ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

8(10), 1255-1262

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/11963
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/11963

RESEARCH ARTICLE
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON YIELD AND PASSIVE
POOLS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON IN LONG TERM FERTILIZER EXPERIMENT

Pradip Tripura1, Asit Mandal2 and K.B. Poalara3

1. Dept. of Agricultural Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida-2010306, UP, India.
2. Division of Soil Biology, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal-462038, MP, India.
3. Dept. of Soil Science and Agri. Chemistry, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat, India.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role order to improve soil
Received: 31 August 2020 properties and sustainable production. The different fractions of SOM
Final Accepted: 30 September 2020 are more effective in indicating changes in soil use than total soil
Published: October 2020 organic matter content. The present study was conducted to investigate
the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yields and
Key words:-
Integrated Nutrient Management, Long passive pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) under groundnut-wheat
Term Fertilizer Experiment, Yield and cropping sequence of a Haplustepts soil. Such studies were for the first
Passive Pools of Soil Organic Carbon time initiated in long term field experiments initiated during kharif
1999 at Junagadh, Gujarat. Effect on varying doses of N, NP, NPK,
NPK with FYM, Zn, S and Rhizobium on yields and passive pools of
SOC viz., Humic acid, Fulvic acid and Humin was conducted after 16
year of groundnut-wheat crop sequence was studied. The result of the
two was compared and conclusion deduced. The result revealed that
application of 50% NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha -1 to groundnut and 100%
NPK to wheat significantly increased the groundnut pod and haulm
yield, wheat grain and straw yield. The highest and significant increase
passive pools of soil organic carbon viz., Humic acid, Fulvic acid and
Humin was also observed under combine application of 50% NPK +
FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut and 100% NPK to wheat. These results
indicate that long-term integrated use of FYM with chemical fertilizers
or use of FYM alone exerted significant effect on the passive pools of
soil organic carbon.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2020,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
The amount of SOM in soil of India is relatively low (0.1 to 1.0%) and typically less than 0.5%. Maintenance of
organic carbon in tropical soils up to a desirable level of 0.5-1.0 per cent is extremely important for sustainable crop
production (Swarup and Wanjari, 2000). In the tropics especially when these are highly weathered, with small or no
reserves of nutrients and are managed without any external inputs of organic or inorganic fertilizer (Feller and
Beare, 1997). The status of soil organic matter has important implications for agricultural productivity, global
climate due to its role as a source and sink of carbon. In order to make sound decision about soil and crop
management, it is important to understand the process of accumulation or loss of soil organic matter. The primary
source of soil organic matter formation is vegetal detritus. The SOM dynamics should be related to its fractions or
pools that have biological significance as they relate to the potential of soils to provide nutrients to plants (Collins et

Corresponding Author:- Pradip Tripura 1255

Address:- Dept. of Agricultural Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida-2010306, UP, India.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 8(10), 1255-1262

al., 1992). Vegetal detritus is the primary source of SOM formation. The SOM is composed of series of fractions
from very active and passive pools. The subsequent decomposition/synthesis products of humification process are
passive fraction of SOM consisting of stable materials remaining in soil for hundreds or even thousands of years. It
includes humus physically protected in clay- humus complexes viz., humin and humic acids. The passive fraction
accounts for 60 to 80 per cent of the organic matter in most soils and its quality is increased or diminished only
slowly. The passive fractions contribute to the colloidal properties of soil, CEC and WHC (Smith and Paul 1990).

Vegetation (Bhudhilal and Rao, 1977), climate (Gupta et al., 1982), soil reaction (Ghosh and Schnitzer, 1980) and
biological conditions influence the quantity and quality of organic matter representative of humic and non-humic
substances. The decreasing organic matter is the cause of the concern, keeping in view the above facts, it was
thought pertinent to conduct such studies. Organic matter fractions from the soil of long-term field experiment and
its comparison with earlier studies will provide a platform for predicting the organic matter status of these soils.

Materials And Methods:-

Study Site description:
The experiment was conducted in Saurashtra region, Gujarat. It is a peninsular region situated between 20.39 o to
21.8oN latitude and 69.0o to 72.3oE longitude with altitude of 60 meters above the mean sea level on the Western
side at the foothills of mountain Girnar in South Saurashtra agro-climatic zone of Gujarat state. In Junagadh the
climatic condition is tropical. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. The average
annual temperature is 25.7 °C in Junagadh. Average annual rainfall is about 903 mm with 45 rainy days. During
southwest monsoon season (June-September) about 91% of the annual rainfall is received.

