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Class -11
Statistics for economics
Unit - 2: collection,
organisation and
presentation of data
Chapter - 3
Collection of data

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# Introduction
1. Statistic has gained significant place in the modern complex
business world. Data is the Base on which the superstructure of
statistical investigation is made.
2.the success and failure of investigation mainly depends upon the
quality , adequacy and accuracy of data .

● STATISTICAL ENQUIRY
( Investigation on a topic by any agency wherein relevant quantitative
information is collected.)
1. Statistical enquiry implies search of truth with the aid of statistical
methods of collection ,complication, analysis, interpretation, etc .
2. BASIC PROBLEM- is to collect facts and figures relating to a
particular phenomenon under study.

# Collection of data
( first step in any statistical investigation.)
● In statistics, data collection is defined as a
methodical approach to gathering observations,
measurements, and information from different
sources.
●Sources of collection of data
1. INTERNAL SOURCES
2. EXTERNAL SOURCES
( a. Primary data)
( b. Secondary data )

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#Internal sources
( Data is collected from its reports and records)
=>Internal data is private data collected within the
organisation from departments like sales, finance,
human resource, and marketing to help in making
decisions for the organisation.
# External sources
( Data is collected from outside the organisation)
=>external data can be collected from primary as well as
secondary sources.
# Primary and secondary data
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
Primary data is the data which is The data which is not directly collected
originally collected by an investigation but rather obtained from the published
or agency for the first time for some or unpublished sources, is know as
specific purpose. secondary data.

These are original because these are These are not original because someone
collected by the investigator for the first else has collected these for his own
time. purpose.

These are in the form of raw materials. These are in the finished form.

These are more reliable and suitable for the These are less reliable and less suitable as
enquiry because these are collected for a someone else has collected the data which
particular purpose may not perfectly match our purpose.

Collecting primary data is quite expensive Secondary data requires less time and
both in terms of time and money. money; hence it is economical.

No particular precaution or editing is Both precaution and editing are essential as

required while using the primary data as secondary data were collected by someone
these were collected with a definite else for his own purpose.
purpose.

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# Methods of collecting primary data

1. Direct personal investigation
2. Indirect oral investigation
3. Information from correspondents
4. Telephonic interviews
5. Mailed questionnaire method
6. Questionnaires filled by enumerators

1. Direct personal investigation

(personal interview)
( the investigator collects data by having by having direct contact with the informant and
conducts on-the-spot enquiry )
1. The investigator goes to the field personally, contact the respondents
and convince them in giving the information.

● Suitability of this method

1. When detailed information has to be collected .
2. When the area of investigation is limited.
3. When the nature of enquiry is confidential.
4. When maximum degree of accuracy is needed.
5. When importance is given to originality.

Merits of personal investigation

1. Originality
2. Reliable and accurate
3. Flexibility
4. Uniformity
5. Economical
6. Suitable for all types of questions

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Demerits of direct personal investigation

1. Not suitable for wide area
2. Expensive and time consuming
3. Personal prejudice
4. Trained personal
2. Indirect oral investigation
Indirect Oral Investigation is a method of collecting primary data through
which the investigator approaches third parties who are in the
possession of required information about the subject of enquiry.

Suitability of this method

1.When the investigation problem is complex and needs the opinion of an
expert.
2.When the investigation area is very large.
3.When the investigator has to gather sensitive or secret information about the
informant.
4.When the concerned informants are ignorant or not prepared to give the
information.

Merits of indirect oral investigation

1. Wide coverage
2. Economical
3. Free from bias
4. Expert opinion

Demerits of indirect oral investigation

1. Indirect information
2. Lack of accuracy
3. Partiality of witness
4. Lack of interest of informants

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5. Lack of uniformity
Precaution for indirect oral investigation
1. The investigator should ensure that the number of witnesses is fairly large.

2. He should select only those witnesses who possess sufficient knowledge about the
proposed investigation.

3. The investigator should neither completely believe nor disbelieve the information provided
to him/her by the witnesses.

4. To ascertain the accuracy, the investigator should make efforts in making a good
cross-check system.

3.Information from correspondents

It is a method of collecting primary data under which
the investigator appoints local persons or
correspondents at different places. These
correspondents collect information in their own way
and provide it to the investigator.

Suitability of information from correspondents

1.When regular and continuous information is needed.
2.When the information is to be used by magazines, radio, journals, etc.
3.When the area of investigation is large.
4.When a very high degree of accuracy of information is not needed.

