos(iz1 )]
= −i[i sinh z1 cosh z2 + i sinh z2 . cosh z1 ]
= sinh z1 cosh z2 + cosh z1 sinh z2 .
z +e−z z −e−z e2z +e−2z +2−e2z −e−2z +2
5. cosh2 z − sinh2 z = ( e 2 )2 − ( e 2 )2 = 4 = 4
4 =1
−2z
ez +e−z ez −e−z e2z +e−2z +2+e2z +e−2z −2 e2z+e
6. cosh2 z + sinh2 z = ( 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 = 4 = 2 = cosh 2z
7-15: Function Values
ei(1+i) +e−i(1+i)
7. cos(1 + i) = 2
e−1+i +e1−i
= 2
e−1 (cos 1+i sin 1)+e(cos(−1)+i sin(−1))
= 2
e−1 cos 1+e−1 i sin 1+e cos 1−ei sin 1
= 2
−1 +e1 −1 −e
= (e 2 ). cos 1 + i( e 2 ). sin 1
= cos1.cos1 + i.(− sin 1). sin 1
= cos2 1 − i sin2 1.
ei(1+i) −e−i(1+i)
8. sin(1 + i) = 2i
e−1+i −e1−i
= 2i
e−1 (cos 1+i sin 1)−e1 (cos(−1)+i sin(−1))
= 2i
−1 −e −1 +e
= cos 1( e 2i ) + i sin 1( e 2i )
= cos 1.(− sin 1) + i sin 1. cosi 1
= − cos 1 sin 1 + cos 1 sin 1
=0
ei(5i) −e−i(5i) e−5 −e5 −2i.(e−5 −e5 ) −i.(e−5 −e5 )
9. sin 5i = 2i = 2i = 4 = 2 = −i(− sinh 5) = i sinh 5.

20
 ei(3πi) +e−i(3πi) e−3π +e3π
10. cos 3πi = 2 = 2 = cosh 3π.
e−2+3i +e2−3i
11. cosh(−2 + 3i) = 2
e−2 (cos 3+i sin 3)+e2 (cos(−3)+isin(−3))
= 2
−2 +e2 −2 −e2
= cos 3( e 2 ) + i sin 3( e 2 )
= cos 3 cosh 2 − i sin 3sinh2.
−π+2i −eπ−2i
12. • −i sinh(−π + 2i) = −i( e 2 )
e−π (cos 2+i sin 2)−eπ (cos(−2)+i sin(−2))
= −i( 2 )
e−π −eπ e−π +eπ
= −i(cos 2( 2 ) + i sin 2( 2 ))
= −i(cos 2(− sinh π) + i sin 2 cosh π)
= sin 2 cosh π + i cos 2 sinh π.
sinh i(2+πi) sinh(−π+2i) −i sinh(−π+2i)
• sin(2 + πi) = i = i = 1 = i cos 2 sinh π + sin 2 cosh π.
e(2n+1)πi +e−(2n+1)πi
13. cosh(2n + 1)πi = 2
e0 (cos((2n+1)π)+i sin((2n+1)π))+e0 (cos((−2n−1)π)+i sin((−2n−1)π)
= 2
cos((2n+1)π)+cos((−2n−1)π)
= 2
cos(π)+cos(−π)
= 2

= −1, n = 1, 2, ...
e4−3i −e−4+3i
14. sinh(4 − 3i) = 2
e4 (cos(−3)+i sin(−3))−e−4 (cos 3+i sin 3)
= 2
4 −e−4 4 −e−4
= cos 3( e 2 ) + i sin 3( −e 2 )
= cos 3 sinh 4 − i sin 3 cosh 4.
e4−6πi −e−4+6πi e4 (cos(−6π)+i sin(−6π))+e−4 (cos(6π)+i sin(6π)) e4 +e−4
15. cosh(4 − 6πi) = 2 = 2 = 2 = cosh 4.
sin a tan a+tan b
16. We know that tan a = cos a and tan(a + b) = 1−tan a tan b .

sin x sin iy sin x cos iy+sin iy cos x

tan x+tan iy cos x
+ cos iy cos x cos iy sin x cos iy+sin iy cos x
tan z = tan(x + iy) = 1−tan x tan iy = sin x sin iy = cos x cos iy−sin x sin iy = cos x cos iy−sin x sin iy
1− cos .
x cos iy cos x cos iy

sin x cosh y+i sinh y cos x sin x cos x cosh2 y+i cos2 x cosh y sinh y+i sin2 x sinh y cosh y−sinh2 y cos x sin x
= cos x cosh y−i sin x sinh y = cos2 x cosh2 y+sin2 x sinh2 y

cosh y sinh y(i(cos2 x+sin2 x))+cos x sin x(cosh2 y−sinh2 y) i cosh y sinh y+cos x sin x
= cos2 x(1+sinh2 y)+sin2 x sinh2 y
= cos2 x+cos2 x sinh2 y+sin2 x sinh2 y

cos x sin x+i cosh y sinh y cos x sin x cosh y sinh y

= cos2 x+sinh2 y(cos2 x+sin2 x)
= cos2 x+sinh2 y
+ i cos2 x+sinh2 y

cos x sin x cosh y sinh y

Hence we get Re(tan z) = cos2 x+sinh2 y
and Im(tan z) = cos 2 x+sinh2 y .

17-21: Equations
ez +e−z 1 e2z +1
17. 0 = cosh z = 2 = 12 (ez + 1
ez ) = 2 ez .