Soil Description:
Saurastra region has medium black soil which is calcareous in nature, alkaline in reaction and clayey in texture
derived from trap basalt, lime stone and sand stone under semi arid climate. Taxonomically, the soil is classified as
Haplustepts. The soil is dominated by smectite group of clay minerals, which give rise to mild cracking in dry
season, due to which it is further classified as TypicHaplustepts at sub group level. From fertility point of views, the
soil has medium in available nitrogen, low in available phosphorus but high in available potassium. The organic
matter content is also low in this soil.

Treatments:
The long-term experiment included twelve fertilization treatments and each treatment had four replicates; the 48
plots of 10×20 m each were arranged in a randomized block design. All plots were continuously under groundnut -
wheat rotation from the beginning of the experiment. The twelve treatments were T 1- 50% NPK of recommended
doses in Groundnut-wheat sequence, T2- 100% N P K of recommended doses in Groundnut -wheat sequence, T3 -
150% N P K of recommended doses in Groundnut -wheat sequence, T4 - 100% N P K of recommended doses in
Groundnut –wheat sequence + ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 once in three year to Groundnut only (i.e. ’99, 02, 05 etc), T5 - N
P K as per soil test, T6 - 100% N P of recommended doses in Groundnut –wheat sequence, T7 - 100 % N of
recommended doses in Groundnut - wheat sequence, T8 - 50% N P K of recommended doses + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to
Groundnut and 100% N P K to wheat, T9 - Only FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to Groundnut only, T10 - 50% N P K of
recommended doses + Rhizobium + PSM to Groundnut and 100% N P K to wheat, T11 - 100% N P K of
recommended doses in Groundnut -wheat sequence (P as SSP) and T12 – Control.

Soil sampling and analysis:

In the earlier studies conducted, groundnut crop was grown during kharif 1999-2000 and wheat crop was grown
during rabi 1999-2000. The soil samples were collected during two periods (1 st and 16th years), Initial year (1999-
before Groundnut) and 16th year (2015- after Wheat). For the present study, soil samples were collected with the
help of tube auger from the each plot of the above mentioned treatments representing the plough layer (20 cm). The
composite representative soil samples were obtained from these samples for each plot and these soil samples were
cleaned and air-dried. After air-drying, were ground with wooden mortar and pestle so that they can pass through a 2
mm plastic sieve. The bulk soil samples were stored in polyethylene bags for chemical analysis. Organic carbon
was determined by wet oxidation method (Walkley and Black, 1935) and the passive fraction of organic carbon viz.
humic acid, fulvic acid and humin are analyze by Stevenson (1965) method.

Depletion per cent:

The nutrients depleted from soil by different cycles were calculated by the formula:

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Nutrient status - Nutrient status

Depletion of of index year of final year
Nutrient (%) = ------------------------------------------------ 100
Nutrient status of index year

Statistical Analysis:
The analytical data recorded during the course of investigation were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS
16.0 software package for Windows. Statistically significant differences were identified using analysis of variance
ANOVA. As per the method outlined by Panse and Sukhatme (1985), the value of test at 5 and 1 per cent level of
significance was determine and the values of SEm, CV per cent were also calculated.

Result And Discussion:-

Groundnut pod Yield:
In earlier studies the pod yield of groundnut was showed highest values in T 6 treatment followed by T4 and T11
treatment. But after 16th years the maximum values of pod yield (1146.75 kg ha-1) were recorded under application
of 50 % NPK of RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha -1 to groundnut-wheat sequence & 100% NPK to wheat (T8) followed by
(1046.75 kg ha-1) FYM @ 25 t.ha-1 to groundnut only (T9). The pod yield of groundnut were not influenced
significantly by various treatments of experiment, in 1 st year but numerically higher pod yield was recorded under T6
treatment (100 % NP of recommended dose of Groundnut-Wheat sequence) in 1st year(Table-1). This result is in
conformity with the result of earlier works likeRedda and Kebede (2017) who observed that increased crop yield
with combine application of FYM @ 9 t ha-1 and 75 kg ha-1 inorganic fertilizer. Vala et al. (2017) reported that the
yield of groundnut was significantly increased with combine application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Similarly Bhattacharyya et al., (2015) also found that the crop yield significantly increased by 74% over the control
under the combined application of FYM + NPK.