Merits of information from correspondents

1. Wide coverage
2. Economic friendly
3.Suitable for special purpose
4. Continuity

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Demerits of information from correspondents

1. Lack of uniformity
2. Dander of partiality
3. Lack of accuracy of high degree
4. Time consuming
4.Telephone interviews
telephone interviews have become one of the most popular ways to conduct a
one-on-one meeting when geography presents a challenge. Essentially, this is
simply a situation in which a telephone call is used to create the foundation for
an interactive meeting in which one party is conducting an interview with a
second party. There are a few applications that are normally associated with
this type of interview that make it both time and cost efficient.

Suitability of this method

1. When the respondents have a telephone
connection.

2. When the data is to be collected in a short

duration.

Merits of telephonic interviews

1. Wide coverage
2. Economical
3. Clarify doubts

Demerits of telephonic interviews

1.Limited use
2. Visual feedback is not possible

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5. Mailed questionnaire method

Under this method, questionnaires are mailed to the informants. A letter
is attached with the questionnaire giving the purpose of the enquiry. It is
also assured that the information would be kept private. The informants
note the answers to the questions and return the completed
questionnaire to the investigator.
Suitability of mail questionnaire method
1. When the field of investigation is very large
2. When respondents are literate and are likely to
co-operate with the investigation.

Merits of mail questionnaire method

1. Wide coverage
2. Economy
3. Originality
4. Maintain secrecy
5. Free from bisa

Demerits of mail questionnaire method

1. Limited scope
2. Less accuracy and precision
3. Lack of interest
4. Chances of misinterpretation
5. Time consuming

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6. Questionnaires filled by enumerators

Under the Enumerator Method, the enumerator takes
the questionnaire and personally visits the informants,
asks questions from them, and notes down their replies.
Suitability of Questionnaires filled by enumerators
( adequate finance and trained enumerators are
available to cover a wide field and some significance is
attached to the accuracy of the result obtained.

Merits of questionnaires filled by enumerators

1. Wide coverage
2. Accurate and reliable information
3. Better response
4. Limited chance of partiality
5. Useful in case of illiterate respondents

Demerits of questionnaires filled by enumerators

1. Costly method
2. Time consuming
3. Partiality
4. Inability of enumerator
# construction of questionnaire
or schedule
Questionnaire construction refers to the design of a questionnaire to
gather statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly
constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires can provide
valuable data about any given subject.
*therefore ,it prepared on such a pattern that is evokes the desired response from informants

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=> The following general principles should be

followed while designing or drafting the
questionnaire :
1. Covering letter
2. Decision regarding questions
3. Number of questions
4. Simple and short questions
5. Avoid question requiring calculations
6. Avoid questions using double negatives
7. No personal questions
8. Avoid leading question
9. Questions should be logically arranged
10. Proper division and sub-division of questions
11. Instructions to the informants
12. Cross examination
13. Questionnaire should look attractive
14. Pre-testing the questionnaire
Census and sampling investigation
techniques .
(basis of data collected from the relevant field of
enquiry)
1. Census method
2. Sampling method

1. Census method
Census is the process of collecting data from every member of a population, while sampling
is the process of collecting data from a subset of a population.

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Merits
1. Intensive study of population
2. High degree of accuracy and reliability

Demerits
1. Expensive
2. Needs more time and manpower
3. Inapplicability

2. Sampling method
Sampling is a method used in statistical analysis in
which a decided number of considerations are taken
from a comprehensive population or a sample survey.

Factor affecting size of sample

1. Size of population
2. Degree of accuracy desired
3. Homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population
4. Nature of the study
5. Respondents nature
Requisites of a good sample
1. Representative
2. Adequacy
3. Homogeneity
4. Independence of selected sampling unit
5. Match with objective of investigation

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Merits
1. Reduce cost
2. Greater speed
3. Greater accuracy
4. Greater scope
5. Administrative convenience
6. Scientific approach
Demerits
1. Difficult to achieve cent percent accuracy
2. Lack of representativeness of the sample
3.Bisa in the selection of sample
4.Lack of specific or specialised knowledge
5. Not possible in case of heterogeneous population
Type of sampling method ( methods
of sampling)
1. Random sampling => 1. Stratified random sampling
2. restricted random sampling
2.1 stratified random sampling
2.2 system sampling
2.3 cluster sampling
2.4 multistage sampling
2. Non-random sampling =>1. Judgement sampling
2.quota sampling
3.convenience sampling

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