21
Then we obtain that
e2z + 1 = 0 ⇒ e2z = −1 ⇒ e2z = (i)2 ⇒ ez = i ⇒ ln ez = ln i ⇒ z = ln i.
We know that ln z = ln |z| + i(Arg(z) + 2kπ), k ∈ Z. Then,

π π
zk = ln i = ln |i| + i(Arg(i) + 2kπ) = ln 1 + i( + 2kπ) = i( + 2kπ)
2 2

So, zk = i (4k+1)π
2 , k ∈ Z.
eiz −e−iz e2iz −1
18. 100 = sin z = 2i ⇒ 200i = eiz
⇒ 200i.eiz = e2iz − 1 ⇒ e2iz − 200i.eiz − 1 = 0.
Let t = eiz . Then we can write t2 − 200it − 1 = 0.
4 = b2 − 4ac, a = 1, b = −200i, c = −1 ⇒ 4 = −39996
√
−b+ 4 200i+199,9i 399,9i 0,1i
t1,2 = 2a = 2 ⇒ t1 = 2 and t2 = 2

• t1 = eiz1 ⇒ ln t1 = ln eiz1 = iz1 ⇒ z1 = 1i [ln |t1 | + i(Arg(t1 ) + 2kπ)]

= −i[ln( 399,9 π 399,9
2 ) + i( 2 + 2kπ)] = −i ln( 2 ) +
4k+1
2 π, k∈Z
• t2 = eiz2 ⇒ ln t2 = ln eiz2 = iz2 ⇒ z2 = 1i [ln |t2 | + i(Arg(t2 ) + 2kπ)]
1
= −i[ln( 20 ) + i( π2 + 2kπ)] = −i ln( 20
1
)+ 4k+1
2 π, k∈Z
eiz +e−iz e2iz +1
19. 2i = cos z = 2 = 12 ( eiz
) ⇒ e2iz − 4ieiz + 1 = 0
Let t = eiz . Then we obtain t2 − 4it + 1 = 0.
4 = b2 − 4ac, a = 1, b = −4i, c = 1 ⇒ 4 = −20
√ √ √ √ √
t1,2 = −b+
2a
4
= 4i+2 5i
2 = i(2+ 5) ⇒ t1 = i(2 + 5) and t2 = i(2 − 5)

• t1 = eiz1 ⇒ ln t1 = ln eiz1 = iz1 ⇒ z1 = 1i [ln |t1 | + i(Arg(t1 ) + 2kπ)]

√ √
= −i[ln(2 + 5) + i( π2 + 2kπ)] = −i ln(2 + 5) + 4k+1 2 π, k ∈ Z

• t2 = eiz2 ⇒ ln t2 = ln eiz2 = iz2 ⇒ z2 = 1i [ln |t2 | + i(Arg(t2 ) + 2kπ)]

√ √
= −i[ln(2 − 5) + i(− π2 + 2kπ)] = −i ln( 5 − 2) + 4k−1 2 π, k ∈ Z
ez +e−z
20. −1 = cosh z = 2 ⇒ e2z + 2ez + 1 = 0
Let t = ez . Then we obtain

t2 + 2t + 1 = 0 ⇒ (t + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ (t + 1) = 0 ⇒ t = −1

22
ez = t = −1 ⇒ ln ez = ln(−1)
⇒ z = ln(−1) = ln | − 1| + i(Arg(−1) + 2kπ) k ∈ Z
⇒ z = ln 1 + i(2k + 1)π, k ∈ Z
ez −e−z
21. 0 = sinh z = 2 ⇒ ez − e−z = 0 ⇒ e2z = 1
ln e2z = ln 1 ⇒ 2z = ln |1| + i(Arg(1) + 2kπ), k ∈ Z
⇒ 2z = ln 1 + i(0 + 2kπ), k ∈ Z
⇒ z = kπi, k ∈ Z.

13.7
1-9 Find Ln(z) when z equals:
1. Ln(−10) = ln | − 10| + i.Arg(−10) = ln 10 + πi.
√ √
2. Ln(2 + 2i) = ln |2 + 2i| + i.Arg(2 + 2i) = ln( 22 + 22 ) + i. arctan( 22 ) = ln( 8) + i. arctan(1) =
1
2 ln 8 + i. π4 .
1
3. Ln(2 − 2i) = ln |2 − 2i| + i.Arg(2 − 2i) = 2 ln 8 + i. 7π
4 .

4. Ln(−5 ∓ 0.1i) = ln | − 5 ∓ 0.1i| + i.Arg(−5 ∓ 0.1i) = ln(5.001) ∓ i.0.02

5. Ln(−3 − 4i) = ln | − 3 − 4i| + i.Arg(−3 − 4i) = ln 5 + i. arctan( 43 ).
6. Ln(−100) = ln | − 100| + i.Arg(−100) = ln 100 + i.π = 4.605 + 3.142i.
7. Ln(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln |0.6 + 0.8i| + i.Arg(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln 1 + i. arctan( 43 ) = arctan( 43 )i.
8. Ln(−ei) = ln | − ei| + i.Arg(−ei) = ln e + i. −π π
2 = 1 − 2 i.
1 7π
9. Ln(1 − i) = ln |1 − i| + i.Arg(1 − i) = 2 ln 2 + 2 i.

10-16 Find all values and graph some of them in the complex plane:
10. z = ln 1 ⇒ ez = 1 ⇒ ex+iy = 1 ⇒ ex . cos y = 1 and ex . sin y = 0
⇒ y = ∓2kπ, k ∈ Z, x = 0 ⇒ ∓2kπi.
11. z = ln(−1) ⇒ ez = −1 ⇒ ex+iy = 1 ⇒ ex . cos y = −1 and ex . sin y = 0
⇒ y = ∓(2k − 1)π, k ∈ Z, x = 0 ⇒ ∓(2k − 1)πi.
12. z = ln e ⇒ ez = e ⇒ ex+iy = 1 ⇒ ex . cos y = e and ex . sin y = 0
⇒ y = ∓2kπ, k ∈ Z, ex = e ⇒ x = 1 ⇒ 1 ∓ 2kπi.
13. z = ln(−6) ⇒ ez = −6 ⇒ ex+iy = −6 ⇒ ex . cos y = −6 and ex . sin y = 0
⇒ y = ∓(2k − 1)π, k ∈ Z, ex = 6 ⇒ x = ln 6 ⇒ ln 6 ∓ (2k − 1)πi.
14. z = ln(4 + 3i) ⇒ ez = 4 + 3i ⇒ ex+iy = 4 + 3i ⇒ ex . cos y = 4 and ex . sin y = 3
⇒ y = arctan 34 ∓ 2nπ, n ∈ Z, e2x = 25 ⇒ ex = 5 ⇒ x = ln 5
⇒ ln 5 + (arctan 43 ∓ 2nπ)i.
15. z = ln(−e−i ) ⇒ ez = −e−i ⇒ ex+iy = − cos(1) + i. sin(1)