Table 1:- Influence of different treatment on Groundnut and Wheat yield in 1 st year and 16th year of LTFE soils.
Treatment Groundnut Yield (kg ha-1) Wheat Yield (kg ha-1)
Pod Yield Haulm Yield Grain Yield Straw Yield
1st 16th 1st 16th 1st 16th 1st 16th
year year year year year Year year year
T1 962.00 816.25 1790.50 1640.75 1589.00 2093.00 2696.75 2802.50
T2 984.75 941.50 2018.25 1781.00 1908.50 2758.50 3090.25 3526.75
T3 916.25 1012.75 1758.00 1960.50 1878.50 2893.00 2847.25 3728.75
T4 1048.00 951.50 1985.75 1969.75 1806.50 2694.50 2650.25 3419.25
T5 929.25 928.50 1676.50 1757.50 1856.50 2720.25 2819.50 3434.75
T6 1101.75 735.50 1969.50 1610.75 1718.75 2426.00 2696.75 2992.50
T7 927.50 622.00 1693.00 1370.00 1111.00 1562.50 1921.25 2056.75
T8 916.25 1146.75 1888.00 2037.25 1898.25 3407.00 2766.00 4406.25
T9 875.75 1046.75 1693.00 1873.50 1289.25 3309.50 2141.25 3966.75
T10 963.50 856.00 2002.00 1709.00 1419.00 2566.50 2581.00 3307.50
T11 1017.25 918.50 1871.50 1735.00 1608.75 2752.50 2963.00 3494.25
T12 968.25 709.75 1725.50 1400.25 1309.25 1678.75 2072.00 2231.25
MEAN 967.54 890.48 1839.29 1737.10 1616.10 2571.83 2603.77 3280.60
S.Em.± 74.12 46.13 131.39 90.22 107.36 132.29 155.89 176.34
C.D. at 5 % NS 132.73 NS 259.58 309.12 380.62 448.86 507.37
C.V. % 15.32 10.36 14.29 10.39 13.29 10.29 11.97 10.75

Groundnut haulm Yield:

The haulm yields of groundnut were significantly influenced by various treatments in 16 th years result and maximum
haulm yield (2614.66 and 2037.25 kg ha -1) were recorded under 50% NPK of RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha -1 to
groundnut-wheat sequence and 100% NPK to wheat (T8) and this treatment also statistically at par with T 2, T3,T4
and T9 treatment respectively. The haulm yield of groundnut was not influenced significantly by various treatments
of experiment, in 1st year, but numerically higher haulm yield was recorded under T 2 treatment. Balaguravaihet al.,
(2005) reported that influence of long-term use of inorganic and organic manures increased sustainable production
of groundnut yield. Similar Das et al., (2011) reported that FYM application @ 15 t ha-1 along with 100% NPK

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fertilizers and optimal dose of NPK (100%) along with Zn produced maximum yields in comparison to alone
application of NPK fertilizers.

Wheat grain Yield:

The grain yields of wheat were significantly affected by various fertilization treatments of LTFE experiment in 1 st
year as well as in 16 years. Significantly maximum values of grain yield (3407 kg ha -1) were obtained under
treatment of 50% NPK of RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut-wheat sequence & 100% NPK to wheat (T8) and
this treatment was at par (3309.50 kg ha -1) with FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to groundnut only (T9) during 16th year, whereas
significantly the higher grain yield of 1908.50 kg ha -1 was recorded under T2 treatment (100% NPK of RDF) and it
was at par with T3, T4, T5, T6, T8 and T11 treatment in first year results (Table-1). Das et al. (2011) application of
optimal dose of NPK (100%) along with Zn produced higher grain yields and better grain quality in comparison to
alone application of NPK fertilizers. Verma et al., (2012) also reported similar results that the use of FYM along
with 100% NPK increased crop productivity. The overall wheat grain yield increased after 16 year of
experimentation compared to initial year. Rawal et al., (2015) observed that wheat grain yields were consistently
higher in the NPK and FYM treatments than other treatments, where one or more nutrients were lacking. This result
was also supported by Singh et al., (2017) who reported that highest productivity of wheat was recorded in the
treatment comprising 100% NPK + FYM in long term fertilizers experiment than other fertilizers treatment.

