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Experiments Term 1class Xlight Reflection and Refraction

The document describes three experiments to determine the focal length of a concave mirror, focal length of a convex lens, and to trace the path of light through a rectangular glass slab. The experiments involve using apparatus like mirrors, lenses, and glass slabs and making observations to calculate focal lengths and measure angles of incidence and emergence.

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55 views4 pages

Experiments Term 1class Xlight Reflection and Refraction

The document describes three experiments to determine the focal length of a concave mirror, focal length of a convex lens, and to trace the path of light through a rectangular glass slab. The experiments involve using apparatus like mirrors, lenses, and glass slabs and making observations to calculate focal lengths and measure angles of incidence and emergence.

Uploaded by

ayushiguptab0406
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT - 1

AIM - To determine the focal length of a concave mirror, by obtaining image of a


distant object.
APPARATUS -A concave mirror, a rectangular piece of wood as a screen or white wall
and a meter scale.
THEORY
1. A distant object situated at a distance which is many times the focal length of a
mirror is regarded as an object at infinity.
2. The rays coming from an object at infinity form a set of parallel rays.
3. Parallel rays from the object at infinity after suffering reflection at the concave mirror
meet in the focal plane of the mirror and form a real, inverted and diminished image of
the object placed at infinity.
4. The distance between the pole of the mirror and the focal plane (The plane which is
perpendicular to principal axis and passes through the focal point of the mirror) of the
mirror gives the focal length of the mirror.
5.
OBSERVATIONS:

NO. OF FOCAL LENGTH


OBSERVATION (in cm)
S
1 f1 =
2 f2 =
3 f3 =

Calculate the mean focal length from the above table =


RESULT: Mean focal length for the given mirror = _______________ cm.

Precautions: -
1. Fix the concave mirror vertically in the holder.
2. The mirror stand and the screen should be in line with the scale.
3. Record the position of the screen only when a sharp image is formed.

EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM: To determine the focal length of a convex lens by focusing a distant object.
APPARATUS: A convex lens, lens stand, screen and a metre scale.
THEORY:
Principle Focus (F) – It is a point on the principal axis where the rays coming parallel to
it either converge or appear to diverge after refraction.
Focal length (f) – the distance between principle focus to the optical center is known as
focal length of the lens.
It is real for convex and virtual for concave lens.
When the object in at infinity, the light rays from each point of the object reaches the lens
in the form of a beam of parallel rays and the lens forms the image in its focal plane.
PROCEDURE:
1. Locate a distant object from the window of your laboratory.
2. Place the lens on a lens stand and adjust its position such that it comes in line with the
object.
3. Place a screen behind the lens and adjust its position so that a sharp inverted
diminished image in formed on it.
4. Record the distance between the position of the lens and the screen. This is equal to the
focal length of the lens.

OBSERVATIONS:

No. of FOCAL LENGTH


observations
(cm)

1 f1 =

2 f2 =

3 f3 =

Calculate the mean focal length from the above table =

RESULT:
The focal length of the convex lens = ________ cm.
Precautions:
1. Fix the convex lens vertically in the holder.
2. The lens stand and the screen should be in line with the scale.
3. Record the position of the screen only when a sharp image is formed.

EXPERIMENT –3
AIM: To trace the path of ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab, thereby
measuring angle of incidence and emergence. Hence, measure the lateral displacement.
APPARATUS: Drawing board, sheet of paper, board pins, rectangular glass slab.

THEORY:

 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence all lie in one plane.

 For any two-given pair of media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.

The second law is called Snell's law.

where is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.

PROCEDURE:

 Place a rectangular glass slab on the white sheet of paper fixed on a drawing board.
 Trace the boundary ABCD of the glass slab.
 Remove the glass slab and draw a normal N1N2 at O.
 Draw a straight-line IO inclined at an angle say 30o with the normal. IO is the
incident ray.
 Fix two pins P and Q on the incident ray IO.
 Place the glass slab within its boundary ABCD.
 Looking from the other side of the glass slab fix two other pins R and S such that P,
Q, R and S appear to lie on the same straight line.

 Remove the glass slab and the pins. Mark the pin points P, Q, R and S.
 Join the pins R and S and produce the line on both sides. The ray O1E is the
emergent ray.
 Join OO1. It is the refracted ray.
 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are all lying in the same plane.
 This proves the first law of refraction.
 Extend incident ray and measure the perpendicular distance between the extended
incident ray and the emergent ray.
OBSERVATIONS:

1. Measure the angle of incidence & angle of emergence. Show that they are equal.

angle i =_______________ and angle e =_______________

2. Measure the lateral displacement (perpendicular distance between incident ray


produced and emergent ray).

Precautions

1. The rectangular glass slab used should have perfectly smooth faces.
2. The drawing board should be soft so that pins can be easily fixed on it.
3. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°.
4. All pins base should be in a straight line.
5. The distance between the pins P and Q or the pins R and S, about 5 cm gap should
be maintained.
6. Using a sharp pencil, draw thin lines.
7. The quality of the protractor should be good.
8. The placement of the protractor should be correct to get correct measurements.
9. The perpendiculars should be drawn with care.

Sources of Error

1. There shouldn’t be any air bubbles in the glass slab.


2. The measurements done by the protractor should be accurate.

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