23
 ⇒ ex . cos y = − cos(1) and ex . sin y = sin(1).
Because suitable x and y couldn’t be found, there is no solution.
16. z = ln(e3i ) ⇒ ez = e3i ⇒ ex+iy = cos(3) + i. sin(3)
⇒ ex . cos y = cos(3) and ex . sin y = sin(3) ⇒ y = 3, e2x = 1 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ 3i.
Show that the set of values of ln(i2 ) differs from the set of values of 2 ln i:
17. z = ln(i2 ) ⇒ ez = −1 ⇒ ex+iy = −1 ⇒ ex . cos y = −1 and ex . sin y = 0
⇒ y = ∓(2k − 1)π, k ∈ Z, e2x = 1 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ ∓(2k − 1)πi ... (I).
z x x
On the other hand, z = 2 ln i ⇒ e 2 = i ⇒ e 2 . cos( y2 ) = 0 and e 2 . sin( y2 ) = 1
⇒ y = ∓(4k + 1)π, k ∈ Z, ex = 1 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ ∓(4k + 1)πi ... (II).
Hence (I) 6= (II).
18-21 Solve for z:
1
18. ln z = (2 − 12 i)π ⇒ z = e(2− 2 i)π = e2π .(cos(− π2 ) + i. sin(− π2 )) = −e2π i.
19. ln z = 0.3 + 0.7i ⇒ z = e0.3+0.7i = e0.3 .(cos(0.7) + i. sin(0.7)).
20. ln z = e − πi ⇒ z = ee−πi = ee .(cos(−π) + i. sin(−π)) = −ee ∼
= −15, 154.
π
√
2 2
21. ln z = 2 + π4 i ⇒ z = e2+ 4 i = e2 .(cos( π4 ) + i. sin( π4 )) = 2 e (1 + i).
22-28 Find the principal value of:
π
22. i2i = e2iLni = e2i.i. 2 = e−π ,
π π
(2i)i = eiLn2i = ei(ln 2+ 2 i) = e− 2 [cos(ln 2) + i. sin(ln 2)].
23. 43+i = e(3+i) ln 4 = e3 ln 4+ln 4i = e3 ln 4 (eln 4i ) = e3 ln 4 (i. sin(ln 4)).
√ π √ π √ √
24. (1 − i)1+i = e(1+i)Ln(1−i) = e(1+i)(ln 2− 4 i) = 2e 4 [cos(− π4 + ln 2) + i. sin(− π4 + ln 2))].
√ π √ π √ √
25. (1 + i)1−i = e(1−i)Ln(1+i) = e(1−i)(ln 2+ 4 i) = 2e 4 [cos( π4 − ln 2) + i. sin( π4 − ln 2))].
26. (−1)1−2i = e(1−2i)Ln(−1) = e(1−2i)(ln |−1|+i.Arg(−1)) = eπi+2π = e2π (cos π + i. sin π) = −e2π .
π
√
27. i1/2 = e(1/2)Ln(i) = e(1/2)(ln |1|+i.Arg(i)) = e 4 i = 2
2 (1 + i).
4 √
28. (3 − 4i)1/3 = e(1/3)Ln(3−4i) = e(1/3)(ln 5+i. arctan 3
)
= 3 5[cos( 13 arctan 43 ) − i. sin( 31 arctan 43 )] ∼
=
1, 6289 − 0, 5202.i.

CHAPTER 14 - COMPLEX INTEGRATION

14.1
1-9: Parametric Representations
1. z(t) = t + i3t, 1 ≤ t ≤ 4 ⇒ x(t) = t, y(t) = 3t
• t = 1 ⇒ x(1) = 1, y(1) = 3 ⇒ starting point:(1, 3)
• t = 4 ⇒ x(4) = 4, y(4) = 12 ⇒ ending point:(4, 12)
We can sketch as follows:

24
2. z(t) = 5 − 2it, −3 ≤ t ≤ 3 ⇒ x(t) = 5, y(t) = −2t
• t = −3 ⇒ x(−3) = 5, y(−3) = 6 ⇒ starting point:(5, 6)
• t = 3 ⇒ x(3) = 5, y(3) = −6 ⇒ ending point:(5, −6)
Then we obtain figure below:

3. z(t) = z0 + reit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π denotes the circle of radius r with center z0 .

For z(t) = 4 + i + 3eit , we find z0 = 4 + i and r = 3.

z(t) = 4 + i + 3(cos t + i sin t) = (4 + 3 cos t) + i(1 + 3 sin t) ⇒ x(t) = 4 + 3 cos t, y(t) = 1 + 3 sin t

For finding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.

• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = 4 + i + 3e0 = 7 + i
• t = π ⇒ z(π) = 4 + i + 3eiπ = 4 + i + 3(cos π + i sin π) = 4 + i + 3(−1 + i.0) = 1 + i
• t = 2π ⇒ z(2π) = 4 + i + 3ei2π = 4 + i + 3(cos 2π + i sin 2π) = 4 + i + 3(1 + i.0) = 7 + i

25
4. z(t) = 1 + i + e−πit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z0 = 1 + i.

z(t) = 1 + i + e−πit = 1 + i + cos(−πt) + i sin(−πt) = (1 + cos(πt)) + i(1 − sin(πt))

⇒ x(t) = 1 + cos(πt), y(t) = 1 − sin(πt)

For finding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.

• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = 1 + i + e0 = 2 + i
• t = 1 ⇒ z(1) = 1 + i + e−iπ = 1 + i + (cos(−π) + i sin(−π)) = 1 + i + (cos(π) − i sin(π))
=1+i−1+0=i
• t = 2 ⇒ z(2) = 1 + i + e−i2π = 1 + i + (cos(−2π) + i sin(−2π)) = 1 + i + (cos(2π) − i sin(2π))
=1+i+1+0=2+i

5. z(t) = eit denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z0 = 0.

z(t) = eit = cos t + i sin t ⇒ x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t

For finding orientation and the range of graphic, we will determine z(t) at t = 0 and t = π.
• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = e0 = 1
• t = π ⇒ z(π) = eiπ = cos π + i sin π = −1 + 0 = −1
Hence we obtain the figure below:

6. z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5eit denotes the circle of radius r = 5 with center z0 = 3 + 4i.

z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5eit = 3 + 4i + 5(cos t + i sin t) = (3 + 5 cos t) + i(4 + 5 sin t)
⇒ x(t) = 3 + 5 cos t, y(t) = 4 + 5 sin t, π ≤ t ≤ 2π
We will determine z(t) at t = π and z = 2π for finding orientation and range of path.

26
• t = π ⇒ z(π) = 3 + 4i + 5eiπ = 3 + 4i + 5(cos π + i sin π) = −2 + 4i
• t = 2π ⇒ z(2π) = 3 + 4i + 5ei2π = 3 + 4i + 5(cos 2π + i sin 2π) = 8 + 4i

7. z(t) = 6 cos 2t + i5 sin 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π. Let x(t) = 6 cos 2t and y(t) = 5 sin 2t.
• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = 6
π
•t= 2 ⇒ z( π2 ) = −6
• t = π ⇒ z(π) = 6
This parametric equation denotes the ellipse below:

8. z(t) = 1 + 2t + 8it2 , −1 ≤ t ≤ 1 denotes parabola.

• t = −1 ⇒ z(−1) = −1 + 8i
• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = 1
• t = 1 ⇒ z(1) = 3 + 8i

9. z(t) = 1 + 12 it3 , −1 ≤ t ≤ 2
• t = −1 ⇒ z(−1) = −1 − 12 i

27
• t = 0 ⇒ z(0) = 0
• t = 2 ⇒ z(2) = 2 + 4i
So we obtain figure below:

10. • The starting point is 1 + i. We can write as (1, 1).

• The ending point is 4 − 2i. We can write as (4, −2).
• How far does 1 have to move to get to 4? 3 units. So x(t) = 1 + 3t.
• How far does 1 have to move to get to −2? −3 units. So y(t) = 1 − 3t.
We obtain z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (1 + 3t) + i(1 − 3t).

11. Let’s find parametric equation of the unit circle with center z0 = x0 + iy0 .
z(t) = z0 + 1.eit = x0 + iy0 + cos t + i sin t = (x0 + cos t) + i(y0 + sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
Hence we obtain x(t) = x0 + cos t, y(t) = y0 + sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

12. Let starting point z0 = a + ib and ending point z1 = c + id.

28
So, we get x(t) = a + (c − a)t and y(t) = b + (d − b)t. Hence

z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (a + (c − a)t) + i(b + (d − b)t)

13. Let x(t) = t and y(t) = 1t . Then we obtain parametric equation z(t) = t + i 1t .

14. The equation of an ellipse whose major and minor axess coincide with the cartesian axis is

x y
( )2 + ( )2 = 1
a b

Because of y ≥ 0 we obtain following graphic:

Parametric equation is x(t) = a cos t, y(t) = b sin t, y ≥ 0.

15. At first we determine y at x = −1, x = 0 and x = 1 for helping us to get graphic.

29
• x = −1 ⇒ y = 4 − 4 = 0
•x=0⇒y=4
•x=1⇒y=0
Now we can sketch as follows:

Parametric equation: x(t) = t, y(t) = 4 − 4t2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

16. |z − 2 + 3i| = 4 denotes the circle of radius r = 4 with center at z0 = 2 − 3i.

If z0 = 2 − 3i and r = 4, then

z(t) = 2 − 3i + 4eit = 2 − 3i + 4(cos t + i sin t) = 2 − 4 cos t + i(−3 + sin t)

So we get x(t) = 2 − 4 cos t, y(t) = −3 + sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

17. |z + a + ib| = r denotes the circle of radius r with center at z0 = −a − ib.

z(t) = −a − ib + reit = −a − ib + r(cos t + i sin t) = (−a + r cos t) + i(−b + r sin t)

30
Hence we get x(t) = −a + r cos t, y(t) = −b + r sin t, −2π ≤ t ≤ 0.
18. 4(x − 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36 denotes an ellips.
x−1 2 y+2 2
4(x − 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36 ⇒ ( ) +( ) =1
3 2
x0 − 1 = 0, y0 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x0 = 1, y0 = −2 ⇒ z0 = (1, −2)

Hence we get ellips below:

Parametric equation: x(t) = 3 cos t + 1, y(t) = 2 sin t − 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π

19-29 Integration:
19. Let z = x + iy. Then f (z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the first method:

R z1
z0 f (z)dz = F (z1 ) − F (z0 ), F (z) analytic, F 0 (z) = f (z)

x2
Let F (z) = 2 . F 0 (z) = 2 x2 = x = f (x).
Z 1+i Z 1+i
1
f (z)dz = xdz = F (1 + i) − F (0) =
0 0 2
20. We can sketch C as follows:

If z = x + iy, then f (z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the first method.
x2
F (z) = 2 is analytic in C and F 0 (z) = 2 x2 = x = f (x).
Z Z 1+i Z 1+i
1
Rez = f (z)dz = xdz = F (1 + i) − F (0) =
C 0 0 2
21.