Wheat straw Yield:

The significantly higher straw yields (3911 and 4406 kg ha-1) were registered with T8 treatment (50% NPK of RDF
+ FYM @ 10 t ha-1 to groundnut-wheat sequence & 100% NPK to wheat) during 16th year, respectively and this
treatment was statistically at par with T 9 treatment (FYM @ 25 t.ha-1 to groundnut only) during 16th year. Whereas
significantly higher straw yield (3090 kg ha -1) was recorded with T2 treatment which was at par with T3, T4, T5, T6,
T8 and T11 during 1st year (Table-1). The results corroborate the finding of Ravankaret al., (2004) who reported that
the highest yield of wheat were recorded by 100% NPK with 10 tonnes FYM ha -1 and the lowest under control.
Sarawad and sing (2004) was also reported that the straw yield of wheat significantly increased due to all the levels
of fertilizer and nutrients over control. The highest yields were obtained with application of 100% NPK + FYM.
Similar result was also found by Brar et al., (2015) who reported that continuous cropping and integrated use of
organic and inorganic fertilizers increased soil carbon sequestration and crop yields.

Table 2:- Influence of different treatment on status of organic carbon in 1 st and 16th year of LTFE soils.
Treatment Organic Carbon ( % )
1st year 16th year
T1 0.615 0.621
T2 0.548 0.677
T3 0.510 0.668
T4 0.555 0.684
T5 0.525 0.670
T6 0.600 0.621
T7 0.510 0.631
T8 0.563 0.758
T9 0.525 0.790
T10 0.563 0.649
T11 0.563 0.667
T12 0.540 0.631
MEAN 0.551 0.672
S.Em.± 0.048 0.015
C.D. at 5 % NS 0.044
C.V. % 17.240 4.550

Organic Carbon (O. C.):

The organic carbon status of LTEF soils increased after a span of 16 years. These increments were noted more in
treatments which received FYM i. e. T8& T9. This result is corroborated with the finding of Reddy et al., (2017) who
reported that among the various treatment continuous use of farm yard manure with 100% NPK treatment resulted in
highest organic carbon content in soil compared to other treatments. There was overall increased in organic carbon

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status of LTFE soils after 16th year as compared to initial status (1st year). In 1st year the non-significantly higher
value of organic carbon was observed under 50% NPK of RDF in Groundnut-Wheat sequence (T1) treatment
followed by T6 (150% NPK of RDF in Groundnut-Wheat sequence). Pant et al., (2017) reported that long-term
combine application of 100% NPK and FYM increased the organic carbon content in soil after crop harvest. This
increase in organic carbon content could be due to enhanced root development of crop resulting in higher residues as
a result of intensive farming with continuous fertilizer applications. This increase was attributed to the addition of
FYM, because addition of organic manure helps to stimulate the growth and activity of microorganism, thus
resulting in the improvement of root and shoot growth, leading to production of higher biomass which increased
SOC (Kauret al. 2008). These results indicate that the long term application of FYM improved soil physical
condition, ultimately root growth increases and more biomass added to the soil, seems to increases organic carbon
status of the particular soil.

Table 3:- Influence of different treatment on status of humic acid, fulvic acid and humin in 1 st and 16th year of
LTFE soils.
Treatment Humic acid (mg 100 g-1 soil) Fulvic acid (mg 100 g-1 soil) Humin (mg 100 g-1 soil)
st th st th
1 year 16 year 1 year 16 year 1st year 16th year
T1 143.50 188.75 68.25 81.25 5.02 7.69
T2 145.00 198.25 71.25 82.50 3.76 9.88
T3 168.50 211.25 77.25 84.25 4.25 8.86
T4 177.75 218.25 81.25 86.50 4.75 9.64
T5 173.75 224.75 79.75 81.25 3.10 9.09
T6 178.25 200.25 80.25 78.75 3.31 8.88
T7 174.00 193.75 70.50 83.50 3.18 8.34
T8 205.50 320.25 90.25 96.00 5.87 13.09
T9 183.25 308.00 86.50 92.50 5.12 12.41
T10 168.25 257.75 70.50 85.25 3.60 11.19
T11 179.75 235.25 73.50 80.25 4.78 9.71
T12 174.75 220.75 72.50 84.50 2.83 7.25
MEAN 172.69 231.44 76.81 84.71 4.13 9.67
S.Em.± 2.08 2.26 3.40 3.48 0.34 0.47
C.D. at 5 % 6.00 6.50 9.79 NS 0.98 1.35
C.V. % 2.41 1.95 8.86 8.22 16.54 9.72