31
f (z) = e2z is analytic in C. So we can use the first method. Let F (z) = 12 e2z . F (z) is is analytic in C
and F 0 (z) = 12 2e2z = f (z). So,
Z 2πi
1 1 1
e2z dz = F (2πi) − F (πi) = e4πi − e2πi = (cos 4π + i sin 4π − cos 2π − i sin 2π) = 0
πi 2 2 2

22. f (z) = sin z is analytic function. Hence we can use first method to find the integral.
Let F (z) = − cos z. F (z) is analytic also and F 0 (z) = sin z = f (z). So we obtain,
Z Z 2i
sin zdz = sin zdz = F (2i) − F (0) = − cos 2i − (− cos 0) = − cos 2i + 1 = 1 − cosh 2
C 0

23. At first, we sketch C:

cos 2z+1
f (z) = cos2 z = 2 is analytic in C. So, we can use first method.
Let F (z) = sin 2z+z
2 . F (z) is analytic in C and F 0 (z) = cos 2z+1
2 = f (z). Hence we get

R R πi 2 zdz
C f (z)dz = −πi cos

= F (πi) − F (−πi)
sin(2πi)+πi − sin(2πi)−πi
= 2 − 2

= sin(2πi)
= i sinh(2π)

24. We can’t use first method here because f (z) = z + z −1 isn’t defined at z = 0. Hence f (z) isn’t
analytic in C. We should use second method:

32
 Ra dz
f (z(t))z 0 (t)dt, z 0 =
R
C f (z)dz = b dt

C : z(t) = cos t + i sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

z 0 (t) = ieit
1
f (z(t)) = z(t) + = eit + e−it
z(t)
R 2π
z + z −1 dz = it −it ).ieit
R
C 0 (e + e
R 2π
= 0 i.(e2it + 1)dt
1 2it 2π
= i.( 2i e + t) 0
2π
= ( 21 e2it + it) 0
= 21 e4iπ + 2iπ − 21 e0 − 0
= 12 (cos 4π + i sin 4π) + 2iπ − 1
2
1 1
= 2 + 2iπ − 2

= 2iπ

1
25. f (z) = cosh 4z is analytic in C. So, we use first method. Let F (z) = 4 sinh 4z. F (z) is analytic also
and F 0 (z) = 14 .4. cosh 4z = cosh 4z = f (z).

R Rπi
8
C cosh 4zdz = − πi
cosh 4z
8

= F ( πi πi
8 ) − F (− 8 )
1 −4πi
= 4 sinh( 4πi 1
8 ) − 4 sinh( 8 )

= 41 (i sin π2 + i sin π2 )
= 41 .2i
i
= 2

0
26. z(t) = t + it2 , (−1 ≤ t ≤ 1), z (t) = 1 + 2it, z̄ = t − it2 , so that
Z 1 Z 1 1
2 1 2
(t − it )(1 + 2it)dt = (2t3 + it2 + t)dt = it3 = i.
−1 −1 3 −1 3

33
 0
27. z(t) = ( π4 − t) + ti, (0 ≤ t ≤ π4 ), z (t) = (−1 + i), so that
Z π Z πi πi
4 π 2
4
2
4 πi
sec [( − t) + ti](−1 + i)dt = sec udu = tan u = tan .
0 4 0 0 4

28. Imz 2 = 2xy is 0 on the axes. Thus the only contribution to the integral comes from the segment
from 1 to i, represented by, say,

z(t) = 1 − t + it (0 ≤ t ≤ 1).

0
Hence z (t) = −1 + i, and the integral is
Z 1 Z 1
1
2(1 − t)t(−1 + i)dt = 2(−1 + i) (t − t2 )dt = (−1 + i).
0 0 3
0
29. z(t) = (1 − t) + it, (0 ≤ t ≤ 1), z (t) = −1 + i, so that
1 1
1
1
eu e( 12 − t + i(1 − t)t)
Z Z
z2 2 2
u
ze (−1 + i)dz = (−1 + i)
2 e du = (−1 + i) 0 = (−1 + i)
0 0 u 0 (1 − t) + it 0
−1 1
= (1 − i)(e 2 i + e 2 ).

14.2
1,2,6 :
1.

f (z) = Rez is defined and differentiable at all points of D.

R
=⇒ f (z) is analytic. Then by Cauchy’s integral theorem Rezdz = 0.
2.

1
f (z) = 3z−Πi and let C be the unit circle. 3z − πi = 0 =⇒ z = π3 i.
Since this point lies outside C, f is defined and differentiable on C and inside C.

34
 dz
R
=⇒ f is analytic. Then by Cauchy’s integral theorem 3z−π = 0.

6.

f (z) = sec( z2 ) =⇒ f (z) = 1

cos( z2 )

cos( z2 ) = 0 =⇒ z = (2k + 1)π, k ∈ Z

But these points lie outside the unit circle. Then f is defined and differentiable on C and inside C.
=⇒ f is analytic. Then by Cauchy’s integral theorem sec( z2 )dz = 0.
R

12-17 :
12.

1
a) f (z) = z 2 +4

z 2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ z 2 = −4 =⇒ z = ±2i.
These points lie outside the region.
=⇒ f is analytic.
=⇒ z 2dz+4 = 0.
R

1
b) f (z) = z 2 +4

35
 z 2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ z 2 = −4 =⇒ z = ±2i.
These points lie inside the region. =⇒ f isn’t analytic in the region.

13.

Since z 2 is differentiable in the region, it is analytic. By Cauchy’s integral theorem z 2 dz = 0.

R

14.

1
a) f (z) = z

From here if z = 0, f isn’t analytic.

=⇒ When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
İf z 6= 0, İntegral of f is 0.

cos z
b) f (z) = z 6 −z 2

z 6 − z 2 = 0 =⇒ z 2 (z 4 − 1) = 0 =⇒ z = 0, z = ±i, z = ±1.
=⇒ When z 6= 0, z 6= ±i and z 6= ±1, f is analytic.
İf z 6= 0, z 6= ±i and z 6= ±1, İntegral of f is 0.
1
ez
c) f (z) = z 2 +9

z 2 + 9 = 0 =⇒ z 2 = −9 =⇒ z = ±3i
1
From e z , z = 0.
=⇒ When z 6= 0 and z 6= ±3i, f is analytic.
İf z 6= 0 and z 6= ±3i, İntegral of f is 0.