Humic acid:
Humic acid (HA) is one of the important fractions of SOC whose improvement tells in nutrient restoration and
transformation in soil for higher yield production. Humic acid content increased in soil with the application of
fertilizer and FYM. The humic acid content in soils o of soils showed significant difference in the years 2000 and
2016 (Table-3) with application of different INM treatment. The manurial treatments produced variations in humic
acid (HA) content. During 1st year and 16th years of experiment, treatment T8 (50% NPK of recommended dose in
Groundnut-Wheat sequence + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 Groundnut and 100% NPK to Wheat) registered significantly higher
amount of humic acid status followed by treatment T 9 (FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to groundnut only) which could be due to
improved soil physical parameters and a conductive environment for the formation of humic acid (Santhyet al.,
2001). The humic acid status of soils under FYM was remarkably high, this was due to higher clay content that
contributes in the later stage of humification as it controls the release of the individual functional groups of humic
acids in the soil and cultivation was associated with a relative shift of organic matter from the sand and silt fractions
towards the fine clay fractions and again decreased humic acid content as a result of long run tillage impact (Lavti
and Paliwal, 1981; Zhang et al., 1988). Higher value of humic fraction was observed under application of NPK
through fertilizers + 10 t FYM ha -1 (Ravankaret al., 2004).

Fulvic acid:
Fulvic acid (FA) is a part of the organic matter which is soluble in alkali and it remains in solution when the humic
acid is precipitated with acid. Fulvic constituents bind soil particles into structural units called aggregates, and are
involved in the mobilization and transport of sesquioxides in soil. The fulvic acid content in soils of different
treatments under the LTFE in the years 2000 and 2016 are presented in table 3, revealed that during the year 2000
treatment T8 (50% N P K of recommended dose in Groundnut -Wheat sequence + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 Groundnut and

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100% NPK to Wheat) was increased status of fulvic acid significantly and it was at par with T 4 (100% NPK+ ZnSO4
@ 50 kg ha-1 once in three year to groundnut only) and T 9 (FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to Groundnut only) treatment. In case
of the year 2016, treatment (T8) was showed higher value of fulvic acid but not a significant level. Overall content of
fulvic acid in LTFE soil was increased after 16th year. Similarly, Gathalaet al., (2007) showed that contents of fulvic
acid in the soil significantly increased with the application of fertilizer and farm yard manure. This result was also
confirmed by Kumariet. al. (2011) who reported that continuous application of organic manure alone or in
combination with inorganic fertilizer significantly influenced the fulvic acid fraction in soil.

Humin:
Humin is the most resistant fraction of SOC and its contribution is the largest among other fraction. The humin
content increased year wise irrespective of the treatments (Table-3). The results showed that the treatment T 8 (50 %
NPK of recommended doses in Groundnut -Wheat sequence + FYM @ 10 t ha-1 Groundnut and 100 % NPK to
Wheat) registered significantly higher value (5.87 and 13.09 mg 100 g -1 soil) of humin during 2000 and 2016
respectively which were at par with treatment T9 (FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to Groundnut only). There was overall increase
in humin content status of soil after 16 years as compared to initial status. These finding corroborate the result of
Karad (2013) who was found that application of 50 % NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha -1 to groundnut and 100 % NPK to
wheat (T8) and FYM @ 25 t ha-1 to groundnut only (T9) significantly increased the humin fraction of organic carbon
in comparison to control treatment in LTFE soils of all the span. The continuous addition of organic and inorganic
treatments noticed increased content of humin status in soil over control. The reason might be due to better and
improved soil physical parameters and conductive environment for its fraction. The humin fraction was increase in
the concentration of mineralization owing to the higher temperature of surface soil in tropical regions (Santhyet al.,
2001). Meenaet al., (2017) also reported that among the twelve different treatments the highest huminfraction were
obtained under the application of FYM 20 t ha-1 than other treatment.

Conclusion:-
Long term application of combine mineral fertilizers with FYM balance the soil organic carbon level in soil, crop
yield and showed significant higher values when compare to control. However, significant higher values of organic
carbon status and crop yields were observed at 50 % NPK + FYM @ 10 t ha -1 application. Integrated use of mineral
fertilizers along with FYM significantly increased passive pools of soil organic carbon and yield in the crops of
groundnut and wheat when compare to non-fertilized (control) and the initial values. The addition of NPK with
FYM increased passive fraction of organic carbon viz. Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Humin and yields of both groundnut
and wheat under long term fertilization. Thus, NPK + FYM were the best option for increasing organic carbon status
in soil and enhance crop yields. Thus the balanced application of NPK fertilizers with FYM was the best option for
nutrient management of intensive cropping system in terms of crop yield, improving soil fertility, biological
properties of soils both in Groundnut and wheat cropping system.

Acknowledgements:-
We would like to express our appreciation for the help and support held from the researchers and staff in the
department of agricultural chemistry and soil science, Junagadh Agricultural University and Indian Institute of soil
science and also to Dr. M. Singh and Dr. M. C. Manna for supporting and letting the research success.

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