36
15. We shall remember Example 4:

Z
dz
=0
C z2
1
where C is the unit circle. This result does not follow from Cauchy’s theorem, because f (z) = z2
is
not analytic at z = 0. Hence the condition that f be analytic in D is sufficient rather than necessary for
Cauchy’s integral theorem to be true.
Then they can be deformed each other. So integral of f is 0.
R
16. İf C is the unit circle, f (z)dz = 3
R
İf C is |z| = 2, f (z)dz = 5.

f isn’t analytic in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 because of the principle of deformation of path.
17.

a) C1 : x : 0 → π and y : 0 → π
y = x =⇒ dy = dx.
İf z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy.
R R Rπ π
=⇒ C1 cos zdz = cos(x + iy)(dx + idy) = 0 cos((1 + i)x)(1 + i)dx = sin((1 + i)x) 0
=
sin((1 + i)π) − sin 0 = sin(π + iπ) = − sin(iπ).
R R R
b) C cos zdz = C2 + C3

C2 : x : 0 → π and y = 0 =⇒ dy = 0
İf z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = dx.
R Rπ Rπ π
=⇒ C cos zdz = 0 cos(x + iy)dx = 0 cos xdx = sin x 0
= sin π = 0
C3 : x = π =⇒ dx = 0 and y : 0 → π

37
 İf z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = idy.
R Rπ Rπ π
=⇒ C3 cos zdz = 0 cos(x + iy)idy = 0 i cos(π + iy)dy = sin(π + iy) 0
= sin(π + iπ) −
sin π = − sin(iπ).
R
=⇒ C cos zdz = 0 − sin(iπ) = − sin(iπ).
Then integral of cos z is independent of path.

19-21 :
19.

i
2z − i = 0 =⇒ z = 2 lies inside the region.
Then let be |2z − i| = ε.
=⇒ 2z − i = εeiθ
=⇒ z = 21 (i + εeiθ )
=⇒ dz = 12 (iεeiθ )dθ
R dz R 2π 1 iεeiθ dθ
=⇒ 2z−i = 0 2 εeiθ = 21 i2π = πi.
20.

sinh z
R R
C tanh zdz = C cosh z dz

cosh z = 0 =⇒ z = ± πi 3πi
2 , ± 2 , ...

All these points lie outside C.

=⇒ tanh z is analytic in the region.
R
=⇒ C tanh zdz = 0.

38
21.

İf z = x + iy, then f (z) = Re2z = 2x is analytic.

R
=⇒ C Re2zdz = 0.

14.3
1.We should use Cauchy’s integral formula to solve this question.

H f (z)
C z−z0 dz = 2πif (z0 )

We can sketch C : |z − i| = 2 as follows:

z 2 −4
Let g(z) = z 2 +4
.We know that z 2 + 4 = (z − 2i)(z + 2i).

z0 − 2i = 0 ⇒ z0 = 2i

z1 + 2i = 0 ⇒ z1 = −2i

C encloses the point z0 = 2i but don’t encloses the point z1 = −2i, where g(z) is not analytic. Let
z 2 −4
f (z) = z+2i , D be the union of C and the interior part of C. f (z) is analytic in D. So we can use the
formula.
H z 2 −4 2
−4
z 2 −4 2
1
= 2πi.f (2i) = 2πi. (2i) 4i −4 −8
H
2
C z +4 dz = C z+2i . z−2i dz 2i+2i = 2πi. 4i = 2πi. 4i == −4π

4. We sketch C : |z| = π/2 as follows:

39
Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. π/2 = 1, 57079633 , −2i, 2i ∈
/ D and therefore
z 2 −4
f (z) = z 2 +4
is analytic in D. By using Cauchy’s integral theorem, we obtain
I 2
z −4
2
dz = 0
C z +4

5-17: Contour Integration

5. C : |z − 1| = 2

z+2
Let g(z) = z−2 . If z − 2 = 0, then the singular point z0 = 2 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C
and the interior part of C. f (z) = z + 2 is analytic in D. Hence, by use of Cauchy’s integral formula, we
obtain
I
z+2
dz = 2πi.f (2) = 2πi.4 = 8πi
C z−2
6. C : |z| = 1

1 3z
e3z e
g(z) = = 3 i
3z − i z−3
Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C.
i i
z− ⇒ z0 = ∈ D
3 3
f (z) = 13 e3z is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
I 1 3z
3e
I
i 1 i 2
g(z)dz = i
dz = 2πi.f ( ) = 2πi. e3 3 = πiei
C C z− 3 3 3 3
7. C : |z| = 1

40
 sinh πz sinh πz
g(z) = 2
=
z − 3z z(z − 3)
Singular points of g are z0 = 0 and z1 = 3. Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. Then
sinh πz
z1 = 3 ∈
/ D but z0 = 0 ∈ D. f (z) = z−3 is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula,
we get
I I
sinh πz 1 sinh 0 sin(i.0)
g(z)dz = . dz = 2πi.f (0) = 2πi = 2π =0
C C z−3 z −3 −3
12.

tan z
Let g(z) = z−i . Singular point z0 = i is enclosed by C. f (z) = tan z is analytic in D when D is the
union of C and the interior part of C. So by the use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
I
tan z
dz = 2πi tan i
C z−i

13.

1 −3πz
e−3πz e
g(z) = = 2
2z + i z + 2i
Singular point z0 = − 2i is enclosed by C. f (z) = 12 e−3πz is analytic in D when D is the union of C and
the interior part of C. So by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
I −3πz I 1 −3πz
e 2e 1 3 πi 2
dz = i
dz = 2πi. e− 2 πi = 3 = − πi
C 2z + i C z+ 2 2 2 (cos π + i sin π)
3
15. We sketch C : |z − 4| = 2 as follows:

41
 ln(z−1)
Let g(z) = z−5 . Singular point z0 = 5 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C and the interior
part of C, f (z) = ln(z − 1). Then f (z) is analytic in D. Therefore, by use of Cauchy integral formula,
we get
ln(z − 1)
I
dz = 2πif (5) = 2πi ln 4
C z−5
16. Let C1 : |z| = 3 and C2 : |z| = 1. We sketch C = C1 ∪ C2 = 2 as follows:

sin z sin z
g(z) = =
z 2 − 2iz z(z − 2i)
Singular points of g are 0 and 2i. Only z0 = 2i is contained in the ring-shaped domain bounded by C1
sin z
and C2 . f (z) = z is analytic on that domain. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
Z
sin z sin 2i
2
dz = 2πi.f (2i) = 2πi. = π sin 2i
C z − 2iz 2i
18.Let C a simple closed path enclosing z1 and z2 .

By use of Cauchy integral formula, we obtain

−1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
H H H H
C (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) dz = C (z−z1 )(z−z2 ) dz = C1 z−z2 . z−z1 dz + C2 z−z1 . z−z2 dz
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2πi[ z−z 2
]z=z1 + 2πi[ z−z 1
]z=z2 = 2πi z1 −z 2
+ 2πi z2 −z 1
= 2πi( z1 −z 2
− z1 −z2 ) =0
14.4
1-8: Contour Integration Let C : |z| = 2 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.

42
1. We use Theorem 1 on the page 658.
f (z) = cosh 3z is analytic in D.
z05 = 0 ⇒ z0 = 0 ∈ D
f n (z0 ).2πi
I I
n n! f (z) f (z)
f (z0 ) = ⇒ = , n = 1, 2, ...
2πi C (z − z0 )n+1 C (z − z0 )
n n!
Because n + 1 = 5, we need to know f (4) (z):

f (1) (z) = 3 sinh 3z, f (2) (z) = 9 cosh 3z, f (3) (z) = 27 sinh 3z, f (4) (z) = 81 cosh 3z

Hence, we get

f 4 (0).2πi
I
cosh 3z 81 cosh 0.2πi 81.1.2πi 27πi
5
dz = = = =
C z 4! 4.5.2.1 4.3.2.1 4
πi
2. z0 = 2 ∈ D. f (z) = sin z is analytic in D. We need to know f (3) (z):

f (1) (z) = cos z, f (2) (z) = − sin z, f (3) (z) = − cos z

Hence, we obtain

f (3) ( πi
2 ).2πi − cos( πi
2 ).2πi − cos( πi
2 ).πi − cosh( π2 ).πi
I
sin z
dz = = = =
C (z − πi2)
4 3! 3! 3 3

πi
3. z0 = 2 ∈ D and f (z) = ez cos z is analytic in D.

f (z) = ez cos z ⇒ f (1) (z) = ez cos z − ez sin z = ez (cos z − sin z)

So,
ez cos z f (1) ( π2 ).2πi
I
π π π π
dz = = e 2 (cos − sin ).2πi = −e 2 .2πi
C (z − π2 )2 1! 2 2
4. z0 = 0 ∈ D and f (z) = cos z is analytic in D.

f (1) (z) = − sin z, f (2) (z) = − cos z, f (3) (z) = sin z,

f (4) (z) = cos z, f (5) (z) = − sin z, f (6) (z) = − cos z,

···

43
Hence we see that
n = 22k ⇒ f (2n) (z) = − cos z

n = 22k−1 ⇒ f (2n) (z) = cos z

when k ∈ {0, 1, 2, ...}.

f (2n) (0).2πi − cos 0.2πi −2πi

I
2k cos z
n=2 ⇒ dz = = =
C z 2n+1 2n! 2n! (2n)!

f (2n) (0).2πi
I
cos z cos 0.2πi 2πi
n = 22k−1 ⇒ dz = = =
C z 2n+1 2n! 2n! (2n)!
9.Let C : |z| = 1 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.

1
(1 + 2z) cos z 4 .(1 + 2z) cos z
=
(2z − 1) 2 (z − 12 )2
f (z) = 41 .(1 + 2z) cos z is analytic in D.

2. cos z + (1 + 2z).(− sin z) 2 cos z − (1 + 2z) sin z

f (1) (z) = =
4 4

Hence, we get
1 2 cos 1 1
2 −2 sin 2
H (1+2z) cos z .(1+2z) cos z f (1) ( 21 ).2πi ( ).2πi
= πi(cos 21 − sin 12 )
H
C (2z+1)2 dz = C dz = =
4 4
(z− 12 )2 1! 1
3
10. Let C1 : |z| = 5 (counterclockwise), C2 : |z − 3| = 2 (clockwise) and C = C1 ∪ C2

sin 4z
Let g(z) = (z−4)3
. z0 = 4 isn’t contained the ring-shaped domain bounded by C1 and C2 . By use of
Cauch’s integral theorem we get
Z
sin 4z
dz = 0
C (z − 4)3
11. We can the sketch ellipse C : 16x2 + y2 = 1 as follows:

44
 1
z0 = 0 ∈ D. If we take f (z) = tan πz then f (z) is analytic in D and f (1) (z) = π sec2 πz.
I
tan πz 1 1
2
dz = sec2 0.2πi = 20
.2i = 2i
C z π cos
CHAPTER 15 - POWER SERIES, TAYLOR SERIES

15.1
1-3 Sequences :
i
1. Let zn = (−1)n + 2n . zn is bounded because
r r
ni 2n
1 1
|zn | = |(−1) + n | = (−1) + 2n = 1 + 2n
2 2 2
r
1
lim 1 + 2n = 1.
n→∞ 2
As q
1
zn+1 |zn+1 | 1 + 22n+2
= = q <1
zn |zn | 1
1 + 22n
and by ratio test, we get zn is convergent.
2. Let zn = e−nπi/4 . zn is bounded since
r
−nπi/4 nπ nπ
|zn | = |e | = cos2 ( ) + sin2 ( ) = 1.
4 4
Because
e−(n+1)πi/4
r
zn+1 π π
= = |e−πi/4 | = cos2 ( ) + sin2 ( ) = 1
zn e−nπi/4 4 4
and by ratio test, we have zn is convergent.
(−1)n
3. Let zn = n+i . zn is bounded as
(−1)n 1 1
|zn | = | |= =√
n+i |n + i| 2
n +1

45
 1
lim √ = 0.
n→∞ n2 + 1
Because √
zn+1 n+i |n + i| n2 + 1
= = =p <1
zn n+1+i |n + 1 + i| (n + 1)2 + 1
and from ratio test, we have zn is convergent.
16-18 Series :

∞
X (10 − 15i)n (10−15i)n
16. Let and zn = n! . This serie is convergent because
n!
n=0

(10−15i)n+1 s
zn+1 (n+1)! 10 − 15i 325
lim = lim (10−15i)n
= lim = lim =0
n→∞ zn n→∞ n→∞ n+1 n→∞ (n + 1)2
n!

and by ratio test we get this result.

∞
X (−1)n (1 + 2i)2n+1 (−1)n (1+2i)2n+1
17. Let and zn = (2n+1)! . This serie is convergent from ratio test beca-
(2n + 1)!
n=0
use
zn+1 (1 + 2i)2 5
lim = lim (−1) = lim = 0.
n→∞ zn n→∞ (2n + 3)(2n + 2) n→∞ (2n + 3)(2n + 2)
∞
X in in
18. Let and zn = n2 −2i
. This serie is convergent, we now explain this situation :
n2 − 2i
n=0

in |in | 1 1
| = = 2 ≤ 2
n2 − 2i |n2 − 2i| |n − 2i| n
∞
X 1
and we know that is convergent. Then via comparison test, we can say that this serie is convergent.
n2
n=0

15.2
3-5 Radius of Convergence :

∞
X (z + i)n
3. Let . First, we determine the center.
n2
n=1

z + i = 0 ⇒ z = −i

(z+i)n
is the center point. On the other hand, zn = n2
and because
1
n2 (n + 1)2 n2 + 2n + 1
lim 1 | = lim = lim = 1,
n→∞
(n+1)2
n→∞ n2 n→∞ n2

radius of convergence is 1.

46
 ∞
X nn
4. Let (z + 2i)n . First of all, center is −2i since
n!
n=0

z + 2i = 0 ⇒ z = −2i.

nn
Let zn = n! (z + 2i)n .As
nn
n! nn (n + 1) nn n
n 1
lim | = lim n+1
= lim n
= lim = ,
n→∞ (n+1)( n+1) n→∞ (n + 1) n→∞ (n + 1) n→∞ n + 1 e
(n+1)!

radius of convergence is 1e .

∞
X n!
5. Let (z + 1)n . The center point is −1 since
nn
n=0

z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = −1.

n!
Let zn = nn (z + 1)n . Then
n!
nn n + 1
n
lim (n+1)!
| = lim = e,
n→∞
(
n→∞ n
(n+1) n+1)

we say that radius of convergence is e.

15.3
1-3 Radius of convergence by differentiation or integration :

∞
X n(n − 1)
1. Let (z − 2i)n . Since
3n
n=2
4n
n(n+1) n+2 1
lim 4n+1
| = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ 4n 4
(n+1)(n+2)

we say that radius of convergence is 14 .

∞
X 4n
2. Let z n . Because
n(n + 1)
n=1
n(n−1)
3n 3n − 3
lim | = lim = 3,
n→∞ n(n+1) n→∞ n+1
3n+1

radius of convergence is found that 3.

∞
X n
3. Let (z + i)2n . Radius of convergence for this serie is 2 in that
2n
n=1
n
2n 2n
lim | = lim = 2.
n→∞ n+1 n→∞ n + 1
2n+1

47
15.4
1-3 Taylor and Maclaurin series :
1. Let center be 0 for e−2z . We know that
∞
X zn z2
ez = =1+z+ + ...
n! 2!
n=0

at z = 0. But here the function is e−2z , then Maclaurin serie for this function is
∞
X (−2z)n 4z 2
e−2z = = 1 + (−2z) + + ...
n! 2!
n=0

Radius of convergence for this serie is ∞ in that

(−2)n
n! −(n + 1)
lim R = lim | = lim = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞ (−2)n+1 n→∞ 2
(n+1)!

1
2. Let center be 0 for (1−z 3 )
.

∞
1 X
= zn = 1 + z + z2 + z3 + . . .
1−z
n=0

1
is known at 0. Then Maclaurin serie for (1−z 3 )
is

∞
1 X
= z 3n = 1 + z 3 + z 6 + z 9 + . . .
1 − z3
n=0

Radius of convergence for this serie is 1 since

lim R = 1
n→∞

3. Let center be −2i for ez .We know that

∞
z
X zn z2
e = =1+z+ + ...
n! 2!
n=0

at z = 0. But here the center is −2i, then Taylor serie for this function is
∞
X zn (z + 2i)2
ez = = 1 + (z + 2i) + + ...
n! 2!
n=0

Radius of convergence for this serie is ∞ in that

1
n!
lim 1 | = lim n + 1 = ∞.
n→∞ n→∞
(n+1)!

15.5

48
1-3 Uniform Convergence :

∞
X
1. Let (z − 2i)2n and |z − 2i| ≤ 0.999. We know that
n=0

1
= 1 + z + z2 + z3 + . . .
1−z
∞
1 X
= (z − 2i)2n = 1 + (z − 2i)2 + (z − 2i)4 + (z − 2i)6 + . . .
1 − (z − 2i)2
n=0

Because |z − 2i| ≤ 0.999, this serie converges uniformly.

∞
X z 2n+1
2. Let and |z| ≤ 1010 .999. Since
(2n + 1)!
n=0

∞
X z 2n+1 z3 z5
sinh z = =z+ + + ...
(2n + 1)! 3! 5!
n=0

this Maclaurin series of sinh z converges uniformly on every bounded set.

∞
X πn
3. Let z 2n and |z| ≤ 0.56. From ratio test, we have
n4
n=0

π n+1
(n+1)4 πn4
lim L = lim πn = lim = π > 1,
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)4
n4

and |z| ≤ 0.56, this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

9-11 Power series :

∞
X (z + 1 − 2i)n
9. Let . By ratio test, we get
4n
n=0

1
4( n+1) 1 1
lim L = lim 1 = lim = < 1,
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ 4 4
4n

then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

∞
X (z − i)2n
10. Let . Since
(2n)!
n=0

∞
X z 2n z2 z4
cosh z = =1+ + + ...
(2n)! 2! 4!
n=0

this Taylor series of cosh z with center i converges uniformly on every bounded set.

49
 ∞
X (−1)n
11. Let z n . By ratio test, we get
2n n
n=1

(−1)n+1
2n+1 (n+1) −2n − 2
lim L = lim (−1)n
= lim = −2 < 1,
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ n
2n n

then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

50